1.

-
-

. ,
.
( an )nN .
:
s1 = a1 ,
s2 = a1 + a2 ,
s3 = a1 + a2 + a3 ,
.......................
n

sn = a1 + a2 + ... + an = ak .
k =1

a
n =1

n ( sn )nN .
, , ,
.
+

, ( sn )nN . ,

a
n =1

o s R lim sn = s
o (. ) lim sn = + (. )
o lim sn R = R {+, }
+

a
n =1

.

.

(Cauchy) :
1

 sn = a1 + a2 + ... + an , n N,
+

a
n =1

s n = a1 + a2 + ... + an , n N,
+

a
n =1

sn sm = am +1 + am + 2 + ... + an am +1 + am + 2 + ... + an = s n s m = s n s m , m n .

(1)

,
( s n ) . , lim s n s m = 0 (1)
(sn) :

0 lim sn sm lim s n s m = 0 lim sn sm = 0.

, ,
. , (sn) ,
+

a
n =1

:
.

.
,
.

.
+

n = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n + n + 1 + ...

n =1

1
an = , n N , (. 2.2).
n
+

(2)
n=0

= 1+

1 1 1 1
1
+ + + + ... an = ( )n , n N ,
2 4 8 16
2

2 (. 2.1).

(1) n +1
1 1 1 1
(1) n +1

, nN,
= 1 + + ... an =
2 3 4 5
n
n
n =1
+

(. 2.4)
+

n =1

+
(1) n +1
1
= .
n
n =1 n

.

.

.
, ,
( ) n + . ,
+

an
n =1

n = n0

, n0 N .

, ,
:
+

an ,

n =1

(a

n =1

n =1

n R ,
+

(a
n =1

n =1

n =1

+ n ) = an + n ,

+ n ) ,

( a ) = a
n =1

n =1

n =1

sn = a1 + a2 + ... + an , n N,
s n = 1 + 2 + ... + n , n N,

n =1

(a
n =1

a
n =1

+ n )

sn + s n = (a1 + 1 ) + (a2 + 2 ) + ... + (an + n ), n N .

+

a ,
n =1

n =1

, : lim sn = s R ,

lim s n = s R . , sn + s n
+

(a
n =1

nN

lim( sn + s n ) = s + s R ,

+ n )
+

n =1

n =1

n =1

(an + n ) = lim(sn + s n ) = s + s = an + n .
.

2. .

/ .
2.1. .
:
+

n =0

r .
r. , ,
:
s0 = r 0 = 1,
s1 = r 0 + r1 = 1 + r ,
s2 = r 0 + r 1 + r 2 = 1 + r + r 2 ,
.......................
sn = r 0 + r1 + ... + r n =

1 r n +1
,
1 r

:
+

1 r n +1
.
n + 1 r

r n = lim sn = lim
n =0

n +

r < 1 ( lim r n +1 = 0 )
n +

n =0

1
.
1 r

r 1 , lim r

n +1

n +

1 r n +1 1
=
= + .
= + lim
n + 1 r
1 r

r 1 , lim r n +1 .

n +

.
+

1
2
2
= 3.
,
< 1
2
3
n =0 3
1
3

1.

2.

3
3
, > 1 .
2
n =0 2

3.

( 2 )

, 2 < 1 . ,

n =0

:
s0 = ( 2)0 = + 1,
s1 = ( 2)0 + ( 2)1 = 1 2 = 1,
s2 = ( 2)0 + ( 2)1 + ( 2)2 = 1 2 + 4 = + 3,
s3 = ( 2)0 + ( 2)1 + ( 2)2 + ( 2)3 = 1 2 + 4 8 = 5,
s4 = ( 2)0 + ( 2)1 + ( 2)2 + ( 2)3 + ( 2)4 = 1 2 + 4 8 + 16 = + 11.

.
.

n=1, n=0. , ,
+

, (
n =1 3

2
< 1 ) ,
3
n=0. :

1
2
2
= 3 1 = 2 .

=
2 3
n =1 3
1
3

:
+

r
n =1

2.2.

r
, r < 1 .
1 r

p-.

,
, p-. , ,
:
+

1
,
p
n =1 n

(p) =

p>1 p1.

.
.
1.

( ) p- p=1.

n =1

2.

n
n =1

p- p=2>1.

2.3. .

,
.
( ) .

.

a
n =1

an = bn bn+1 ( n N ) ,

bn .
.

