V (English grammar)

VV (The definite article)

VV (The indefinite article)

V (Nouns)

(Adjectives)

V (Adverbs)

(Numerals)

, , V
VV (Personal, possessive, reflexive and emphatic
pronouns)

V (Reciprocal pronouns)

(Demonstrative pronouns)

(Interrogative pronouns)

(Relative and conjunctive pronouns)

V (Indefinite pronouns)

V V (Ordinary verbs)

V V (Auxiliary verbs)

V V (Modal verbs)

V V (The tenses of the verb)

V V (Sequence of the tenses)

V V VV (The moods of the verb)

V VV (The progressive forms)

(Expression of habit)

V (The passive voice)

to - V (Infinitive without to)

to - (Infinitive with to)

(Special use of the infinitive)

(Accusative with infinitive)

(Nominative with infinitive)

V (The gerund)

V V (The participles)

, , V V (Transitive, Intransitive, reflexive verbs)

V V (Phrasal verbs)

V (The prepositions)

V (The conjunctions)

V V V (Irregular verbs)

 VV (THE)
(The definite article)
1. the [] : VV V : the book, the boy, the lady, the university,
the union
2. the [i] : : the American, the animal; V h V : hour, honour, honest; V V V h- :
the horizon .
I . VV
V : towards the North, in the North, : from north to south, from east to west
V.
: the East-Indies, the Netherlands, the Hebrides.
, , , , : the Thames, the Atlantic, the Alps
: the moon - , the earth - , the sun - .
V V : I bought a postage stamp yesterday. The
stamp is very interesting.
republic, union, kingdom, states V : The United states of
America -
V V : the English - , the old VV, the wolf - .
V : the first week - , the
second floor - .
: the highest mountain in the world -
.
V V V : the Smiths -
, , , : the Daily News, the Bach
Choir, the Beatles
: all, both, half, double, quite, twice - "the" . all the world, double
the sum, all the money.
II . VV
( poor, old, little, good, saint -) : poor Peter, little John
: dmiral Nelson, King Richard, Queen Elizabeth, Uncle
Sam, Dr.Miller
: the Queen of England V .
: the : emperor, czar, archduke, elector : the
Emperor William, the Czar Peter I
: Switzerland, Turkey, London,
: the London of today - V .
Mount- , cape- , lake- , harbour- , bay- : Mount Everest, Cape
Trafalgar, Lake Geneva, New York Harbour, Hudson Bay,
: the Cape of Good Hope V .
, , VV, : Oxford street, Trafalgar square,
Windsor castle, London bridge.
V : life, death, love, Earth, Heaven, Hell ; He was
weary of life.
: the life of the whole nation V VV .
V , V : two boys, his friend, this room, some
apples.
Church, school, college, prison, bisiness, chapel, hospital, market, sea, table, town, work,
bed V : church is over, school begins, he was
sent to prison, go to bed.
: VV : The school is near the church. V .

: coal, iron , wood, gold : coal is important for export,

: the coal of Wales ( VV) .

: cats, mice, dogs, birds : swallows are pretty birds.

: the swallows of this summer - VV
.

, , : summer, March, Sunday : on Monday, in Winter, in April,

at Christmas
: the last Sunday in August. V .

:
My brother studies algebra. - .
Photography is my hobby. - .
: "of"- VV V
VV .
the Cape of good Hope, The England I know is different from . . .
VV (, AN)
(The indefinite article)
1.
a : VV V : a boy, a lady, a European
2.
an : V : an animal, an english book,
V h- V : an hour, an heir, an honour
V V V h- : an historian
: I have a pen. I see
a dog.
V : a dof is domestic animal. (""
)
, V, : my brother is a painter, he is an englishman, she
became a Protestant
: the title of (doctor), the rank of (general), the dignity of (senator)-
VVV .
, , , : four shillings a yard, sixpence a pound, twice a year, four times
a day
V : a million, a thousand, a dozen, a couple, a little
: "" - half, such, quite, many ( ), rather, what - : half
a dozen - 6 , such a good story - VV.
"" - as, so, too, how, however - : as
good a swimmer as I am - V ; to heavy a weight - VV V
; too difficult a task - VV
V (The noun)
I . V : V V = V
. V V
V V, V V

he

him his he met his friend

V V, V V

she her

she saw her friend

V V V
V

it

the book is in its place

its

.
V : The lion licked its paw. :
V V . V (V) = V : the
dog, his name V ( ) = V : the cat, she is dead V "ess" V VV. : actor - actress, host - hostess, prince princess, waiter - waitress, lion - lioness, duke - duchess
: , V : the
'Atlantic' lost her crew, England and her dominions
II . V VV
Singular + s : dog - dogs, friend - friends
V VV "-s" . : leg -legs, wall - walls,
tree - trees, table - tables.

