2010

H I G H E R S C H O O L C E R T I F I C AT E
E X A MI N AT I O N
Mathematics
General Instructions
Readingtime5minutes
Workingtime3hours
Writeusingblackorbluepen
Board-approvedcalculatorsmay
beused
Atableofstandardintegralsis
providedatthebackofthispaper
Allnecessaryworkingshouldbe
shownineveryquestion
Total marks 120
AttemptQuestions110
Allquestionsareofequalvalue
1320
Total marks 120
Attempt Questions 110
All questions are of equal value
Answereachquestionintheappropriatewritingbooklet.Extrawritingbookletsareavailable.
Question 1 (12marks)UsetheQuestion1WritingBooklet.
(a) Solve x
2
=4x. 2
1
(b) Findintegersaandbsuchthat = a + b 5. 2
5 2
(c) Writedowntheequationofthecirclewithcentre(1,2)andradius5. 1
2x+ 3 (d) Solve = 9. 2
(e) Differentiate x
2
tanx withrespecttox. 2
1 1 1
(f) Findthelimitingsumofthegeometricseries 1 + + . 2
3 9 27
(g) Let x = x 8. Whatisthedomainof(x)? 1
( )
2
Question 2 (12marks)UsetheQuestion2WritingBooklet.
cosx
(a) Differentiate withrespecttox. 2
x
(b) Solvetheinequality x
2
x12<0. 2
(c) Find the gradient of the tangent to the curve y=ln(3x) at the point where 2
x=2.

(d) (i) Find 5x+1dx . 2

x
(ii) Find dx. 2

2
4+x
6
(e) Giventhat x k dx
)
=30, andkisaconstant,findthevalueofk. 2

(
+

0
3
Question 3 (12marks)UsetheQuestion3WritingBooklet.
(a) InthediagramA,BandCarethepoints(2,4),(12,6)and(6,8)respectively.
ThepointN(2,2)isthemidpointofAC.ThepointMisthemidpointofAB.
y
O
NOTTO
SCALE
x
C(6,8)
N(2,2)
B(12,6)
A(2,4)
M
(i) FindthecoordinatesofM. 1
(ii) FindthegradientofBC. 1
(iii) ProvethatABCissimilartoAMN. 2
(iv) FindtheequationofMN. 2
(v) FindtheexactlengthofBC. 1
(vi) GiventhattheareaofABCis44squareunits,findtheperpendicular 1
distancefromAtoBC.
Question 3 continues on page 5
4
Question3(continued)
(b) (i) Sketchthecurve y=lnx. 1
(ii) Use the trapezoidal rule
approximationto
with three function values to find an 2

3
lnx dx .

1
(iii) State whether the approximation found in part (ii) is greater than or

lessthantheexactvalueof
3
lnx dx

1
. Justifyyouranswer.
End of Question 3
5
1
Question 4 (12marks)UsetheQuestion4WritingBooklet.
(a) Susannahistrainingforafunrunbyrunningeveryweekfor26weeks.Sheruns
1kminthefirstweekandeachweekafterthatsheruns750mmorethanthe
previous week, until she reaches 10km in a week. She then continues to run
10kmeachweek.
(i) HowfardoesSusannahruninthe9thweek? 1
(ii) Inwhichweekdoesshefirstrun10km? 1
(iii) WhatisthetotaldistancethatSusannahrunsin26weeks? 2
(b) The curves y=e
2x
and y=e
x
intersect at the point (0,1) as shown in the
diagram.
3
2x y
y=e
(0,1)
x
y=e
O
2
x
Findtheexactareaenclosedbythecurvesandtheline x=2.
Question 4 continues on page 7
6
Question4(continued)
(c) Therearetwelvechocolatesinabox.Fourofthechocolateshavemintcentres,
four have caramel centres and four have strawberry centres. Ali randomly
selectstwochocolatesandeatsthem.
(i) Whatistheprobabilitythatthetwochocolateshavemintcentres?
(ii) Whatistheprobabilitythatthetwochocolateshavethesamecentre?
(iii) Whatistheprobabilitythatthetwochocolateshavedifferentcentres?
1
1
1
(d) Let .
Showthat
x e
x
( ) = + 1
x x ( ) ( ) = . x x ( ) + ( )
2
End of Question 4
7