:
sn = a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an 1 + an =
= (b1 b2 ) + (b2 b3 ) + (b3 b4 ) + ... + (bn 1 bn ) + (bn bn +1 ) =
=b1 bn +1 .

lim b n +1
n +

a
n =1

= b1 lim bn+1 .
n+

.
1.

( n + 1)( n + 2 )

( n + 1)( n + 2 )

n =1

1
1
. ,

n +1 n + 2

( n + 1)( n + 2 ) = 2 lim n + 2 = 2 0 = 2 .
n =1

2.

1
1
1
1
3


=
3

(3
n
2)(3
n
1)
3
n
2
3n + 1
(3
2)(3
1)
n

n
+
n =1
+

(3n 2)(3n + 1) = 13 1 lim 3n + 1 = 13 (1 0 ) = 13 .

n =1

3.

4n
n =1

1
2

4n
n =1

1
2

1
2

4n 1

1/ 2
1/ 2

2n 1 2 n + 1

1
1/ 2
1
1
lim
= 0 = .
2
2n + 1 2
2

2.4. .

. , , :
+

(1)
n =1

n +1

an .

.
+

Leibnitz.

(1)
n =1

n +1

an ( an )nN

, ,
s
n

s (1) k +1 ak an +1 .
k =1

,
n, , ,
n+1.
.

sn n :
n

sn = (1) k +1 ak
k =1

:
s2n+2 s2n = -2n+2 + 2n+1 0 ( n ),
(s2n) :
s2n+2 s2n, n$.
,
s2n+1 s2n-1 = 2n+1 2n 0, (s2n-1) :
s2n+1 s2n-1, n$.
, k, m :
s2k s2m-1

(1)

, n k m,
:
s2k s2n s2n-1 s2m-1 .
- (s2n)
, s2n s1=1. , **,
: lim s2 n = a .
, s2n-1 , s2n-1 s2 =1-2.
: lim s2 n 1 = .
(1)

s2 n s2 n 1 .
,

0 = lim s2 n 1 lim s2 n = lim 2 n = 0.

x

(2)

= lim s2 n = lim s2 n 1 = .
:
s2 s4 s6 ... a = ... s2 n +1 s2 n 1 ... s3 s1
(s2n) (s2n-1)
(sn)
. , , (2), n0
0 s2 n0 1 s2 n0 < . , n>2n0 :
n=2k>2n0, ,
sn = s2 k = s2 k < s2 n0 < s2 n0 1 s2 n0 ,

n=2k+1>2n0,
sn = s2 k +1 = s2 k +1 a < s2 n0 1 < s2 n0 1 s2 n0 .

, ,
sn < s2 n0 1 s2 n0 <

lim sn = a .
:
s2 n = s2 n < s2 n +1 s2 n < a2 n +1 ,

s2 n 1 = s2 n 1 a < s2 n 1 s2 n < a2 n .

, :
sn < an +1

.
.
+

(1)n an

n= 0

(1)
n =1

an

, Leibnitz:
+

(1)
n= 0

an = (1)
n =1

(1)
n =1

n 1

an 1 = (1) n +1 an 1 ,
n =1

an = (1) n +1 an .
n =1

.
1.

( 1)

n=0

1
1 1 1
= 1 + + "
n +1
2 3 4

1
.
n +1

. 8 (
n=0,1,2,..,8):
8

(1)
n =0

1
1 1 1
1
= 1 + +" + ,
n +1
2 3 4
9

9:

1
= 0.1 (
9 +1

. n=98 ,
0.01).

2.

(1)
n =1

1
p>0 ( p-
np

). , ,
1
p ( p>0):
n nN

10

1
1
1
1
1
p p ... p
...
p
1
2
3
( n + 1) p
n
: lim
3.

1
=0
np

( 1)n
1
an =
,

2n + 1
n=0 2n + 1
+

an +1 =
: lim an = lim

1
1

= an (n N)
2n + 3 2n + 1

1
= 0.
2n + 1

, ,
0.01, :
1
1
<
n > 48.5 .
2n + 3 100
, 49

an +1 < 102

.
.
1. :
+

i.

5
n =1

ii. 1

(:

1
)
4

1 1 1
4
+ + ... (: )
4 16 64
5

5 25 75
iii. 1 + + + + ... (: )
3 9 27
+

iv.

( 2 )

(: )

n =1

v.

n =1

vi.