 V :
s, ss, x, z, ch, sh, tch, "-es" . : ass - asses, box - boxes, church - hurches
VV + y "-ies" VV. : baby - babies
fe, f "-ves" . : wife - wives, knife - knives, wolf - wolves . :
chief - chiefs, roof - roofs VV .
- "- oes" : hero - heroes, potato - potatoes. V : photo photos, piano - pianos, radio - radios VV.
Y V
, : sheep - , deer - , swine - , fish - , fruit - ,
grouse - .
: trout - , salmon - , carp - , pike - .
herring, -s = , eel, -s = VV V .
V, : Japanese, Swiss, Vietnamese
ox, child, brother V -(r)en : ox - oxen, child - children, brother - brethren
V V VV. : man - men, woman women, foot - feet, tooth - teeth, goose - geese, mouse - mice, person -people, louse - lice
: man - V : gentleman - gentlemen, Frenchman Frenchmen .
: German, -s; Roman, -s; Norman, -s V "-s"
. (Abstract) (Collective) . :
advice - , business - , furniture - , knowledge - , merchandise , progress - .
: V : scissors - , tongs , spectacles - V , lungs - , trousers - , scales - VV,
These spectacles are strong. - V .
! : V .
They came in with their hats on their heads - .
III . (The case)
(Normative) = (the, a, an)
(Genitive - V ) =of (the, a, an)
(Dative - V ) = to (the, a, an)
(Accusative) = (the, a, an)
V
V 's, s' - . :
V V : Jack's blue book. they boys' book
V , , : a week's
holiday, a month's stay, a mile's walk, at arm's length, a stone's throw
: for Heaven's sake - V , for God's sake -
, for goodness' sake -
: house, shop, church, practice V
.
I am at my uncle's (house). - () . at the doctor's (practice) -

to - V .
VVVV VVVV
We

gave

the beggar

a penny

sent

you

some books

V :
to - .
VVVV

VVVV

V ..

We

Gave

a penny

to the beggar

Sent

some books

to you(and not to him)

 V V
to - . :
english

mongolian

english

mongolian

english

mongolian

to add

to reply to

cruel to

to listen to

to happen to

just to

to declare,
explain to

to say to

polite to

to mention
to

kind to

V
V . V V :
english

mongolian

english mongolian english

to give

to bring

to forgive

to lend

VV

to take

to cost

V to write

to offer

to send

to owe

to sell

to pay

to show VVV

to promise

to fetch

mongolian

english mongolian
to tell

: "it" - V
:
give it me - VV ; bring it us - VV
(The adjective)
V. The great poets of England .
I . (Degrees of Comparison of the Adjective)
(positive) (comparative)
- er
long

longer

large

larger

- est

more
V

(superlative)

the longest

the largest

most

beautiful

more beautiful

VV

the most beautiful

good

Better

VV

the best

bad

worse

the worst

: VV "the"- .

V : ) V b ) V
: (polite - politer - the politest , severe - severer - the
severest) VV -y, -le, -er, - ow, - some - V
: happy - happier - the happiest, clever - cleverer - the - cleverest .

V : a ) V V :
cautious - more cautious - the most cautious, useful - more useful - the most useful. b )

 V VV V VVV :
interesting - more interesting - the most interesting, delighted - more delighted - the most
delighted.
VV V :

"e" - -er, -est . : fine - finer - finest, polite

- politer - politest

V VV "y" "y" - "- i -" .

: dry - drier - driest, happy - happier - happiest.

V VV , VV
, V V VV
. : big - bigger - biggest, hot - hotter - hottest, fit - fitter - fittest.
VV VV
.

later

latest

I'll see you later -

. the latest paper - VV

latter

last

the latter sentence - VV,

(the) last time - VV

farther

farthest

the farthest way -

further

furthest

without frther delay -

V

older

oldest

he is older than I - , the

oldest tree -

elder

eldest

my elder brother - , his eldest son
VV VV

VV

nearer

nearest

the nearest way to the station -

V

next month - . the next stop

late

far

old

near
next

smaller

smallest

the smallest room -

less

least

he drinks less wine than milk - VV

little

II . V
: as - as : my sister is as big as I am - .
: not so - as ( not as - as) : he is not so (not as) tall as his
brother -

(comparative) + than : he is bigger than his brother -

VV .

the - the : the further they went the worse the road was -
.

the less - the less : the less you work, the less you will earn -
.

 :
the former - ,
the same the - . . .
the latter - . . . VV
other than - . . . - , . . . -
III . (Substantivization of adjectives)
V VVV , V , ,
VV
the - V.
the good

VV V V
V, V man / woman, boy / girl, gentleman / lady,
the blind
VVV
person / people V . : the blind women,
the poor

the poor person, poor people . . .

"-sh", "-ch'' - V V V
V V man / woman, gentleman / lady .
: the English - an Englishman, the French - a French lady, the Scotch - two Scotchmen,
the Dutch some Dutchmen
V V . : (the) Americans, (the)
Germans, (the) Russians
IV .
1. V VV (attributive use) V.
: This is an interesting book. - . They live in the old house.
- .
2. V V VVVV (predicative use)
: This book is interesting. - . Their house is old. -
.
V (Adverb)
V V , , , , ,
.
I . V VV
Adjective + ly = Adverb , "- ly" VV V
VV V .
1.
VV V VV VV + "y" "-y"- "-i" - . : happy - happily, easy - easily.
2.
V "-y" - . dryly drily,
: gay - gaily .
3.
VVV -e . true - truly, whole - wholly, due duly, noble - nobly
4.
full - fully
5.
"- ic" "- ally" - VV. :
fantastic - fantastically, diplomatic - diplomatically
! "-ly" in a . . . manner (way) V V
. : in a friendly manner; in a lovely way
V VV .
"-ly" : early, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly . . .
.
pretty

only

still

very

(adjective)

, V,

V (adverb)

