Cac Thuat Toan Dinh Tuyen Cua Zigbee Ieee 802 15 4 - T - I 123doc - VN

Zigbee IEEE 802.15.4 GVHD:Ths.
L Mnh Hi
Li cm n

Li u tin cho php em c gi ti Ban gim hiu ca trng i hc K
Thut Cng Ngh v thy c ca khoa Cng ngh thng tin li cm n chn thnh
nht. Thy c to mi iu kin thun li chng em c hc tp, lm vic v
sng to trong mt ngi trng giu thnh tch ca ngnh gio dc Vit Nam. Trong
sut qu trnh hc tp ti trng, thy c dy cho em nhng k nng tt nht em
c th hon thnh lun vn tt nghip ny.

Em cng xin c gi li cm n su sc n thy Ths. L Mnh Hi l ging
vin trc tip hng dn em hon thnh lun vn tt nghip ny. Em xin chn thnh
cm n v s ch bo v hng dn tn tnh ca thy trong sut qu trnh thc hin.
Khi bt tay vo thc hin n th kin thc v s hiu bit ca em v lnh vc ny
gn nh ch l con s khng. Vi nhng kin thc uyn bc v s nhit tnh ca thy,
thy dn dt em i n nhng bc cui cng ca n.

Em xin gi li cm n n gia nh v bn b nhng ngi gip em rt
nhiu trong sut qu trnh thc hin n.
Mt ln na em xin c gi li bit n su sc n thy c, gia nh v bn b
gip em hon thnh lun vn tt nghip ny.

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Zigbee IEEE 802.15.4 GVHD:Ths. L Mnh Hi
Li ni u

Hng ngy chng ta u thy nhng v d mi v cch thc m cng ngh thng
tin v vin thng (ICT) tc ng lm thay i cuc sng ca con ngi trn th gii.
T mc ny hay mc khc, cuc cch mng k thut s lan rng n mi ng
ngch trn ton cu.
Trong mng vin thng ngy ny, con ngi ang qun l, trao i, giao tip tranh
lun, lm chnh tr, mua bn v th nghim ngha l thc hin tt c cc loi hnh
hot ng bng cch thc m ch c ICT mi c th lm c. Mng vin thng to
ra mt cu ni lin kt loi ngi trn khp hnh tinh ca chng ta, v ang m rng
khng ngng, y ha hn, hy vng v khng mt cht b n. Tuy vy, trong mt di
bng tn eo hp vn cn tn ng nhiu thch thc nu mun t c y tim
nng . Cc nh khoa hc trn th gii ngh n vic s dng cc bng tn cao
hn, nhng vic ny ang vp phi nhiu tr ngi v cng ngh in t v ch to cha
theo kp. V vy mt gii php cp bch c a ra l s dng chung knh tn s,
mc d vn cn nhiu vn pht sinh, v d nh l can nhiu ln nhau gia cc thit
b cng tn s, hay l vn xung t gia cc thit b... Mt trong nhng cng ngh
mi hin ang c ng dng trong cc mng lin lc t c hiu qu l cng
ngh ZigBee.
Cng ngh ZigBee l cng ngh c p dng cho cc h thng iu khin v cm
bin c tc truyn tin thp nhng chu k hot ng di. Cng ngh ZigBee hot
ng di tn 868/915 MHz v 2,4 GHz, vi cc u im l tr truyn tin thp,
tiu hao t nng lng, gi thnh thp, t li, d m rng, kh nng tng thch cao.
Trong lun vn ny, em mun trnh by cc kho cu ca em v cng ngh ZigBee v
ng dng kt ni thit b ca ZigBee c th hiu r hn v cng ngh ny.
Hy vng thng qua cc vn c cp trong bn lun vn ny, bn c s c
c s nh gi v hiu bit su sc hn v cng ngh ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 v vai
tr cng nh tim nng ca cng ngh ny trong cuc sng.

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MC LC

Li ni u...................................................................................................................2
PHN A: TNG QUAN V TI....................................................................8
1. t vn ..................................................................................................................8
2. Nhim v lun vn....................................................................................................8
3. B cc lun vn.........................................................................................................8
PHN B: L THUYT..........................................................................................10
CHNG I: TNG QUAN V MNG WPAN..............................................10
1.1 Khi nim mng WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network) ..............................10
1.2 S pht trin ca mng WPAN...........................................................................10
1.3 Phn loi cc chun mng WPAN......................................................................11
1.4 Khi qut v ZigBee/ IEEE 802.15.4 .................................................................11
1.4.1 Khi nim........................................................................................................11
1.4.2 c im..........................................................................................................12
1.4.3 u im ca ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 vi Bluetooth/IEEE802.15.1...............13
1.5 Mng ZigBee/ IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN..........................................................14
1.5.1 Thnh phn ca mng LR-WPAN ................................................................14
1.5.2 Kin trc lin kt mng...................................................................................14
1.5.2.1 Cu trc lin kt mng hnh sao (Star)......................................................15
1.5.2.2 Cu trc lin kt mng mt li (mesh)....................................................16
1.5.2.3 Cu trc lin kt mng hnh cy (cluster-tree)..........................................16
CHNG II: CHUN ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4.................................................18
2.1 M hnh giao thc ca ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4....................................................18
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2.2 Tng vt l ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4......................................................................18
2.2.1 M hnh iu ch tn hiu ca tng vt l ....................................................20
2.2.1.1 iu ch tn hiu ca tng PHY ti di s 2.4 GHz..................................20
2.2.1.1.1 S iu ch ........................................................................................... 20
2.2.1.1.2 B chuyn bit thnh k t......................................................................... 21
2.2.1.1.3 B chuyn k t thnh chip...................................................................... 21
2.2.1.2 iu ch tn hiu ca tng PHY ti di tn 868/915MHz.........................22
2.2.1.2.1 S iu ch ........................................................................................... 23
2.2.1.2.2 B m ha vi phn .................................................................................... 23
2.2.1.2.3 B nh x bit thnh chip .......................................................................... 23
2.2.2 Cc thng s k thut trng tng vt l ca IEEE 802.15.4.........................24
2.2.2.1 Ch s ED (energy detection)....................................................................24
2.2.2.2 Ch s cht lng ng truyn (LQI) .....................................................24
2.2.2.3 Ch s nh gi knh truyn (CCA)..........................................................25
2.2.3 nh dng khung tin PPDU...........................................................................25
2.3 Tng iu khin d liu ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 MAC......................................26
2.3.1 Cu trc siu khung........................................................................................26
2.3.1.1 Khung CAP...............................................................................................27
2.3.1.2 Khung CFP................................................................................................28
2.3.1.3 Khong cch gia hai khung (IFS) ...........................................................28
2.3.2 Thut ton trnh xung t a truy cp s dng cm bin sng mang
CSMA-CA.................................................................................................................29
2.3.3 Cc m hnh truyn d liu............................................................................32
2.3.4 Pht thng tin bo hiu beacon......................................................................35
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2.3.5 Qun l v phn phi khe thi gian m bo GTS.......................................35
2.3.6 nh dng khung tin MAC.............................................................................37
2.4 Tng mng ca ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4................................................................38
2.4.1 Dch v mng ..................................................................................................38
2.4.2 Dch v bo mt ..............................................................................................39
2.5 Tng ng dng ca ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 ........................................................41
CHNG III: CC THUT TON NH TUYN CA ZigBee/IEEE
802.15.4.......................................................................................................................42
3.1 Thut ton nh tuyn theo yu cu AODV (Ad hoc On Demand Distance
Vector) .........................................................................................................................42
3.2 Thut ton hnh cy..............................................................................................45
3.2.1 Thut tan hnh cy n nhnh ....................................................................45
3.2.2 Thut ton hnh cy a nhnh.......................................................................49
PHN C: NG DNG KT NI THIT B PICDEM Z.............................55
CHNG I : TNG QUAN V B TRNH DIN PICDEM Z..................55
1.1 Gii thiu...............................................................................................................55
1.2 ng dng ...............................................................................................................55
1.3 Thnh phn ca b trnh din Picdem Z ...........................................................56
1.4 Tng quan v b trnh din Picdem Z................................................................56
1.5 Board mch ch Picdem Z...................................................................................57
1.6 Card RF Picdem Z................................................................................................59
1.7 a phn mm Picdem Z......................................................................................60
CHNG II: CI T B TRNH DIN PICDEM Z ................................61
2.1 Gii thiu...............................................................................................................61
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2.2 Yu cu ca my ch............................................................................................61
2.3 Lp rp v ci t.................................................................................................61
2.3.1 Lp rp cc phn cho PICDEM Z.................................................................62
2.3.2 Ci t cc tp tin phn mm PICDEM Z.....................................................63
2.4 Vic thc thi ng dng demo c lp trnh sn..............................................64
CHNG III: THC NGHIM VI B TRNH DIN PICDEM Z.......67
3.1 Gii thiu...............................................................................................................67
3.2 Sa i nhng cu hnh ng dng demo............................................................67
3.2.1 Thay i gi tr ID Node.................................................................................68
3.2.2 Thay i cu hnh Association v Binding....................................................69
3.2.3 Gii phng Entire Neighbor v Binding Table .............................................72
3.2.4 Gii phng Individual Association v Blinding Entry..................................74
3.3 Kim tra hiu sut RF..........................................................................................75
3.4 Sa i cu hnh phn cng ................................................................................76
3.5 Pht trin ng dng..............................................................................................77
3.6 To tp tin ngun ng dng ................................................................................77
3.6.1 Lp trnh ng dng.........................................................................................77
3.6.2 Phc hi Demo Firmware ..............................................................................78
CHNG IV: TNG QUAN V TRNH PHN TCH MNG KHNG
DY ZENA............................................................................................................79
4.1 Gii thiu...............................................................................................................79
4.2 Tng quan v trnh phn tch ZENA..............................................................79
4.3 Ci t trnh phn tch ZENA.........................................................................80
4.4 Cng c cu hnh Microchip Stack.....................................................................81
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4.4.1 Xc nh thng tin thit b giao thc Zigbee .................................................81
4.4.2 Xc nh thng tin thu pht sng...................................................................83
4.4.3 Xc nh hin trng v thng tin m cui ...................................................85
4.4.4 Xc nh thng tin bo mt ............................................................................87
4.4.5 Xc nh thng tin tng ZDO v APS............................................................89
4.4.6 Xc nh thng tin tng NWK v MAC.........................................................92
4.4.7 Xc nh thng tin PIC MCU.........................................................................95
4.5 Gim st mng ......................................................................................................97
4.5.1 Gim st thi gian thc Real-Time................................................................98
4.5.2 Phn tch d liu bt c ...........................................................................106
4.5.3 S dng b lc gi ........................................................................................106
PH LC.................................................................................................................108
HNG PHT TRIN CA TI .................................................................108
CC T VIT TT...............................................................................................109
TI LIU THAM KHO......................................................................................111

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PHN A: TNG QUAN V TI

1. t vn
Ngy nay mc d cp v dy in vn ng vai tr chnh trong truyn v nhn
thng tin, vic s dng tai nghe khng dy, lt web ti im truy cp wifi... ang tr
nn quen thuc v tc ng n i sng hng ngy. Vi cc chun kt ni khng dy
qu quen thuc v ph bin nh chun kt ni internet Wi-fi 802.11b/g, bluetooth
kh ph bin trong cc thit b in thoi di ng... Tuy nhin, hin nay cng ngh
khng dy ang hng ti cc thit b gia dng nh kt ni cc b phn chc nng
trong nh iu chnh v kim sot t xa h thng gaz, in nc, nh sng, cc
thng tin ng dng nh in thoi, truyn hnh, mng internet... vic s dng chun
Wi-fi 802.11 khng cn l la chn thit thc bi gi thnh qu t, bluetooth li ch
kt ni c trong khong khng gian ngn khong 10m. V chun kt ni khng dy
IEEE 802.15.4 ra i nhm thit lp mng c nhn khng dy WPAN phc v truyn
thng tin trong khong cch tng i ngn. Mng WPAN c th lin lc hiu qu m
khng i hi nhiu v c s h tng, gi thnh thit b r, nh gn, t tiu hao nng
lng m vn em li hiu qu cao trong lin lc, khong cch truyn tin c th ln ti
75m.

2. Nhim v lun vn
Nghin cu cc m hnh, giao thc chun kt ni khng dy Zigbee IEEE 802.15.4
v ng dng kt ni thit b.

3. B cc lun vn
n c chia lm 3 phn:
PHN A: Tng quan v ti

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PHN B: L thuyt
Chng I: Cng ngh Zigbee: Tng quan v chun Zigbee 802.15.4, cc cu
trc lin kt mng.
Chng II: M hnh giao thc Zigbee, thut ton truyn tin, cc m hnh truyn
d liu.
Chng III: Cc thut ton nh tuyn Zigbee

PHN C: ng dng kt ni thit b
Chng I: Tng quan v b trnh din Picdem Z
Chng II: Lp rp ci t gi phn mm thit b
Chng III: Cc bc cu hnh thc nghim thit b
Chng IV: Ci t cu hnh gi phn mm phn tch thit b

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PHN B: L THUYT

CHNG I: TNG QUAN V MNG WPAN

1.1 Khi nim mng WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network)
Mng c nhn khng dy c s dng phc v truyn thng tin trong nhng
khong cch tng i ngn. Khng ging nh mng WLAN(mng cc b khng
dy), mng WPAN c th lin lc hiu qu m khng i hi nhiu v c s h tng.
Tnh nng ny cho php c thm cc hng gii quyt r tin, nh gn m vn em li
hiu sut cao trong lin lc nht l trong mt bng tn eo hp.

1.2 S pht trin ca mng WPAN
Trong sut gia th k 20 mng in thoi c dy c s dng rng ri v l
mt nhu cu tt yu cho cuc sng. Tuy nhin mt thc t t ra l khi x hi ngy
cng pht trin, cc nhu cu dch v cng v th m tng theo, trong thng tin lin lc
chi ph cho nhng pht sinh ca mng in thoi c dy cng tng cng thm nhu cu
v tnh c ng trong thng tin lin lc,V mng in thoi t bo ra i chnh l xu
pht trin, m rng tt yu ca mng in thoi c dy. Mng in thoi t bo v
bin php s dng li tn s l phng php duy nht gii quyt vn nhiu
ngi dng c lp trn mt di tn v tuyn hn ch (V d nh cc chun GSM, IS-
136, IS- 95).

Trong thi gian gia nhng nm 198x, chun IEEE 802.11 ra i phc v cho
mng WLAN (wireless local area network) nhm tha mn nhu cu ca cc vng t
bo nh hn nhng li c lu lng d liu v mt ngi dng cao. Trong khi m
IEEE 802.11 cp n nhng th nh l tc truyn tin trong Ethernet, chuyn tip
tin, lu lng d liu trong khong cch tng i xa (khong 100m), th WPAN li
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tp trung gii quyt vn v iu khin d liu trong nhng khong khng gian nh
hn (bn knh 30m). Tnh nng ca chun mng WPAN l suy hao nng lng nh,
tiu tn t nng lng, vn hnh trong vng khng gian nh, kch thc b. Chnh v
th m n tn dng c tt nht u im ca k thut s dng li knh tn s, l
gii quyt c vn hn ch v bng tn nh hin nay. Nhm chun IEEE 802.15 ra
i phc v cho chun WPAN.

1.3 Phn loi cc chun mng WPAN
IEEE 802.15 c th phn ra lm 3 loi mng WPAN, chng c phn bit thong
qua tc truyn, mc tiu hao nng lng v cht lng dch v (QoS: quality of
service).
WPAN tc cao (chun IEEE 802.15.3) ph hp vi cc ng dng a phng
tin yu cu cht lng dch v cao.
WPAN tc trung bnh (chun IEEE 802.15.1 / Bluetooth) c ng dng
trong cc mng in thoi t bo n my tnh c nhn b ti PDA v c QoS
ph hp cho thng tin thoi.
WPAN tc thp (IEEE 802.15.4 / LR-WPAN) dng trong cc sn phm
cng nghip dng c thi hn, cc ng dng y hc ch i hi mc tiu hao
nng lng thp, khng yu cu cao v tc truyn tin v QoS. Chnh tc
truyn d liu thp cho php LR-WPAN tiu hao t nng lng. Trong chun
ny th cng ngh ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 chnh l mt v d in hnh.

1.4 Khi qut v ZigBee/ IEEE 802.15.4

1.4.1 Khi nim
Ci tn ZigBee c xut pht t cch m cc con ong mt truyn nhng thng tin
quan trng vi cc thnh vin khc trong t ong. l kiu lin lc Zig-Zag ca loi
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ong honeyBee. V nguyn l ZigBee c hnh thnh t vic ghp hai ch ci u
vi nhau. Vic cng ngh ny ra i chnh l s gii quyt cho vn cc thit b tch
ri c th lm vic cng nhau gii quyt mt vn no .

