APPENDIXVI

Identities
VI.1 TRIGONOMETRIC
1. Sum or difference:
a. sin(x +y) = sin x cos y +cos x sin y
b. sin(x y) = sin x cos y cos x sin y
c. cos(x +y) = cos x cos y sin x sin y
d. cos(x y) = cos x cos y +sin x sin y
e. tan(x +y) =
tan x +tan y
1 tan x tan y
f. tan(x y) =
tan x tan y
1 +tan x tan y
g. sin
2
x +cos
2
x = 1
h. tan
2
x sec
2
x = 1
i. cot
2
x csc
2
x = 1
2. Sum or difference into products:
a. sin x +sin y = 2 sin
1
2
(x +y) cos
1
2
(x y)
b. sin x sin y = 2 cos
1
2
(x +y) sin
1
2
(x y)
c. cos x +cos y = 2 cos
1
2
(x +y) cos
1
2
(x y)
d. cos x cos y = 2 sin
1
2
(x +y) sin
1
2
(x y)
3. Products into sum or difference:
a. 2 sin x cos y = sin(x +y) +sin(x y)
b. 2 cos x sin y = sin(x +y) sin(x y)
c. 2 cos x cos y = cos(x +y) +cos(x y)
d. 2 sin x sin y = cos(x +y) +cos(x y)
4. Double and half angles:
a. sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
b. cos 2x = cos
2
x sin
2
x = 2 cos
2
x 1 = 1 2 sin
2
x
Antenna Theory: Analysis Design, Third Edition, by Constantine A. Balanis
ISBN 0-471-66782-X Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1075
1076 APPENDIX VI
c. tan 2x =
2 tan x
1 tan
2
x
d. sin
1
2
x =

1 cos x
2
or 2 sin
2
= 1 cos 2
e. cos
1
2
x =

1 +cos x
2
or 2 cos
2
= 1 +cos 2
f. tan
1
2
x =

1 cos x
1 +cos x
=
sin x
1 +cos x
=
1 cos x
sin x
5. Series:
a. sin x =
e
jx
e
jx
2j
= x
x
3
3!
+
x
5
5!

x
7
7!
+
b. cos x =
e
jx
+e
jx
2
= 1
x
2
2!
+
x
4
4!

x
6
6!
+
c. tan x =
e
jx
e
jx
j (e
jx
+e
jx
)
= x +
x
3
3
+
2x
5
15
+
17x
7
315
+
VI.2 HYPERBOLIC
1. Denitions:
a. Hyperbolic sine: sinh x =
1
2
(e
x
e
x
)
b. Hyperbolic cosine: cosh x =
1
2
(e
x
+e
x
)
c. Hyperbolic tangent: tanh x =
sinh x
cosh x
d. Hyperbolic cotangent: coth x =
1
tanh x
=
cosh x
sinh x
e. Hyperbolic secant: sech x =
1
cosh x
f. Hyperbolic cosecant: csch x =
1
sinh x
2. Sum or difference:
a. cosh(x +y) = cosh x cosh y +sinh x sinh y
b. sinh(x y) = sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh y
c. cosh(x y) = cosh x cosh y sinh x sinh y
d. tanh(x +y) =
tanh x +tanh y
1 +tanh x tanh y
e. tanh(x y) =
tanh x tanh y
1 tanh x tanh y
f. cosh
2
x sinh
2
x = 1
g. tanh
2
x +sech
2
x = 1
h. coth
2
x csch
2
x = 1
i. cosh(x jy) = cosh x cos y j sinh x sin y
j. sinh(x jy) = sinh x cos y j cosh x sin y
APPENDIX VI 1077
3. Series:
a. sinh x =
e
x
e
x
2
= x +
x
3
3!
+
x
5
5!
+
x
7
7!
+
b. cosh x =
e
x
+e
x
2
= 1 +
x
2
2!
+
x
4
4!
+
x
6
6!
+
c. e
x
= 1 +x +
x
2
2!
+
x
3
3!
+
x
4
4!
+
VI.3 LOGARITHMIC
1. log
b
(MN) = log
b
M +log
b
N
2. log
b
(M/N) = log
b
M log
b
N
3. log
b
(1/N) = log
b
N
4. log
b
(M
n
) = n log
b
M
5. log
b
(M
1/n
) =
1
n
log
b
M
6. log
a
N = log
b
N log
a
b = log
b
N/ log
b
a
7. log
e
N = log
10
N log
e
10 = 2.302585 log
10
N
8. log
10
N = log
e
N log
10
e = 0.434294 log
e
N