Otdm (Gop Y)

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nhiu trong qu trnh hoc tp v thuc hin d n.
Mc d d c nhiu c gng nhung chc chn d n cn nhiu thiu st, em rt
mong nhn duoc su chi bao, gp cua Qu Thy C cng cc ban.
Em xin chn thnh cam on!

Tp HCM, ngy thng nm 2014
Sinh vin thuc hin

Luong L Thnh Tn
MJC LJC
CHUONG 1 TONG QUAN HE THONG THNG TIN QUANG .............................. 1
1.1 Gioi thiu chung ............................................................................................ 1
1.1.1 M hnh h thng thng tin quang .......................................................... 1
1.1.2 Nguyn l hoat dng cua h thng thng tin quang ................................ 2
1.1.3 Uu dim cua h thng thng tin quang ................................................... 3
1.2 Su pht trin cua k thut thng tin quang ..................................................... 4
1.3 Phn loai cc phn tu quang din trong thng tin quang ................................ 6
1.3.1 Cc phn tu thu dng ............................................................................ 7
1.3.2 Cc phn tu tch cuc ............................................................................... 8
CHUONG 2 HE THONG THNG TIN QUANG ...................................................... 9
2.1 Soi quang ....................................................................................................... 9
2.1.1 Cu trc cua soi quang ........................................................................... 9
2.1.2 Phn loai soi quang ................................................................................ 9
2.1.3 Co so l thuyt truyn dn nh sng ..................................................... 11
2.1.4 Khu diu ch s .................................................................................. 13
2.1.5 L thuyt mode sng: ........................................................................... 14
2.1.6 Cc dc trung suy hao cua soi quang .................................................... 16
2.1.7 Ph suy hao .......................................................................................... 17
2.1.8 Dc tnh tn sc cua soi quang ............................................................. 18
2.2 B pht quang ............................................................................................. 21
2.2.1 Ngun quang ....................................................................................... 23
2.2.2 Lazer hi tip phn b DFB ................................................................ 24
2.2.3 B diu ch quang (modulator) ........................................................... 25
2.2.4 Cu trc b diu ch giao thoa Mach-Zehnder - MZM ........................ 26
2.3 B thu quang ................................................................................................ 28
2.4 Knh truyn quang ...................................................................................... 31
2.5 B khuch dai quang ................................................................................... 31
CHUONG 3 GHP KNH QUANG PHN CHIA THEO THOI GIAN .................. 33
3.1 Gioi thiu .................................................................................................... 33
3.2 Nguyn l ghp knh OTDM ...................................................................... 33
3.3 Pht tn hiu trong h thng OTDM ............................................................. 34
3.4 Giai ghp v xen r knh trong h thng OTDM ......................................... 36
3.4.1 Giai ghp ............................................................................................ 36
3.4.2 Xen r knh ......................................................................................... 39
3.5 Dng b quang trong h thng OTDM ......................................................... 39
3.6 Dc tnh truyn dn cua OTDM ................................................................... 41
3.7 Dnh gi h thng OTDM ........................................................................... 42
CHUONG 4 KET LUAN V HUNG PHT TRIEN ............................................ 44
TI LIEU THAM KHAO ......................................................................................... 45

DANH MJC HNH ANH
Hnh 1.1 M hnh truyn thng tin voi cc thnh phn co ban ..................................... 1
Hnh 1.2 Cc thnh phn trong mt tuyn thng tin quang........................................... 7
Bang kch thuoc hnh hoc v d chnh chit sut A cua mt s loai soi quang ch tao
tu thuy tinh thach anh ................................................................................................ 11
Hnh 2.1 Hin tuong phan xa v khc xa nh sng..................................................... 11
Hnh 2.2 Truyn nh sng trong soi quang ................................................................. 12
Hnh 2.3 Khu diu ch s ......................................................................................... 13
Hnh 2.4 Ph suy hao cua soi quang .......................................................................... 17
Hnh 2.5. D thi biu din dc tnh tn sc cua soi quang .......................................... 19
Hnh 2.6 Cu trc co ban b pht quang .................................................................... 22
Hnh 2.7 Cc co ch chuyn di muc nng luong ..................................................... 24
Hnh 2.8 Cu trc cua Lazer DFB .............................................................................. 25
Hnh 2.9 Cu trc b Mach-Zehnder modulator ......................................................... 27
Hnh 2.10 Cu trc b MZM phn cuc don ............................................................... 27
Hnh 2.11 Cu trc b MZM phn cuc di ................................................................ 28
Hnh 2.12 So d khi b thu quang ........................................................................... 29
Hnh 2.13 (a) Cu trc chung b khuch dai, (b) cu trc b EDFA ......................... 32
Hnh 3.1 So d h thng thng tin quang su dung k thut OTDM ghp 4 knh quang
.................................................................................................................................. 34
Hnh 3.2 Nguyn l cua b ghp knh thoi gian (DEMUX) su dung chuyn mach
phn cuc quang .......................................................................................................... 38
Hnh 3.3 Cu hnh PLL quang d trch ly clock....................................................... 40
Hnh 3.4 Cc yu t lm anh huong tn hiu nhn duoc trong h thng OTDM. ....... 43