, ,

 "-ly" VV V V .
: hardly - VV , ; nearly - ,
: " " = very - V : very
good, very badly,
(very) much V V : I thank you very much.
: (Adjective) V (adverb)
: to work hard - , to walk slow - , to talk loud (low)
- , to spell right (wrong) - () , to feel happy -
, to stop short - V
II . V
(Degrees of Comparison of the adverb)
1.
V : ("-ly" - VV V V "more, most" -
)
brightly - more brightly - most brightly ; slowly - more slowly - most slowly
2.
V : ("-ly" VVV V V "er, est" )
soon - sooner - soonest ; often - oftener - oftenest ; early - earlier - earliest
3.
V :
well - better - best ; badly - worse - worst ; little - less - least ; much - more - most
late - latter - last ; far - farther (further) - farthest (furthest) ; near - nearer - nearest (next)
III. V
V V : V VVVV
V.
VV V :
1.
V (, V
V ) VV . (
!) :
: in 1999 we went to London
: I met him yesterday.
: We thanked him heartily
2.
V V ( V
V V ) V V ,
V V . :
: She allways heard the child cry. - VV V
.
I have often been in America -
: I did not quite understand you. - V.
3.
VV V : + +
. : We arrived safely in London yesterday.
(The Numeral)
V (Cardinal numerals)
1 -one, 2 - two, 3 - three, 4 - four, 5 - five, 6 - six, 7 - seven, 8 - eight, 9 - nine, 10 - ten,11eleven, 12 - twelve, 13 - thirteen, 14 - fourteen,15 - fifteen, 16 - sixteen, 17 - seventeen, 18 eighteen, 19 - nineteen, 20 - twenty, 21 - twenty one, 22 - twenty two, 30 - thirty, 40 - forty, 50 fifty, 60 - sixty, 70 - seventy, 80 - eighty, 90 - ninety, 100 - a (one) hundred,101 - a (one) hundred
and one, 200 - two hundred, 1000 - a (one) thousand, 2000 - two thousand, 100 000 - a (one)
hundred thousand, 1 000 000 - a (one) million, 2 000 000 - two million(s)
(Ordinal numerals and Fractional numerals)
Ordinal numerals = Cardinal numerals + th : the hundredth . V : first, second, third (1st,
2nd, 3rd)
V : five - fifth, eight - eighth, nine - ninth, twelve - twelfth, twenty - twenthieth
.
: He was born on July 14th on the 23rd of July ; : Elizabeth
II - Elizabeth the second ()
"the" VV . the first, the second, the eleventh, 101 the hundred and first
(Common Fractions): 1/2 a (one) half, 1/3 one third, 2/5 two fifths, 2.3/7 two

and three sevenths

(Decimal Fractions): 0.3 nought (zero) point three, 2.35 two point three five
(thirty five)
V
: - = first - then :
First he lived at home, then he went to England. -
.
: - VV = at first - at last, at lenght :
At first I believed him, but at last I became distrustful. - VV ,
V .
V : V = firstly in the first place ; = thirdly in the third
place . . . ; in the fifth place . : =
in the sixth place

=once

=how many
times?

three times (thrice)

=sometimes

once more

=twice

=single

=treble,
threefould

100

=a (one)
hundredfold

=double

=fourfold

=manifold

, ,
V VV
(Personal, Possessive, Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns)

VVVV
Accusative
Nominative = Subject
Objective

=
=

II

my -

mine -

V
VV
.
-self -
.
myself - ()
,

me -,

you

you - , , your yours - , yourself - (, )

,
,
,

he - ()

him - VV,
VV

his - VV his - VV

himself - ,
()

she - ()

her - VV,
VV

her VV

hers - VV

herself - ,
()

it - ,

it - VV, VV, its - VV

VV, VV
( V)

its - VV

itself - ,
(, )

we - ,

us - ,
,

our - , ours - ,

you -

you - ,

your ,

they - ,

ourself - ,
()

yours - , yourselves - ( )

,

them - , their theirs ,

, ,

themselves - ()
,

one

one

one's

one's (own)

oneself

:
to -V : give me the book
to - : give the book to
me
VV :
V VV
VVVV

I shall speak to him. - VV .

VVVV

That was he. - .

.-

VV

I shall speak to him. - VV .

VV

Her paper was interesting. - VV

VV

VVVV

My ruler is long yours is longer. -

, V .

VVVV

This car is his. - VV.

We haven't seen your paper, we have seen

only theirs. -
VV, V

.-

II

V
VV

VV

I wash myself. - .

V ( )-
V VV VV

He himself saw it. - VV

V.
He saw it himself. - VV
V.

V (Reciprocal pronouns)
each other - , one another - , :
They greeted each other. - .
We know each other very well. - .
The children look at each other in the mirror. - VVVV
.
(Demonstrative pronouns)

this -

that -

these -

those -

1.

VVVV VV : This was pleasant. -

.
2.
VVVV VV : It was that. - .
3.
VV : He likes this. - VV .
(Interrogative Pronouns)
1. V

2.
V

V V
V V
(, )

10

who? = ?
Who can swim?

what? = ?
What is this?

which? = , ,
, ?
what?,which?
Which of you is ill?

whose = ?
of whom? =
?
1. Whose book is
this?
2. Of whom did
you speak?

of what? =
?
Of what did you
speak?

of which? = ,
?
There were two
accidents. Of which
did you near?

to whom? = ? to what? = ?
To whom did you To what does this
give?
refer?

to which?
There are two
teams, to which do
you belong?

whom? = ?
Whom did you
call?

which?
Which do you like
better, tea or coffee?

what? = ?
What do you see?

what (which) boy?

what (which) table?

: V (Prepositions) V
V :
Whom are you speaking of? - .
What is he laughing at? - ?
What are you talking about? - .

