Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 1

EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Traffic Loads
Traffic Loads
on Road
on Road
Bridges
Bridges
and
and
Footbridges
Footbridges
Jean Jean- -Armand Armand Calgaro Calgaro
Chairman Chairman of CEN/TC250 of CEN/TC250
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 2
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
FOREWORD
SECTION 1 GENERAL
SECTION 2 CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIONS
SECTION 3 DESIGN SITUATIONS
SECTION 4 ROAD TRAFFIC ACTIONS AND OTHER ACTIONS
SPECIFICALLY FOR ROAD BRIDGES
SECTION 5 ACTIONS ON FOOTWAYS, CYCLE TRACKS
AND FOOTBRIDGES
SECTION 6 SECTION 6 RAIL TRAFFIC ACTIONS AND OTHER ACTIONS RAIL TRAFFIC ACTIONS AND OTHER ACTIONS
SPECIFICALLY FOR RAILWAY BRIDGES SPECIFICALLY FOR RAILWAY BRIDGES
ANNEX A (INFORMATIVE) ANNEX A (INFORMATIVE) MODELS OF SPECIAL VEHICLES FOR MODELS OF SPECIAL VEHICLES FOR
ROAD BRIDGES ROAD BRIDGES
ANNEX B (INFORMATIVE) ANNEX B (INFORMATIVE) FATIGUE LIFE ASSESSMENT FOR FATIGUE LIFE ASSESSMENT FOR
ROAD BRIDGES ROAD BRIDGES ASSESSMENT METHOD ASSESSMENT METHOD
BASED ON RECORDED TRAFFIC BASED ON RECORDED TRAFFIC
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 3
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
GENERAL ORGANISATION FOR ROAD BRIDGES
GENERAL ORGANISATION FOR ROAD BRIDGES
Traffic
Traffic
load
load
models
models
-
-
Vertical forces : LM1, LM2, LM3, LM4
Vertical forces : LM1, LM2, LM3, LM4
-
-
Horizontal forces :
Horizontal forces :
braking
braking
and
and
acceleration
acceleration
,
,
centrifugal
centrifugal
, transverse
, transverse
Groups of
Groups of
loads
loads
-
-
gr1a, gr1b, gr2, gr3, gr4, gr5
gr1a, gr1b, gr2, gr3, gr4, gr5
-
-
characteristic
characteristic
,
,
frequent
frequent
and
and
quasi
quasi
-
-
permanent values
permanent values
Combination
Combination
with
with
actions
actions
other
other
than
than
traffic
traffic
actions
actions
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 4
EUROCODES
Background and Applications EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Field of application : Field of application : loaded loaded lengths lengths less less than than 200 m (maximum 200 m (maximum
length length taken taken into into account account for for the the calibration calibration of of the the Eurocode Eurocode
For For very very long long loaded loaded lengths lengths, , see see National National Annex Annex) )
Load Load Model Model Nr Nr. 1 . 1
Concentrated Concentrated and and distributed distributed loads loads (main model (main model general and general and
local local verifications verifications) )
Load Load Model Model Nr Nr. 2 . 2
Single Single axle axle load load (semi (semi - -local local and and local local verifications verifications) )
Load Load Model Model Nr Nr. 3 . 3
Set of Set of special special vehicles vehicles ( (general and general and local local verifications verifications) )
Load Load Model Model Nr Nr. 4 . 4
Crowd Crowd loading loading : 5 : 5 kN kN/m /m
2 2
( (general verifications general verifications) )
LOAD MODELS FOR LIMIT STATES LOAD MODELS FOR LIMIT STATES
OTHER THAN FATIGUE LIMIT STATES OTHER THAN FATIGUE LIMIT STATES
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 5
EUROCODES
Background and Applications

Traffi c Load
Model s
Characteri sti c val ues Frequent val ues Quasi -permanent val ues
Road bri dges
LM1
(4.3.2)
1000 year return peri od
(or probabi l i t y of
exceedance of 5% i n 50
years) for traffi c on the
mai n roads i n Europe (
factors equal to 1, see
4.3.2).
1 week return peri od for
traffi c on the mai n roads
i n Europe ( factors
equal to 1, see 4.3.2).
Cal i brati on i n
accordance wi th
defi ni ti on gi ven i n EN
1990.