1.4.2 c im
c im ca cng ngh ZigBee l tc truyn tin thp, tiu hao t nng lng,
chi ph thp, v l giao thc mng khng dy hng ti cc ng dng iu khin t xa
v t ng ha. T chc IEEE 802.15.4 bt u lm vic vi chun tc thp c
mt thi gian ngn th tiu ban v ZigBee v t chc IEEE quyt nh st nhp v ly
tn ZigBee t cho cng ngh mi ny. Mc tiu ca cng ngh ZigBee l nhm ti
vic truyn tin vi mc tiu hao nng lng nh v cng sut thp cho nhng thit b
ch c thi gian sng t vi thng n vi nm m khng yu cu cao v tc truyn
tin nh Bluetooth. Mt iu ni bt l ZigBee c th dng c trong cc mng mt
li (mesh network) rng hn l s dng cng ngh Bluetooth. Cc thit b khng dy
s dng cng ngh ZigBee c th d dng truyn tin trong khong cch 10-75m ty
thuc v mi trng truyn v mc cng sut pht c yu cu vi mi ng dng,
Tc d liu l 250kbps di tn 2.4GHz (ton cu), 40kbps di tn 915MHz
(M+Nht) v 20kbps di tn 868MHz(Chu u).
Cc nhm nghin cu Zigbee v t chc IEEE lm vic cng nhau ch r
ton b cc khi giao thc ca cng ngh ny. IEEE 802.15.4 tp trung nghin cu
vo 2 tng thp ca giao thc (tng vt l v tng lin kt d liu). Zigbee cn thit lp
c s cho nhng tng cao hn trong giao thc (t tng mng n tng ng dng) v
bo mt, d liu, chun pht trin m bo chc chn rng cc khch hng d mua
sn phm t cc hng sn xut khc nhau nhng vn theo mt chun ring lm vic
cng nhau c m khng tng tc ln nhau.
Hin nay th IEEE 802.15.4 tp trung vo cc chi tit k thut ca tng vt l PHY
v tng iu khin truy cp MAC ng vi mi loi mng khc nhau (mng hnh sao,
mng hnh cy, mng mt li). Cc phng php nh tuyn c thit k sao cho
nng lng c bo ton v tr trong truyn tin l mc thp nht c th bng
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cch dng cc khe thi gian bo m (GTSs_guaranteed time slots). Tnh nng ni bt
ch c tng mng Zigbee l gim thiu c s hng hc dn n gin on kt ni
ti mt nt mng trong mng mesh. Nhim v c trng ca tng PHY gm c pht
hin cht lng ca ng truyn (LQI) v nng lng truyn (ED), nh gi knh
truyn (CCA), gip nng cao kh nng chung sng vi cc loi mng khng dy khc.

1.4.3 u im ca ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 vi Bluetooth/IEEE802.15.1
Zigbee cng tng t nh Bluetooth nhng n gin hn, Zigbee c tc
truyn d liu thp hn, tit kim nng lng hn. Mt nt mng trong mng
Zigbee c kh nng hot ng t 6 thng n 2 nm ch vi ngun l hai c qui
AA.
Phm vi hot ng ca Zigbee l 10-75m trong khi ca Bluetooth ch l 10m
(trong trng hp khng c khuch i).
Zigbee xp sau Bluetooth v tc truyn d liu. Tc truyn ca Zigbee l
250kbps ti 2.4GHz, 40kbps ti 915MHz v 20kbps ti 868MHz trong khi tc
ny ca Bluetooth l 1Mbps.
Zigbee s dng cu hnh ch-t c bn ph hp vi mng hnh sao tnh trong
cc thit b giao tip vi nhau thng qua cc gi tin nh. Loi mng ny cho
php ti a ti 254 nt mng. Giao thc Bluetooth phc tp hn bi loi giao
thc ny hng ti truyn file, hnh nh, thoi trong cc mng ad hoc (ad hoc l
mt loi mng c trng cho vic t chc t do, tnh cht ca n l b hn ch
v khng gian v thi gian). Cc thit b Bluetooth c th h tr mng
scatternet l tp hp ca nhiu mng piconet khng ng b. N ch cho php
ti a l 8 node slave trong mt mng ch-t c bn.
Node mng s dng Zigbee vn hnh tn t nng lng, n c th gi v nhn cc
gi tin trong khong 15msec trong khi thit b Bluetooth ch c th lm vic ny trong
3sec.

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1.5 Mng ZigBee/ IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN
c im chnh ca chun ny l tnh mm do, tiu hao t nng lng, chi ph
nh, v tc truyn d liu thp trong khong khng gian nh, thun tin khi p
dng trong cc khu vc nh nh ring, vn phng....

1.5.1 Thnh phn ca mng LR-WPAN
Mt h thng ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 gm nhiu phn to nn. Phn c bn nht to
nn mt mng l thit b c tn l FFD (full-function device), thit b ny m nhn tt
c cc chc nng trong mng v hot ng nh mt b iu phi mng PAN, ngoi ra
cn c mt s thit b m nhn mt s chc nng hn ch c tn l RFD (reduced-
function device). Mt mng ti thiu phi c 1 thit b FFD, thit b ny hot ng nh
mt b iu phi mng PAN.
FFD c th hot ng trong ba trng thi : l iu phi vin ca ton mng PAN
(personal area network), hay l iu phi vin ca mt mng con, hoc n gin ch l
mt thnh vin trong mng. RFD c dng cho cc ng dng n gin, khng yu
cu gi lng ln d liu. Mt FFD c th lm vic vi nhiu RFD hay nhiu FFD,
trong khi mt RFD ch c th lm vic vi mt FFD.

1.5.2 Kin trc lin kt mng
Hin nay Zigbee v t chc chun IEEE a ra mt s cu trc lin kt mng
cho cng ngh Zigbee. Cc node mng trong mt mng Zigbee c th lin kt vi
nhau theo cu trc mng hnh sao (star) cu trc mng hnh li (Mesh) cu trc b
cm hnh cy. S a dng v cu trc mng ny cho php cng ngh Zigbee c ng
dng mt cch rng ri. Hnh 1.1 cho ta thy ba loi mng m ZigBee cung cp: t p
sao, t p mt li, t p cy.
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Hnh1.1 Cu trc lin kt mng

1.5.2.1 Cu trc lin kt mng hnh sao (Star)

Hnh1.2 Cu trc mng hnh sao

i vi loi mng ny, mt kt ni c thnh lp bi cc thit b vi mt thit
b iu khin trung tm iu khin c gi l b iu phi mng PAN. Sau khi FFD
c kch hot ln u tin n c th to nn mt mng c lp v tr thnh mt b
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iu phi mng PAN. Mi mng hnh sao u phi c mt ch s nhn dng c nhn
ca ring mnh c gi l PAN ID(PAN identifier), n cho php mng ny c th
hot ng mt cch c lp. Khi c FFD v RFD u c th kt ni ti b iu phi
mng PAN. Tt c mng nm trong tm ph sng u phi c mt PAN duy nht,cc
nt trong mng PAN phi kt ni vi (PAN coordinator) b iu phi mng PAN.

1.5.2.2 Cu trc lin kt mng mt li (mesh)

Hnh1.3 Cu trc mng mesh
Kiu cu trc mng ny cng c mt b iu phi mng PAN (PAN
coordinator). Thc cht y l kt hp ca 2 kiu cu trc mng hnh sao v mng
ngang hng, cu trc mng ny th mt thit b A c th to kt ni vi bt k thit
no khc min l thit b nm trong phm vi ph sng ca thit b A. Cc ng dng
ca cu trc ny c th p dng trong o lng v iu khin, mng cm bin khng
dy, theo di cnh bo v kim k (cnh bo chy rng.).

1.5.2.3 Cu trc lin kt mng hnh cy (cluster-tree)

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Thit b RFD, vai tr lm thnh vin
Thit b FFD, vai tr lm nhnh ch
Thit b iu phi ton mng PAN

Hnh1.4 Cu trc mng hnh cy
Cu trc ny l mt dng c bit ca cu trc mt li, trong a s thit b
l FFD v mt RFD c th kt ni vo mng hnh cy nh mt nt ri rc im cui
ca nhnh cy. Bt k mt FFD no cng c th hot ng nh l mt coordinator v
cung cp tn hiu ng b cho cc thit b v cc coordinator khc v th m cu trc
mng kiu ny c qui m ph sng v kh nng m rng cao. Trong loi cu hnh ny
mc d c th c nhiu coordinator nhng ch c duy nht mt b iu phi mng
PAN (PAN coordinator). B iu phi mng PAN coordinator ny to ra nhm u
tin cch t bu ra ngi lnh o cho mng ca mnh, v gn cho ngi lnh o
mt ch s nhn dng c nhn c bit gi l l CID-0 bng cch t thnh lp CLH
(cluster head) bng CID-0 (cluster identifier), n chn mt PAN identifier ri v pht
khung tin qung b nhn dng ti cc thit b ln cn. Thit b no nhn c khung
tin ny c th yu cu kt ni vo mng vi CLH. Nu b iu phi mng PAN (PAN
coordinator) ng cho thit b kt ni th n s ghi tn thit b vo danh sch.
C th thit b mi kt ni ny li tr thnh CLH ca nhnh cy mi v bt u pht
qung b nh k cc thit b khc c th kt ni vo mng. T c th hnh
thnh c cc CLH1,CLH2,...(nh hnh1.4 ).
- - 17
CHNG II: CHUN ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

2.1 M hnh giao thc ca ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4
ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 l cng ngh xy dng v pht trin cc tng ng dng v
tng mng trn nn tng l hai tng PHY v MAC theo chun IEEE 802.15.4, chnh v
th nn n tha hng c u im ca chun IEEE802.15.4. l tnh tin cy, n
gin, tiu hao t nng lng v kh nng thch ng cao vi cc mi trng mng. Da
vo m hnh nh hnh 2.1, cc nh sn xut khc nhau c th ch to ra cc sn phm
khc nhau m vn c th lm vic tng thch cng vi nhau.
Hnh 2.1: M hnh giao thc ca ZigBee

2.2 Tng vt l ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4
Tng vt l (PHY) cung cp hai dch v l dch v d liu PHY v dch v qun l
PHY, hai dch v ny c giao din vi dch v qun l tng vt l PLME (physical
layer management). Dch v d liu PHY iu khin vic thu v pht ca khi d liu
- - 18
PPDU (PHY protocol data unit) thng qua knh sng v tuyn vt l. Cc tnh nng
ca tng PHY l s kch hot hoc gim kch hot ca b phn nhn sng, pht hin
nng lng, chn knh, ch s ng truyn, gii phng knh truyn, thu v pht cc
gi d liu qua mi trng truyn. Chun IEEE 802.15.4 nh ngha ba di tn s khc
nhau theo khuyn ngh ca Chu u, Nht Bn, M.

PHY
(MHz)
Bng tn
(MHz)
Tc
chip
(kchips/s)
iu ch Tc bit
(kb/s)
Tc k
t
ksymbol/s)
K
t
868 868-868.6 300 BPSK 20 20 Nh
phn
915 902-928 600 BPSK 40 40 Nh
phn
2450 2400-2486.5 2000 O-QPSK 250 62.5 H 16

Bng 2.1: Bng tn v tc d liu
C tt c 27 knh truyn trn cc gii tn s khc nhau c m t nh bng di y

Tn s trung
tm (MHz)
S lng knh (N) Knh Tn s trung tm (MHz)
868 1 0 868.3
915 10 1-10 906 + 2(k-1)
2450 16 11-26 2405 + 5(k-11)
Bng 2.2: Knh truyn v tn s
- - 19

Hnh 2.2: Bng tn h thng ca Zigbee

2.2.1 M hnh iu ch tn hiu ca tng vt l

2.2.1.1 iu ch tn hiu ca tng PHY ti di s 2.4 GHz
Tc truyn d liu ca PHY 2405MHz c th t ti 250 kb/s

2.2.1.1.1 S iu ch
Vic iu ch t bt d liu nh phn sang dng tn hiu trong di tn
2,4GHz c m t theo s di y. Mt chui s nh phn 0000b c bin
i sang chui di tn c s vi nh dng xung.

- - 20
Chui bit pht i Tn hiu c
iu ch

0000b 0000b 1 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 1
Symbol
to chip
O-QPSK Bit to
symbol
0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 1
1 0
Hnh 2.3: S iu ch

2.2.1.1.2 B chuyn bit thnh k t
Theo nh s trn th y l bc u tin m ha tt c d liu trong
PPDU t m nh phn sang dng k t. Mi byte c chia thnh k t v k t c
ngha nh nht c pht u tin. i vi trng a byte th byte c ngha nh nht
c pht u tin ngoi tr trng hp trng byte lin quan n bo mt th
trong trng byte c ngha ln nht s c pht trc.

2.2.1.1.3 B chuyn k t thnh chip
Theo nh s th y l bc th hai trong qu trnh m ha. Mi k t d
liu c sp xp trong mt chui gi ngu nhin (Pseudo-random) 32-chip. Chui
chip ny c truyn i vi tc 2Mchip/s vi chip c ngha nh nht (c0) c
truyn trc mi k t.

- - 21
K t d liu
(h thp phn)
Gi tr chip
(c
0
c
1
c
30
c
31
)
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
2 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
4 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
5 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
6 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
7 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
8 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
9 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
10 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
11 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
12 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
13 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
14 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
15 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
Bng 2.3: S bin i Symbol to chip
2.2.1.2 iu ch tn hiu ca tng PHY ti di tn 868/915MHz
Tc truyn d liu ca ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 PHY ti bng tn 868 MHz c
th t ti 20kb/s, v c th t ti 40 kb/s bng tn 915MHz.

- - 22
2.2.1.2.1 S iu ch

D liu di Tn hiu
dng nh phn c iu
M ha vi
phn
Bit-to-
Chip
BPSK
(PPDU) ch
Hinh2.4 S iu ch

2.2.1.2.2 B m ha vi phn
M ha vi phn hay cn gi l m ha trc. Khi cho tn hiu nh phn vo
b m ha ny th bit c gi tr 0 s c chuyn tip, c ngha l s c tch l s 1
nu s lin trc n l s 0 v ngc li. Nu mt s c tch xung sai, li ny s c
xu hng lan truyn i , v loi tr vic ny th Lender ngh vic m ha
trc s cc d liu. C ngh l nu chui s d liu th l R
n
th ta s pht i chui s
E
n
theo qui tc:
E
n
= R
n
E
n-1
( 3 )
Trong :
1 1 = 0 0 = 0
0 1 = 1 0 = 1
E
n
: l chui bit sau khi m ha
R
n
: l chui bit th
E
n-1
: l chui bit m ha lin trc
2.2.1.2.3 B nh x bit thnh chip
Mi bt u vo c th nh x sang chui gi ngu nhin (PN) 15-chip theo
nh bng di y. Trong khong thi gian mi symbol th k t c
0
c truyn u
tin, k t c
14
c truyn sau cng.

- - 23
Bit u vo Gi tr chip
(c
0
c
1
c
14
)
0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1

Bng 2.4: Bin i bit to chip

2.2.2 Cc thng s k thut trng tng vt l ca IEEE 802.15.4

2.2.2.1 Ch s ED (energy detection)
Ch s ED o c c bi b thu ED. Ch s ny s c tng mng s dng
nh l mt bc trong thut ton chn knh. ED l kt qu ca s c lng cng sut
nng lng ca tn hiu nhn c trong bng thng ca knh trong IEEE 802.15.4.
N khng c vai tr trong vic gii m hay nhn dng tn hiu truyn trong knh ny.
Thi gian pht hin v x l ED tng ng khong thi gian 8 symbol. Kt qu
pht hin nng lng s c thng bo bng 8 bit s nguyn trong khong t 0x00 ti
0xff. Gi tr nh nht ca ED (=0) khi m cng sut nhn c t hn mc +10dB so
vi l thuyt. ln ca khong cng sut nhn c hin th ch s ED ti thiu
l 40dB v sai s l 6dB .

2.2.2.2 Ch s cht lng ng truyn (LQI)
Ch s cht lng ong truyn LQI l c trng cht lng gi tin nhn c.
S o ny c th b sung vo ED thu c, nh gi t s tn trn tp SNR, hoc mt
s kt hp ca nhng phng php ny. Gi tr kt qu LQI c giao cho tng mng
v tng ng dng x l.
- - 24
2.2.2.3 Ch s nh gi knh truyn (CCA)
CCA c s dng xem xem khi no mt knh truyn c coi l ri hay
bn. C ba phng php thc hin vic kim tra ny:
CCA 1 : Nng lng vt ngng. CCA s thng bo knh truyn bn
trong khi d ra bt k nng lng no vt ngng ED.
CCA 2 : Cm bin sng mang. CCA thng bo knh truyn bn ch khi
nhn ra tn hiu c c tnh tri ph v iu ch ca IEEE802.15.4. Tn hiu ny c th
thp hoc cao hn ngng ED.
CCA 3 : Cm bin sng mang kt hp vi nng lng vt ngng. CCA
s bo knh truyn bn ch khi d ra tn hiu c c tnh tri ph v iu ch ca IEEE
802.15.4 vi nng lng vt ngng ED.

2.2.3 nh dng khung tin PPDU
Mi khung tin PPDU bao gm cc trng thng tin.
SHR (synchronization header) : ng b thit b thu v cht chui bit
PHR (PHY header): cha thng tin di khung
PHY payload: cha khung tin ca tng MAC

Octets : 4 1 1 variable

u khung
SFD (bt u
phn nh
khung)
di khung
(7bits)
Phn dnh
ring (1bit)

PSDU
SHR PHR PHY playload

Bng 2.5: nh dng khung PPDU
- - 25
2.3 Tng iu khin d liu ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
Tng iu khin mi trng truy cp MAC (media access control) cung cp 2 dch
v l dch v d liu MAC v qun l MAC, n c giao din vi im truy cp dch v
ca thc th qun l tng MAC (MLMESAP). Dch v d liu MAC c nhim v
qun l vic thu pht ca khi MPDU (giao thc d liu MAC) thng qua dch v d
liu PHY.
Nhim v ca tng MAC l qun l vic pht thng tin bo hiu beacon, nh dng
khung tin truyn i trong mng, iu khin truy nhp knh, qun l khe thi gian
GTS, iu khin kt ni v gii phng kt ni, pht khung Ack.