Question 5 (12marks)UsetheQuestion5WritingBooklet.
(a) Arainwatertankistobedesignedintheshapeofacylinderwithradiusrmetres
andheighthmetres.
h
r
Thevolumeofthetankistobe10cubicmetres.LetAbethesurfaceareaofthe
tank,includingitstopandbase,insquaremetres.
(i) Giventhat A=2r
2
+2rh, showthat . A r
r
= + 2
20
2
2
(ii) ShowthatAhasaminimumvalueandfindthevalueofrforwhichthe
minimumoccurs.
3
(b) (i) Provethat
sec
2
x + sec tan x x = .
sin
cos
2
1 x
x
+
1
(ii) Henceprovethat
sec
2
x + sec tan x x =
1
.
sin
1
x
1
(iii) Henceusethetableofstandardintegralstofindtheexactvalueof
.
1
1
0
4

sinx
dx

2
Question 5 continues on page 9
8
Question5(continued)
1
(c) Thediagramshowsthecurve y= ,for x>0. 3
x
The area under the curve between x=a and x=1 is A
1
. The area under the
curvebetween x=1 and x=b isA
2
.
y
O x
A
1
A
2
1 a b
TheareasA
1
andA
2
areeachequalto1squareunit.
Findthevaluesofaandb.
End of Question 5
9

Question 6 (12marks)UsetheQuestion6WritingBooklet.
(a) Let(x)=(x+2)(x
2
+4).
(i)
(ii)
Showthatthegraph hasnostationarypoints.
Findthevaluesofxforwhichthegraph isconcavedown,and
thevaluesforwhichitisconcaveup.
y x = ( )
y x = ( )
2
2
(iii) Sketch the graph
intercepts.
, indicating the values of the y x = ( ) x and y 2
(b) ThediagramshowsacirclewithcentreOandradius5cm.
ThelengthofthearcPQis9cm.LinesdrawnperpendiculartoOPandOQat
PandQrespectivelymeetatT.
9cm

O
Q
T
P
5cm
NOTTO
SCALE
(i) FindPOQinradians. 1
(ii) ProvethatOPT iscongruenttoOQT. 2
(iii) FindthelengthofPT. 1
(iv) Findtheareaoftheshadedregion. 2
10
Question 7 (12marks)UsetheQuestion7WritingBooklet.
(a) Theaccelerationofaparticleisgivenby
x t =4cos2
wherexisdisplacementinmetresandtistimeinseconds.
Initiallytheparticleisattheoriginwithavelocityof1ms
1
.
(i) Showthatthevelocityoftheparticleisgivenby
. x t = + 2 2 1 sin
2
(ii)
(iii)
Findthetimewhentheparticlefirstcomestorest.
Findthedisplacement,x,oftheparticleintermsoft.
2
2
(b) The parabola shown in the diagram is the graph y=x
2
. The points A(1,1)
andB(2,4)areontheparabola.
A(1,1)
B(2,4)
y=x
O
y
2
x
(i) FindtheequationofthetangenttotheparabolaatA. 2
(ii) LetMbethemidpointofAB.
ThereisapointContheparabolasuchthatthetangentatCisparallel
toAB.
2
ShowthatthelineMCisvertical.
(iii) ThetangentatAmeetsthelineMCatT. 2
ShowthatthelineBTisatangenttotheparabola.
11
Question 8 (12marks)UsetheQuestion8WritingBooklet.
(a) Assumethatthepopulation,P,ofcanetoadsinAustraliahasbeengrowingata
rateproportionaltoP.Thatis, wherekisapositiveconstant.
dP
dt
= kP
4
Therewere102canetoadsbroughttoAustraliafromHawaiiin1935.
Seventy-fiveyearslater,in2010,itisestimatedthatthereare200millioncane
toadsinAustralia.
Ifthepopulationcontinuestogrowatthisrate,howmanycanetoadswillthere
beinAustraliain2035?
(b) Two identical biased coins are tossed together, and the outcome is recorded.
Afteralargenumberoftrialsitisobservedthattheprobabilitythatbothcoins
landshowingheadsis0.36.
2
Whatistheprobabilitythatbothcoinslandshowingtails?
Question 8 continues on page 13
12
Question8(continued)
(c) Thegraphshownis y=Asinbx.
O
y
4
x
2
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
WritedownthevalueofA.
Findthevalueofb.
Copyortracethegraphintoyourwritingbooklet.
Onthesamesetofaxes,drawthegraph y=3 sin x+1, for 0x.
2
1
1
(d) Let , wherekisaconstant.
Findthevaluesofkforwhich(x)isanincreasingfunction.
x x x kx
( )
= + +
3 2
3 8 2
End of Question 8
13
Question 9 (12marks)UsetheQuestion9WritingBooklet.
(a) (i) When Chris started a new job, $500 was deposited into his 2
superannuation fund at the beginning of each month. The money was
investedat0.5%permonth,compoundedmonthly.
Let $P be the value of the investment after 240 months, when Chris
retires.
Showthat P=232175.55.
(ii) After retirement, Chris withdraws $2000 from the account at the end
of each month, without making any further deposits. The account
continuestoearninterestat0.5%permonth.
Let $A
n
be the amount left in the account n months after Chriss
retirement.
(1) Showthat A
n
=(P400000)1.005
n
+400000. 3
(2) For how many months after retirement will there be money left in 2
theaccount?
Question 9 continues on page 15
14
6
Question9(continued)
(b) Let y= (x) beafunctiondefinedfor 0x6, with (0)=0.
Thediagramshowsthegraphofthederivativeof , y= (x).
O
3
3
x
6
A
1
A
2
4 2
(x) y=
y
The shaded region A
1
has area4 square units. The shaded region A
2
has area
4squareunits.
(i) Forwhichvaluesof xis (x) increasing? 1
(ii) Whatisthemaximumvalueof (x)? 1
(iii) Findthevalueof (6). 1
(iv) Drawagraphof y= (x) for 0x6. 2
End of Question 9
15
Question 10 (12marks)UsetheQuestion10WritingBooklet.
(a) In the diagram ABC is an isosceles triangle with AC=BC=x. The point D
on the interval AB is chosen so that AD=CD. Let AD=a, DB=y
and ADC= .
C
y a
a