(Relative and conjunctive pronouns)

V V

who

which

that

whose, of whom of which (whose)

(that - of)

to whom

to which

(that - of)

whom

which

that

who

my friend who made a trip to

London

the girl whose father I know

the house whose walls are grey

of whom

the boy of whom we spoke

- VV

to whom

the pupil to whom he gave the

book

- VV

whom

the man whom I asked

which

the train which (that) arrived

of which

the house, the windows of which . ( V VV

..
V )

to which

the story to which we listened

whose

- VV

11

which

the things which (that) we need

- V

: V (Preposition) V
V .
The man whom I was waiting for. - V .
The house, that I lived in. - .
that - VV VV .
1. who, which- :
Who was the man that you were talking of? - ?
This is the bird (that) he caught. - VV .
2.
V (Indefinite pronouns)
: all, everything, something, anything, much, little, nothing, the same :
That is everything (that) I know. - V .
3.
it is . . . , it was . . . - :
It was the storm that destroyd the house. - .
4.
V V :
They talked about the natives and plants (that) they had found interesting. -
.
: that - V V V V V .
The train that I waited for arrived. - V .
: VV VV V
.
This is the boy (whom) Iike best. - VV .
The house (that) we live in. - .
V
(Indefinite pronouns)
some = , , , ( )
1.
: We had some books. -
.
2.
VV VV: In the evening we had some tea. .
any = , ,
1.
V , : You may come at any
time. - .
2.
a) VV: Do you see any mistakes? - ?
b) VV VV: No, I do not see any mistakes. - VV,
V.
c) VV: If you see any mistakes ... - ...
3.
VV " " : Give me any book. .
some any- V V.
someone, somebody - , V; something - , ; somewhere
- , , ; anyone, anybody - V, ; anything , , ; anywhere - , , ,
each = V, V, , V (V, V V
)

VV: Each player did his best - V

V
V VV: Each of them did his best - V V
every = V (V, )
VV : Every house has a roof - V .
V V : everyone, everybody - V V, V, V ; everything V, V
: every day - ; every fortnight - 14 ; every other day -
all = V, V ( V V )

12

VV: all men - V VV

V VV: all of them - V

V VV: he was all dirty -

: all the better - V ; not at all - V, V; all at once - :

after all - , VV ; first of all - , ; once for all - V ; all

the day - V , V ;
whole = V, V (all - VV ): the whole town, the whole of Asia
: the whole day - V , V ;
either = , ; neither = , , ,
VV: on either side of river - ; neither way is
right -
V VV: either one or the other one must leave - ;
neither of us could help him - VV V
: either ... or - ... ...; neither ... nor - ... VV ... VV
nor either
not either

-
VV

I cannot swim, nor my borther either - V,

I cannot swim, he cannot swim either - V,
V

other = , ,

VV: the other girl -

V VV: the others stayd at home - V

: the other day - , ; the other morning - ;

every other day - ; one after another - ; some day or other ; some time or other - , V; on the other
hand - VV; another (cup of coffee) - ( )

much =
many =
it takes too much many families live
time
there
little =
I have little hope

few =
I saw only few boys

many a = ()
a little = ,
a few = , ,

a greate deal of = V ; a good many = , ; very much = ; in

few words = V; very many, greate many =
V V
(Ordinary verbs)
V V V VV VV to open (,
) V V VV VVV.

VV
(Interrogative)

VV
VV
(Interrogativenegative)

VV VV

VV
(Affirmate)

VV
VV
(Negative)

(The present indefinite tense)

I open
he opens

I do not
open
do I open?
he does not does he open?
open

do I not open?
does he not open?

(The past indefinite tense)

I opened

I did not
open

did I not open?

did I open?

13


(The present perfect tense)

I have opened

I have not
opened

have I opened?

have I not
opened?

(The past perfect tense)

I had opened

I had not
opened

had I opened?

had I not opened?

V
(The future indefinite tense)

I shall open
you will open

I should not
shall I open?
open
shall (will) you
you will not
open?
open

shall I not open?

shall (will) you not
open?

V
I should open
(The future indefinite in the
you would open
past)

I should not
should I open? should I not open?
open
should (would ) should (would) you
you would
you open?
not open?
not open

:
- V V when, if, while, as soon as VV V.
:
I shall go out when I am ready - .
he would do it if he could - VV .
V V
(Auxiliary verbs)
to have = -,
V V V : he has come -
to have + + V V = - , VV: I have my
hair cut - V .
to have + / + (infinitive) = -, VV, - ,
: the teacher will the boys learn by heart - VV VV .
to have + to - (infinitive with to) = : he has much to do V .
to have - V V VV ( got V V
VV) : have you (got) a new house? VV to do . Do you have a new house? -
?
to be =
V (passive) VV : the story was told by father -
VV
V (progressive form) VV : it is raining -
.
to be + to - (infinitive with to) = (3
V ) : he was to die in
Africa - V .
to be + V = - : the lesson is to be finished .
to be - V V VV : "To be or not to be" that is the question " " .
to do = , V
VVVV V V VV : do you
like it? - ?
VV to do- V:
1.
VVVV V V : will he come? - VV?
2.
VVVV VV : who knows that? -
VV ?
VV VV to do - : who does not
know that? - VV V ?

14

 V V VV : we do not forget it -

VV V
VV to do - V:
1.
V V : he cannot swim - V.
2.
not (never, nothing etc.) - VV VV :
you never can tell - V. we sow nothing - V.
3.
not V V VV VV
: is she ill? - no I suppose not. ? VV V .
: VV to do - VV
V V to have to be - VV: do not have a look at
it? - don't be sorry! - VV V ? VV !
( ) V V to do -
:
1.
VV V V : he knows
more then I do. - VV .
2.
, V yes no - : Do you listen to
the music? Yes, we do. No we do not.
3.
" ", " ", " ", " " : He reads much - so do I - , . She does not read
much - nor do we - V .
4.
"V VV? V ?" VV
VV : You feel better, do not you? -
, ?
VV VV : he didn't say so, did he? -
V ?
VV V V : You are not glad,
are you? - V , ?
V V VV ( VV VV to do -
): He did his best - V . How do you
do? - ?
V V
(Modal verbs)
VV V V V
V V V V .