2.3.1 Cu trc siu khung
LR-WPAN cho php s dng theo nhu cu cu trc siu khung. nh dng ca siu
khung c nh r bi PAN coordinator. Mi siu khung c gii hn bi tng
mng v c chia thnh 16 khe nh nhau. Ct mc bo hiu d ng beacon c
gi i trong khe u tin ca mi siu khung. Nu mt PAN coordinator khng mun
s dng siu khung th n phi dng vic pht mc beacon. Mc ny c nhim ng
b cc thit b nh km, nhn dng PAN v cha ni dung m t cu trc ca siu
khung.

Hnh 2.5 Cu trc siu khung
- - 26
Siu khung c 2 phn hot ng v ngh. Trong trng thi ngh th PAN
coordinator khng giao tip vi cc thit b trong mng PAN, v lm vic mode
cng sut thp. Phn hot ng gm 2 giai on: giai on tranh chp truy cp
(CAP) v giai on tranh chp t do (CFP), giai on tranh chp trong mng chnh l
khong thi gian tranh chp gia cc trm c c hi dng mt knh truyn hoc ti
nguyn trn mng). Bt k thit b no mun lin lc trong thi gian CAP u phi
cnh tranh vi cc thit b khc bng cch s dng k thut CSMA-CA. Ngc li
CFD gm c cc GTSs, cc khe thi gian GTS ny thng xut hin cui ca siu
khung tch cc m siu khung ny c bt u khe st ngay sau CAP. PAN
cooridinator c th nh v c by trong s cc GTSs, v mi mt GTS chim nhiu
hn mt khe thi gian. Khong thi gian tn ti ca cc phn khc nhau ca siu
khung c nh ngha bi gi tr ca macBeaconOrder v macSuperFrameOrder.
macBeaconOrder m t khong thi gian m b iu phi coordinator truyn khung
bo hiu tm ng. Khong thi gian gia hai mc beacon BI(beacon interval) c
quan h ti macBeaconOrder (BO) theo biu thc sau: BI =
aBaseSuperFrameDuration* 2
BO
symbol, vi 0 BO 14. Lu rng siu khung
c b qua nu BO=15.
Gi tr ca macSuperFrameOrder cho bit di ca phn tch cc ca siu
khung. Khong thi gian siu khung_SD (superframe duration) c quan h
macSuperFrameOrder_ SO theo biu thc sau: SD = aBaseSuperFrameDuration* 2
SO

symbol. Nu SO=15 th siu khung vn c th phn ngh sau mc beacon ca
khung. Phn tch cc ca mi siu khung c chia thnh 3 phn CAP,CFP v beacon.
Mc beacon c pht vo u khe s 0 m khng cn s dng CSMA.

2.3.1.1 Khung CAP
CAP c pht ngay sau mc beacon v kt thc trc khi pht CFP. Nu
di ca phn CFP = 0 th CAP s kt thc ti cui ca siu khung. CAP s c ti thiu
aMinCAPLength symbols tr trng hp phn khng gian thm vo c dng
iu chnh vic tng di ca khung beacon vn c th duy tr c GTS v iu
- - 27
chnh linh ng tng hay gim kch thc ca CFP.
Tt c cc khung tin ngoi tr khung Ack v cc khung d liu pht ngay sau
khung Ack trong lnh yu cu, m chng c pht trong CAP s s dng thut ton
CSMA-CA truy nhp knh. Mt thit b pht trong khong thi gian phn CAP kt
thc s khong thi gian IFS trc khi ht phn CAP. Nu khng th kt thc c th
thit b ny s tr hon vic pht cho n khi CAP ca khung tip theo c pht.
Khung cha lnh iu khin MAC s c pht trong phn CAP.

2.3.1.2 Khung CFP
Phn CFP s c pht ngay sau phn CAP v kt thc trc khi pht beacon
ca khung k tip. Nu bt k mt GTSs no c cp pht bi b iu phi mng
PAN , chng s c t bn trong phn CFP v lp y mt lot cc khe lin nhau.
Bi vy nn kch thc ca phn CFP s do tng di cc khe GTSs ny quyt nh.
CFP khng s dng thut ton CSMA-CA truy nhp knh. Mt thit b pht trong
CFP s kt thc trong khong mt IFS trc khi kt thc GTS.

2.3.1.3 Khong cch gia hai khung (IFS)
Khong thi gian IFS l thi gian cn thit tng PHY x l mt gi tin nhn
c. Khung tin c truyn theo ch k IFS, trong di ca chu k IFS ph
thuc vo kch thc ca khung va c truyn i. Khung c di ph thuc vo
aMaxSIFSFrameSize s tun theo chu k SIFS (l khong thi gian ti thiu
aMinSIFSPeriod symbols), v cc khung c di ln hn aMaxSIFSFrameSize s
tun theo chu k LIFS(l khong thi gian ti thiu aMinLIFSPeriod symbols).

- - 28

LIFS SIFS

Khung di
ACK
Khung ngn
Khung ngn Khung di
ACK
LIFS SIFS
Hnh 2.6: Khong cch khung

2.3.2 Thut ton trnh xung t a truy cp s dng cm bin sng mang
CSMA-CA
CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access-Collision Avoidance). Phng php
trnh xung t a truy cp nh vo cm bin sng. Thc cht y l phng php truy
cp mng dng cho chun mng khng dy IEEE 802.15.4. Cc thit b trong mng
(cc nt mng) s lin tc lng nghe tn hiu thng bo trc khi truyn. a truy cp
(multiple access) ch ra rng nhiu thit b c th cng kt ni v chia s ti nguyn
ca mt mng ( y l mng khng dy). Tt c cc thit b u c quyn truy cp
nh nhau khi ng truyn ri. Ngay c khi thit b tm cch nhn bit mng ang s
dng hay khng, vn c kh nng l c hai trm tm cch truy cp mng ng thi.
Trn cc mng ln, thi gian truyn t u cp ny n u kia l mt trm c
th truy cp n cp ngay c khi c mt trm khc va truy cp n. N trnh xung
t bng cch mi nt s pht tn hiu v yu cu truyn trc ri mi truyn tht s.
- - 29
Y
N
Y
Y

Y

N

NB>
macMaxCSMABackoffs
NB>
macMaxCSMABackoffs

N
(1)
(5)
(4)
(3)
(2)
N
Y
Y
N
N
(4)
(5) N
Y
(3)
(2)
N
N
Y
Y
H tr
beacon?
NB=0, CW=2
Battery life
extension?
BE=macMinBE
Locate backoff
period boundary
Delay for
random(2
BE
-1) unit
backoff period
Pefrom CCA on backoff
period boundary
Knh ri?
CW=2, NB=NB+1
BE=min(BE+1,aMaxBE)
CW=CW-1
Cha truy nhp
Truy nhp
NB=0
BE=macMinBE
nh gi knh
truyn (CCA)
Delay for
random(2
BE
-1) unit
backoff period
Knh ri?
NB=NB+1
BE=min(BE+1,aMaxBE)
Cha truy nhp Truy nhp
BE=lesser of(2,
macMinBE)
CW=0?
CSMA-CA
Hnh 2.7 Lu thut ton
- - 30
Thut ton truy nhp knh CSMA-CA c s dng trc khi pht d liu hoc
trc khi pht khung tin MAC trong phn CAP. Thut ton ny s khng s dng
pht khung tin thng bo beacon, khung tin Ack, hoc l khung tin d liu trong phn
CFP. Nu bn tin bo hiu c s dng trong mng PAN th thut ton CSMA-CA
gn khe thi gian c dng, ngc li thut ton CSMA-CA khng gn khe thi gian
s c s dng. Tuy nhin trong c hai trng hp thut ton u c b xung bng
cch s dng khi thi gian backoff bng vi thi gian ca tham s
aUnitBackoffPeriod. Trong thut ton truy nhp knh CSMA-CA gn khe thi gian,
bin ca khong thi gian backoff ca mi thit b trong mng PAN c sp thng
hng vi bin ca khe siu khung ca thit b iu phi mng PAN. Trong thut ton
ny, mi ln thit b mun truyn d liu trong CAP th n phi xc nh bin thi
gian backoff k tip. Trong thut ton CSMA-CA khng gn khe thi gian th khong
thi gian backoff ca mt thit b trong mng khng cn phi ng b vi khong thi
gian backoff ca thit b khc.
Mi thit b cha 3 bin s:NB, BW, BE. Trong NB l s ln m thut ton ny
b yu cu rt li trong khi ang c gng truyn. Gi tr ban u ca n l 0 trc khi
truyn. Bin CW l di ca s tranh chp, n cho bit khong thi gian cn thit
lm sch knh truyn trc khi pht, gi tr ban u ca n l 2 trc khi c gng pht
v quay tr li 2 khi knh truy nhp b bn. Bin s CW ch s dng cho thut ton
gn khe thi gian CSMA-CA. Bin s BE (backoff_exponent) cho bit mt thit b
phi ch bao lu c th truy nhp vo mt knh. Cho d b thu ca thit b lm vic
trong sut khong thi gian CAP ca thut tan nhng n vn b qua bt k khung tin
no nhn c trong khong thi gian ny. (Bc 1) Trong thut ton CSMA-CA gn
khe thi gian, NB, CW, BE c thit lp trc, bin ca khong thi gian backoff k
tip cng c xc nh trc. Trong thut ton CSMA-CA khng gn khe thi gian
th NB v BE c thit lp trc. (Bc 2) Tng MAC s tr ngu nhin trong phm
vi 0 n 2*BE -1 sau (bc 3) yu cu tng PHY thc hin nh gi truy knh truy
nhp xem l ri hay bn. (Bc 4) Nu knh truyn bn, tng MAC s tng NB v BE
ln 1, nhng cng lun m bo rng gi tr ny nh hn aMaxBE. Trong CSMA-CA
gn khe thi gian th vic truyn khung tin, Ack phi c thc hin trc khi kt thc
- - 31
phn CAP trong siu khung, nu khng s phi ch n CAP ca siu khung k tip,
trong thut ton ny th CW c th cng reset li thnh gi tr 2. Nu gi tr ca NB
nh hn hoc bng gi tr tham s macMaxCSMABackoffs, th s quay li bc 2
ng thi thng bo li truy nhp knh. (Bc 5) Nu knh truyn l ri, trong
CSMA-CA gn khe thi gian, tng MAC phi gim CW i 1. Nu CW 0 quay tr
li bc 3. Nu CW=0 th thng bo truy nhp knh thnh cng. Cn trong CSMA-CA
khng gn khe thi gian th tng MAC bt u pht ngay nu knh truyn ri.

2.3.3 Cc m hnh truyn d liu
Da trn cu trc mng WPAN th ta c th phn ra lm ba kiu, ba m hnh truyn
d liu: t thit b iu phi mng PAN coordinator ti thit b thng, t thit b
thng ti thit b iu phi mng PAN coordinator, v gia cc thit b cng loi.
Nhng nhn chung th mi c ch truyn u ph thuc vo vic l kiu mng c
h tr vic pht thng tin thng bo beacon hay khng. Khi mt thit b mun truyn
d liu trong mt mng khng h tr vic pht beacon, khi th n ch n gin l
truyn khung d liu ti thit b iu phi bng cch s dng thut ton khng gn
khe thi gian. Thit b iu phi Coordinator tr li bng khung Ack nh hnh2.9

D liu

Ack
(Ty chn)
Thit b iu
phi
Thit b thnh
vin

Hnh 2.8 Lin lc trong mng khng h tr beacon
Khi mt thit b mun truyn d liu ti thit b iu phi trong mng c h tr
beacon. Lc u n s ch bo hiu beacon ca mng. Khi thit b nhn c bo hiu
- - 32
beacon, n s s dng tn hiu ny ng b cc siu khung. ng thi, n cng
pht d liu s dng phng php CSMA-CA gn khe thi gian v kt thc qu trnh
truyn tin bng khung tin xc nhn Ack.

Beacon
D liu
Ack

Thit b iu
phi
Thit b thnh
vin
Hnh 2.9: Lin lc trong mng c h tr beacon.

Cc ng dng truyn d liu c iu khin hon ton bi cc thit b trong mng
PAN hn l c iu khin bi thit b iu phi mng. Chnh kh nng ny cung
cp tnh nng bo ton nng lng trong mng ZigBee. Khi thit b iu phi mun
truyn d liu n mt thit b khc trong loi mng c h tr pht beacon, khi n
s ch th trong thng tin bo hiu beacon l ang truyn d liu. Cc thit b trong
mng lun lun lng nghe cc thng tin bo hiu beacon mt cch nh k, khi pht
hin ra c d liu lin quan ti n ang c truyn, n s pht lnh yu cu d liu
ny, cng vic ny s dng slotted CSMA-CA. Cng vic ny c m t bng Hnh
2.10 , trong hnh ny th khung tin Ack ca thit b iu phi cho bit rng gi tin
c truyn thnh cng, vic truyn gi tin s dng k thut gn khe thi gian
CSMA-CA, khung Ack thit b thng tr li l nhn gi tin thnh cng. Vo lc nhn
khung tin Ack t thit b thng th bn tin s c xa khi danh sch bn tin trong
thng tin bo hiu beacon.

- - 33

Beacon
Yu cu d liu
Ack
D liu
Ack
Thit b iu
phi
Thit b thnh
vin

Hnh 2.10: Kt ni trong mng h tr beacon

Trong trng hp mng khng h tr pht beacon (hnh2.7) thit b iu phi
mun truyn d liu ti cc thit b khc, n s phi lu tr d liu cho thit b lin
quan c th yu cu v tip xc vi d liu . Thit b c th tip xc c vi d
liu lin quan n n bng cch pht i lnh yu cu d liu ti thit b iu phi, s
dng thut ton khng gn khe thi CSMA-CA. Nu d liu ang c truyn, th
thit b iu phi s pht khung tin bng cch s dng thut ton khng gn khe thi
gian CSMA-CA, nu d liu khng c truyn th thit b iu phi s pht i khung
tin khng c ni dung ch ra rng d liu khng c pht.

Yu cu d liu
Ack
D liu
Ack

Thit b iu
phi
Thit b thnh
vin
Hnh 2.11: Kt ni trong mng khng h tr pht beacon
- - 34
Ni chung trong mng mt li, tt c cc thit b u bnh ng v c kh nng
kt ni n bt k thit b no trong mng min l thit b nm trong bn knh ph
sng ca n. C hai cch thc hin vic kt ni. Cch th nht l nt trong mng
lin tc lng nghe v pht d liu ca n i bng cch s dng thut ton khng gn
khe thi gian CSMA-CA. Cch th hai l cc nt t ng b vi cc nt khc c
th tit kim c nng lng.

2.3.4 Pht thng tin bo hiu beacon
Mt thit b FFD hot ng trong ch khng pht thng tin bo hiu hoc c th
pht thng tin bo hiu ging nh l thit b iu phi mng. Mt thit b FFD khng
phi l thit b iu phi mng PAN c th bt u pht thng tin bo hiu beacon ch
khi n kt ni vi thit b iu phi PAN. Cc tham s macBeaconOrder v
macSuperFrameOrder cho bit khong thi gian gia hai thng tin bo hiu v
khong thi gian ca phn hot ng v phn ngh. Thi gian pht bo hiu lin trc
c ghi li trong tham s macBeaconTxTime v c tnh ton gi tr ca tham s
ny ging nh gi tr trong khung thng tin bo hiu beacon.

