1

Modeling Frequency-
Dependent Effects in the
Time Domain
Mark Christini, Mark Solveson
Ansoft
Acknowledgments
Siemens for supplying measurements of coaxial cable used for
verification of simulations and for supplying schematic for Maxwell
2D transient simulation.
2
3
Presentation Goals
Introduction of frequency-dependent
modeling challenges.
Discussion of three methods for creating
frequency-dependent models.
Calculate and verify R,L,C,G parasitics for a
specific coaxial cable example.
Creation of frequency-dependent model
using Q3D.
Simulation of cable model in Simplorer.
Introduction
The need to fully understand how devices
operate through the desired frequency
spectrum has increased due to:
the trend to operate devices at higher
frequencies
the increased use of inverter power supplies
which cause non-sinusoidal voltages,
currents, and extra losses
Products such as cabling, bus bars for
power delivery, signal interconnects, and
integrated power-electronic modules exhibit
frequency-dependent behavior due to eddy
current and skin effects.
In these cases, it may not be sufficient to
rely on resistance and inductance extracted
at a single operating frequency.
4
Introduction
5
This presentation will
demonstrate how Q3D and
Simplorer can be used to
easily simulate cable models
in the time-domain.
Three different methods used
for cable modeling will be
reviewed.
Traveling waves, over-
voltages, and resonant
frequencies will be
determined using a
frequency-dependent cable
model.
Q3D Overview
Q3D is a tool streamlined for quickly characterizing
electrical parasitics of interconnect structures.
Q3D includes:
Q3D Extractor: 3D quasi-static lumped RLC parameter extractor.
Linear permeability = 1.
2D Extractor: 2D T-line RLGC parameter extractor.
Linear permeability.
DC 1.5 GHz 15 GHz ???
Q3D
2D Extractor
HFSS X
10
cm 1

= L
2
mm 5

= W
6
Three Cable Modeling Methods
1. Lumped, frequency-
independent, hierarchical
structure model in Simplorer.
2. Lumped, frequency-
dependent model in Maxwell
2D transient using external
circuits.
3. Lumped, frequency-
dependent model exported
from Q3D into Simplorer.
+
V
+
V
R11
1e3 Ohm
VM11
VM_Linear_1MHz_Model
E6
N_1
N_2
N_3
N_4
N_5
T2D
ECELink4
7
Method 1: Lumped, Frequency-
Independent, Hierarchical Structure
High Frequency
Motor Model
Voltage
Source
Inverter
Topology
A voltage source PWM IGBT inverter
configuration is used to feed the motor.
The cable model is frequency independent
but lumped into 20 cells or segments.
The electrical motor model is a surge
impedance equivalent model obtained from a
set of measurements on a 100 hp motor.
Cable Model
8
Method 1: Lumped, Frequency-
Independent, Hierarchical Structure
9
20 Segment Model
5 Segment
Model
R,L,G,C
Method 1: Lumped, Frequency-
Independent, Hierarchical Structure
Voltage results shown for varying cable length.
Traveling wave over-voltages and resonant frequency vary with length.
Considerations:
Model is manually constructed.
Model is frequency independent.
10
Method 2: Lumped, Frequency-
Dependent Model using the Maxwell
Transient Solver
Use Maxwell 2D transient with
series of independent coaxial
models in one FEA solution
(assumes no coupling occurs).
Connect in lumped network in
2D transient external circuit.
Add in shunt capacitance from
2D electrostatic simulation.
E
le
c
tr
o
s
ta
tic
A
n
a
ly
s
is
11
Method 2: Lumped, Frequency-
Dependent Model using the Maxwell
Transient Solver
Considerations:
Voltage transients do not include high frequency harmonic
components due to insufficient number of cells used.
Circuit is manually created.
12
Simulation Data 200ft Cable
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0.0E+00 5.0E-07 1.0E-06 1.5E-06 2.0E-06 2.5E-06 3.0E-06 3.5E-06 4.0E-06
Time
V
o
l
t
Voltage Step
Voltage at Cable End
Experimental Data 200ft Cable
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0.0E+00 5.0E-07 1.0E-06 1.5E-06 2.0E-06 2.5E-06 3.0E-06 3.5E-06 4.0E-06
Time
V
o
l
t
Voltage Step
Voltage at Cable End
Simulation Data 600ft Cable
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0.0E+00 2.0E-06 4.0E-06 6.0E-06 8.0E-06 1.0E-05 1.2E-05
Time
V
o
l
t
Voltage Step
Voltage at Cable End
Experimental Data 600ft Cable
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0.00E+00 2.00E-06 4.00E-06 6.00E-06 8.00E-06 1.00E-05 1.20E-05
Time
V
o
l
t
Voltage Step
Voltage at Cable End
S
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
Method 3: Frequency-Dependent, Model
Using Q3D and Simplorer Preferred
Single phase conductor model for
shielded coaxial cable.
FEA results validated with
analytical calculations for
R,L,C,G.
Frequency-dependent netlist is
derived using Q3D (2D Extractor).
Netlist imported into Simplorer for
system simulation.
Copper shield
Silicon
Polyethylene
Silicon
Copper
General Cable Uniblend
EPR/Copper Tape Shield/PVC, Medium-Voltage
Power, Shielded 15kV, UL Type MV-105, #2AWG
13
Analytical Calculations for Coaxial Cable
Outer diameter of conductor (d1) = 6.858 mm
Outer diameter material
1
(d2) = 7.874 mm
Outer diameter material
2
(d3) = 19.177 mm
Inner diameter shield (d4) = 25.396 mm
Outer diameter shield (d5) = 25.65 mm
( ) ( ) ( )
[ ]
[ ]
[ ] F/m 10 * 1.29
19.177
25.396
ln
11.9
1
7.874
19.177
ln
2.25
1
6.858
7.874
ln
11.9
1
10 * 8.85 * 2.25 * 2
d3
d4
ln