LM2
(4.3.3)
1000 year return peri od
(or probabi l i t y of
exceedance of 5% i n 50
years) for traffi c on the
mai n roads i n Europe (
factor equal to 1, see
4.3.3).
1 week return peri od for
traffi c on the mai n roads
i n Europe ( factor equal
to 1, see 4.3.3).
Not rel evant
LM3
(4.3.4)
Set of nomi nal val ues.
Basi c val ues defi ned i n
annex A are deri ved from
a synthesi s based on
vari ous nati onal
regul ati ons.
Not rel evant Not rel evant
LM4
(4.3.5)
Nomi nal val ue deemed to
represent the effects of a
crowd. Defi ned wi th
reference to exi sti ng
nati onal standards.
Not rel evant Not rel evant

EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 6
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Carriageway
Carriageway
width
width
w
w
width width measured between kerbs (height more than 100 mm measured between kerbs (height more than 100 mm recommended recommended
value) or between the inner limits of vehicle restraint systems value) or between the inner limits of vehicle restraint systems
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 7
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Division of
Division of
the
the
carriageway
carriageway
into
into
notional
notional
lanes
lanes
1 1 Lane Lane Nr Nr. 1 (3m) . 1 (3m)
2 2 Lane Lane Nr Nr. 2 (3m) . 2 (3m)
3 3 Lane Lane Nr Nr. 3 (3m) . 3 (3m)
4 4 Remaining Remaining area area

Carriageway
width w
Number of
notional lanes
Width of a
notional lane
l
w
Width of the
remaining area
m w 4 , 5 <
1 =
l
n 3 m m w 3
m w m 6 4 , 5 <
2 =
l
n
2
w
0
w m 6

=
3
w
Int n
l
3 m
l
n w 3
NOTE For example, for a carriageway width equal to 11m, 3
3
=

=
w
Int n
l
, and the
width of the remaining area is 11 - 33 = 2m.

EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 8
EUROCODES
Background and Applications EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
The
The
main
main
load
load
model (LM1)
model (LM1)
q q
1k 1k
= 9 = 9 kN kN/m /m
2 2
q q
2k 2k
= 2,5 = 2,5 kN kN/m /m
2 2
q q
3k 3k
= 2,5 = 2,5 kN kN/m /m
2 2
q q
rk rk
= 2,5 = 2,5 kN kN/m /m
2 2
q q
rk rk
= 2,5 = 2,5 kN kN/m /m
2 2
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 9
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
The The main main load load model for road bridges (LM1) : model for road bridges (LM1) : diagrammatic diagrammatic
representation representation
For For the the determination determination
of of general general effects effects, , the the
tandems tandems travel travel
centrally along centrally along the the
axes of axes of notional lanes notional lanes
For local For local verifications verifications, a tandem , a tandem
system system should be should be applied at the applied at the
most unfavourable most unfavourable location. location.
Where Where two two tandems on tandems on
adjacent adjacent notional notional lanes lanes
are are taken taken into into account account , ,
they they may may be be brought brought
closer closer, , the the distance distance
between between axles axles being being
not not less less than than 0,50 m 0,50 m
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 10
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
The
The
main
main
load
load
model (LM1)
model (LM1)
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Example Example of values for of values for
factors factors (National Annexes) (National Annexes)
1 1
st st
class : international class : international heavy heavy
vehicle traffic vehicle traffic
2 2
nd nd
class : class : normal normal heavy heavy
vehicle traffic vehicle traffic