2.3.5 Qun l v phn phi khe thi gian m bo GTS
Khe thi gian m bo GTS cho php mt thit b c th hot ng trong mt knh
truyn bn trong mt phn ca siu khung dnh ring cho thit b . Mt thit b ch
c th chim v s dng mt khe thi gian khi m thit b lin quan n thng tin
bo hiu beacon hin thi lc . Thit b iu phi mng PAN c th chim hu khe
thi gian GTS v s dng khe thi gian ny lin lc vi cc thit b khc trong
mng. Mt khe thi gian n c th ko di hn thi gian ca siu khung. Thit b
iu phi mng PAN c th chim hu ti by khe thi gian GTS cng mt lc min
l n c thm quyn trong siu khung. Mt khe thi gian c th c chim hu
trc khi s dng nu c s yu cu ca thit b iu phi mng PAN. Tt c cc khe
thi gian GTS u c t lin nhau cui ca siu khung sau phn CAP, v hot
ng theo c ch FCFS (first-come-first- serve) n trc dng trc. Mi khe thi
- - 35
gian GTS c th c gii phng nu khng c yu cu no, v mt khe thi gian GTS
c th c gii phng vo bt k lc no khi thit b chim hu n khng dng na.
Ch duy nht thit b iu phi PAN mi c quyn qun ly khe thi gian. qun ly
mi khe thi gian m bo, thit b iu phi c th lu tr khe bt u, di,
phng hng (thu hay pht) v a ch thit b kt ni. Mi thit b trong mng c th
yu cu mt khe thi gian pht hay mt khe thi gian thu. chim hu c mt khe
thi gian th thit b phi lu tr thng tin khe bt u, di v phng hng.
Nu mt thit b c cp pht mt khe thi gian GTS thu, n s c ton quyn s
dng trn vn khe thi gian nhn d liu.
Tng t nh vy thit b iu phi mng PAN cng c th c ton quyn s dng
trn vn khe thi gian nhn liu khi c mt thit b khc chim khe thi gian
pht. Mt thit b yu cu chim hu khe thi gian mi thng qua lnh yu cu GTS
vi cc tnh cht ( di, thu hay pht?,) thit lp theo yu cu ng dng. xc
nhn lnh ny th thit b iu phi s gi mt khung tin Ack. Sau khi pht khung tin
Ack th thit b iu phi s kim tra kh nng hin thi ca siu khung da trn di
ca phn CAP v di khe thi gian GTS c yu cu. Siu khung s sn sng nu
di khe thi gian GTS khng lm gim di ca phn CAP i qu di nh nht
ca CAP c qui inh trong tham s aMinCAPLength. Thit b iu phi mng PAN
thc hin quyt nh ca n bn trong siu khung aGTSDescPersistenceTime. Trong
khi xc nhn gi tin Ack t thit b iu phi th thit b ny vn tip tc theo di
thng tin bo hiu v ch siu khung aGTSDescPersistenceTime. Khi thit b iu
phi quyt nh xem xem n c sn sng cho yu cu GTS khng, n s pht i m t
v GTS vi chi tit yu cu v on ngn a ch ca thit b yu cu. N s ch ra
di v khe GTS u tin trong siu khung ri thng bo cho tng trn v vic cp pht
khe GTS mi ny. Nu sau khi kim tra m thy kh nng ca siu khung l khng
cp pht theo yu cu v GTS, th khe u tin s c nh s 0 ti di khe
GTS ln nht c th cung cp c hin thi. Nhng m t v GTS s c gi trong
khung tin bo hiu beacon cho aGTSPersistenceTime. Trong khi xc nhn khung tin
bo hiu beacon, thit b s x l v thng bo ln tng trn.
Tng t nh khi yu cu cp pht GTS, mt thit b cho bit n yu cu c gii
- - 36
phng s chim hu GTS thng qua lnh yu cu gii phng vi cc thng s ca
GTS ang tn ti. Sau th khe thi gian ny s c t do. Thit b iu phi PAN
phi m bo rng khng c khong trng no xut hin trong CFP khi gii phng khe
thi gian GTS, di maximum CAP nh th m c tng ln ( tng ng bng
di ca khe thi gian oc gii phng). Thc th qun l tng MAC (MLME) ca
thit b iu phi mng PAN c nhim v pht hin khi mt thit b dng s dng khe
thi gian GTS. Cng vic thc hin bng nguyn tc sau. i vi khe GTS pht,
MLME s cng nhn mt khe thi gian GTS c gii phng nu khung d liu
khng c nhn trong ti thiu 2*n siu khung. i vi khe GTS thu, MLME s
cng nhn thit b khng cn s dng GTS na nu khung tin xc nhn Ack khng
c nhn trong ti thiu 2*n siu khung.
n= 2
8-macBeaconOrder

, nu 0 macBeaconOrder 8;
n= 1 , nu 9 macBeaconOrder 14;
2.3.6 nh dng khung tin MAC
Mi khung bao gm cc thnh phn sau:
u khung MHR(MAC header): gm cc trng thng tin v iu khin khung
tin, s chui, v trng a ch.
Ti trng khung (MAC payload) : cha cc thng tin chi tit v kiu khung.
Khung tin ca bn tin xc nhn Ack khng c phn ny.
Cui khung MFR(MAC footer) cha chui kim tra khung FCS (frame check
sequence)

- - 37
Octets: 2 1 0/2 0/2/8 0/2 0/2/8 Bin
thin
2
ID mng
PAN
ch
a ch
ch
ID PAN
ngun
a ch
ngun
iu
khin
khung
S
chui
Trng a ch
Ti
trng
khung
Chui
kim tra
khung
(FCS)

Phn u khung MHR
Ti
trng
Cui
khung
MFR
Bng2.6 nh dng khung MAC

2.4 Tng mng ca ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4
2.4.1 Dch v mng
Tng vt l trong m hnh ca giao thc ZigBee c xy dng trn nn ca tng
iu khin d liu, nh nhng c im ca tng MAC m tng vt l c th ko di
vic a tin, c th m rng c qui m mng d dng, mt mng c th hot ng
cng cc mng khc hoc ring bit. Tng vt l phi m nhn cc chc nng nh l:
Thit lp mt mng mi.
Tham gia lm thnh vin ca mt mng ang hot hoc l tch ra khi mng
khi ang l thnh vin ca mt mng no .
Cu hnh thit b mi nh h thng yu cu, gn a ch cho thit b mi tham
gia vo mng.
ng b ha cc thit b trong mng c th truyn tin m khng b tranh
chp, n thc hin ng b ha ny bng gi tin thng bo beacon.
Bo mt: gn cc thng tin bo mt vo gi tin v gi xung tng di
nh tuyn, gip gi tin c th n c ng ch mong mun. C th ni
- - 38
rng thut ton ca ZigBee l thut ton nh tuyn phn cp s dng bng nh tuyn
phn cp ti u c p dng tng trng hp thch hp.

2.4.2 Dch v bo mt
Khi khung tin tng MAC cn c bo mt, th ZigBee s dng dch v bo mt
ca tng MAC bo v cc khung lnh MAC, cc thng tin bo hiu beacon, v cc
khung tin xc nhn Ack. i vi cc bn tin ch phi chuyn qua mt bc nhy n,
tc l truyn trc tip t nt mng ny n nt mng ln cn ca n, th ZigBee ch
cn s dng khung tin bo mt MAC m ha bo v thng tin. Nhng i vi cc
bn tin phi chuyn gin tip qua nhiu nt mng mi ti c ch th n cn phi
nh vo tng mng lm cng vic bo mt ny. Tng iu khin d liu MAC s
dng thut tan AES (chun m ha cao cp). Ni chung th tng MAC l mt qu
trnh m ha, nhng cng vic thit lp cc kha key, ch ra mc bo mt, v iu
khin qu trnh m ha th li thuc v cc tng trn. Khi tng MAC pht hoc nhn
mt khung tin no c bo mt, u tin n s kim tra a ch ch hoc ngun
ca khung tin , tm ra ci kha kt hp vi a ch ch hoc a ch ngun, sau
s dng ci kha ny x l khung tin theo qui trnh bo mt m ci kha qui
nh. Mi kha key c kt hp vi mt qui trnh bo mt n l. u mi khung
tin ca MAC lun c 1 bit ch r khung tin ny c c bo mt hay khng. Khi
pht mt khung tin, m khung tin ny yu cu cn c bo ton nguyn vn. Khi
phn u khung v phn ti trng khung MAC s tnh tan cn nhc to ra mt
trng m ha tin nguyn vn (MIC- Message Integrity) ph hp, MIC gm khong
4,8 hoc 16 octets. MIC s c gn thm vo bn phi phn ti trng ca MAC.
Phn thm vo m ha khung tin

Ti trng MAC
MIC
S chui
(1 byte)
S khung
(4 byte)
MAC
HDR

Hnh 2.12: Khung tin m ha tng MAC
- - 39
Khi khung tin pht i i hi phi c tin cy cao, th bin php c s dng
m ha thng tin l s chui v s khung s c gn thm vo bn tri phn ti trng
khung tin MAC. Trong khi nhn gi tin, nu pht hin thy MIC th lp tc n s kim
tra xem khung tin no b m ha gii m. C mi khi c mt bn tin gi i th thit
b pht s tng s m khung ln v thit b nhn s theo di cn c vo s ny. Nh
vy nu nh c mt bn tin no c s m khung tin b nhn dng mt ln th thit
b nhn s bt c bo li bo mt. B m ha ca tng MAC da trn ba trng thi ca
h thng.
bo m tnh nguyn vn: M ha s dng AES vi b m CTR
bo m tnh tinh cy : M ha s dng AES vi chui khi m CBC-
MAC.
m bo tnh tin cy cng nh nguyn vn ca bn tin th kt hp c hai
trng thi CTR v CBC-MAC trn thnh trng thi CCM.
Tng mng cng s dng chun m ha AES. Tuy nhin khc vi tng iu khin
d liu MAC, b m ha ca tng mng lm vic da trn trng thi CCM* ca h
thng. Trng thi ny thc cht l s ci bin t CCM ca tng MAC, n thm vo
chun m ha ny cc chc nng l ch m ha tnh tin cy v ch m ha tnh nguyn
vn. S dng CCM* gip lm n gin ha qu trnh m ha d liu ca tng mng,
cc chui m ha ny c th dng li kha key ca chui m ha khc. Nh vy th
kha key ny khng hon ton cn l ranh gii ca cc chui m ha na. Khi tng
mng pht hoc nhn mt gi tin c m ha theo qui c bi nh cung cp dch v,
n s kim tra a ch ngun hoc ch ca khung tin tm ra kha key lin quan ti
a ch , sau s p dng b m ha ny gii m hoc m ha cho khung tin.
Tng t nh qu trnh m ha tng MAC, vic iu khin qu trnh m ha ny c
thc hin bi cc tng cao hn, cc s m khung v MIC cng c thm vo m
ha khung tin.

- - 40
Phn thm vo m ha khung tin

MIC
Ti trng tng mng
NWK
HDR
S khung
(4 byte)
MAC
HDR

Hnh 2.13: Khung tin m ha tng mng

2.5 Tng ng dng ca ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4
Lp ng dng ca ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 thc cht gm cc ba tng nh hnh v
trn, cc tng ny tng ng vi cc tng phin, trnh din v ng dng trong m
Hnh 2.1 OSI 7 tng.
Trong ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 th chc nng ca tng Application Framework l:
D tm ra xem c nt hoc thit b no khc ang hot ng trong vng ph
sng ca thit b ang hot ng hay khng.
Duy tr kt ni, chuyn tip thng tin gia cc nt mng.
Chc nng ca tng Application Profiles l:
Xc nh vai tr ca cc thit b trong mng. (thit b iu phi mng, hay thit
b u cui, FFD hay RFD.)
Thit lp hoc tr li yu cu kt ni.
Thnh lp cc mi quan h gia cc thit b mng.
Chc nng ca tng Application l thc hin cc chc nng do nh sn xut qui
nh (giao din) b sung thm vo cc chc nng do ZigBee qui nh.

- - 41
CHNG III: CC THUT TON NH TUYN CA
ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

Trong ZigBee/ IEEE802.15.4 s dng thut ton chn ng c phn cp nh xt
cc phng n ti u. Khi im ca thut tan nh tuyn ny chnh l thut ton
min cng cng c nghin cu rt k c tn l AODV (Ad hoc On Demand
Distance Vector) dng cho nhng mng c tnh cht t t chc v thut ton hnh cy
ca Motorola.

3.1 Thut ton nh tuyn theo yu cu AODV (Ad hoc On Demand
Distance Vector)
AODV (Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector) n thun ch l thut ton tm
ng theo yu cu trong mng ad hoc (mt mng t t chc). C th hiu nh sau,
nhng nt trong mng khi m khng nm trong tuyn ng truyn tin th khng duy
tr thng tin no v tuyn ng truyn v cng khng tham gia vo qu trnh nh
tuyn theo chu k. Ni k hn na, mt nt mng khng c chc nng t nh tuyn
v lu tr tuyn ng ti mt nt mng khc cho n khi c hai nt mng trn lin
lc vi nhau, tr trng hp nhng nt mng c ngh dich v nh l mt trm
chuyn tip gi lin lc gia hai nt mng khc.
Mc ch u tin ca thut ton l ch pht qung b cc gi tin d ng khi cn
thit hoc khi c yu cu, vic lm ny phn bit gia vic qun l lin lc cc b
vi vic bo qun giao thc lin lc chung v pht qung b thng tin v s thay
i trong lin kt cc b ti nhng nt di ng ln cn (l nhng nt cn thng tin
cp nht). Khi mt nt ngun cn kt ni ti nt khc, m nt ngun khng cha
thng tin v thng tin tuyn ng ti nt , nh vy mt qu trnh tm ng c
thit lp.
thit lp qu trnh tm ng ny th mi nt mng u lu hai b m c lp:
sequence number v broadcast id. bt u qu trnh tm ng, nt ngun s khi
- - 42
to mt gi tin tm ng (RREQ) v pht qung b gi tin ny ti tt c cc nt mng
ln cn, gi tin RREQ ny cha cc thng tin v a ch ngun (source addr), s chui
ngun (source sequence number), s id qung b (broadcast id), a ch ch (dest
addr), s chui ch (dest sequence number), s m bc truyn (hop cnt).
Bi mi khi nt mng ngun pht ra mt gi tin RREQ mi th s id qung b s
tng ln, nn trong mi gi tin RREQ th cp a ch ngun v s id qung b lun
lun l duy nht. Khi nt mng trung gian nhn c mt gi tin RREQ mi, n s
em so snh a ch ngun v s id qung b vi gi tin RREQ trc , nu ging
nhau nt mng trung gian ny s t ng xa RREQ d tha ny v dng vic pht gi
tin ny li. Nhng nu so snh thy khc nhau th nt mng ny s t ng tng s
m bc truyn (hop cnt) ln v tip tc pht qung b gi tin RREQ ny ti cc nt
ln cn tip tc qu trnh tm ng. Trong mi mt nt mng u lu tr cc thng
tin v a ch IP ch, a ch IP ngun, s id qung b, s chui nt ngun, v thi
gian thi gian hn nh cho php gi tin mang thng tin xc nhn c gi tr li ni
pht Khi gi tin RREQ c truyn trn mng t ngun ti ch, n s t ng thit
lp con ng ngc li t cc nt mng ny quay tr li nt ngun. thit lp tuyn
ng ngc chiu, mi nt phi lu gi bng a ch ca cc nt bn cnh m n sao
chp c trong gi tin RREQ u tin. Tuyn ng ngc chiu c lu gi trong
thi gian ti thiu gi tin RREQ ny vt qua mng v tr v ni xut pht ban
u.
Khi RREQ ti mt nt no y m c th nt mng ny l ch n ca n, hoc
nt ny nm trn tyn ng truyn t ngun ti ch, nt nhn tin ny u tin s
kim tra xem gi tin RREQ va nhn qua kt ni hai chiu. Nu nt mng ny cha
phi l nt mng ch nhng c lu gi tuyn ng ti nt ch, khi n s quyt
nh xem xem tuyn ng ny c chnh xc khng bng cch so snh s chui ngun
cha bn trong gi tin RREQ ny vi s chui ngun trong bng nh tuyn ca nt
mng . Nu s chui ch ca RREQ ln hn s chui ch trong cc nt trung gian,
th nt trung gian khng khng nm trn tuyn ng truyn ng vi gi tin RREQ
ny.
Nu tuyn ng ny c s chui ch ln hn hoc bng vi s chui ch trong
- - 43
RREQ nhng c s bc truyn nh hn, th n c th pht mt gi tin RREP (route
reply packet) tr li nt mng pht RREQ cho n. Mt gi tin RREP gm c cc
trng thng tin sau: trng a ch ngun, trng a ch ch, s chui ch, s m
bc truyn v thi gian sng. Khi m gi tin RREP quay tr li c nt ngun, cc
nt mng dc theo tuyn ng ca RREP s thit lp con ch hng ti nt mng
RREP va n, cp nht thng tin timeout (timeout l khong thi gian m mt nt
khng cn hot ng na v nm trong trng thi ch) ca n cho bng nh tuyn
ng ti ngun v ch, ng thi sao lu li s chui ch cui ca nt ch cn ti.
Nhng nt mng nm dc theo tuyn ng xc nh bi RREP s cht sau khi
ht thi gian yu cu nh tuyn v con tr o b xa khi chng khng cn nm trn
tuyn ng truyn t ngun ti ch. Thi gian cht ny ph thuc vo kch c ca
mng.
S
timeout
S
D D

Hnh 3.1: nh dng tuyn ng trong giao thc AODV

Nt ngun c th pht d liu ngay khi n nhn c gi tin RREP u tin, ng
thi cng lun cp nht thng tin v tuyn ng nu pht hin ra tuyn ng ti u
hn. Mi bng nh tuyn gm cc trng thng tin sau: trng thng tin v ch n,
bc truyn k tip, s bc truyn, s chui ch, nt ln cn tch cc thuc tuyn
ng, thi gian cht cho nhp liu vo bng nh tuyn. duy tr ng truyn,
mi nt mng lun phi c a ch ca cc nt mng tch cc ln cn (mt nt mng
- - 44
c coi l tch cc nu n c chc nng khi pht hoc chuyn tip ti thiu mt gi
tin n ch trong thi gian cho php). Khi m bc truyn k tip nm trong tuyn
ng t ngun ti ch ny khng thc hin c (tc l thng tin yu cu khng
c nhn trong mt khong thi gian no , thng tin yu cu ny m bo rng ch
c nhng nt mng no lin lc hai chiu mi c coi l nt mng ln cn). Qu trnh
ny c tip din n khi tt c cc nt ngun tch cc c thng bo. Nh vo vic
nhn nhng thng bo v gin on ng truyn, m cc nt ngun c th khi ng
li qu trnh tm ng nu chng vn cn mt tuyn ng ti ch c. Nu nt
ngun la chn vic xy dng li tuyn ng mi t ngun ti ch, n cn phi
phn pht mt gi tin RREQ mi vi s chui ch mi ln hn s chui ch c.

3.2 Thut ton hnh cy
Giao thc hnh cy l giao thc ca tng mng v tng datalink, giao thc ny s
dng gi tin trng thi kt ni nh dng mt mng hnh cy n, cng nh mt
mng hnh cy m rng. Loi mng ny c bn l mt loi mng c tnh cht t t
chc v t h tr hn ch li mng mt mc li cho php, c bit hn do y
l mt loi mng c tnh cht t t chc nn n cng c th t sa cha khi gp s c
mt nt mng no . Cc nt mng chn mt nt lm gc cy v to cc nhnh cy
mt cch t do. Sau cch nhnh cy t pht trin kt ni ti nhng nhnh cy khc
nh vo thit b gc (DD- Designated Device).