CC T VIET TAT
APD Avalanche Photo Diode Dit tch sng thc
CD Chromatic Dispersion Hin tuong tn sc sc th
CW Continuous Wave Sng lin tuc
DSF Dispersion shifted Fiber Soi quang dich chuyn vi tr tn sc
DWDM Dense Wave Division Multiplexing
Ghp knh theo buoc sng mt d
cao
EDFA Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier
B khuch dai quang soi pha trn
Erbium
FWM Four-Wave Mixing Hiu ung trn 4 buoc sng
GI Gradexindex Soi quang chit sut bin di Gradien
IM Intensity Modulator Diu ch cuong d
ISI Inter symbol Interference Su giao thoa giua cc k hiu
LD Laser Diode Dit Lase
LED Light Emitting Diode Di-t pht quang
MaD Material Dispersion Tn sc vt liu
MM-GI Multimode Gradexindex Soi quang da mode bin di Gradien
MM-SI Multimade Stepindex
Soi quang da mode chit sut nhay
bc
MoD Mode Dispersion Tn sc mode
NOLM Norlinear-Loop-Mirror Guong vng phi tuyn
OFA Optical Fiber Amplifier Khuch dai soi quang
OFDM
Optical Frequency Division
Multiplexing
Ghp knh quang phn chia theo tn
s
OTDM Optical Time Division Multiplexing
Ghp knh quang phn chia theo thoi
gian
PIN Positi Intrinsic Nagative Dit PIN
PL Pumping Laser Laser bom
PLL Phase-Locked-Loop Mach kha pha
SDH Synchrorious Digital Hierarchy Phn cp s dng b
SI Stepindex Soi quang chit sut nhay bc
SMF Single-mode Fiber Soi don mode tiu chun
SOA Optical Semiconductor Amplifier Khuch dai quang bn dn SOA
SPM Self-Phase Modulation Hiu ung tu diu pha
SRS Stimulated Raman Tn xa do kch thch Raman
WDM Wave Division Multiplexing
Ghp knh quang phn chia theo
buoc sng

LI NI DAU
Nhu cu trao di thng tin cua con nguoi ngy cng tng dn dn su bng n
cua cc loai hnh dich vu thng tin, dc bit l su pht trin nhanh chng cua Internet
v Web lm gia tng khng ngung nhu cu v dung luong mang. Diu ny di hoi phai
xy dung v pht trin cc mang quang tc d cao di di voi vic cai tin v p dung
cc cng ngh truyn dn moi d c th dp ung duoc nhu cu khch hng ca v s
luong v cht luong.
Cng ngh ghp knh quang phn chia theo thoi gian (OTDM) l mt giai php
hon hao cho php tn dung huu hiu bng thng rng lon cua soi quang, nng cao r
rt dung luong h thng v ha gi thnh san phm. Nho cng ngh OTDM, dung luong
v tc d truyn dn cua mi lin kt trong mang tng ln dng k dng thoi vn dung
tt ph hep cua Laser.
Voi nhung uu dim vuot tri cng ngh ghp knh quang phn chia theo thoi
gian (OTDM) duoc su dung rng ri v ph bin trong vic truyn tai quang. Sau dy
chng ta s tm hiu r nhung uu dim ,nhuoc dim cung nhu cng ngh truyn dn
quang OTDM thng qua d ti : GHP KNH QUANG PHN CHIA THEO THOI
GIAN OTDM.
D ti gm 3 chuong voi ni dung nhu sau:
CHUONG 1 TONG QUAN HE THONG THNG TIN QUANG
Trong chuong ny, gioi thiu v h thng thng tin quang, nhung uu nhuoc
dim cua h thng.
CHUONG 2 HE THONG THNG TIN QUANG
Trong chuong ny, chng ta s nghin cuu v cu tao, phn loai soi quang v
cc dc tnh ring cua tung loai.
Nguyn l pht quang, cc ngun thu quang. Cu tao, nguyn tc lm vic v
cc dc trung ki thut cua mi loai ngun pht quang.
Nghin cuu v nguyn l cua cc thit bi thu quang, cc thit bi dung trong thu
tn hiu quang.
CHUONG 3 GHP KNH QUANG PHN CHIA THEO THOI GIAN OTDM
Gioi thiu v ki thut ghp knh quang phn chia theo thoi gian OTDM, nguyn
l, nhung uu nhuoc dim cua h thng ny.
CHUONG 4 KET LUAN V HUNG PHT TRIEN
Trnh by kt lun, ung dung thuc tin cua d ti v huong pht trin trong
tuong lai.
Do thoi gian v kin thuc cn han ch nn vn cn nhiu thiu st cn b sung
v pht trin rt mong nhn duoc nhung kin dng gp cua qu thy c v cc ban!