1
d2
d3
ln

1
d1
2
ln

1
2
C
H/m 10 * 2.62
6.858
25.396
ln 10 * 2
d1
d4
ln
2

L
/m 0021599 . 0
0036939 . 0 * 10 * .8 5
1
012698 . 0 012825 . 0 * 10 * .8 5
1
* 10 * .8 5
1
* 10 * .8 5
1
A
R
10
12
r3 r2 r1
o
7 7 o
2 7 2 2 7 2
1
7 2
4
2
5
7
DC

=
=

= =
= +

= +

= =
d
r r r
L

14
FEA Calculations for Coaxial Cable
Q3D and Maxwell 2D give identical results for R,L,C.
Q3D also calculates R,L vs. frequency.
Q3D exports frequency dependent R,L,G,C netlist.
Frequency independent results for R,L,C,G
Analytical Q3D Maxwell 2D
Capacitance (F/m) 1.29 10
-10
1.2914 10
-10
1.2915 10
-10
2.618 10
-7
Resistance 1MHz (/m) -- 0.015369 0.015391
1.5565 10
-7
2.618 10
-7
--
2.62 10
-7
--
Inductance 1MHz (H/m)
Conductance (mhos/m)
15
16
Q
3
D
M
a
x
w
e
l
l

2
D
Identical results
for R and L
vs.
frequency
FEA Calculations for Coaxial Cable
Frequency dependent results for R,L
Q3D 2D Extractor Overview
Include Frequency Sweep
17
Q3D 2D Extractor Export
18
Exporting Netlist from Q3D
t_rise/t_delay > 20
For accurate representation of traveling waves.
Format: Simplorer
Choose number of lumped cells
Specify length in meters
Check Frequency Dependent
Compute Cells . . .
Create Equivalent . . .
to export model
Transmission Line Model with 1-cell
Frequency independent circuit
Lumped T-model
19
Transmission Line Model with 1-cell
20
Frequency
dependent
elements
Frequency
independent
elements
Lumped T-model
half half
shunt
1
4
2
3
Exported Netlist
Q3D/Simplorer vs. Experimental Results
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
770
0
500
0 50.00u 10.00u 20.00u 30.00u 40.00u
Time (seconds)
Input voltage
Overvoltage vs. time
400V step input with risetime = 0.25usec.
Lumped frequency-dependent model used
with 50 cells.
Over-voltage and resonant frequency vary
with cable length.
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
-505
770
0
500
0 50.00u 10.00u 20.00u 30.00u 40.00u
Time (seconds)
200ft cable
Input voltage
Overvoltage vs. time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
-505
770
0
500
0 50.00u 10.00u 20.00u 30.00u 40.00u
Time (seconds)
Overvoltage vs. time
200ft cable
400ft cable
Input voltage
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
-505
770
0
500
0 50.00u 10.00u 20.00u 30.00u 40.00u
Time (seconds)
Overvoltage vs. time
200ft cable
400ft cable
600ft cable
Input voltage
21
Q3D/Simplorer vs. Experimental Results
Experimental Data 200ft Cable