3.2.1 Thut ton hnh cy n nhnh
Qu trnh hnh thnh nhnh cy bt u bng vic chn gc cy. Sau khi mt nt
gc c chn, n s m rng kt ni vi cc nt khc to thnh mt nhm.
Sau khi mt nt c kch hot n s d tm HELLO message t cc nt khc
(HELLO message tng t nh beacon trong tng MAC theo chun IEEE 802.15.4).
Nu trong mt thi gian nht nh no n khng nhn c bt k mt HELLO
message no, th nt ny s t tr thnh nt gc v li gi HELLO message ti cc nt
- - 45
ln cn. Nt gc mi ny s ch gi tin yu cu kt ni t cc nt ln cn trong mt
khong thi gian no , nu n vn khng nhn c bt k yu cu kt ni no t
cc nt ln cn th n s tr li thnh mt nt bnh thng v li tip tc d tm
HELLO_MESSAGE. Nt gc cng c th c chn la da trn tham s ca mi nt
mng (v d nh phm vi truyn, cng sut, v tr, kh nng tnh ton ).
Nt A Nt B

Qu trnh kch
hot v d tm
HELLO_MESSAGE
Qu trnh kch hot
Chuyn thnh nt gc v d tm
(CH_cluster head) HELLO_MESSAGE HELLO_MESSAGE

Yu cu kt ni

Qu trnh thit lp kt ni

Hnh 3.2 Qu trnh chn nt gc (CH)
Sau khi tr thnh nt gc, n s pht qung b gi tin HELLO_MESSAGE theo
chu k, gi tin HELLO_MESSAGE ny gm mt phn a ch MAC v a ch ID ca
nt gc. Nhng nt mng nhn c gi tin ny s gi tr li li bng gi tin yu cu
kt ni (REQ) ti nt gc (ni va pht i). Khi nt gc nhn c gi tin yu cu kt
ni, n s ngay lp tc gi tr li gi tin va a ra yu cu bng mt gi tin khc
CONNECTION_RESPONSE., gi tin ny cha a ch ID cho nt thnh vin (nt B),
a ch ID ny do nt gc qui nh. xc nhn thng tin th nt thnh vin B ny s
gi li nt gc gi tin Ack. Qu trnh trao i tin ny c m t qua hnh3.3
- - 46
Nt A Nt B
(CH) (nt thnh vin)

HELLO_MESSAGE
Yu cu kt ni (REQ)
p ng kt ni (RES)
ACK
Coi nt B l nt con Coi nt A l nt gc
Thit lp kt ni

Hnh3.3 Thit lp kt ni gia CH v nt thnh vin

Nu tt c cc nt u trong phm vi ph song ca nt gc th kin trc mng l
kin trc hnh sao, tt c cc nt thnh vin s lin lc trc tip vi nt gc qua mt
bc truyn (onehop). Mt nhnh c th pht trin thnh cu trc mng lin lc qua
nhiu bc truyn (multihop).

- - 47
Nt A Nt B Nt C
(CH) (nt thnh vin) (nt thnh vin)
HELLO_MESSAGE
HELLO_MESSAGE
Yu cu kt ni (REQ)
Yu cu NID (nodeID)
p ng NID (nodeID)
p ng kt ni (RES)
ACK
ACK
Coi nt C l con Nt B coi nt Coi nt B l
ca nt B C l nt con nt gc
Hnh thnh kt ni
Hnh 3.4 Qu trnh hnh thnh nhnh nhiu bc

Tt nhin nt gc ch c th qun l c mt s hu hn cc nt, v cc nhnh
ca mng cng ch c th vn ti nhng khong cch hn ch chnh v th m c
lc nt mng cng cn phi t chi kt ni ca nhng nt mi. Vic t chi ny c
thc hin nh vo vic ch nh mt ID c bit cho nt ny. Bng danh sch cc nt
ln cn v tuyn ng lun lun c cp nht mi thng qua gi tin
HELLO_MESSAGE. Trong mt thi gian nht nh, nu v mt l do no m mt
nt khng c cp nht cc thng tin trn th n s b loi b.
Tt nhin trong mt mng c tnh cht t do, t t chc nh loi mng ny th
khng th trnh khi vic mt nt mng thuc nhnh ny li nhn c gi tin
HELLO_MESSAGE ca nhnh khc. Vy trong trng hp ny nt mng ny s t
ng thm a ch ID ca nhnh mi ny (CID) vo danh sch cc nt ln cn v gi
n ti nt gc (CH) thng qua gi tin bo co tnh trng ng truyn, t nt
gc (CH) c th bit c nhnh mng no tranh chp x l.
- - 48
Bn tin bo co tnh trng kt ni cng cha danh sch ID nt ln cn ca nt ,
iu ny gip cho nt gc bit c trn vn cu trc mng c th a ra cu trc
ti u. Khi cu trc mng cn thay i, nt gc (CH) s pht i bn tin cp nht ti cc
nt thnh vin. Nt thnh vin no nhn c bn tin cp nht ny lp tc thay i cc
thng tin v nt gc nh trong bn tin ny, ng thi cng tip tc gi n cc nt
cp thp hn trong nhnh cy ti thi im .
Khi mt nt thnh vin c vn , khng th kt ni c th nt gc phi nh
dng li tuyn ng. Thng qua bn tin bo co tnh trng ng truyn c gi
theo chu k th nt gc c th bit c vn ca nt mng . Nhng khi nt gc
gp phi vn trong lin lc th vic pht bn tin HELLO_MESSAGE theo chu k s
b gin on, khi cc nt thnh vin s mt i nt gc, v nhnh s phi t nh
dng li t u theo cch tng t nh qu trnh nh dng nhnh cy

3.2.2 Thut ton hnh cy a nhnh
to nh dng ln loi mng ny th cn phi s dng thit b gc (DD). Thit b
ny c trch nhim gn a ch ID nhm (a ch ny l duy nht) cho cc nt
gc(CH). a ch ID nhm ny kt hp vi a ch ID nt (l a ch NID m nt gc
gn cho cc nt thnh vin trong nhnh ca mnh) to ra a ch logic v c s dng
trong cc gi tin tm ng. Mt vai tr quan trng na ca thit b gc DD l tnh
ton qung ng ngn nht t nhnh mng ti DD v thng bo n ti tt c cc nt
mng.

- - 49
DD CH
Nt trung gian
HELLO_MESSAGE
Yu cu kt ni
p ng kt ni

ACK
Yu cu CID
p ng CID

HELLO_MESSAGE

DD
CH
(CID 0)
nhnh s 0
Hnh3.5 Gn a ch nhm trc tip

Khi thit b gc DD tham gia vo mng, n s hot ng nh mt nt gc ca
nhnh s 0 (CID 0) v bt u pht qung b HELLO_MESSAGE ti cc nt ln cn.
Nu mt nt gc (CH) nhn c bn tin ny, n s gi bn tin yu cu kt ni ti DD
tham gia vo CID 0, sau nt gc ny s yu cu DD gn cho n mt ID nhnh
(CID). Nh vy th nt gc ny c hai a ch logic, mt l thnh vin ca CID 0, th
hai l a ch ca nt gc. Khi nt gc to ra mt nhnh mi, (mt CID mi), n s
thng bo n cc nt thnh vin ca n bng bn tin HELLO_MESSAGE.

- - 50
DD Nt trung gian CH
HELLO_MESSAGE
Thng bo danh sch
nh km CID0
Yu cu kt ni mng Nhnh s 0
u cu kt ni DD Nt trung gian
p ng kt ni
ACK
Yu cu CID
p ng CID
p ng kt ni mng
HELLO_MESSAGE
HELLO_MESSAGE

CH
Hnh 3.6: Gn a ch nhm qua nt trung gian
Khi mt thnh vin nhn c bn tin HELLO_MESSAGE t thit b DD, n s
thm a ch ID ca CID 0 vo danh sch thnh vin ri thng bo cho nt gc. Nt
gc c thng bo ny s chn nt thnh vin ny nh l mt nt trung gian gia n
vi nt gc ca n, ri gi bn tin yu cu kt ni mng ti cc nt thnh vin thit
lp kt ni vi thit b DD. Nt trung gian ny yu cu mt kt ni v tham gia vo
thnh vin ca nhm s 0. Sau n s gi bn tin yu cu CID ti thit b DD. n
khi nhn c p ng CID, nt trung gian ny gi bn tin p ng lin kt mng ny
ti nt CH, bn tin ny cha cc thng tin v a ch ID nhnh mi cho nt gc CH.
Sau khi nt gc c c CID mi, th cch thnh vin trong nhnh ca nt gc cng s
nhn c thng qua HELLO_MESSAGE

- - 51
DD CH1 CH2
(CID assigned)

DD
CH2
CH1
HELLO_MESSAGE
Yu cu kt ni
p ng kt ni

ACK
Yu cu CID
p ng CID

HELLO_MESSAGE Nt trung gian

Hnh 3.7: Gn a ch nhm qua nt gc

DD CH1 Nt trung gian CH2
(CID c DD gn)
HELLO_MESSAGE
Thng bo danh
sch km CID
Yu cu kt
ni mng
Yu cu kt ni
p ng kt ni
ACK
Yu cu cp CID
p ng CID
p ng kt
ni mng
HELLO_MESSAGE Nt trung gian
HELLO_MESSAGE

DD
CH1
CH2

Hnh 3.8: Gn a ch nhm qua nt gc v nt trung gian
- - 52
Trong mng ny th vic t t chc mng l mt tnh cht kh mnh m, v mm
do. C nhnh mng lin trc s c nhim v gn CID cho nhnh mng sau. Qu
trnh ny c m t r nt hn hnh 3.5;3.6;3.7;3.8.
Mi mt nt thnh vin ca nhnh phi ghi li thng tin v nhnh gc v cc nhnh
con ca n, hoc c ID ca nt trung gian nu c. Thit b gc phi c trch nhim lu
gi ton b thng tin v cu trc cy mng ca cc nhnh.
Cng ging nh cc nt thnh vin ca nhnh th cc nt gc CH cng l thnh
vin ca thit b gc v nh vy chng cng phi c trch nhim thng bo tnh trng
ng truyn n DD. thc hin th nt gc phi gi nh k bn tin thng bo tnh
trng ng truyn trong mng ti DD, bn tin ny cha danh sch CID ln cn. DD
sau khi x l thng tin s tnh ton, chn la ra ng truyn ti u nht ri thng bo
nh k ti cc nhnh ca n thng qua bn tin cp nht.
Nh trn ta c th thy vai tr ca thit b gc ny l rt quan trng, chnh v th
lun cn c nhng thit b gc d phng (BDD) sn sng thay th thit b chnh khi
gp s c. Hnh 3.9 m t vic lin lc trong nhnh. Cc nt trung gian va lin kt c
nhnh mng, va chuyn tip cc gi tin gia cc nhnh mng. Khi nt trung gian
nhn c mt gi tin, n s kim tra a ch ch ca gi tin , sau s chuyn ti
a ch ch ca n nu a ch ch nm trong nhnh ny hoc l chuyn tip ti nt
trung gian tip theo ca nhnh lin k nu a ch ch khng nm trong nhnh ca n.

- - 53

Nt trung gian
Nt trung gian
DD/CH0
CH1
CH3
Nt trung gian
CH2
CH4
CH: nt gc
DD: thit b
nh v

Hnh 3.9: Mng cy a nhnh v cc nt trung gian
Ch duy nht thit b gc mi c th gi bn tin ti tt c cc nt trong mng, bn
tin ny c chuyn dc theo tuyn ng ca cc nhnh. Cc nt trung gian th
chuyn tip cc gi tin qung b t nhnh gc n cc nhnh con.

- - 54
PHN C: NG DNG KT NI THIT B PICDEM Z

CHNG I : TNG QUAN V B TRNH DIN PICDEM Z

1.1 Gii thiu
Chng ny gii thiu tng quan nhng c im v nhng yu cu ca b trnh
din PICDEM Z. Nhng ch cn c hiu trong chng ny gm:
Nhng vic m b trnh din PICDEM Z lm.
Nhng thnh phn ca b trnh din PICDEM Z.
Tng quan v b trnh din PICDEM Z.
Board mch ch PICDEM Z.
Card RF PICDEM Z.
a phn mm PICDEM Z.

1.2 ng dng
B trnh din PICDEM Z c thit k cho php nhng ngi pht trin nh
gi v th nghim vi nhng gii php Microchip cho giao thc Zigbee. B trnh din
PICDEM Z cung cp hai nt Zigbee to mt mng hai nt n gin. Nu c yu
cu, thm nt mng c th mua b sung thm cho mng. V chng trnh ng dng
demo c lp trnh trc cho php nhiu cu hnh thao tc m khng c vic sa i
mt ng dy n ca m. Vic s dng m ngun Microchip Stack cho giao thc
Zigbee, th sn c min ph v tch np t trang web Microchip, ngi pht trin c th
pht trin nhng ng dng cho ring h hoc sa nhng ng dng demo c cung
cp.

- - 55
1.3 Thnh phn ca b trnh din Picdem Z
B trnh din PICDEM Z gm nhng mn sau:
2 board mch ch trnh din PICDEM Z.
2 card RF PICDEM Z.
2 cc pin vung 9V.
a CD The Microchip software CD for Zigbee CD-ROM, trong gi
chng chnh demo v m ngun cho Microchip Stack.
Ti liu Manual (bao gm trong a CD-ROM nh dng Adobe)
Mt card ng k c chng nhn.

1.4 Tng quan v b trnh din Picdem Z
B trnh din PICDEM Z (cng c th gi tt l b PICDEM Z) c thit k
trnh din cho gii php Microchip v giao thc Zigbee. B PICDEM Z bao gm 2 nt
Zigbee, mi ci c lp trnh sn vi b phi hp demo v chng trnh gim bt
chc nng thit b (RFD). Mi nt gm c 2 board mch mt l board mch ch v
mt card RF. Board mch ch PICDEM Z c thit k tng thch nhng kiu
khc nhau nhng b thu v pht RF. Microchip s thm vo h tr cho b pht nhn
RF mi cho mi tin trnh. hon thnh danh sch h tr thit b thu pht RF, vui
lng truy cp trang web Microchip.
Ngoi vic dng trnh din chc nng chun Zigbee, th b PICDEM Z cn
c dng pht trin ng dng da vo giao thc Zigbee. B ny bao gm m
ngun hon chnh cho Microchip Stack theo giao thc Zigbee. ng dng Microchip
ghi ch ti liu AN965 Microchip Stack For The Zigbee Protocol (DS00965) tho
lun Microchip Stack thm nhiu chi tit hn.

- - 56
1.5 Board mch ch Picdem Z
Board trnh din PICDEM Z hay board ch, th c y nhng c tnh cn thit
bt u pht trin nhng ng dng trn nn giao thc Zigbee s dng Microchip
PIC18 h Vi iu khin. Vi chng trnh c lp trnh sn cho php ngi dng bt
u c lng cho board khi ly ra khi hp m khng cn lp trnh b sung hay cu
hnh.

Hnh 1.1: Bo mch ch Picdem Z
Nhng c im trn board mch trnh din PICDEM Z bao gm:
Microcontroller socket(U4): 40 v 28 chn DIP nhng chn ny c cung
cp cho la chn ngi dng v vi iu khin Microchip PIC18. Board mch
ny th c trang b t khi xut xng vi mt PIC18LF4620 vi iu khin
hiu nng cao, c kha tn s 4Mhz v c lp trnh trc vi vi chng
- - 57
trnh ng dng demo dng Microchip stack. Vi iu khin trn mi board bao
gm trong b trnh din cha mt nhn nhn din n nh l mt Zigbee
Coordinator (hiu nh l trnh phi hp) hoc Zigbee RFD (gim bt chc nng
thit b)
Temperature sensor(U3: TC77) y l mt cm bin nhit 5 chn vi mt PSI
(per square inche = trn mi inche vung) b mt ca Microchip
User-defined LEDs(D1,D2): y l 2 diode pht sng c dn dt iu khin
bi nhng chn tn hiu s vo ra, v c th c s dng m phng mt tn
hiu ng ra ti thit b c gi vo. Nhng diode pht sng ny c dng
hoc tt bng bng nhng chn nhy JP2 v JP3. Mc nh, nhng diode pht
sng ny c cho php bt bi nhng chn nhy ngn c nh theo ng vt
PCB. Nu c yu cu, bn c th ct vt v ci chn nhy theo mnh.
User-defined Push Buttons (S2,S3): y l nhng nt chuyn c kt ni
n nhng chn tn hiu vo ra trn b iu khin, v c th c s dng
m phng 1 tn hiu ng vo trong mt ng dng nhng vo. Nhng nt
chuyn ny th khng c cn gt bn ngoi in tr. Nh vy th bn phi kch
hot cho php ty chn bt ln nm trong PORTB c ng trng thi
chuyn i
Reset Push Button (S1): Nt chuyn ny c nh n chn MCLR trn b iu
khin, v n c dng reset li cho board mch
RJ-11(6 dy) Modular Connector (J5) : Ch kt ni ny cho php board mch
trnh din kt ni n Microchip MPLAB ICD 2 h thng cho vic lp trnh v
g li nng cao cho vi iu khin
RS-232 (DB9F) Connector (P1) : Ch kt ni ny cho php board mch trnh
din kt ni mt board mach khc hay cng PC Serial. Vi chng trnh ng
dng demo c lp trnh sn s dng kt ni ny giao tip vi 1 PC v
xut ty chn cu hnh ng dng. Nu c yu cu, ban c th ngng kt ni
trn board RS-232 t b iu khin bng cch lm gy vt PCB trn chn nhy
J3
- - 58
RF Card Connector (J2): y l u kt ni chung kt ni tt c c h
tr nhng card RF. u kt ni ny c cung cp ngun DC +3.3V, mt, v 1
tuyn SPI, v mt vi tn hiu iu khin tn hiu s vo ra khc nhau.
Prototype Area: Mt vng nguyn mu c cung cp cho breadboard thm
vo circuitry pht trin.
On-board Power: Mt b iu phi theo board mch cung cp 9V DC n
3.3V DC 100mA. Board mch c th c cp ngun theo ng khc mt
ngun 9V DC gn ngoi vo(J1) hoc cc pin 9V theo board mch(B1). Board
mch cha 1 con diode bo v chng li nhng ri ro khi kt ni ngun o
ngc. Khi s dng 1 pin 9V lm ngun cho board, th nt chuyn S7 phi
c bt ln ON. Jack 2.5mm cho 9V DC c c nh bng khung kim loi
m khi a vo 9V DC c chn vo, pin theo board mch c t ng ngt
i trn mch
Measure Current(JP4): Chn nhy ny c th c s dng o lng s
ko hin ti nhng vng trn board mch. Mc nh, nhng chn nhy ny c
lm chm bi vt PCB. o hin thi, ct vt JP4 v a vo mt thit b o
ampe gia nhng thit b u cui JP4. Bn cn c th t vo in tr ti R9
v o in p i qua xc nh dng.
Node ID: S hiu duy nht ny c s dng bi vi chng trnh ng dng
trnh din c lp trnh trc to 1 a ch iu khin truy nhp mi trng
m rng 64 bit duy nht (MAC). a ch m rng MAC ca board mch c th
b thay i bi 1 cu hnh s hiu khc hoc bng cch sa i vi chng trnh.