Seminar tt nghip Ghp knh quang phn chia theo thi gian-OTDM
SVTH: luong LThnh Tn 1020230 Trang 1

CHUONG 1 TONG QUAN HJ THNG THNG TIN QUANG
1.1 Gii thiu chung :
H thng thng tin quang l mt phn quan trong trong mang vin thng ngy
nay. O d, thng tin duoc truyn di duoi dang nh sng v su dung cc soi quang d
truyn thng tin. Thng tin truyn di trong h thng thng tin quang duoc thuc hin o
tn s sng mang cao trong vng nhn thy hoc vng hng ngoai gn cua ph sng
din tu.
1.1.1 M hnh h thng thng tin quang:
V co ban, m hnh h thng thng tin quang cung ging nhu m hnh tng
qut cua mt h thng truyn tin (Hnh 1.1). Trong m hnh ny, tn hiu cn truyn di
s duoc pht vo mi truong truyn dn tuong ung, v o du thu s thu lai tn hiu cn
truyn. Nhu vy tn hiu d duoc truyn tu noi gui tn hiu di toi noi nhn tn hiu dn.
Thng tin quang c t chuc h thng nhu cc h thng thng tin khc, v th m thnh
phn co ban cua h thng thng tin quang cung nhu m hnh chung, tuy nhin mi
truong truyn dn o dy chnh l soi quang. Do d soi quang s thuc hin truyn nh
sng c mang tn hiu thng tin tu pha pht toi pha thu.

Hnh 1.1 M hnh truyn thng tin vi cc thnh phn co ban
Mt h thng thng tin quang bao gm cc thnh phn co ban:
Phn pht quang (thit bi pht)
Soi quang (mi truong truyn dn)
Phn thu quang (thit bi thu)


Phn pht quang duoc cu tao tu ngun pht tn hiu quang v cc mach din
diu khin. Cc mach diu khin c th l b diu ch ngoi hay cc b kch thch ty
thuc vo cc k thut diu bin. Ngun pht quang tao ra sng mang tn s quang,
cn cc mach diu khin bin di tn hiu thng tin thnh dang tn hiu ph hop d
diu khin ngun sng theo tn hiu mang tin. C hai loai ngun sng duoc dng ph
bin trong thng tin quang l LED (Light Emitting Diode) v LD (Laser Diode).
Soi quang l mi truong truyn dn trong thng tin quang. So voi mi truong
truyn dn khc nhu mi truong khng kh trong thng tin v tuyn v mi truong cp
kim loai th truyn dn bng soi quang c nhiu uu dim ni bt d l : hu nhu khng
chiu anh huong cua mi truong ngoi, bng tn truyn dn lon, v suy hao thp. Voi
nhung uu dim d, cng voi nhiu tin b trong linh vuc thng tin quang, soi quang d
duoc su dung trong cc h thng truyn duong di, h thng vuot dai duong. Chng
vua dp ung duoc khoang cch vua dp ung duoc dung luong truyn dn cho php
thuc hin cc mang thng tin tc d cao. Soi quang c 3 loai chnh l : soi quang da
mode chit sut nhay bc, soi da mode chit sut bin di v soi quang don mode. Ty
thuc vo h thng m loai soi quang no duoc su dung, tuy nhin hin nay cc h
thng thuong su dung soi don mode d truyn dn v uu dim cua loai soi ny.
Phn thu quang c chuc nng d chuyn tn hiu quang thu duoc thnh tn hiu
bng tn co so ban du. N bao gm b tch sng quang v cc mach xu l din. B
tch sng quang thuong su dung cc photodiode nhu PIN v APD. Cc mach xu l tn
hiu din ny c th bao gm cc mach khuch dai, loc v mach ti sinh.
1.1.2 Nguyn l hot dng cua h thng thng tin quang:
Nguyn l ny thuc hin vic truyn thng tin tu pha pht qua mi truong soi
quang v cui cng dn pha thu. Tai mi phn tn hiu thng tin duoc bin di nhu
sau :
Pha pht : Ngun tn hiu thng tin nhu ting ni, hnh anh, du liu sau khi
duoc xu l tro thnh tn hiu din (c th o dang tuong tu hoc s) s duoc dua dn b
pht quang (cu th l ngun quang). Cc tn hiu din dua vo b pht quang duoc