2n + 1

n ( n + 1)
2

(: 1)

( n + 4)(n + 5)
n =1

(:

1
)
5

2. :

11

( n )

i.

(: )

n =1

( 1)

ii.

n =1

iii.

n =1

n
en

(: )

1
n

(: )

( 1)n
iv.
n
n =1
+

( 1)

v.

(: )

(: )

n =1

vi.

n =1

vii.

(: )

ln n
(: )
3n + 2

( 1)n1

n
3
n =1

(: )

( 1)

n 1

n =1

viii.

3.

,
, .
3.1.

, ,

n =1

n =1

, lim n = 0 .

sn = a1 + a2 + ... + an , n N,
, , s.

12

an = sn sn 1 ,
lim an = lim sn lim sn 1 = s s = 0.

n,
, .

.
+

, 2.2,

n =1

1
.
n

,

:

lim n 0 ,

n =1

.
1.

( 3)
n=0

1
lim( ) n = 0 . ,
3

2.1,
1

1
2.

1
3

3
.
2

n2 + 1 1
n2 + 1

= 0.
lim

2
2n 2 1 2
n=0 2 n 1
+

3. n n2 + n-1n+1 = nn+1,

n =1

n +1

an2 + an1 an+1 = an an+1

an
a
a
an + an1 = an n + n1 = 1
an+1
an+1 an
13

(1) .

n =1

, lim

n +1

= lim n 1 = 0
n +1
n

(1): 0+0=1.
3.2.

.


.
3.2.1. .

an ,
n =1

n =1

0 an M n ( n N ) , . :
(I)

n =1

n =1

(II)

n =1

(III)

an = + ,

n =1

= ,

n =1

n =1

= + .

= .

.
() sn = a1 + a2 + ... + an , n N,
+

an s n = 1 + 2 + ... + n , n N,
n =1

n =1

. :

sn sm = am +1 + am + 2 + ... + an M m +1 + M m + 2 + ... + M n = M ( s n s m ) ,

(1)

n m .
+

n =1

, ( s n )

: lim( s n s m ) = 0 . , (1),

14

0 lim sn sm M lim( s n s m ) = 0 lim sn sm = 0 .

( sn ) , .

n =1

() sn = a1 + a2 + ... + an , n N,

s n = 1 + 2 + ... + n , n N,

n =1

n =1

, n0 :

sn = a1 + a2 + ... + an > , n n0 .
:
M s n = M 1 + M 2 + ... + M n a1 + a2 + ... + an > , n n0 .

, lim( M s n ) = + , ,
+

lim s n = n = + .
n =1

() ().
.
1.

3n 3 + 1
:

4
n =1 4n 1
+

3n3 + 1 3n3 3 1
>
= ,
4n4 1 4n4 4 n

n =1

2.

3n
:

n
n =0 5 + 1
n

3n
3n 3
<
= ,
5n + 1 5n 5
+

3
.
n=0 5
.

15

3.

n
n =0

2n
:
+1

2n
2n
2n 1
2
= 2 = .
2
n +1 n + n
n
2n
2

() .

4.

n 5 + 5n + 2

n
5
n =1 (5 + 2) n
+

n5 + 5n + 2
1
1
= n
+ 5 . , ,
5
n
(5 + 2) n
5 +2 n
+
n 5 + 5n + 2 + 1
1
=
+

n
5
n
5
n =1 (5 + 2) n
n =1 5 + 2
n =1 n
+

, :
1
1
1
< n = ( )n
n
5 +2 5
5

n
n =1

(5)

n =1

1
<1,
5

p- p=5>1.

, .

5.

+ 3

n=0

n2 + 1
:
n +1
n2 + 1 n2 / 3 n2 / 3 1 1
>

=
n > 0 .
n +1
n + 1 2n 2 n1/ 3
+

1
, .
1/ 3
n =1 n

, (1/ 3) =

6. ,

+
2 n
2 n 2 n
1
1
:
<
=

.
,

=
2
(3/
2)

3
2
3/ 2
2
2
n +1 n
n=0 n + 1
n =1 n
n2
+

, .
(na)
a, b:
2
2
n =1 b + n
+

7.

16

 ()
+

1
. :
2
n =1 n

(2) =

( n a )
b +n
2

1
1
< 2 .
2
b +n
n
2

(na)
.
2
2
n =1 b + n
+

3.2.2. .