V V

to be able to: I play chess = I'm able

to play chess -

2. : he could translate (VV V) to be unable to V

-
( 2-): to know, (know to) 3. : can I help you? -

1. : I can swim -
I can
...-

I shall

( 3

V)

I could
...-

I should

shall: V
V:
you shall not steal! -
V!
should:
1. : the teacher said we
should work


2. V , VV

to be to
1.
: what am I to do -
?
2. : his death was
to decide her fate - VV
V

3. : to be said - to
be supposed to : he is said

15

: you should tell the truth V

(supposed) to be ill - VV

1.

I will
... -
V

I would
... -
V

V: to want, to wish, to
like: I want to see him -
VV .
will: V V: I will get on in my life
do as you like -
-
V .
would:
2.

1. V V (
V V V: going
VV): he would not go abroad
to, to mean to, to propose to
- V .
3.
: to be willinf
2. V : I would I
to: he is willing to do all -
were at home -
V V .

4.
VV VV
3. V: boys will be
V: to wish - would + V
boys - VV
: I would the day
VV .
were over -
she would play every day -
V.
V .
5.
VV : to
pretend: he pretends to be ill -
V.
may:

1. : this may be true - V

2. : you may come.

3. VV : cannot: this
cannot be true - V
V.
4. VV : may not
( ): you may not use
this book - V
.
5. VV : must not
( V ):
you must not smoke -
V.
6. VV V: may not : may you
never be unhappy! -
V !
might: V
: he might have
missed the trian -
V .

may
V,

might
-

I must

.
(
)
(
V)

(I must)
must:

1. V V : all

men must survive - V VV

V .
(
2. VV :
VV
must not, need not: you must not tell a

lie - V.
V)
3. VV V V: need
I ought to
not: I need not tell you this story -
VV V.

to be allowed to / to be permitted to =

I have not been allowed to smoke

V .
they will not be permitted to play V.
it is possible - .

to have to: I had to stay at home -

V
to be forced to: he was forced to
leave his country - VV
.
to be obliged to: she was obliged to
earn her living -
VV
V
to be compelled to: they were

16

I ought to : VV: I ought to go

to church - VVV .

compelled to work hard -

to be bound to: she is bound to her
freedom -

: V V V V :
(to) need - , .
he does not need to come / he need not come
(to) dare - V,
he did not dare to go out / he dared not go out
V V
(The tenses of the verb)
V V (active) 16
V V (passive) 10 , 26 .
:
P1 - V V
P2 - V V / (V V V)
V
(The active tenses)
(Tenses)

(Present
tenses)

(Past
tenses)

(Future
tenses)

VV
(Form)
(Example)

(Translation)

verb / verb + s (es)
(The present indefinite tense)

she works

()

V
am / are / is + P1
(The present continuous
(verb + ing)
tense)

he is working

()

(The present perfect tense)

have / has + P2
(verb + ed)

she has
worked

V
(The present perfect
continuous tense)

have / has been +

P1 (verb + ing)

he has been
working

(The past indefinite tense)

verb + ed(d) {only

irregular verb}

she worked

V
(The past continuous tense)

was / were + P1
(verb + ing)

he was
working

(The past perfect tense)

had + P2 (verb +
ed)

she had
worked

(The past perfect continuous

tense)

had been + P1
(verb + ing)

he had been
working

V
(The future indefinite tense)

shall / will +verb

she will work

V V
shall / will be + P1
(The future continuous tense) (verb + ing)

he will be
working

17


shall /will have + P2 she will have

(verb + ed)
worked

V
(The future perfect tense)

(Future in
the past)

V V
shall / will have

been + P1 (verb +
(The future perfect continuous
ing)
tense)

he will have
been
working

V
should / would +
(The future indefinite in the
verb
past tense)

she would
work

V V
(The future continuous in the
past tense)

should / would be + he would be

P1 (verb + ing)
working

should / would have she would

V

+P2 (verb + ed)

have worked
(The future perfect in the past)


V V should / would have he would

been + P1 (verb +
have been
(The future perfect continuous ing)
working
in the past)

V V V VV

1. V V VV "ed" . : work + ed = worked

2. V V "e" - "d" . : receive + d = recieved
3. V V VV V "ed" VV VV .
: stop + ed = stopped

4. V V VV "y" "ed" V "y" "i" .

: carry + ed = carried
( "" V. : obey + ed = obeyed)
V
(The passive tenses)
VV
(Example)
(Form)

(Translation)

(The passive present indefinite

tense)

am / are / is + P2

( )

V
V
(The passive present continuous
tense)

am / are / is being +
I am being called
P2

(
)

(The passive present perfect

tense)

have / has been +

P2

( )

(Tenses)

(Present
tenses)

I am called

I have been called

18


V
(The passive past indefinite
tense)

(Past
tenses)

(Future
tenses)

was / were + P2

V
V
(The passive past continuous
tense)

was / were being +

P2

I was called

( )

I was being called

(
)

V
(The passive past perfect tense)

had been + P2

I had been called

V
V
(The passive future indefinite
tense)

shall / will be + P2

I shall be called

( )

I shall have been

called

V
shall / will have
V
been + P2
(The passive future perfect tense)

V
V
(The passive future indefinite in
the past)
V

(Future in
V
the past)
V
(The passive future perfect in the
past)

should / would be +
I should be called
P2

(
)

should / would have I should have been
been + P2
called
(

V V
(Sequens of tenses)
VV VV V V
VV V V VV. VV
V :
a) (V V ):
VV
he says (present)
he has said (perfect)

VV

that she

is angry (present)
was angry (past)
has been angry (perfect)
had been angry (past perfect)

19

will be angry (future)

he will say (future)

VV

would be angry (conditional)

he said (past)
he had said (past perfect)

VV
was angry (past)

that she

he would say
(conditional)

had been angry (past perfect)

would be angry (conditional)

: V
VV (present) .
: He stated that the earth is round - .
b) "if VVVV" - V.
V V VV (The moods of the verb)
The Imperative Mood , , ,
V
, , . Come here! ! , Close the door! - !