SVTH: luong LThnh Tn 1020230 Trang S

diu ch quang theo nhiu phuong php diu bin khc nhau (diu bin truc tip cuong
d nh sng hay diu bin gin tip) d thu duoc tn hiu quang. Tn hiu quang ny s
duoc ghp vo soi quang d truyn di toi pha thu.
Mi truong soi quang: L mi truong truyn dn nh sng (tn hiu d duoc
diu ch quang) tu du pht toi du thu. Trong qu trnh truyn dn ny, do dc tnh
quang hoc cua nh sng v soi quang m tn hiu quang bi suy giam (suy hao v tn
sc). Cu ly truyn dn cng di th nh sng bi suy giam cng manh, diu ny dn dn
kh khn khi khi phuc tn hiu o pha thu. Do vy, trn tuyn truyn dn thng tin
quang, thuong c cc b khuch dai tn hiu quang v cc tram lp nhm ti tao lai tn
hiu bi suy giam trn duong truyn.
Pha thu : Tn hiu thu duoc tu mi truong truyn dn s duoc b thu quang tip
nhn. Tai dy, tn hiu quang s duoc bin di nguoc tro lai thnh tn hiu din nhu tn
hiu pht ban du. Cui cng ta thu duoc tn hiu cn thng tin.
1.1.3 Uu dim cua h thng thng tin quang:
H thng thng tin quang su dung mi truong truyn dn l soi quang nn h
thng c nhung uu dim hon cc h thng truyn thng su dung cp dng hay h thng
thng tin v tuyn truoc dy, d l :
Dung luong truyn dn lon : Trong h thng thng tin soi quang, bng tn
truyn dn cua soi quang l rt lon cho php pht trin cc h thng WDM dung
luong lon. So voi truyn dn v tuyn hay truyn dn dng cp kim loai th
truyn dn soi quang cho dung luong lon hon nhiu.
Suy hao thp : Suy hao truyn dn cua soi quang tuong di nho, dc bit l
trong vng cua s 1300nm v 1550nm. Suy hao nho nn soi quang c th cho
php truyn dn bng rng, tc d lon hon rt nhiu so voi cp kim loai cng
chi ph xy dung mang.