Cl asses
1 Q
2 i
Qi

1 q
2 i
qi

qr

1
st
cl ass
1 1 1 1 1
2
nd
cl ass
0,9 0,8 0,7 1 1

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 11
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Examples of
influence surfaces
(transverse
bending moment)
for a deck slab
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 12
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Example of application of
LM1 to the concrete slab of
a composite bridge
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 13
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Load
Load
model
model
Nr
Nr
. 2 (LM2)
. 2 (LM2)
1 Q Q
= Recommended
Recommended value value
:
:
(National (National Annex Annex) )
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 14
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Dispersal of
Dispersal of
concentrated
concentrated
loads
loads
a) Pavement and concrete slab a) Pavement and concrete slab
1 Wheel contact pressure 1 Wheel contact pressure
2 Pavement 2 Pavement
3 Concrete slab 3 Concrete slab
4 Middle surface of concrete 4 Middle surface of concrete
slab slab
b) Pavement and orthotropic deck
1 Wheel contact pressure
2 Pavement
3 Bridge floor
4 Middle surface of the bridge
floor
5 Transverse member
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 15
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
HORIZONTAL FORCES : HORIZONTAL FORCES : Braking Braking and and acceleration acceleration ( (Lane Lane Nr Nr. 1 ) . 1 )
L w q Q Q
k q k Q k 1 1 1 1 1
10 , 0 ) 2 ( 6 , 0 + =

kN Q kN
k Q
900 180
1

Q1 Q1
= =
q1 q1
= 1 = 1
Q Q
lk lk
= 180 + 2,7L = 180 + 2,7L
For 0 For 0 L L 1,2 m 1,2 m
Q Q
lk lk
= 360 + 2,7L = 360 + 2,7L
For L > 1,2 m For L > 1,2 m
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 16
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
HORIZONTAL FORCES : HORIZONTAL FORCES : Centrifugal Centrifugal forces forces
r : horizontal radius of r : horizontal radius of curvature curvature of of the the carriageway carriageway
centreline centreline [m] [m]
Q Q
v v
: : total maximum weight of vertical concentrated loads total maximum weight of vertical concentrated loads
of the tandem systems of LM1 of the tandem systems of LM1

i
ik Qi
Q ) 2 (
v tk
Q Q 2 , 0 = (kN) if r < 200 m
r Q Q
v tk
/ 40 = (kN)
if 200 r 1500 m
0 =
tk
Q if r > 1500 m

EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 17
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Group of Group of loads loads gr1a : gr1a :
LM1 + LM1 + reduced reduced value value
of of pedestrian pedestrian load load on on
footways footways or cycle or cycle tracks tracks
(3 (3 kN kN/m /m
2 2
) )
Group of Group of loads loads gr1b : LM2 gr1b : LM2
(single (single axle axle load load) )
Group of Group of loads loads gr2 : gr2 :
characteristic characteristic values of values of
horizontal forces, horizontal forces, frequent frequent
values of LM1 values of LM1
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Groups of
Groups of
loads
loads
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 18
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Group of Group of loads loads gr4 : gr4 :
crowd crowd loading loading
Group of Group of loads loads gr5 : gr5 : special special
vehicles vehicles (+ (+ special special
conditions for normal conditions for normal traffic traffic) )
Group of Group of loads loads gr3 : gr3 :
loads loads on on footways footways and and
cycle cycle tracks tracks
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 19
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Table 4.4b Table 4.4b Assessment of groups of traffic loads (frequent Assessment of groups of traffic loads (frequent
values of the multi values of the multi - -component action) component action)
CARRIAGEWAY FOOTWAYS AND
CYCLE TRACKS
Load type Vertical forces
Reference EN
1991-2
4.3.2 4.3.3 5.3.2(1)
Load system LM1 (TS and UDL
systems)
LM2 (single axle) Uniformly
distributed load
gr1a Frequent values
gr1b Frequent values
Groups
of loads
gr3 Frequent value
a)

a)
See 5.3.2.1(3). One footway only should be considered to be loaded if the
effect is more unfavourable than the effect of two loaded footways.

EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 20
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Load Load Model Model Nr Nr. 1 (FLM1) : . 1 (FLM1) : Similar Similar to to characteristic characteristic Load Load Model Model Nr Nr. 1 . 1
0,7 x 0,7 x Q Q
ik ik
- - 0,3 x 0,3 x q q
ik ik
- - 0,3 x 0,3 x q q
rk rk
Load Load Model Model Nr Nr. 2 (FLM2) : Set of . 2 (FLM2) : Set of fequent fequent lorries lorries
Load Load Model Model Nr Nr. 3 (FLM3) : Single . 3 (FLM3) : Single vehicle vehicle
Load Load Model Model Nr Nr. 4 (FLM4) : Set of . 4 (FLM4) : Set of equivalent equivalent lorries lorries
Load Load Model Model Nr Nr. 5 (FLM5) : . 5 (FLM5) : Recorded Recorded traffic traffic
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
FATIGUE LOAD MODELS
FATIGUE LOAD MODELS
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 21
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Table 4.5 Table 4.5 - - Indicative number of heavy vehicles expected per Indicative number of heavy vehicles expected per
year and per slow lane year and per slow lane
(FLM3 (FLM3 and and FLM4 Models) FLM4 Models)

Traf f i c cat egori es N
obs
per year and per sl ow l ane
1 Roads and mot orways wi t h 2 or more
l anes per di rect i on wi t h hi gh f l ow rat es
of l orri es
2,0 10
6

2 Roads and mot orways wi t h medi um
f l ow rat es of l orri es
0,5 10
6

3 Mai n roads wi t h l ow fl ow rat es of
l orri es
0,125 10
6

4 Local roads wi t h l ow f l ow rat es of
l orri es
0,05 10
6


EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 22
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
1 2 3 4
LORRY
SILHOUETTE
Axle spacing
(m)
Frequent
axle loads
(kN)
Wheel type
(see Table
4.8)

4,5 90
190
A
B

4,20
1,30
80
140
140
A
B
B

3,20
5,20
1,30
1,30
90
180
120
120
120
A
B
C
C
C

3,40
6,00
1,80
90
190
140
140
A
B
B
B

4,80
3,60
4,40
1,30
90
180
120
110
110
A
B
C
C
C
FLM2 FLM2
Set of Set of
frequent frequent
lorries lorries
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 23
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
AXLE/WHEEL
TYPES
GEOMETRICAL DEFINITION
A


B


C


FLM2 : FLM2 : Definition Definition of of wheels wheels and and axles axles (Table 4.8) (Table 4.8)
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 24
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Fatigue Fatigue Load Load Model Model Nr Nr.3 (FLM3) .3 (FLM3)
A second A second vehicle vehicle may may be be taken taken into into account account : :
Recommended Recommended axle axle load load value Q = 36 value Q = 36 kN kN
Minimum distance Minimum distance between between vehicles vehicles : 40 m : 40 m
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 25
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Determination Determination of of the the maximum maximum and and minimum stresses minimum stresses
resulting resulting from from the the transit of transit of the the model model along along the the bridge bridge
The The stress variation stress variation is is multiplied multiplied by a local by a local dynamic dynamic
amplification amplification factor factor in in the the vicinity vicinity of expansion joints of expansion joints
The The model model is is normally normally centered centered in in every every slow slow lane lane defined defined in in
the the project project specification specification. But . But where where the the transverse position transverse position
is is important, a important, a statistical statistical distribution of distribution of this this position position
should should be be taken taken into into account account . .
Finally Finally : :
LM LM LM
Min Max =
fat

Verification Verification procedure procedure with with Load Load Model FLM 3 Model FLM 3
LM fat fat
=
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 26
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Frequency Frequency distribution of transverse location of a distribution of transverse location of a
vehicle vehicle (Models 3 to 5) (Models 3 to 5)
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 27
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Fatigue Fatigue Load Load Models for road bridges Models for road bridges
Representation Representation of of the the additional additional amplification amplification factor factor

fat
: Additional amplification factor
D : Distance of the cross-section under consideration from
the expansion joint
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 28
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Principle of the fatigue verification with FLM 3 Principle of the fatigue verification with FLM 3
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 29
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
VEHICLE TYPE TRAFFIC TYPE