x x
A B
D
(i) ShowthatABCissimilartoACD. 2
2
(ii) Showthat x =a
2
+ay. 1
(iii) Showthat y=a(12 cos ). 2
(iv) Deducethat y3a. 1
Question 10 continues on page 17
16

Question10(continued)
2 2
(b) Thecircle x
2
+ y = r hasradiusrandcentreO.Thecirclemeetsthepositive
x-axisatB.ThepointAisontheintervalOB.AverticallinethroughAmeets
thecircleatP.Let = OPA.
x A
P
x
2
+y
2
=r
2
O
y
r
B

(i) TheshadedregionboundedbythearcPBandtheintervalsABandAP
isrotatedaboutthex-axis.Showthatthevolume,V,formedisgivenby
r
3
V =
(
sin +sin
3

)
. 2 3
3
(ii)

A container is in the shape of a hemisphere of radius r metres. The

container is initially horizontal and full of water. The container is then
tiltedatanangleof tothehorizontalsothatsomewaterspillsout.
(1) Find sothatthedepthofwaterremainingisonehalfoftheoriginal
depth.
1
(2) Whatfractionoftheoriginalvolumeisleftinthecontainer? 2
End of paper
17
3
BLANKPAGE
18
BLANKPAGE
19
STANDARD INTEGRALS

n n+1

x dx =
1
x , n 1; x 0, if n< 0
n+ 1

dx = lnx , xx > 0
x

1
ax ax

e dx = e , a 0

cosaxdx = sinax , aa 0

sinaxdx = cosax , a 0

sec axdx =
1
tan t ax, a 0
a

secaxtanaxdx = secax, a 0

1 1 x

dx = tan
1
, a 0

2 2 a a

aa + x

1 x

dx = sin
1
, aa> 0, a< x< a
a
1
2 2

dx = ln
(
x+ x a
)
, x> a>> 0

x
2
a
2
1
2 2

dx = ln
(
x+ x + a
)

2 2

x + a
NOTE: lnx = log xx, x> 0
e
20
Board of Studies NSW 2010
a x
2 2