Khng chiu anh huong cua mi truong bn ngoi : Boi vt liu cua soi quang
cch din, khng chiu anh huong cua cc yu t nhu din tu truong nn khng
bi nhiu din tu
D tin cy : Tn hiu truyn trong soi quang hu nhu khng chiu anh huong
cua mi truong bn ngoi, khng gy nhiu ra ngoi cung nhu su xuyn m
giua cc soi quang. Do d soi quang thuc t cho cht luong truyn dn rt tt
voi d tin cy cao, tnh bao mt cung cao hon so voi truyn dn v tuyn v cp
kim loai.
Chi ph thp : V vt liu ch tao soi quang sn c, dng thoi soi lai nhe hon cp
kim loai v c th un cong, lp dt d dng v t bi hu hong do cc yu t thin
nhin tc dng (nhu nng, mua) nn h thng c th tit kim duoc chi ph
xy dung.
Thng tin soi quang c nhiu uu dim tu soi quang dem lai tuy nhin soi quang
cung tn tai mt s nhuoc dim nhu kh ch tao, hn ni phuc tap v soi quang rt b,
v rt d dut gy.
1.2 S pht trin cua k thut thng tin quang :
H thng thng tin quang moi pht trin trong my thp ky gn dy (mc d cc
phuong thuc so khai cua thng tin quang d xut hin tu rt lu trong x hi loi
nguoi) nhung n d dat duoc rt nhiu thnh tuu cao. Cho dn nay h thng thng tin
quang d trai qua nhiu th h. Muc tiu chu yu cua cc n luc pht trin ny l dng
thoi tng dung luong v khoang cch truyn dn. Qu trnh pht trin cua h thng
thng tin quang c th tm tt qua nm th h sau :
Nm 1960, vic pht minh ra Laser d lm ngun pht quang d mo ra mt thoi
ky moi c nghia rt to lon trong lich su pht trin cua k thut thng tin quang su
dung dai tn s nh sng. Theo l thuyt th soi quang cho php con nguoi thuc hin
thng tin voi luong knh lon hon gp nhiu ln cc h thng vi ba hin c. Thuc t th

SVTH: luong LThnh Tn 1020230 Trang S

suy hao cua soi quang trong giai doan ny lai rt cao, ~1000dB/km, do d vn chua
chung to kha nng vuot tri so voi cc h thng cu.
Khoang nm 1966, qua cc khuyn nghi cua Kao, Hockman cho thy c th cai
thin duoc suy hao do vt cht ch tao soi. Nm 1970, Kapron d c th ch tao soi
quang c d suy hao 20dB/km, tai buoc sng =1m. Suy hao ny nho hon rt nhiu
so voi thoi dim du ch tao soi v cho php tao ra cu ly truyn dn tuong duong voi
cc h thng truyn dn bng cp dng. Cc cng ngh moi d giam suy hao truyn
dn cua soi, tng bng thng cua cc Laser bn dn d duoc pht trin thnh cng
trong nhung nm 70. Cho toi du nhung nm 1980, cc h thng thng tin trn soi dn
quang du tin d duoc dua vo hoat dng voi buoc sng Laser (GaAlAs/GaAs) hoat
dng o vng 0,8m, tc d bt B =45Mb/s, khoang cch lp L ~1020 km (khoang
16km). Giai doan thng tin quang th h thu nht pht trin tu dy.
Giua nhung nm 80, h thng thng tin quang th h thu 2 su dung Laser voi
buoc sng 1330nm d duoc dua vo su dung. Thoi gian du tc d bt B chi dat
100Mb/s do su dung soi da mode. Khi soi don mode duoc dua vo su dung, tc d bt
d duoc tng ln rt cao. Nm 1987 h thng thng tin quang =1330nm, B=1,7
Gb/s, L=50 km d duoc san xut v dua ra thi truong voi suy hao cua soi ~0,5
dB/km.
Nm 1990 h thng thng tin quang th h thu 3 su dung Laser bn dn buoc
sng 1550nm (InGaAsP) voi suy hao trong soi quang c 0,2dB/km d duoc thuong
mai ha. Tc d bt d dat dn 2,5Gb/s v sau d d dat dn 10Gb/s.
Th h thng tin quang thu 4 d su dung khuch dai quang d tng khoang lp
v k thut ghp nhiu buoc sng (WDM) trong mt soi quang d tng dung luong
truyn dn. Khuch dai quang pha tap Erbium (EDFA) c kha nng b cho suy hao
quang trong cch khoang cch lon hon 100km. Nm 1991 ln du tin h thng thng
tin quang c EDFA duoc thu nghim truyn tn hiu s tc d 2,5Gb/s trn khoang
cch 21000km v 5 Gb/s trn khoang cch 14300 km. V cng ngh WDM, h thng
thng tin su dung cng ngh ny gip tng dung luong knh dng k. Trong nm 2000,