1.6 Card RF Picdem Z
Board mch ch PICDEM Z c thit k h tr nhng card RF dng nhng b
thu pht RF t cc nh cung cp khc nhau. Microchip lp k hoch thm vo s h
tr cho cc b thu pht RF mi. Vui lng truy cp trang web Microchip bit thm
danh sch h tr nhng b thu pht RF.
- - 59
Xem ph lc B. PICDEM Z 2.4 GHz RF Card cho thng tin nhng card RF c
cung cp trong b trnh din PICDEM Z ca bn.

1.7 a phn mm Picdem Z
CD cung cp m ngun y cho Microchip Stack theo giao thc ZigBee. N
cng bao gm 2 ng dng c s demo cho Microchip Stack. Bn cng c th ti v
phin bn mi nht cho Microchip Stack ti trang web Microchip.

- - 60
CHNG II: CI T B TRNH DIN PICDEM Z

2.1 Gii thiu
Nhng ch c cp trong chng ny gm:
Nhng yu cu ca my ch.
Vic s dng nhng board mch PICDEM Z ln u.
Vic thc thi ng dng demo c lp trnh sn.

2.2 Yu cu ca my ch
Nhng ng dng demo c lp trnh sn th khng yu cu my ch quan st
chc nng. Tuy nhin , mt my ch c yu cu nu mun thay i cu hnh ng
dng demo mc nh
thay i cu hnh ng dng demo, cn phi c mt h thng n gm nhng yu
cu phn cng v phn mm sau y:
Bt k h thng my tnh c sng mt tiu chun cng ni tip (DB9)
Bt k h iu hnh m cung cp mt chun chng trnh u cui RS-232 s
dng phn cng c sng cng ni tip.
B trnh din PICDEM Z bao gm 1 CD n cha m ngun y cho c nhng
ng dng demo v c Microchip Stack. thy ni dung ca CD, thay i nhng ng
dng demo hoc pht trin ng dng ca ring bn bn phi c mt h thng p ng
c yu cu ca h thng Microchip MPLAB. Hy truy cp trang web Microchip
cp nht nhng yu cu h thng mi v download v phn mm mi cho Microchip
MPLAB.

2.3 Lp rp v ci t
- - 61

2.3.1 Lp rp cc phn cho PICDEM Z
B trnh din PICDEM Z gm c hai board mch nt ZigBee. Mi nt ZigBee gm
c mt board mch ch v mt card RF c ng gi ri nhau. Ta phi lp rp tng
nt hon chnh trc khi cp ngun.
Hy lm theo cc bc sau y chun b cho mi nt:
M hp ng v tho bao ng gi cho mi board mch v t chng trn mt
b mt khng dn in.
Cn thn cm card RF vo ch kt ni J2 trn board mach ch. Lu rng
nhng ch kt ni trn board mch ch v card RF c phn cc v s
khng cho php sai khi cm vo.
Nu cp mt ngun in DC 9V vi u cm l 2.5mm, board mch s bt
ngun. Nu khng, th cp mt cc pin vung 9V vo ch cm BT1 v y
cng tc S7 ln v tr ON. Quan st nhng n Diode D1 v D2 sng ln.
iu ny xc thc rng cc board mch ang hot ng bnh thng.

- - 62

2.3.2 Ci t cc tp tin phn mm PICDEM Z

B trnh din PICDEM Z cha y m ngun cho Microchip Stack theo giao
thc ZigBee v nhng ng dng demo. Microchip Stack theo giao thc ZigBee c th
c np min ph cho khch hng Microchip. Nh mt phn ca qu trnh ci t,
phi chp nhn mt tha thun in t v bn quyn phn mm tip tc vic ci t.
ci t cc tp tin th theo cc bc sau:
a CD phn mm PICDEM Z vo a CD-ROM.
- - 63
S dng Windows Explorer m CD v bt u qu trnh ci t bng cch
p click vo biu tng MpZBeev1.00.00.exe. Con s phin bn 1.00.00 c
th thay i bi mt phin bn mi hn.
Thc hin xong, xem li tha thun bn quyn phn mm v click I accept
chp nhn tha thun bn quyn v tip tc qu trnh ci t. Nu mun hy th
click I do not accept ci t s b hy.
Sau khi hon tt qu trnh ci t, mt nhm chng trnh mi c tn l
Microchip Stack for ZigBee s c to v tt c nhng tp tin ngun s
c sao chp n th mc MpZBee ti th mc gc my tnh. Nhm
chng trnh ny cung cp cc shortcut cho tt c cc ti liu.

2.4 Vic thc thi ng dng demo c lp trnh sn
m quan st y cc chc nng ca nhng ng dng demo, th ta phi c
mt node demo Coordinator v c mt nt DemoRFD vi cc card RF ging nhau.
phn cui ca ti liu ny, ta c th cu hnh li cc board mch c th s dng
nhiu hn mt nt RFD.
Hai ng dng demo Coordinator v RFD c lp trnh sn thc hin mt thng
l iu khin t xa nhng ng dng LED v cng tc. hiu thm thng tin v cc
ng dng demo , hy tham kho n ghi ch AN965 Microchip application,
Microchip Stack for the ZigBee Protocol( DS00965)
Cc ng dng demo th hon ton c lp v khng yu cu mt giao din cho mt
my tnh ch. Tuy nhin, nu vo mt my tnh ch, ta c th s dng n theo
di cc hot ng nht k li ca nhng ng dng. Mt giao din cho mt my tnh
ch th rt c ch cho vic hiu v sa cha bt k nhng vn ci t m ta mc
phi.
Lm nh sau thc thi mt ng dng demo c lp trnh sng:
Chc chn rng ta rp tng node bng cch gi card RF vo board mch ch.
- - 64
Ct ngun cung cp cho c hai board mach, nu n c cp ngun t trc
Ti v tr nt Coordinator tm kim nhn COORDtrn b iu khin.
Khng bt buc: kt ni nt Coordinator ti mt cng ni tip ca my tnh
PC v bt u chng trnh Terminal, v d hyerTerminal trong Windows XP.
Chn cng COM thch hp v t tc 19200 bps, 8-N-1, no flow control.
Cp ngun cho nt Coordinator. Theo di c hai n diode D1 v D2 sng ng
thi, sau n D2 sng. Nu kt ni c mt PC, quan st chng trnh
Terminal s hin th thng ip New network successfully started .
By gi xc nh v tr nt RFD bng cch tm nhn RFD trn b iu
khin.
Khng bt buc: kt ni nt RFD ti mt cng ni tip ca my tnh PC v bt
u chng trnh Terminal. Chn cng COM thch hp v t tc 19200
bps, 8-N-1, no flow control.
Trong khi gi nt Coordinator cho n khi c in, cp ngun cho nt RFD.
Quan st c hai n Diode D1 v D2 sng ng thi, sau n D2 sng. Nu
kt ni c n PC, quan st n D2 trong vng 1 n 2 giy, th chng trnh
Terminal s hin th thng ip Rejoin successful. Nu khng thy bt k
thng ip no hoc thy thng ip Rejoint failed, hy chc chn rng c
mt node Coordinator c h tr v chy tt; xc lp li nt RDF v th li
ln na.
Ti thi im ny, cc node RFD lin kt thnh cng vi cc node
Coordinator.
Nhn S2 trn node RFD v quan st rng D1 trn node Cordinator cng tc
on/off.
Nhn S2 trn Coordinator v quan st rng D1 trn nt RFD cng tc on/off.
Khi nhn S2 Coordinator, D1 trn node RDF s thay i sau vi pht. S tr
hon ny xy ra do tn s m node RFD thm d node Coordinator.
- - 65

Lu : Trn thc t phm vi song v tuyn cho cc nt PICDEM Z ph
thuc vo loi card RF v anten s dng. Hy tham kho hng dn s dng
v card RF bit thng tin phm vi

- - 66
CHNG III: THC NGHIM VI B TRNH DIN
PICDEM - Z

3.1 Gii thiu
Nhng ch c cp trong chng ny bao gm:
Sa i nhng cu hnh ng dng demo.
Kim tra hiu sut RF
Sa i cu hnh phn cng
Pht trin phn mm
To tp tin ngun ng dng

3.2 Sa i nhng cu hnh ng dng demo
Nhng ng dng demo c lp trnh sn th c cu hnh khi xut sng vi
mt s cu hnh c th nh l node nhn dng, lin kt mng v rng buc thng tin.
Khi cn thit, c th d dng thay i nhng cu hnh thng qua mt PC ang chy
chng trnh Terminal RS-232.

Hai ng dng Demo Coordinator v Demo RFD s dng mt giao din terminal
tng t vi cc phn nh khc trong cu hnh ty chon c sn. Mt s ty chn yu
cu s dng theo tiu chun phn mm Terminal, trong khi mt s ty chn khc
c thc hin bi mt chui chuyn i tin trnh m khng cn phn mm Terminal.
c th thc hin cc bc ph thuc Terminal, cn phi c quyn truy cp ti thiu
mt cp RS-232 (DB9, male-to-female), mt my tnh ch vi ti thiu mt cng ni
tip c sng v mt chng trnh Terminal chun

- - 67
3.2.1 Thay i gi tr ID Node
Nh xc nh trong tiu chun k thut ca IEEE 802.15.4, mi node ZigBee cn
phi cha mt a ch MAC 64-bit duy nht. Mt phn ca a ch 64-bit bao gm 24-
bit IEEE c giao bi t chc Organization Unique Identifier (OUI) v cn 40-bit
cn li do t chc sn xut cp. Nhng ng dng demo PICDEM Z to mt a ch
MAC hon chnh bng cch kt hp OUI Microchip l 00-04-a3 v khng thm vo
16-bits ca gi tr nt ID nhn tm thy trn board. Gi tr ID nt c lu tr trong
b nh Flash ca vi iu khin. Cc board mch PICDEM Z th c cu hnh lc xut
xng vi gi tr ID node ring bit. Khi cn thit, c th d dng thay i gi tr ID
node bng cch lm theo cc bc sau.

Ch : Di y l nhng th tc gi nh rng ang s dng ca Microsoft
chng trnh HyperTerminal. Ta c th s dng bt k chng trnh Terminal
theo s la chn, cung cp theo yu cu port ci t c thit lp

Lm theo cc bc sau sa i mt gi tr ID nt:
Kt ni mt nt PICDEM Z ti mt cng ni tip c sn trn my tnh, s dng
mt cp ni DB9 RS-232 thng male-to-female.
Chy HyperTerminal (Start>Programs>Accessories>Communications).
Trong hp thoi Connect To, chn cng COM m board mch PICDEM Z
c kt ni n. Nhn OK.
Cu hnh cng ni tip kt ni n nt PICDEM Z vi cc thng s cu hnh
nh sau: 19200 bps, 8 data bits, 1 Stop bit, v no parity, no flow control.
Nhn OK bt u kt ni.
M hp thoi Properties bng cch chn File>Properties.
Chn thanh tab Settings v nhn ASCII Setup
nh chn Echo typed characters locally.
- - 68
Nhn OK tt tt c cc hp thoi ang m.
Cp ngun cho Nt trong khi vn gi cng tc S3, hoc nhn v gi c Reset v
cng tc S3 v sau ct in cng tc Reset
Sau y l menu cu hnh s xut hin trong ca s terminal (Tiu vn bn
chnh xc s ph thuc vo loi node m c cu hnh li v ngy thit lp):
***************************************************************************
ZigBee Demo RFD Application v1.0 (Microchip Stack for ZigBee v1.0.0)
Built on Nov 12 2006
***************************************************************************
1. Set node ID...
2. Join a network.
3. Perform quick demo binding (Must perform #2 first)
4. Leave a previously joined network (Must perform #2 first)
5. Change to next channel.
6. Transmit unmodulated signal.
7. Transmit random modulated signal.
0. Save changes and exit.

Enter a menu choice:
nh 1 thay i gi tr Node ID.
Theo cc kin trc nhp vo gi tr Node ID.
Nhn Reset trn node hoc nh 0 thot ch cu hnh v chy ng dng

3.2.2 Thay i cu hnh Association v Binding
Nhng node PICDEM Z c cu hnh khi xut xng gm nhng ci t sau:
1. Node demo RDF th c lin kt vi node demo Coordinator.
- - 69
2. Cng tc S2 trn node demo RFD th biu din bi LED D1 trn node demo
Coordinator.
3. Cng tc S2 trn node demo Coordinator th biu din bi LED D1 trn node
demo RFD.
N l nhng cu hnh m cho php khi nhn S2 trn mi node v iu khin LED
D1 node cn li. Khi cn thit, c th d dng sa i nhng cu hnh s dng
th tc binding thng l c b sung trong nhng ng dng demo. V d, ta c th
rng buc S2 node RFD n D1 trn node tng t hoc mt node RFD khc (Chc
chn rng c nhiu hn mt node RFD).
Mc d nhng th tc sau y khng cn yu cu mt PC, nhng c th s dng
mt PC gim st nhng thng ip ci t c hin th bi nhng ng dng demo.
Nhng thng ip rt c ch hiu bit v sa cha ci t. C th quan st thng
ip ci t s dng mt chng trnh Terminal v t l 19200 bps, 8-N-1, no flow
control.
Lm theo sau sa i cc cu hnh association v binking:
1. Ct ngun tt c cc node.
2. Cp ngun cho node Coordinator (l node c nhn l COORD trn b iu
khin) trnh nhn bt k cng tc no, hoc nu c ngun sn, d dng thit
lp li board mch bng cch nhn cng tc Reset, iu ny a node
Coordinator vo trng thi hot ng bnh thng. Quan st rng D1 v D2
sng sau ngay lp tc sau khi n D2 sng trc. Nu kt ni c vi mt
chng trnh Terminal, thng bo rng thng ip New network successfully
started c hin th. Nu nhn thy mt thng ip li xut hin, n c ngha
l demo Coordinator khng tm thy mt knh RF trng no.
3. Trong khi vn gi node Coordinator c cp in, th cp ngun cho node
RFD (mt node vi nhn RFD trn chip iu khin ) trong khi gi cng tc
S3, hoc nhn v gi c cng tc Reset v S3; sau th cng tc Reset ra.
Quan st rng n D1 v D2 u sng. Nu kt ni n mt chng trnh
Terminal, thng bo l danh mc cu hnh c hin th.
- - 70
4. Nu c nhiu hn mt node RFD, c th tip tc li bc 3 cho mi node RFD.
5. Nhn S2 trn node RFD bt u chui lin kt vi Coordinator. Nu c
kt ni vi chng trnh Terminal, thng ip thng bo Succesfully
associated c hin th. Nu thng ip ny khng c hin th, th ta kim
tra li ngun cho node Coordinator c cp v n hot ng ch bnh
thng. Nu my tnh c hai cng ni tip v node demo Coordinator ang kt
ni vi my tnh, ch rng Terminal hin th thng ip A new node has just
joined.
6. Nu c nhiu hn mt node RFD, nhn S2 trn mi node RFD lin kt
chng vi node Coordinator.
7. T c nhiu khc bit lin kt ca rng ruc mt cu hnh c th c. Bng 3-
1 c s dng m t chui cc bc cn thit ca mi s kt hp.

BNG 3-1: CC BC CHO RNG BUC CU HNH
rng buc Cng
tc S2 m
rng buc LED D1
m
Kt qu
RFD: Nhn v gi S3
trc sau nhn S2 v
th S2, th S3
Coordinator: Nhn v
gi S3 trc sau nhn
S2 v th S3, th S2
S3 trn RFD c rng
buc n D1 trn
Coordinator
Coordinator: Nhn v
gi S3 trc sau nhn
S2 v th S2, th S3
RFD: Nhn v gi S3
trc sau nhn S2 v
th S3, th S2
S3 trn Coordinator c
rng buc n D1 trn
RFD
RFD: Nhn v gi S3
trc sau nhn S2 v
th S2, th S3
RFD: Nhn v gi S3
trc sau nhn S2 v
th S3, th S2
S3 trn RFD c rng
buc n D1 trn RFD
cn li
RFD1: Nhn v gi S3
trc sau nhn S2 v
RFD2: Nhn v gi S3
trc sau nhn S2 v
S3 trn RFD #1 c
rng buc n D1 trn
- - 71
th S2, th S3 th S3, th S2 RFD #2
Coordinator: Khng p
dng
Coordinator: Khng p
dng
Khng c php

Ch : Nh mi mt bc khi thc hin, n diode D1 va D2 trn cc node
tng ng s thay i gia on v off, n off v on. Cn ci node m chng trnh
terminal kt ni n node RFD s hin th thng ip Attempting to bind v
terminal kt ni n node Coordinator s hin th thng ip Received valid.

hon thnh qu trnh rng buc, phi thc hin c c hai rng buc
Cng tc S2 m v rng buc LED D1 m hot ng.