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0.0E+00 5.0E-07 1.0E-06 1.5E-06 2.0E-06 2.5E-06 3.0E-06 3.5E-06 4
Time
V
o
l
t
Experimental Data 400ft Cable
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0.0E+0
0
1.0E-06 2.0E-06 3.0E-06 4.0E-06 5.0E-06 6.0E-06 7.0E-06 8.0E-
Time
V
o
l
t
Experimental Data 600ft Cable
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0.00E+00 2.00E-06 4.00E-06 6.00E-06 8.00E-06 1.00E-05 1.20E
Time
V
o
l
t
Experimental
0
800
200
400
600
0 3u 1u 2u
0
800
200
400
600
0 7u 1u 2u 3u 4u 5u 6u
0
800
200
400
600
0 10u 1u 2u 3u 4u 5u 6u 7u 8u 9u
200ft
400ft
600ft
Simulation
22
Simplorer
Simplorer Transient Results
Simulation of three cases for coaxial cable:
Linear cable model exported at 1Hz (blue).
Linear cable model exported at 1MHz (light blue).
Frequency Dependent model (red).
+
V
+
V
R11
1e3 Ohm
VM11
VM_Linear_1MHz_Model
E6
N_1
N_2
N_3
N_4
N_5
T2D
ECELink4
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
0
2.0
500.0m
1.0
1.5
0 20.00u 5.00u 10.00u 15.00u
Time (Seconds)
Voltage versus Time Using Different 2D Extractor Models
VM11.V [V]
VM_Linear_1Hz_Model.V [V]
VM_Linear_1MHz_Model.V [V]
VM_Frequency_Model.V [V]
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
876.5m
1.1
900.0m
950.0m
1.0
1.1
1.1
17.55u 20.00u 18.00u 18.50u 19.00u 19.50u
Time (Seconds)
Voltage versus Time Using Different 2D Extractor Mode
VM11.V [V]
VM_Linear_1Hz_Model.V [V]
VM_Linear_1MHz_Model.V [V]
VM_Frequency_Model.V [V]
Damping
Phase
23
Simplorer Transient Results
Simulation of three cases for coaxial cable with
load:
Linear cable model exported at 1Hz (blue).
Linear cable model exported at 1MHz (light blue).
Frequency Dependent model (red).
Electrical motor model is a surge impedance
equivalent model obtained from a set of
measurements on a 100 hp motor.
Simulation of Cable in with 100Hp:
+
V
+
V
VM11
VM_Linear_1MHz_Model
E6
N_1
N_2
N_3
N_4
N_5
T2D
ECELink4 R7
R2
C1
L1
R3
R4
C2
L2
R5
R6
C3
L3
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
0
2.0
250.0m
500.0m
750.0m
1.0
1.3
1.5
1.8
0 20.00u 5.00u 10.00u 15.00u
Time (Seconds)
Voltage versus Time Using Different 2D Extractor Models
VM11.V [V]
VM_Linear_1MHz_Model.V [V]
VM_Linear_1Hz_Model.V [V]
VM_Frequency_Model.V [V]
24
3Phase Coaxial Cable Simulation
3Phase cable cross-section
cable 100Hp with 3
phase inverter:
+
V
VM_ab2
R4
R5
C4
L4
R3 R7
C2 L2
R8
R9
C3
L3
+
V
W
V
U
VM_ab
Inverter
+
V
VM_bc
+
V
VM_ca
+
V
VM_bc2
+