h thng TPC - 6 xuyn qua Dai Ty Duong d c dung luong 100Gb/s v hoat dng
hiu qua.
Th h thu 5 cua h thng thng tin quang dua trn co so giai quyt vn d tn
sc trong soi quang. C nhiu phuong n d b tn sc nhung phuong n c tnh kha
dung cao nht l dua trn hiu ung Soliton quang. Hiu ung Soliton quang l mt hiu
ung phi tuyn trong soi quang, n dua trn co so tuong tc b tru tn sc cua cc thnh
phn quang trong mt xung quang cuc ngn duoc truyn trong soi quang khng c suy
hao.Nm 1994 h Soliton thu nghim truyn dn tn hiu 10Gb/s trn khoang cch
35000km v 15Gb/s trn khoang cch 24000km. Nm 1996 h thng WDm 7 buoc
sng truyn Soliton trn khoang cch 9400km voi dung luong 70Gb/s.
Hin nay cc h thng thng tin quang d duoc ung dung rng ri trn th gioi,
chng dp ung tt ca cc tn hiu tuong tu v s, chng cho php truyn dn tt ca cc
tn hiu dich vu bng hep v bng rng. Khi cng ngh ch tao cc phn tu quang cng
pht trin, hin dai th h thng thng tin quang cng c kha nng ung dung rng lon
hon v tro thnh mt linh vuc quan trong trong vin thng.
1.3 Phn loi cc phn tu quang din trong thng tin quang :
Mt h thng thng tin quang duoc cu thnh tu rt nhiu phn tu quang din
khc nhau. Mt tuyn thng tin quang c th bao gm cc phn tu nhu th hin trn
hnh 1.2
Cc phn tu ny c nhiu dc tnh, chuc nng, tc d hoat dng v vi tr khc
nhau. Ty thuc vo yu cu cua h thng duoc su dung m cc phn tu ny duoc su
dung cho chuc nng no hay vi tr no trn h thng.
D phn loai cc phn tu quang din trong h thng thng tin quang ta c nhiu
tiu ch d phn loai nhu: Dc dim. vi tr, chuc nng hay ung dung Dua vo dc
dim hoat dng cua cc phn tu quang din trong h thng thng tin quang c th chia
thnh hai nhm l cc phn tu thu dng v cc phn tu tch cuc.


Hnh 1.2 Cc thnh phn trong mt tuyn thng tin quang
1.3.1 Cc phn tu th dng :
Cc phn tu thu dng hoat dng khi c chm sng truyn qua n. Phn tu thu
dng hoat dng khng cn ngun kch thch, n chi don thun bin di cc tn hiu o
trong min quang m khng c su chuyn di sang min din. Nhung dc dim ny
dn dn v nguyn l hoat dng cc phn tu thu dng chu yu dua vo cu trc quang
hnh cua chnh ban thn chng, v tun theo cc dinh lut hay cc nguyn l nh sng.
Cc phn tu thu dng c nhung uu dim v cu trc, vi tr lp dt, v ung dung nhu :
D dng lp dt o bt ky vi tr no trn h thng v khng cn c ngun cung
cp hoat dng di km theo.
Don gian v cu trc.
D dng bao tr.
An ton v din cho nguoi su dung.
Tuy vy chng c nhung nhuoc dim so voi phn tu tch cuc d chnh l thu
dng v cu hnh nn kha nng thay di, diu chinh hoat dng km, khng linh


hoat. Cht luong hoat dng cua cc phn tu thu dng cung phu thuc vo vt liu v
cng ngh ch tao cua ban thn thit bi nhu cc vn d v suy hao hay tn sc cua
cc phn tu thu dng. Cng ngh cng pht trin th kha nng cua cc phn tu thu
dng cng cao.
Cc phn tu thu dng trong h thng thng tin quang bao gm :
Soi quang
Coupler quang
Cc b loc quang
B cch ly quang
B b tn tc
1.3.2 Cc phn tu tch cc:
Cc phn tu tch cuc l cc phn tu quang din hoat dng dua theo vo tnh cht
hat cua nh sng v co so vt l bn dn. Khi hoat dng, cc phn tu tch cuc dua vo
kch thch din ngoi d bin di tn hiu m n cn xu l. Do vy khc voi cc phn
tu thu dng, d hoat dng duoc cc phn tu cn ngun kch thch. Diu ny dn dn
yu cu cua phn tu tch cuc phuc tap hon cc phn tu thu dng nhu : vi tr lp dt, co
ch bao dung chng qu p cua ngun, yu cu an ton v din Tuy nhin cc phn
tu tch cuc c th diu chinh hiu qua hoat dng khi thay di ngun cung cp.
Cc phn tu tch cuc bao gm :
Ngun quang
B tch quang
B khuch dai quang
Chuyn di buoc sng