1
2 3 4 5 6 7

Long
distance
Medium
distance
Local traffic

LORRY

Axle spacing
(m)
Equivalent
axle loads
(kN)
Lorry
persentage

Lorry
percentage

Lorry
percentage

Wheel type

4,5 70
130
20,0 40,0 80,0 A
B

4,20
1,30
70
120
120
5,0 10,0 5,0 A
B
B

3,20
5,20
1,30
1,30
70
150
90
90
90
50,0 30,0 5,0 A
B
C
C
C

3,40
6,00
1,80
70
140
90
90
15,0 15,0 5,0 A
B
B
B

4,80
3,60
4,40
1,30
70
130
90
80
80
10,0 5,0 5,0 A
B
C
C
C
FLM4 FLM4
Set of Set of
equivalent equivalent
lorries. lorries.
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 30
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 31
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 32
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
ACTIONS FROM VEHICLES ON THE BRIDGE ACTIONS FROM VEHICLES ON THE BRIDGE
Vehicles Vehicles on on footways footways and and cycle cycle tracks tracks
Impact forces on Impact forces on kerbs kerbs
Impact forces on Impact forces on safety safety barriers barriers
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 33
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 34
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
LOAD MODELS FOR FOOTWAYS AND FOOTBRIDGES (Section 5) LOAD MODELS FOR FOOTWAYS AND FOOTBRIDGES (Section 5)
LOAD MODEL LOAD MODEL Nr Nr.3 .3
Service Service vehicle vehicle Q Q
serv serv
LOAD MODEL LOAD MODEL Nr Nr.1 .1
Uniformly distributed load q Uniformly distributed load q
fk fk
LOAD MODEL LOAD MODEL Nr Nr.2 .2
Concentrated load Q Concentrated load Q
fwk fwk
(10 (10 kN recommended kN recommended) )
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 35
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Recommended characteristic value for : Recommended characteristic value for :
- - footways and cycle tracks on road bridges, footways and cycle tracks on road bridges,
- - short or medium span length footbridges : short or medium span length footbridges :
Recommended expression for long span length footbridges : Recommended expression for long span length footbridges :
L L is the loaded length [m] is the loaded length [m]
2
fk
kN/m
30
120
0 , 2
+
+ =
L
q
2
fk
kN/m 5 , 2 q
2
fk
kN/m 0 , 5 = q
2
fk
kN/m 0 , 5 q
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 36
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
For footbridges only, a horizontal force should be taken into For footbridges only, a horizontal force should be taken into
account, to be applied along the deck axis at the surfacing leve account, to be applied along the deck axis at the surfacing level l
Q Q
flk flk
. .
Its characteristic value, which may be altered in the National Its characteristic value, which may be altered in the National
Annex, is equal to the higher of the two following values : Annex, is equal to the higher of the two following values :
10% of the total uniformly distributed load as defined in 5.3.2 10% of the total uniformly distributed load as defined in 5.3.2.1, .1,
60% of the total service vehicle load where relevant (5.3.2.3 60% of the total service vehicle load where relevant (5.3.2.3- -
(1)P). (1)P).
The horizontal force is applied simultaneously with the vertical The horizontal force is applied simultaneously with the vertical
load, but not with the concentrated load. load, but not with the concentrated load.
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 37
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Groups of Groups of loads loads for for footbridges footbridges
Group of Group of loads loads gr1 gr1
Group of Group of loads loads gr2 gr2
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 38
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Thank
Thank
you
you
for
for
your
your
attention
attention
EN 1991 EN 1991- -2 2 Traffic Loads Traffic Loads on Bridges on Bridges