The Indicative Mood

The Subjective Mood ,

V . (
)

VV :
1. : a) 3- "-s"- . : He
have ; He live
) I, you, he etc. be : If that be true - V .
I, you, he etc. were : I wish I were you - ; I wish I were rich. -
.
2. : may - might : I wish(ed) he may(might) win the game. - VV
V.
should (V V V) : It is impossible that he should know
it. - VV V.
:
1. - - - it is right, wrong, natural,
necessary, good (better), impossible, time V should, may,
might - . :
It is natural that she should marry him. - VV .
It is possible, is probable - may might - . : It is possible that he may
(might) come.
2. VV : (al)though - whatever - whoever - however
V :
Whoever he may be, we shall help him. - VV .
3. VV :
If - VV

Present

Past

Past perfect

VV

Future indefinite

Conditional
1

Conditional 2

20

4.
a) V V V V .
If you ask me, I shall answer. - .
b) V V V V V
. :
VV

VV

I VV(Conditional 1)

If
I
were
in
your
place
( )

I should go home
( )

II VV(Conditional 2)

If
I
had
been
in
your
place I should have gone home
( )
( )
, V V :
a) , : V ,
V VV . :
We are afraid that we shall lose our money - .
VV V may - might - . :
She feared that she might be gravely ill. - V .
b) - - - V
V should - . :
to be glad - ; it is a pity - ; It is pity than they should be so
lazy. - .
c) V : V V V V
V . :
I wish I were in England now. .
V V V may - might . :
May you be right ! - V !
I wished that he might be right. - VV V .
d) , : VVVV that in
order to - may - might - . :
Speak loud that I may hear you. - .
V VV
(Progressive forms)
V V V to be +
V V V (to be + Participle present or
Participle 1) VV. V V VV V V
VVV .
I am reading (now) = () .
It was raining (then) = .
: V V
VV V (Progressive form) .
We were working, while they were sleeping.

(Expression of Habit)

21

 (Present tense) will + to-V (will

+ infinitive without to) VV :
In April the weather will often change. - V
.
VV VV.
would to-V
(infinitive without to):

I would go there.

= V .

used to +
(infinitive) :

I used to take a bus.

=
.

V
(The passive voice)
V V VVV V
VVV. to be + Participle perfect or Participle 2 (
to be- to get- )
Active

Passive

(Present)

The master punishes John

John is punished by the master

(Past)

Did the master punish

John?

Was John punished by the

master?

V (Future)

The master will not punish

John

John wiil not be punished by the

master

V (Progressive
form)

They are looking at John

John is being looked at by then

"to"-V
(Infinitive without to)
"to" -V :
1.
V V to do - :
I shall go home - VV . We do not drink. - V.
2.
V (Active) to make, to let, to did- :
I let him come. - VV .
3.
V V :
I hear him sing (singing) - VV .
4.
VV :
I had rather . . . ; I had better . . . ; I cannot but . . . ; I had as good . . . .
"to"-
(Infinitive with to)
"to" - :
1.
VVVV VV :
o
. V V : Always to help is not easy. -
V.
o
. V : It is better to stay here. -
V .
2.
VVVV :
He seemed to be angry. - .
3.
:
He promised to come. - .
4.
:
o
V V : We helped him to translate the letter. - VV
.
o
: Be slow to promise. - .
o
V : I have the pleasure to know him - VV
.

22

 : He was the first to swim -

5.
:
o
: I harried to fetch a doctor. -
.
o
V : He was too tired to learn. -
.
o

(Special use of the Infinitive)
how to, want to, where to, so (such) . . . as to,
in order to - .

, , V V V how to ( )
.
He learns how to ride a bike - .

what to (), where to ()- V :

He did not know what to say; I showed him where to buy the books.

VV VVVV "so" "such"- as to-

V ( VV V) :
You were such a fool as to believe him. - VV .

in order to(- )- :
He made him come in order to punish him. - VV .
: V V
.
1.
V V :
This apple is good to eat. - .
2.
there is, there are - :
There is nothing to say. - .
3.
to let, to blame V :
Rooms to let, you are to blame.
VV
(Accusative with the infinitive)
to -V (without to) :
1.
V to see (), to hear (), to feel ( V), to
watch (, ), to observe ( ) V V : I saw
him come. - VV .
2.
V VVV :
) : to make, to have(to bid): You make me laugh. -
V .
) : to let (, ). :
Let the boy return! - VV VV!
to - (with to) :
1.
V to want, to wish, to like- .
I wish his to learn. - VV V .
2.
V V :
) to cause, to order, to command V V
. :
We caused him to send for a doctor. - VV VV
) to allow, to permit, to suffer V V . :
We allowed the girls to come in. - .
3.
, to declare, to deny, to expect, to believe,
to think, to suppose, to remember V V :

23

England expect every man to do his duty. - V V VV VV

V .
: VV VV that - .
: to say, to tell (, ), to answer, to reply, to hope, to fear
V VV VV that - . :
He hoped that she would come. - VV .