V
VM_ca2
T2D
ECELink1
N_1
N_2
N_3
N_4
N_5
N_6
N_7
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
-2.00k
2.00k
0
0 10.00u 5.00u
Time (Seconds)
Inverter and Motor Voltage vs Time
VM_ab2.V [V]
VM_bc2.V [V]
VM_ca2.V [V]
VM_ab.V [V]
VM_bc.V [V]
VM_ca.V [V]
Extracted
Model
3Phase simulation
results with a
100hp motor surge
impedance load.
25
Summary
+
V
+
V
R11
1e3 Ohm
VM11
VM_Linear_1MHz_Model
E6
N_1
N_2
N_3
N_4
N_5
T2D
ECELink4
V
o
lt
a
g
e
876.5m
1.1
900.0m
950.0m
1.0
1.1
1.1
17.55u 20.00u 18.00u 18.50u 19.00u 19.50u
Time (Seconds)
Voltage versus Time Using Different 2D Extractor Mode
VM11.V [V]
VM_Linear_1Hz_Model.V [V]
VM_Linear_1MHz_Model.V [V]
VM_Frequency_Model.V [V]
Q3D and Simplorer can be used to
easily simulate cable models in the
time-domain.
Three unique methods for creating
system models have been presented:
Lumped, frequency-independent,
hierarchical using Simplorer.
Lumped, frequency-dependent using
Maxwell 2D transient with external
circuit.
Lumped, frequency-dependent model
exported from Q3D into Simplorer.
Traveling waves, over-voltages, and
resonant frequencies were shown in
several examples.
26
Other Considerations: Q3D/Simplorer Cable Studies
Lumped cell study with different number of cells:
Frequency dependent 200ft lumped with 1 cell.
Frequency dependent 200ft lumped with 10 cells.
Frequency dependent 200ft lumped with 50 cells.
27
Other Considerations: Q3D/Simplorer Cable Studies
28
-290.00
750.00
0
500.00
0 100.00u 50.00u
1 cell
-470.00
850.00
0
500.00
0 100.00u 50.00u
10 cell
-420.00
755.00
0
500.00
0 100.00u 50.00u
50 cell
Lumped cell study
Simulation of three cases for
coaxial cable: number of
cells = 1, 10, and 50.
200meter, lumped model,
frequency dependent,
400V step with
risetime = 0.25usec.
Need 50 cells to get
t_rise/t_delay > 20.
50 cell model
needed to
get accurate
voltages
0
900.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
0 20.00u 10.00u
1 cell
10 cells
50 cells
Other Considerations: Q3D/Simplorer Cable Studies
29
Frequency Sweeps.
Bode Plots can help aide in understanding
the frequency response of a system.
Perform AC analysis in Simplorer.
Observe gain and phase vs. frequency.
Conclusions
The Q3D Simplorer approach is the
most robust and complete of the three
methods presented.
The Q3D (2D Extractor) models
account for both frequency-dependency
and traveling wave harmonics.
The Q3D Simplorer approach is
seamless and efficient. It automatically
provides models for time domain
simulations for cable modeling.
This approach can help engineers
model traveling waves, over-voltages,
and frequency-dependent phenomenon
that occur in all types of interconnect
structures.
30
Future Work
Simulate and validate other cable designs.
Include various machine inverter models to study effects of
frequency dependency, line lengths, rise times, cable designs,
and load configurations using Q3D and Simplorer.
Include frequency-dependent exported models from Q3D of bus
structures, connectors, IPEMs, or other electrical devices.
31
References
References:
A.C. Baisden, D. Boroyevich, J.D. van Wyk, Center for Power Electronics Systems (CPES)
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Investigation of Conducted EMI in
Converters with an RF Filter, IPEC, 2005.
Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility by Clayton R. Paul, 1992 by John Wiley &
Sons
Electrical Transients in Power Systems by Allan Greenwood, 1971 by John Wiley & Sons
Power System Analysis by Charles A. Gross, 1986 by John Wiley & Sons
32