8. Nhn cng tc Reset trn mi node RFD bt u thc thi bnh thng. Nu
kt ni n chng trnh Terminal, thng ip Rejoin successful c hin
th.
9. Ph thuc vo cch rng buc c thc hin, nhn S2 trn node chc chn
rng D1 trn node tng t hoc khc s thay i

Lu : hon thnh qu trnh iu khin D1 trn node khc hoc tng t,
node Coordinator phi c hot ng v chy ch bnh thng.

3.2.3 Gii phng Entire Neighbor v Binding Table
Theo l thuyt trong c im k thut ca giao thc ZigBee, Coordinator lu tr
tt c thng tin lin kt v rng buc trong nhng bng ring bit ti b nh cc b ca
n. ng dng The Microchip demo Coordinator s dng b nh Flash trong chip
lu tr nhng thng tin .
- - 72
C th hoc xa mt c th lin kt v rng buc i vo hoc xa ton b mt
bng. xa ton b bng trn demo Coordinator, thc hin nhng bc sau:
1. Ct ngun ton b cc node.
2. Kt ni node Coordinator n mt PC s dng 1 cp chun RS-232.
3. M mt chng trnh Terminal trn PC v m cng COM thch hp vi cc cu
hnh: 19200 bps, 8-N-1, and no flow control.
4. Cp ngun cho node Coordinator trong khi gi cng tc S3, hoc nhn v gi
c hai Reset v S3, sau th cng tc Reset ra. Quan st rng D1 v D2 th
sng ln. Ch rng chng trnh terminal s hin th danh mc cu hnh sau:

***************************************************************************
ZigBee Demo Coordinator Application v1.0 (Microchip Stack for ZigBee v1.0.0)
***************************************************************************
1. Set node ID...
2. Clear Neighbor Table.
3. Clear Binding Table.


5. xa bng cc lin kt, nh 3. Lc hon tt thnh cng, danh mc cu hnh
s c hin th li. Ch rng vic gii phng bng lin kt s t ng xa
bng rng buc lin kt.
6. xa bng rng buc, nh 4. Lc hon tt thnh cng, danh mc cu hnh s
c hin th li.
- - 73
3.2.4 Gii phng Individual Association v Blinding Entry
Nu mun gii phng mt bng c th lin quan n mt node RFD c th. Phi
thc thi mt lnh cu hnh trn node RFD . lm c iu , thc hin theo cc
bc sau:
1. Tt ngun tt c cc node.
2. Bt ngun node Coordinator cho ch hot ng bnh thng v chc chn
rng n Diode D1 v D2 sng mt ln i theo sau bi mt ln chp sng n
ca D2.
3. Chn node RFD m lin kt v rng buc ng ra cn c gii phng v sau
kt ni n n mt PC s dng chun cable RS-232
4. Chy chng trnh Terminal trn my tnh v m cng COM thch hp vi
nhng la chn cu hnh sau: 19299 bps, 8-N-1 v no flow control.
5. Cp ngun cho node RFD trong khi gi cng tc S3, hoc nhn v gi c hai
cng tc Reset v S3, sau th cng tc S3 ra. Quan st D1 v D2 th sng.
Ch rng chng trnh Terminal s hin th danh mc cu hnh sau:
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
1. Set node ID...
2. Join a network.

- - 74
6. nh 2 u tin tham gia ngun sn sng v chy node demo Coordinator.
7. nh 4 ri ngun sn sng v chy node demo Coordinator. Lc hon tt
thnh cng, danh mc cu hnh s c hin th li. Bc ny s t ng xa tt
c rng buc ng ra c lin kt vi node ny.

Luu : Sau khi hon tt nhng bc ny, phi lin kt v rng buc node RFD
ny vi s chn la Coordinator vo li thao tc ng dng bnh thng. Tham
kho li on 3.2.2 Thay i cu hnh Association v Binding.

3.3 Kim tra hiu sut RF
Nhng ng dng demo PICDEM Z cn cung cp 2 danh mc ty chn c bit
kim tra hiu xut RF. Danh mc ty chn 6 v 7 cho php truyn hoc mt tn hiu
khng iu khin lin tc hoc tn hiu c iu khin.
Thc hin theo nhng bc sau:
1. Tt ngun tt c cc node.
2. Kt ni node n mt PC s dng cable chun RS-232.
3. Chy chng trnh Terminal trn PC v m cng COM thch hp vi nhng
cu hnh sau: 19200 bps, 8-N-1, v no flow control.
4. Bt ngun cho node trong khi gi cng tc S3, hoc nhn v gi c hai cng tc
Reset v S3, sau th cng tc S3. Quan st D1 v D2 th m. Ch rng
chng trnh Terminal s hin th danh mc cu hnh sau(tiu vn bng di
ph thuc vo loi ca node m ta c gng kim tra):
***************************************************************************
***************************************************************************
1. Set node ID...
- - 75
2. Join a network.

5. Bt ngun ln, ng dng demo chn knh rt u tin c sng trong di bng
tn c th b thu pht RF. Mt v d, cho bng tng c tn s 2.4Ghz, bt ngun
ln, knh 11 c chn. C th thay i n knh tip theo bng cch chn ty
chn change to next channel lp i lp li cho n khi c c knh mong
mun. Ch m s ln danh mc ty chn c g.
6. nh 6 (hoc 5 nu kim tra demo Coordinator) truyn mt tn hiu khng
c iu khin lin tip, hoc nh 7 (hoc 6 nu kim tra demo Coordinator)
truyn mt tn hiu c iu khin ngu nhin lin tip. By gi c th
dng bt k trnh phn tch mng RF chun nh gi hiu xut RF.
7. Mt ln chn hoc kim tra ty chn, phi reset li board mch thc hin bt
k hot ng khc.

3.4 Sa i cu hnh phn cng
Nhng board PICDEM Z c thit k linh hot trong gii hn ca dng/khng
dng cc thnh phn cu thnh trn board v thm mch mi vo.

Jumper Mc ch
J2 kt ni / ct kt ni trn board RS-232 b iu khin n PICmicro(RC6 v
RC7 c ni bi ng PCB ln lt n RX v TX )
- - 76
JP2 dng / khng dng LED D1(nh sn xut mc nh l cho dng bi vt ngn
PCB)
JP3 dng / khng dng LED D2(nh sn xut mc nh l cho dng bi vt ngn
PCB)
JP4 o lng ko hin ti ca ton b board(sn xut c ni ng vt PCB)

3.5 Pht trin ng dng
B PICDEM Z c cung cp nhng tp tin ngun y cho Microchip Stack
theo giao thc ZigBee. Tham kho ng dng Microchip tn l AN965 (DS00965)
c thm thng tin chi tit. Microchip th tn ty trong vic tip tc ci tin v thm vo
nhng c tnh mi vo phin bn hin ti ca Microchip Stack. Hy truy cp web
Microchip cho phin bn mi nht ca tp tin m ngun Microchip Stack.
3.6 To tp tin ngun ng dng
Microchip Stack bao gm nhng tp tin ngun cho c ng dng demo Coordinator
v RFD. C th hoc sa i mt trong nhng ng dng demo thch hp vi nhng
ng dng ca ta hoc dng chng nh l mt s tham kho chng ta to ng dng.
Trong AN965 (DS00965) s cho chng ta bit chi tit cu trc v cch ta to ng
dng cho ring mnh.
3.6.1 Lp trnh ng dng
pht trin ng dng, phi lp trnh ng dng vo trong mt trong cc node
PICDEM Z. thun li d dng nhn dng node Coordinator v RFD, phn mm
c khuyn co l nn lp trnh cho ng dng Coordinator v RFD cho vo ring
tng node. Tuy nhin, node m tt c board mch ch PICDEM Z th chnh xc tng
t v c th c lp trnh chy ng dng Coordinator, RFD hoc FFD.
B PICDEM Z khng bao gm nhng cng c cho vic gii phng v lp trnh li
cho vi x l. lm c iu ny ta phi s dng mt thit b lp trnh thch hp. C
th s dng MPLAB ICD 2 Development Sytem, cung cp mt b pht trin y
- - 77
cho vic sa li v lp trnh thit b. Boar mch ch PICDEM Z cha mt modular kt
ni kt ni MPLAB ICD 2, PRO MATE v ngn ng lp trnh tng thch khc.
S dng nhng ty chn cu hnh sau khi lp trnh vi iu khin:
1. HS-PLL (or HS) Oscillator Mode pht trin yu cu ng dng
2. Watchdog Timer Disabled (nhng ng dng Demo dng phn mm c cho
dng Watchdog)
3. Low-Voltage Programming Disabled
4. Tt c nhng ty chn khc s c thay i cho mi yu cu

3.6.2 Phc hi Demo Firmware
Ta c th phc hi nguyn thy vi chng trnh demo bng cch lp trnh li v
cu hnh li cho node PICDEM Z. Ta c th hoc dng tp tin hex ca hng hoc xy
dng li tp tin hex lp trnh vi chip iu khin. Tp tin hex ca hng th c sn
trong a CD phn mm PICDEM Z.
Dng tp tin DemoCoordApp.hex cho ng dng Demo Coordinator, v
DemoRFDApp.hex cho ng dng Demo RFD. Nu mun xy dng li vi chng
trnh Demo, tham kho thm ti liu AN965(DS00965) c thm chi tit cu trc. Vi
chng trnh demo c nhng vi ty chn cu hnh PICmicro cn thit thch hp
cho phn cng PICDEM Z. Ta cn phi truy nhp vo mt thit bi lp trnh PICmicro
thch hp lp trnh vi chip iu khin trn board.
T thng tin cu hnh nh l node ID, thng tin lin kt v rng buc c lu tr
trong b nh Flash trn chip, lp trnh li mt vi chip iu khin yu cu ta cu hnh
li cho mi node trc khi c th gim st chc nng ng dng demo. Mt board mch
c lp trnh mi s t ng vo ch cu hnh. Tham kho on 3.2 Sa i
nhng cu hnh ng dng Demo bit chi tit quy tc cho vic cu hnh li ng
dng.

- - 78
CHNG IV: TNG QUAN V TRNH PHN TCH MNG
KHNG DY ZENA

4.1 Gii thiu
Chng ny gii thiu trnh phn tch mng khng dy ZENA v m t ngn gn
kh nng ca phn mm. Trnh phn tch min ph ZENA ca microchip cung cp 3
cng c chnh pht trin gii php kt ni chun IEEE 802.15.4 mt cch nhanh
chng v hiu qu. Trnh phn tch ZENA cho php sa i mt cch nhanh chng
thch ng cc ng dng cho ph hp vi yu cu. Trnh phn tch ZENA phn tch gi
giao thc Zigbee v1.0 v MIWI. ZENA cng cung cp h tr phn tch mng li,
phn tch topo mng v cho php ngi s dng c th quan st, ghi li giao dch gia
cc gi v xem li nhng tc khc nhau. C th ni nhng cng c ny kt hp
thnh mt cng c mnh m trong vic pht trin chun giao thc IEEE 802.15.4.

4.2 Tng quan v trnh phn tch ZENA
Mch phn tch mng khng dy ZENA c trnh by nh hnh 1.1 kt hp vi
chip PIC18LF2550 cho y tc . Trnh phn tch ZENA s dng cp USB mini-
B kt ni ti pc v s dng mt antenna bt gi gi ti PC qua cng USB.

- - 79

Hnh 4.1: Mch phn tch mng khng dy ZENA
B phn tch mng khng dy ZENA bao gm:
- Phn mm phn tch ZENA
- Cp USB mini-B
- a CD-ROM

4.3 Ci t trnh phn tch ZENA
Giao din chnh:

Hnh 4.2: Giao din chnh
- - 80
Ci t phn mm ZENA c th ti v ti trang http://www.microchip.com hoc c
trong a CD-ROM i km thit b.

4.4 Cng c cu hnh Microchip Stack
Microchip cung cp min ph Stack c sn nh mt phn ca lu ng dng,
AN965, Microchip Stack for the Zigbee
TM
Protocol. Lu ng dng v m ngun
c th ti v ti trang web www.microchip.com . Sau khi xem xt cc lu ng dng
v nghin cu cc d n, c th sn sng bt u phn tch giao thc ng dng
Zigbee. Trnh phn tch ZENA s h tr rt nhiu vi cu hnh Microchip stack mt
cch t ng to ra mt phn ca m ngun cho giao thc ng dng Zigbee. T giao
din chnh ca ZENA chn Zigbee Tools -> Stack Configuration. Giao din ca s
ZENA Stack Configuration s c hin th nh Hnh 4.3.

4.4.1 Xc nh thng tin thit b giao thc Zigbee
Chn bng Zigbee Device.
- - 81

Hnh 4.3: Bng Zigbee Device

Bng 4.1: BngLa chn cu hnh thit b giao thc Zigbee
CU HNH M T TY CHN
MAC Address Mi thit b giao thc Zigbee u c ring mt a ch
MAC
Zigbee Device Type Giao thc Zigbee nh ngha ba dng khc nhau ca thit
b
IEEE Device Type La chn loi thit b chun IEEE
ZDO/APS/NWK/MAC Khi thay i loi thit b, trnh phn tch ZENA s t
- - 82
Defaults for Device
Type
ng thit lp nhiu ty chn mc nh ci t.
Transceiver Power Chn hin th ngun
Initial Power Source Chn ngun nng lng ng dng
Available Power
Source
Chn ngun nng lng c sn cho ng dng
Alternate PAN
Coordinator
Ty chn ny khng h tr cho giao thc Zigbee
Manufacture Code
(Hex)
Tt c cc nh sn xut thit b giao thc Zigbee c
ch nh mt m nh sn xut. c nhp bng 4 gi tr
Hex

4.4.2 Xc nh thng tin thu pht sng
Chn bng Transceiver

- - 83

Hnh 4.4: Bng Transceiver
Bng 4.2: La chn cu hnh giao thc thu pht sng Zigbee
CU HNH M T TY CHN
Transceiver Chn chip h tr pht sng
Frequency Band Hin th tn s pht sng, nu b pht sng ch h tr
mt bng tn s th hp hin th tn s s b v hiu ha.
Output Power Chn ngun pht ban u
Pin Assignment Bng iu khin ny th hin cc pin yu cu cho cc la
chn pht. Stack cho php thay i pin kt ni n cng
c th.
PICDEM Z Pins Khi phc li pin kt ni trn mch trnh din Picdem Z
- - 84
Allowed Channels Bng ny cho thy cc knh c h tr bi cc bng tn
s c la chn. La chn cc knh trn s to ra mt
nhn c th c s dng ch nh vic cho php knh
mng thng tin v network discovery.
Allow Shared SPI Nu s dng mt SPI EEPROM ni tip vi kho lu
tr linh ng bn ngoi, v EEPROM s dng cng mt
SPI ngoi vi, la chn ty chn ny b sung cc ty
chn trn PIC MCU

4.4.3 Xc nh hin trng v thng tin m cui
Chn bng Endpoint

- - 85

Hnh 4.5: Bng Endpoint

Bng ny dng xc nh hin trng v cu trc im cui ca ng dng ang
c s dng. Cc ty chn cu hnh c m t trong bng 4.3

Bng 4.3: Cu hnh Profile/Endpoint giao thc Zigbee
CU HNH M T TY CHN
Profile Header
File
Bm nt Brown duyt v la chn tp tin tiu cho h s
ca cc ng dng. Tp tin ny c cha h s thng tin c th
m trnh phn tch ZENA s dng cu hnh cc mc bao
- - 86
gm:
- Tn h s
- Danh sch thit b c h tr trong h s
- Cho php nhp xut cc nhm tp tin
- Phm vi kim tra cc tham s trn cc bng khc
Device La chn cu hnh thit b m t cc ng dng
Endpoints xc nh mt im cui:
- Nhp gi tr tnh ton (1-240) ca im cui vo khung
Endpoint
- Trong khung Endpoint Name nhp tn im cui
- Chn tt c cc yu t u vo v u ra c h tr
- Nhn Save Endpoint lu li
nh ngha mt im cui khc
- Nhn New trong danh sch hp Endpoint. Tt c thn tin
im cui s c xa.
- Nhp vo thng tin im cui mi v nhn Save Endpoint
xem im cui c xc nh trc
- Nhn vo s im cui trn hp Endpoint
xa mt im cui c xc nh
- Chn im cn xa trong hp Endpoint v chn Remove
Endpoint

4.4.4 Xc nh thng tin bo mt
- - 87

Hnh 4.6: Bng Security

Bng 4.4: Cu hnh thit b giao thc Zigbee
CU HNH M T TY CHN
Security Capable La chn ty chn ny th cc thng ip gi/nhn ca ng
dng s c m ha
Security Mode Ch c ch Residential c h tr bi stack
Trust Center La chn ty chn ny nu thit b l thit b trung tm
Trust Center Address Nhp a ch ca thit b trung tm
Network Key Nhp m kha mng vo ty chn Sepuence Number
- - 88
Present
Key present in all
devices on the
network
La chn ty chn ny nu thit b l b iu phi Zigbee
hoc b nh tuyn Zigbee c cha m kha mng v tt c
cc thit b trn mng u cha m kha mng.