:
n >0 ) lim

an

n =1

n =1

an , n (

= c > 0 .

. .
.

lim
=

an

= c > 0 ,

c
> 0 , n0
2

n < c n
n
c
c n
c
c n 3c
c < = <
c< <
<

2
2 n
2
2 n
2
n
< 3c
n
n

()
()

a
n =1

, ()
+

3.2.1,

n =1

..
+

n =1

a
n =1

17

()

.
+

1.

3n
n =1

n

4

n =1

n
2
1
3n 4 = n
>0.
2
1
3n 4
3
n
2

, , .
+

2.

3
n =1

( 3)

1
()
+a

n =1

1
3n
1
1
= lim
=
=1> 0
lim 3 + na = lim n
n+
n+ 3 + a
n+
a 1+ 0
1
1+ n

3
3
n

3.

( n + 1)

( de lHospital

n =1

) :
1
n

( )
lim

1
n

x=

1
n

= lim
x0

( x)
x

= lim
x0

( ( x))
= lim x = 0 = 1 > 0
x0
x

1 +
1

(
) = (
)

n n =1
n +1
n =2

, .

4.

n =1

1
n (n 2 + n)

18

n3
3
n
1
= lim 3
= lim 3 n 2 = lim
=1> 0.
2
1
n +n
n +n
1+
n
n3

n ( n + n)
n3 + n 2
= lim
1
1
3/ 2
n
n3
2

lim

(3/ 2) =
n =1

5.

n =1

1
n

, .
2

( n > 0 )
+

n
n =1

n =
+

n =1

n
n + 1

n =1

+1

, n N, :

, lim n = 0 lim

n
1
1
= lim
=
= 1. ,
n
n + 1 0 + 1
+

n =1

=
n =1

n
n + 1

n =1

lim n = 0 lim

lim(

n
n + 1

= 0 lim

1+

) = + lim n = 0 lim(

= 0 lim(1 +

) = +

1
) = lim n = 1
n + 1
n

, ,
+

n =1

3.3.

(Cauchy).
+

a
n =1

(I)

. :

an r < 1 , n n0 ( n0 N ), (, , lim n an < 1 ),

.
19

(II)

an 1 , n (, , lim n an > 1 ),

R .
(III) lim n an = 1 ,

.
.

(I)

an r an r n , n n0 .

n = n0

r<1 (. 2.1). ,
+

3.2.1,

n = n0

.
+

, . ,

n = n0

a
n =1

, 1,

(II)

an 1 an 1 ,

(akn ) :
akn 1 . , , (an ) ,

,
+

a
n =1

(III)

,
:
+

n , lim

an = lim n

n =1

n
n =1

, lim n an = lim n

1
1
= lim n = 1 , ,
n
n

1
1
= lim n
= 1 , .
2
n
nn n

20

1.

4n

5
n =1

an =

4n 4
= < 1, n 1 .
5n 5

3 3
3
2. 3 + + + " + n + " :
2 4
2
an =

2n

an =

n
3
3
1
=
< 1.
n
2
2
2

n2

3
3. 2 :
5
n=0
n

4.

3
an = n 2
5

n2

3
= 2 2 0 = 0 < 1.
5

2n
:

2
n =1 n
n

5.

an =

2n
=
n2

2
2

= 2 > 1.
11
nn n

n 3n
:

n
n =1 7
+

an =

n 3n n 3
3 3
= n 1 = < 1 .
n
7
7
7 7

3n + 2
6.
:
n =1 2 n 1
+

3n + 2
3
3n + 2
> 1.
an = n
=
2n 1
2
2n 1

n2

7. 1 + :
n
n =1
+

21

an = n 1 +
n

n2

= 1 + e .
n

e < 1 e < e0 a < 0 .

3.4.

(d Alembert).
+

n 0 , n p , p

n =1

. , ,
. :
()

an+1

an +1

r < 1 , n n0 ( n0 p ), (, , lim

an

an

< 1 ),

.
()

an+1

1 , n n0 ( n0 p ), (, , lim

an

an +1
an

> 1 ),

R , . .
() lim

an +1
an

= 1 ,

.
.
()

an +1
an

r an +1 r an , n n0 , :

an r an 1 r 2 an 2 r 3 an 3 ... r n n0 an n0
r n0
an n0

an r n , n n0 .