24


(Nominative with the infinitive)
(Accusative with the infinitive) - V (Passive)
(Nominative with the infinitive) .
:
He was heard to come in. - VV .
I am told to stay away. - V .
My father was told to prepare everything. - V .
: (Infinitive)- (Adjective)- for -
. : The town is too distant for me to be seen - V
.
V (The gerund)
V V V "-ing" V V V V .
V VV V V VV V.
1. VVVV VV : Swimming is healthy. - VV
.
2. VVVV VV : That is running a great risk -
3. VV : V V, V
V V .
V V V V :
to go on
to have done with to put off
to give up

to stop

to keep

to finish

I do not mind

4.

to risk

I cannot

: Go on reading. - VVV .

to like

V V V .
to prefer
to mind
to remember
to excuse

to hate

to enjoy

to love

to regret

to start

5.
6.
to complain of

: I like walking - I like to walk - .

V V, V,
V V V .
) V V :
to delight in
to insist (up) on
to object to
to succeed in

to depend on

to despire of

to prevent from

to quarrel about

to think of

7.
: He succeeded in escaping.
) V :
to be in the habit of
to be in danger of

a plan for

to be on the point of

the way of

8.
: He was in danger of getting drowned.

fond of
proud of

) :
capable of

keen on

disappointed at

far from

accustomed to

: She was found of being admired.

V V VV VV VVVV
V.
) before - after - on - upon - (temporal) :
on leaving America - V

25

) for (= - , , ), for the sake of(= - ), on account of(= - ,

- ) - (causal) :
He was punished for having stolen. - . . . - .
) by (-), with (- ), without (- V), instead of (- ) -
:
He left without saying goodbye. - V .
) by (- , ) - (instrumental) :
By inventing a machine he became famous. - .
) in spite of (-, , ) - :
In spite of being late you can hear the speech. -
.
: V V .
( after - ) :
after having finished - after finishing = , ; for having stolen - for stealing
V V (The participles)
V V "-ing" "-ed" V V
V V . V V V V (The prsesent participle)
= V V V (Participle 1) V V
(The perfect participle) = V V (Participle 2)
.
V V "-ing" : I saw a boy beating a dog. -
VV .
V V V V V "-ed" VV. (V V
V V VV)
There lived a little girl called Red riding hood. -
.
I . V V VV
:
1. VV VV : VV
. :
The American, visiting our town, was very delighted. -
.
2. VV (adverbial clause) :
) : Having done their work, they went home. -
.
) : (being) tired of waiting, I went off
) : He entered the room carrying some books. -
.
) : This poem, if carefully declaimed, will be impressive
V . (while, though )
II . V V ( )
VVVV .
a) : This done, we went home.
) : The task being too hard, he gave up all hope
: V V VV . :
considering

V,

excepting

VV , , -

including

, , VV, VV

supposing

, V

26

strictly speaking

generally speaking , , V
, , V V
(Transitive, intransitive, reflexive verbs)
1. V V (The transitive verb) V
V
(Indirect object),
(Direct object) . :
: to think - He thanked his father. -
.
V V V VV
VVVV . : His father was thanked by him.
2. V V (The intransitive verb) V V (
) . :
He shouted laudly. - . I am going to the shop. - VV VV
.
V : V V (The perfect participle) -
VV ( ) to be - . He is
gone. - .
V V to
.
english

mongolian

to add to

to mention to

to prefer to

to belong to

to present to

to deliver to

- VV

to explain to

to introduce to

to seem, appear to - V
to communicate to -
to propose to

to yield to

to add to

to relate to

to say to

to repeat to

( V )
V V (The reflexive verb) :
a) ( V ) : to avail o.s -

27

to pride o.s - , . : Don't pride yourself!

) :
to defend
to excuse
to enjoy

to prove

to warm

to mix

: I warmed my hands. - He warmed himself at the fire.

) :
to approach

to fear

to remember ,
to wash

to refuse

to mind

to join

to dress

) :
to amount to

- V,

to sit down

to wonder at

to depend (up) on -
to care for

to surrender

to happen

to turn to

to be mistaken

to rejoice

to complain of

to bow to

to be glad to, of

to differ from

to rise

28

to be ashamed of - ,
to long for

- , VV

to apply to

VVV V V
V V V V VV
VVV .
to drop
, to grow
V

to run

to stand

to fly

to return
,

to sink

: The ball dropped. - . ; He dropped the ball. - .

! VVV V V V (Passive) VV. :
the captain decided to sink the ship - - the ship was sunk by the captain.
V V (Phrasal verbs)
V V V V
V V .
: V V V V V .
what? when? where? V V .
: give away - , ; give up - , ; look after - ,
; look for - , ; look out -
V V V V.
I . V V + V (verb + adverb)
a) V V VVV . :
My parents get up very early. - , .
) V V V V
. :
The man called back his words. - V V .
II . V V + (verb + preposition) :
V V V
. :
I am looking for my passport - .
I rely on her. - VV .
She asked me for help. - T .
III . V V + V + (verb + adverb + preposition) :
V V V V + V V V +
VV . :
Let's go on with our lesson. - VVV.
You should lead up to the exams. - .
V (The preposition)

29

 V
V V
V 7 V
.

