PIN NNG LNG MT TRI

Pin mt tri (solar cell) c cu to bi nhng cht bn dn (semiconductor), thng thng l

Silicon (Si). Trc tin cc lp bn dn ny c lm nhim tha in tch dng (gi l p-
conducting semiconductor layer) c tha cc l, v lm nhim thiu in tch dng (gi l n-
conducting semiconductor layer) c tha cc electron. Nu ta kp mt lp p c d in tch
dng c tha l vi mt lp n b thiu in tch dng c nhiu electron th r rng cc electron
lp n s chc ch mun nhy sang lp p chim cc l. Ri th cc electron t lp n cng m
qua bin gii n-p junction nhy sang lp p. Bin gii ny b mt thng bng in tch nn
phn ng li bng cch to ra 1 in trng dc theo n, y cc electron sang tn mp bn kia
ca lp n v y cc l sang tn mp bn kia ca lp p. Ngn cch xy ra!! Cc electron t lp n
khng cn qua c cc l bn lp p c na.
By gi nu ta bt cu, ni dy dn t lp n sang lp p cc electron t lp n c th nhy sang
lp p? Chng qu yu di chuyn. Th ri di bc x ca nh nng mt tri, cc photon chm
vo lp silicon v mang nng lng n cho chng: cc photon cung cp nng lng cc
electron thot ra khi ht nhn to thnh cc electron di chuyn t do, t mt ngoi ca lp n,
chng theo dy dn chy sang lp p bn kia gp cc l, to thnh dng in. V khi nh nng
mt tri cn mang photon n th qu trnh ny li xy ra, to ra dng in lin tc ta s dng.


HIU SUT CA PIN NLMT
l hiu sut bin i nng lng (conversion efficiency) ca pin mt tri., l t s gia lng
in nng n sn xut ra vi lng nng lng n nhn c t nh sng mt tri. Khi hiu sut
bin i cng cao, pin mt tri sn xut ra nhiu nng lng hn. Hiu sut bin i ca pin mt
tri l do cu to ca n.


B IU KHIN MPPT

Cc tm pin mt tri lm t vt liu Silicon nn dng v p ca chng cng c quan h vi
nhau, ch khng phi bt k.
Khi pin mt tri mt in th no th n cng c mt dng in tng ng. V tt c
cc cp im ny li ta c ng cong c tnh V-I ca pin mt tri.
Vi mt im lm vic no ca n ta s c mt V v mt I tng ng, v cng sut n
to ra s l P = VI
Chc chn l P ny s thay i khi im lm vic thay i, v im no cho ta P ln nht th
gi l im cng sut cc i ca tm pin mt tri (Maximum Power Point: MPP)
ng cong c tnh dng in in p ca tm pin mt tri cho ta quan h V v I t
xc nh c im cng sut cc i ca n c hnh dng nh hnh sau y.


MPPT hay Maximum Power Point Tracking l thut ton m b charge controllers s dng
lm cho cc tm pin mt tri kt ni vo n hp th ti a nng lng mt tri. Khi tia nng
mt tri thay i (nh khi tri rm mt hay nng ln) im MPP ca tm pin mt tri thay i
theo. B charge controllers c MPPT ca Leonics c thit k vi-x-l bn trong lun theo di
c quan h V-I, p tm pin mt tri phi lm vic ti im cng sut cc i, nhm lm cho
cc tm pin mt tri hp th nng lng ti a.














SO SNH 2 B IU KHIN MPPT & PWM
Nhim v c bn nht ca b iu khin charge l iu chnh in p ra ca PV panel thnh
in p thch hp np cho acquy. lm iu ny, trc y ngi ta dung nguyn tc PWM
(iu rng xung) v sau ny l MPPT (lm vic im cng sut ln nht)

Nguyn tc PWM thng c dng trong cc mch n p, nu PV panel c in p 17V
trong khi in p charge cho acquy ch c 13.6V, ngi ta s s dng 1 mch transistor ng
ct lin tc lm n ch cp in trong 80% thi gian (17V * 80% = 13.6V). C th hiu c
iu ny khi xem hnh v sau:





Tuy nhin phng php PWM trn c mt nhc im qu ln: n phung ph 20% nng
lng ca pV panel trong trng hp trn. V d thy rng nu dng b charger controller loi
PWM cho cc PV panel c in th cao hn 17V th mc phung ph cng tng nhiu. Trong
tnh hnh gi thnh PV panel hin nay cn cao, cc solar charger controller PWM hin nay t
c s dng.

Cc solar charger controller hin nay thng dng phng php MPPT. Phng php ny
thot ra khi quan nim iu p c k ca PWM a vo quan im khc: lm sao s dng ti
u hiu sut ca PV panel. Do vy n kh phc tp v tn km. Nguyn tc ca n l dng cc
mch vi-x-l theo di im lm vic c cng sut cc i ca PV panel, p PV panel lun
lm vic im ny ly ti a nng lng ca PV panel (im MPP ca PV panel cng lun
thay i do nh nng thay i). Sau a nng lng ny sang 1 mch charge bnh, v mch
ny c lp nn c th thit k c nhiu ch charge, ti u ha vic np bnh v thi gian np
v cch np ko di tui th bnh. Mt u im khc l vo ban m, khi in p ca PV
panel bng khng, nng lng c d tr acquy c in th ln c khuynh hng chy ngc
v panel th n cch ly ra chng ra hon ton, va bo v PV panel va bo v nng lng d tr
bnh. iu ny th b PWM kh c th thc hin hon ho c.
Cc solar charger controller MPPT c gi t hn nhiu so vi cc solar charger controller
PWM. Tuy nhin n xng ng c dng v nu tnh trn hiu sut ca c h thng th n li r
hn nhiu so vi khi dng loi PWM c, lm mt hiu sut trn 10% hay hn th na.