(Cauchy) ,

r n0
an n0

r n0

n = n0

an n0

an =

r n0
an n0

an

. ,

n = n0

n = n0

22

an -

a
n =1

- .

() , :
an an 1 an 2 ... an n0 , n n0 .

( an ) , an n0
, .
() () Cauchy
+

n =1

n
n =1

.
1.

an+1
an

2n
:

n =1 (n + 2)!
2 n+1
2
2 1
( n + 3)! 2 n+1 ( n + 2)!
=
= n
=
= < 1, n 1 .
n
2
2 ( n + 3)! n + 3 4 2
( n + 2)!

lim

2.

an +1
an

= lim

2
= 0 < 1.
n+3

2 n + 3n
:

5n
n =1
+

, , :

2 n + 3n
2 n 3n
=
+ n .

n
5n
n =1
n =1 5
n =1 5

2n +1
3n +1
5n +1 = 2 < 1 5n +1 = 3 < 1 .
5
5
2n
3n
n
n
5
5
, .

.
3.

2
n =1

23

an+1
an

n +1
3 2n
1
=2 =
= < 1, n N .
n +1
3
3 2
2
n
2

2n
4. 2 :
n =1 n

an+1
an

2 n+1
n 2
2 n+1 n2
( n + 1)2
=
=
= 2(
) .
n
n
2
2
n +1
2 ( n + 1)
n2

1 :
lim 2 (

5.

10 n
:

n =1 n!

an+1
an

6.

n 2
n 2
) = 2 lim(
) = 2 1 = 2 > 1.
n +1
n +1

n!

n
n =1

10n+1
10 n+1 n!
10 n 10 n!
10
( n + 1)!
=
=
=
=
0 < 1.
n
n
n
10
10 ( n + 1)! 10 n! ( n + 1) n + 1
n!

an+1
an

( n + 1)!
n! ( n + 1) n n
nn
( n + 1)! n n
( n + 1)n+1
=
=
=
=
=
n!
( n + 1)n+1 n! ( n + 1)n ( n + 1) n! ( n + 1)n
nn
1
1
1
1
=
=
=
<1
n
n
n
( n + 1)
e
n +1
1
1+
n

n
n
n

n2
7. :
n =1 n!

an+1
an

( n + 1)2
n!
n +1 2 1
( n + 1)! ( n + 1)2 n! n + 1 2
=
= 2
=(
)
=(
)
1 0 = 0 < 1 .
2
n
n ( n + 1)!
n
n! ( n + 1)
n
n +1
n!

24

8.

n2

c
n =1

(c > 0) :

an+1
an

( n + 1)2
n +1
( n + 1)2 c n
1 1
n +1 2 1
= c2 =
=(
) 1 = .
2
n +1
n
n c
n
c
c c
n
c

c>1 (

1
<1) c < 1 (
c

1
> 1 ). c=1, n2 .
c
9.

2 22 23
+ + + ... :
22 32 42

2n
,
( n + 1)2

2n
21
2
=
= 2 ,
n=1:
2
2
(n + 1)
(1 + 1)
2

n=2:

2n
22
22
=
=
,
(n + 1) 2 (2 + 1) 2 32

2n
23
23
=
=
n=3:
, ...
(n + 1) 2 (3 + 1) 2 42

:
an+1
an

2 n +1
n2 + 2n + 1
( n + 2)2 2 n+1 ( n + 1)2
2
=
=
=

2 1 = 2 > 1 ,
2n
2 n ( n + 2)2
n2 + 4n + 4
( n + 1)2

.
,
an

an+1
an

n.

25

.
1. :

( n + 1)( n + 2)
n!
n =1
+

i.

ii.

n =1

32 n1
2
+n

(: )
(: )

iii.

n3

n
n =1 (ln 2)

(: )

iv.

( n + 1) 2 n
n!
n =1

(: )

v.

2n

n =1 ( n + 2) n

vi.

2n 1

(: )

2n

(: )

n =1

2. :
+

i.

(ln n)
n=2

ii.

2 n1

n
n =1 n
+

iii.

(n
n =1

iv.

(: )

(: )
n n
)
+2

( n + 1)

n ( n 1)
n=2

(: )
(: )

3. :
+

i.

n
n=2

ii.

(: )

n+2
2
+n

(: )

n
n =1

iii.

1
1

ln n

n
n =1

(: p>2)

26

iv.

n =1

v.

n
4

(: )

n +1
3n 2

(: )

3n
n
n =1

27