Bi l abi al Labi odental Dental Al veol ar Postal veol ar Retrofl ex Pal atal Vel ar Uvul ar Pharyngeal Gl ottal

Plosive
Nasal
Trill
Tap or Flap
Fricative
Lateral
fri cati ve

Approximant
Lateral
approxi mant

CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)
Where symbol s appear i n pai rs, the one to the ri ght represents a voi ced consonant. Shaded areas denote arti cul ati ons j udged i mpossi bl e.
CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)
Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives
Bilabial
Dental
(Post)alveolar
Palatoalveolar
Alveolar lateral
Bilabial
Dental/alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Examples:
Bilabial
Dental/alveolar
Velar
Alveolar fricative
OTHER SYMBOLS

Voiceless labial-velar fricative Alveolo-palatal fricatives
Voiced labial-velar approximant Alveolar lateral flap
Voiced labial-palatal approximant Simultaneous and
Voiceless epiglottal fricative
Affricates and double articulations
can be represented by two symbols
joined by a tie bar if necessary.

Voiced epiglottal fricative

Epiglottal plosive
Front Central Back
Close
Close-mid
Open-mid
Open
VOWELS
DIACRITICS Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g.
Voiceless Breathy voiced Dental
Voiced Creaky voiced Apical
Aspirated Linguolabial Laminal
More rounded Labialized Nasalized
Less rounded Palatalized Nasal release
Advanced Velarized Lateral release
Where symbol s appear i n pai rs, the one to
the ri ght represents a rounded vowel .
SUPRASEGMENTALS
Primary stress
Secondary stress

Long
Half-long
Extra-short
Minor (foot) group
Major (intonation) group
Syllable break
Linking (absence of a break)
TONES AND WORD ACCENTS
LEVEL CONTOUR
or

Extra
high
or Rising
High Falling
Retracted Pharyngealized No audible release
Centralized Velarized or Pharyngealized
Mid-
centralized
Raised ( =voiced alveolar fricative)
Syllabic Lowered ( = lowered bilabial approximant)
Non-syllabic Advanced Tongue Root
Rhoticity Retracted Tongue Root



Mid
High
rising


Low Low rising


Extra
low
Rising-
falling
Downstep Global rise
Upstep Global fall