V (Prepositions of Place)
english

mongolian

example

on

on the house

in

in the house

at

, ,

at the house

over

, VV

over the house

VV

near

near the flat

in front of

, VV

in front of the flat

behind

behind the flat

across

across the street

through

, , -

through the window

between

between the vases

among

among the students

around(round)

around the table

atop

atop his head

VV

beneath

beneath the tree

beside

beside the house

beyond

beyond the building

by

, ,

by the river

nearby

nearby the flat

within

within the city

under the house

,
under
(below, beneath)

V (Prepositions of Direction)
english

mongolian

example

to

-, -, -

to the house

into

-, -, -()

into the house

()

out of

- ( )

out of the house

round

round the house

from

from the flat

30

over

VV

over the city

VV

along

along the river

towards(toward)

, . . .- , V,
,

towards the house

V (Prepositions of Time)
english
on

in

mongolian
-, - ()

-, -,

at

by

since

for

-, - ()

( )
-

example
on Saturday

on May 11

5 11-

on week days

VV

in March

3-

in 2002

2002

in summer

()

in the morning

()

in an hour

in a day

in 4 months

in 5 years

at 7 o'clock

at first

at the beginning

by 3 o'clock

since 1997

1997

since 1 o'clock

for an hour

for 5 months

during

V,

during the lesson

before

before the lesson

before lunch

after the lesson

after 3 years

till June

6- V

after

till, until

31

until I come back

from . . . till . . . . . . V

from 2 till 4 o'clock

last

last night

last month

next week

next month

next April

a day ago

a month ago

at the ago of 21

21

next

ago

around

at around 10 o'clock

10

between

between one and

two o'clock

V (The conjunction)
V V VVVV VV V
VV .
I . VV (Co-ordinating Conjunctions) :
english

mongolian

and

, ,

neither . . . nor

. . .

as

, V

both . . . and

, . . .

whereas

or

as well as

VV

not only . . .but also . . . V, VV

but

while

- ,

either . . . or

: I and my brother -
He is small but strong. - V.
He can't (either)read or write. - V.
I know both you and your friend. - .
II . (Subordinating Conjunctions):
english

mongolian

that

32

till (until)
because

lest

V,
,
. . . -V

though, although

. . .

before

where

if

when

. . . V, -(4)

unless

-V

for

if weather

(2), . . . VV

while

since

, ,

in order that

. . . - , . . . (4)

provided (that)

()

as soon as

-(4), -(2)
()

as long as

, -

as

, , V, -(4)

supposing

. . .(4)

after

-(4)

wherever

so that

in case

-, -, , - V

(comparative conjuctions) V
VV V VV VV
V (conjunctive words) .
VV V V VV .
V

I know who lives in this house.

The man who lives in this house works in a bank.

V
.
V V V (Irregular verbs)

33

English

(Indefinite
infinitive)

(Simple past)

Mongolian

V V
(Past participle)

I .
bid

bid

bid

burst

burst

burst

cast

cast

cast

cost

cost

cost

cut

cut

cut

hit

hit

hit

hurt

hurt

hurt

let

let

let

put

put

put

read

read

read

set

set

set

shed

shed

shed

shut

shut

shut

spread

spread

spread

II . -t
bend

bent

bent

build

built

built

burn

burnt

burnt

, V

dream

dreamt

dreamt

VV,

dwell

dwelt

dwelt

lean

leant

leant

, V

learn

learnt

learnt

lend

lent

lent

VV,

mean

meant

meant

send

sent

sent

smell

smelt

smelt

spell

spelt

spelt

V,

spend

spent

spent

() , VV

spoil

spoilt

spoilt

III . V
bleed

bled

bled

breed

bred

bred

creep

crept

crept

deal

dealt

dealt

feed

fed

fed

feel

felt

felt

flee

fled

fled

keep

kept

kept

34

kneel

knelt

knelt

lead

led

led

leave

left

left

, V

light

lit

lit

meet

met

met

sleep

slept

slept

sweep

swept

swept

VV

weep

wept

wept

IV . V VV
bring

brought

brought

buy

bought

bought

catch

caught

caught

have

had

had

- , -

hear

heard

heard

lay

laid

laid

lose

lost

lost

make

made

made

, V

pay

paid

paid

say

said

said

, VV

seek

sought

sought

sell

sold

sold

teach

taught

taught

tell

told

told

think

thought

thought

V .
arise

arose

arisen

, ,

begin

began

begun

, VV

drink

drank

drunk

drive

drove

driven

fly

flew

flown

ride

rode

ridden

ring

rang

rung

rise

rose

risen

sing

sang

sung

sink

sank

sunk

spring

sprang

sprung

V,

swim

swam

swum

write

wrote

written

VI .
beat

beat

beaten

become

became

become

bid

bade

bidden

V, ,

blow

blew

blown

35

come

came

come

draw

drew

drawn

, V

eat

ate(eat)

eaten

fall

fell

fallen

forbid

forbade

forbidden

forgive

forgave

forgiven

VV,

give

gave

given

grow

grew

grown

know

knew

known

mistake

mistook

mistaken

run

ran

run

, V

see

saw

seen

, V

shake

shook

shaken

slay

slew

slain

take

took

taken

throw

threw

thrown

VII . V V
awake

awoke

awoke(awaked)

bear

bore

borne

bind`

bound

bound

, , V

bite

bit

bitten

break

broke

broken

choose

chose

chosen

cling

clung

clung

dig

dug

dug

fight

fought

fought

find

found

found

forget

forgot

forgotten

freeze

froze

frozen

get

got

got

, V

hang

hung

hung

, VV

hide

hid

hidden

hold

held

held

lie

lay

lain

shine

shone

shone

, VV

shoot

shot

shot

sit

sat

sat

speak

spoke

spoken

, VV

spin

spun

spun

spit

spat

spat

stand

stood

stood

steal

stole

stolen

stick

stuck

stuck

36

sting

stung

stung

strike

struck

struck

swear

swore

sworn

swing

swung

swung

, VV

tear

tore

torn

wear

wore

worn

, VV

win

won

won

wring

wrung

wrung

VIII .
mow

mowed

mown

sew

sewed

sewn

show

showed

shown

VVV

sow

sowed

sown

strew

strewed

strewn

IX . V VV
do

did

done

, V

go

went

gone

be

was

been

, , ,

37