4.4.5 Xc nh thng tin tng ZDO v APS

Hnh 4.7: Bng ZDO

- - 89
Bng 4.5: Cu hnh ZDO giao thc Zigbee
CU HNH M T TY CHN
Include Optinal Service
Discovery Request
Nu c chn cc ng dng s h tr ty chn ZDO
dng pht hin cc yu cu dch v. Chc nng ny
cha c h tr bi Microchip Stack
Include Optional Node
Management Services
H tr ty chn ZDO qun l dch v. Chc nng
ny cha c h tr bi Microchip Stack
Support End Device
Binding
Chc nng ny ch c sn trn b iu phi giao thc
Zigbee

Hnh 4.8: Bng APS
- - 90

Bng 4.6: Cu hnh bng APS giao thc Zigbee
CU HNH MT TY CHN
Max Frames From
APL Layer
Mi khung c gi xung t tng ng dng phi c
m khi truyn li khng thnh cng v truyn li bo
co xc nhn tnh trng.
Nhp s khung c th x l trong cng mt thi gian
truyn.
Max APS ACK
Frames Generated
Nu nhn c thng ip t cc nt yu cu cp ca
tin bo nhn. Tng APS s t ng truyn tin bo nhn
tuy nhin vn cn k t trng ch xc nhn thng tin t
hng i.
Nhp cp tin bo nhn c th c trong cng mt thi
gian truyn
Max APS Address Giao thc Zigbee cho php tng ng dng xc nh im
n ca thng ip bng cch s dng a ch MAC 64-
bit, thay v 16-bit a ch mng. Nu mt a ch MAC
64-bit c xc nh, tng APS s tm kim mt bng
ng dng duy tr tng ng vi 16-bit a ch mng.
Nhp kch thc ca bng trong mc ny.
Binding Support
Max Groups Nu multicasting c h tr khi thit b s tr thnh
thnh vin ca nhiu nhm.
Nhp ti a s nhm m thit b c th lm thnh vin.
Maximum Group
Endpoints
Giao thc Zigbee cho php tng ng dng ch nh danh
sch im cui c lin quan n tng nhm nh danh, v
d nh GroupID. Thng ip c gi bng cch dng
- - 91
multicasting s c gi n tt c cc im cui c lin
quan n nhm nh danh c trong a ch ca tin nhn.
Nhp ti a s im cui c th kt hp vi nhm nh
danh.
Group Processing
Buffers
Nu multicasting c h tr, bn trong Microchip Stack
l b nh trung gian gi cc nhm tin nhn a ch m
sau s c lin kt n im cui.
Nhp ti a nhm tin nhn c th lu ng thi trong b
nh m, trong khi ch c lin kt ti im cui thch
hp.

4.4.6 Xc nh thng tin tng NWK v MAC

- - 92

Hnh 4.9: Bng NWK/MAC

Bng 4.7: Cu hnh NWK giao thc Zigbee
CU HNH M T TY CHN
Neighbor Table Size Tt c cc thit b giao thc Zigbee u cha mt bng ln
cn lu tr thng tin v cc nt trong mng
Max Buffered
Broadcast Messages
Khi mt thit b giao thc Zigbee bt u qung b mt
thng ip n phi pht li nh k thng ip cho ti khi
n nhn c thng ip truyn li t cc thit b ln cn.
Nhp s thng ip qung b.
- - 93
Route Discovery
Table Size
Nu thit b h tr nh tuyn, thit b phi c mt bng
route discovery
Routing Table Size Nu thit b h tr nh tuyn, thit b phi c mt bng
nh tuyn. Nhp kch thc bng nh tuyn
Reserved Routing
Table Entries
Nu thit b h tr nh tuyn, thit b phi dnh ring vi
mc trong bng nh tuyn sa cha nh tuyn.
Max Buffered
Routing Messages
Nu thit b h tr nh tuyn, thit b phi c b nh
trung gian cha thng ip trong khi ch c nh tuyn.
Nhp s lng thng ip c lu ng thi trong b nh
m.

Bng 4.8: Cu hnh MAC giao thc Zigbee
CU HNH M T TY CHN
Channel Energy
Threshold
Ty chn ny c sn cho b iu phi giao thc Zigbee.
Nhp ti a lng nng lng cho php mt knh c chn
cho mt mng mi.
Minimum Join LQI Ty chn ny ch c sn cho thit b khc b iu phi giao
thc Zigbee.

Receive Buffer
Size
Nhng byte d liu nhn t ngun pht c lu vo b nh
m cho n khi ng dng x l xong nhng thng ip
trc .
Nhp kch thc b nh m
Beacon Order Gi tr ny c c nh cho mng non-beacon
Superframe Order Gi tr ny c c nh cho mng non-beacon
- - 94
Superframe
Structure
Ch mng non-beacon c h tr, do , gi tr
Superframe Structure l Non-slotted.
Battery Life
Extension Mode
Chc nng ny ch s dng trong mng beacon

4.4.7 Xc nh thng tin PIC MCU

Hnh 4.10: Bng PIC

Bng 4.9: Cu hnh PIC MCU giao thc Zigbee
CU HNH M T TY CHN
- - 95
Target Device Chn thit b PIC MCU c s dng bi ng dng ch.
Nu thit b yu cu th khng c sng, chn mt thit b
tng t v tham kho AN965, Microchip Stack for the
ZigBee Protocol thm thng tin v sa i kch bn lin
kt cho thit b ch
Clock Frequency
(Hz)
Ch r kha tn s ng vo cho PIC MCU trong Hertz. N
rt quan trng gi tr ny c ng nh tt c iu phi
thi gian giao thc ZigBee bn trong s c t c s ra
khi gi tr ny
UART Baud Rate Nu ang s dng UART ca thit b ch v ang s dng
m giao din c cung cp trong AN965, Microchip Stack
for the ZigBee Protocol, ch r tc bt UART. Nu
ng dng khng phi s dng UART, gi tr ny th khng
thch hp
Heap Size (banks) Ch r s ca nhng di c yu cu cho Stack phn mm
C. Tham kho AN965 cho thng tin trong vic ci t kch
thc Stack
Build Target La chn liu c phi ta mun kch bn lin kt c pht
sinh cho mt mi trng g li s dng MPLAB ICD 2
hoc cho mt xy dng sn xut
Program Memory Hy La chn nt rai ny nu tt c cc bng khng thay
i s c ct gi trong b nh chng trnh. Ty chn ny
c th khng sn c ph thuc vo dng Thit b ch v
xa b kch thc khi
SPI Serial
EEPROM
Hy La chn nt rai ny nu tt c cc bng khng thay
i s c ct gi trong mt EEPROM tun t SPI. Ty
chn ny c th khng sn c ph thuc vo nhng ci t
b thu pht
- - 96
Serial EEPROM La chn tun t EEPROM m s c s dng. Nu
EEPROM khng c lit k, la chn Other V
ch r Number of Bytes v Page Size
nCS La chn chip ca tun t EEPROM chn pin
SPI Chn cc m-un SPI s dng cho cc EEPROM ni
tip. Tnh trng c sn ca la chn ny
ph thuc vo s la chn b thu pht v chia s SPI cho d
c kch hot. Xem Cho php Chia s SPI trong bng
3-2.
MAC Address
Stored Externally
Chn ty chn ny nu a ch MAC ca thit b s c lp
trnh sng vo EEPROM ni tip.
Verify Chn la chn ny vit ln lu tr khng linh ng cho
n khi cc d liu c quay li tng t nhau.
iu ny m bo tnh chnh xc, nhng c th kt qu trong
mt vng lp v tn

4.5 Gim st mng
Phn cng v phn mm ca trnh phn tch mng khng dy ZENA cung cp cng
c gim st mng mnh m s dng cho vic pht trin thng qua ci t.
Kt ni phn cng ca trnh phn tch mng khng dy ZENA vi PC s dng cp
USB mini-B. T ca s chnh ca phn mm phn tch ZENA, chn Zigbee Tools -
>Network Monitor. Ca s sau s c m:

- - 97

Hnh 4.11: Ca s gim st mng giao thc Zigbee

Mt ca s trng Packet Sniffer gim st mng s c m. Nu ca s ny b
ng, n c th m li c bng cch nhn nt Network Messenges, hoc bng cch
chn ty chn trong mc View>Network Messages.
Ca s gim st mng Zigbee c dng khi ng hoc dng qu trnh phn tch
mng, save v load d liu, cu hnh hin th thng ip.

4.5.1 Gim st thi gian thc Real-Time
Trc khi khi ng gim st thi gian thc, thit lp nhng ty chn sau trn ca
s Zigbee Network Monitor:

Bng 4.10: Cu hnh la chn gim st thi gian thc
CU HNH M T TY CHN
Real-Time Display La chn ty chn ny hin th thng ip m phn cng
phn tch mng nhn c.
Channel La chn knh gim st. Lu rng nu ng dng c
ch nh nhiu hn mt knh cho php, lm biu mu
hoc tham gia vo mng th ta phi th nhiu knh tm
- - 98
thy mng. S la chn ny c th b thay i ch khi gim
st thi gian thc b dng li.
Clear Messages on
Start
La chn ty chn ny nu mun tt c nhng thng ip
hin th trc c xa khi bt u gim st. Nu mun
nhng thng ip trc c gi li th b ty chn ny.
Ignore Invalid
Packets
La chn ty chn ny nu mun nhng gi khi kim tra
khng hp l s b b qua. Nu mun tt c cc c hin
th (k c tn hiu nhiu) th b ty chn ny.
Auto Scroll La chn ty chn ny nu mun ca s Packet Sniffer t
ng trt xung, cho thng ip mi nht lun lun xut
hin di cng ca ca s Packet Sniffer.

Nhn nt Play hoc chn Operation>Start Sniffing/Playback bt u gim st
thi gian thc. Nhng thng ip nhn s hin th trn ca s Packet Sniffer.
Hnh 4.12 cho thy mt v d in hnh ca mt nt mng mi tham gia vo mng
giao thc Zigbee.
- - 99

Hnh 4.12: Yu cu lin kt v tr li
- - 100
Bng 4.11: M mu ca bng Packet Sniffer
VNG MU
MAC Header Trng
MAC Commands and Beacons
NWK Header Vi
NWK Commands Fushia
APS Header Vng
APS Playload/Decoding Nc
Security Header and Encrypted Data Xanh dng
Unknown Olive

Hnh 4.13 cho thy mt thng ip c nh tuyn t ni gi n ch cui v
mt APS cp Acknowledge c nh tuyn ngc li. Ch rng s dng trnh
phn tch ZENA, ta c th thy rng thng ip u tin c nh tuyn dc theo cy
mng, trong khi Acknowledge c nh tuyn trc tip hn.
- - 101

Hnh 4.13: Thng ip ng dng vi APS level Acknowledge
- - 102
Mi thng bo c th cha ng nhiu thng tin, lm cho n tr nn kh quan
st trn mn nh. Ca s Packet Sniffer c th c trc, nhng trnh phn tch
ZENA cng a ra ba cp quan st khc nhau MAC, thng tin mc NWK v APS.
Mi lp c th c cu hnh ring r trn ca s Network Monitor bng cch iu
chnh Verboseness Level. C ba cp quan st c a ra (nhn Bng 4.12 sau).

Bng 4.12 Giao thc ZigBee vi chn la cu hnh VERBOSENESS
Cu Hnh M T Ty Chn
Verbose Nhng Header cho mi vng c cp mt m t gi tr tng
ng di header. Hnh 4.13 cho thy tt c cc lp khi cu hnh
Verbose
Numeric Nhng Header cho mi vc c cp vi gi tr s ca vng kia
di Header. Xem hnh 4.14
Condensed Khng c nhng vng Header c cp. Tt c cc Byte ca
vng c i din bng s vi
Byte gi tr nh nht u tin. Xem hnh 4.15
- - 103

Hnh 4.14: Thng ip ng dng vi ch hin th NUMERIC
- - 104

Hnh 4.15: Thng ip ng dng vi ch hin th CONDENSED
- - 105
D liu c th quan st v phn tch ti mt mc no trong khi gim st thi
gian thc ang x l. dng qu trnh phn tch nhn nt Stop hoc chn
Operation>Stop Sniffing/Playback v nhn nt Save hoc File>Save lu d liu
phn tch cho ln sau.

4.5.2 Phn tch d liu bt c
Khi dng vic gim st, trnh phn tch mng khng dy ZENA c th c dng
thc hin vic phn tch d liu bt c. Nu gim st thi gian thc ang c
x l, dng vic x l bng cch nhn nt Stop hoc chn Operation>Start
Sniffing/Playback. x l d liu bt c trc , nhn nt Open hoc chn
File>Open v chn tp tin d liu mun phn tch.

4.5.3 S dng b lc gi
Nhp chut vo nt Filter hoc chn Tools>Filter m rng ca s Network
Monitor v hin th nhng ty chn cho b lc.

- - 106

Hnh 4.16: Cu hnh b lc gi
B lc rt c ch cho vic ch hin th nhng gi c la chn trong ca s
Packet Sniffer. Cho v d, gi s chng ta mun thy tt c nhng tn hiu gi
MAC Beacon c hin th th ci t cho b lc nh sau:
1. B tt c checkboxes trong bng MAC ngoi tr MAC Beacon.
2. B tt c checkboxes trong bng NWK
3. B tt c checkboxes trong bng APS
4. B tt c Source Address v Destination Address
5. Chn ty chn OR
6. Nhn Apply Filter
Ca s Packet Sniffer s hin th tt c tn hiu gi MAC Beacon v n ton b
tn hiu khc.
- - 107
PH LC
HNG PHT TRIN CA TI

Thng qua ti ny chng em c th hiu mt cch r hn v cng ngh
truyn dn khng dy cn kh mi m Zigbee 802.15.4, t m hnh giao thc n
thut ton truyn tin v c bn v ng dng kt ni thit b. Zigbee c th p dng cho
tt c cc h thng iu khin v cm bin vi cc u im vt tri, gi thnh thp,
tiu hao t nng lng, t li, d m rng, kh nng tng thch cao. T c th thy
c tnh u vit ni tri ca cng ngh mng khng dy Zigbee hin nay.

Tuy nhin do thi gian v thit b hn ch nn chng trnh vn cn nhiu thiu st
l cha thay i c ID node do thit b c v firmware cha h tr nn cha
c hon thin, v m phng c thut ton tm ng ti u cho mt nt c th
n tt c cc nt thnh vin khc trong mng, v tnh ton c nhiu xuyn knh
n cc thnh vin ln cn. Vic tm ng ti u l mt yu cu rt quan trng trong
cng ngh zigbee v n gii quyt c vn v hiu qu nng lng trong truyn tin
v vn chng xung t ca mng.

Hy vng trong thi gian ti nu c iu kin em c th tip tc hon thin, pht
trin v m rng chng trnh, phn tch thm nhiu ng dng, m phng cc thut
ton nh tuyn trong Zigbee nhm a ra phng php nh tuyn ti u cho mt nt
c th, lp trnh ng dng v nhng vo trong chip thit b.

- - 108
CC T VIT TT

IEEE : Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
WPAN : Wireless Personal Area Network
PAN ID : PAN identifier
QoS : Quality of Service
MAC : Medium Access Control
PHY : Physical Layer
GTS : Guaranteed Time Slot
CCA : Clear Channel Assessment
LQI : Link Quality Indication
ED : Energy Detection
FFD : Full Funtion Device
RFD : Reduced Function Device
CLH : Cluster Head
CID : Cluster Identifier
PLME : Physical Layer Management
PPDU : PHY Protocol Data Unit
SHR : Synchronization Header
PHR : PHY Header
Ack : Acknowledgment
MLMESAP : MAC sublayer management entity service access point
SAP : Service Access Point
MPDU : MAC Protocol Data Unit
- - 109
CAP : Contention Access Period
CFP : Contention Free Period
CSMA-CA : Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Avoidance
BI : Beacon Interval
BO : Beacon Order
SD : Superframe Duration
MHR : MAC Header
MFR : MAC Footer
FCS : Frame Check Sequence
MIC : Message Integrity
AES : Advance Encryption Standard
IFS : Inter-Frame Space
FCFS : First-come-first-server
CTR : Counter
CBC : Cipher Block Chaining
AODV : Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector
RREP : Route Reply Packet
DD : Designated Deviece
RREQ : Route Request
AFG : Application Framework
ZDO : Zigbee Protocols Device Objects
APS : Applicatin Support Sublayer
NWK : Network Layer
SSP : Security Sevice Provider
- - 110
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Microchip Stack for ZigBee Protocol, ZENA Analyzer Users Guide, ZigBee2006
Application Note AN1232A, http://www.microchip.com , 2005
[2] Nilesh Rajbharti, AN965, http://www.microchip.com
[3] Samir R. Das, Charles E. Perkins, Elizabeth M. Royer, Performance Comparison
of Two On-demand Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Networks
[4] Chipcon, http://www.chipcon.com , 2005/03
[5] IEEE Standards 802.15.4, IEEE 2003, ISBN 0-7381-3677-5 SS95127
[6] IEEE 802.15.4 Standard Specification, http://www.standards.ieee.org
[7] Figure 8 Wireless, http://www._gure8wireless.com
[8] ZigBee Alliance, ZigBee 802.15.4 Summary http://www.zigbee.org, 2005/03
[9] Zigbee technical documents, www.zigbee.org
[10] M ngun m ti trang web http://www.koders.com/
[11] http://www.freescale.com
[12] http://www.metrowerks.com

- - 111

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