CHUONG 2 HJ THNG THNG TIN QUANG
2.1 Si quang:
2.1.1 Cu trc cua si quang:
Soi quang c cu tao hnh tru, gm hai lop chnh tu cht din mi dng tm
nhau. Lop trong goi l lop li (core), lop ngoi l lop vo (clading). Ngoi ra cn c lop
bao v v vo boc bn ngoi.
Cht din mi chu yu d ch tao soi quang ph bin l thuy tinh thach anh
(SiO) hoc cht deo tng hop. Soi quang thuy tinh thach anh c tiu hao thp v duong
knh nho nn gi thnh cao, cn soi quang lm bng cht deo c duong knh lon hon
v tiu hao lon hon, gi thnh thp.
Chit sut cua li soi quang l n
1
lon hon chit sut cua vo soi quang n
2
. Lop
clading l thuy tinh hay plastic, c nhim vu bao v cho nh sng truyn lai li. Lop vo
boc v bao v bn ngoi l lop vo nhua PVC gip bao v core v cladding khng bi
bui m v try xuoc. Lop vo bao v bn ngoi c ba lop chnh l vo bao v bn ngoi,
lop o gip v lop chiu luc.
Mi mt mode truyn l mt mu cc duong truong din v truong tu duoc lp
di lp lai doc theo soi o cc khoang cch tuong duong voi buoc sng.Cc mode hon
ton dc lp voi nhau. Mi mode c tc d lan truyn ring v c buoc sng xc dinh.
2.1.2 Phn loi si quang:
C nhiu cch phn loai soi quang nhu phn loai theo vt liu ch tao, phn loai
theo phn b chit sut, phn loai theo mode lan truyn.
Phn loai theo vt liu ch tao gm c soi quang thach anh, soi quang lm bng
thuy tinh hn hop v soi quang lm bng cht deo.
Phn loai theo phn b chit sut c soi quang chit sut nhay bc SI (Step
Index), soi quang chit sut bin di Gradien GI (Gradex Index).


Theo mode lan truyn: c soi quang don mode (single mode), soi quang da
mode (multi mode).
Ph bin nht nguoi ta phn loai soi quang theo lan truyn kt hop voi phn b
chit sut . Theo d nguoi ta phn soi quang thnh 3 loai sau:
1. Soi quang da mode chit sut bc nhay MM_SI. Chit sut cua lop vo li l n
1

v lop vo l n
2
du l hng s nhung khc nhau, trong soi c th truyn dng thoi
nhiu loai mode sng (nhiu tia sng) khc nhau voi hng s truyn ring| cua mi
mode. Voi soi lm bng thuy tinh thach anh th chit sut n
1
=1,5; n
2
=1,48.
2. Soi quang da mode chit sut bin di Gradien MM_GI. Li soi c chit sut
phn b bin di l hm s theo bn knh cua li, voi gi tri lon nht tai tm l n
1
v
giam dn theo bn knh dn gi tri n
2
, cn vo soi c chit sut c dinh l n
2
.
Trong soi MM_GI truyn duoc dng thoi nhiu mode sng, mi mt sng
truyn theo cc duong cong dang hnh sin c chu ky gp nhau sau mt khoang nht
dinh. Phn b chit sut cua soi GI theo quy lut sau:
, )
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
A =
2
1
1
a
r
n r n khi a r <
, )
2
n r n = khi a r <

(2.1)

3. Soi quang don mode chit sut nhay bc SM_SI. Chit sut vng li v vo cua
soi quang ny cung l hng s khc nhau n
1
, n
2
, nhung bn knh vng li nho hon
nhiu so voi soi da mode. Trong soi quang don mode chi truyn mt soi mode sng
duy nht l mode sng co ban. Tia sng cua mode ny truyn song song voi truc soi
trong vng li.


Bang kch thuc hnh hc v d chnh chit sut A cua mt s loi si quang ch to t
thuy tinh thch anh
Duong knh li
m
Duong knh vo
m
Duong knh vo bao
v (m)
A(%)
SM: 8-10 125 250 hay 500 0,1 0,2
MM: 50 250 250 - 500 1 -2

2.1.3 Co so l thuyt truyn dn nh sng:
Vic truyn dn sng nh sng trong soi quang dua trn hin tuong khc xa
trong li soi v phan xa ton phn nh sng trn b mt phn chia giua lop li v lop
vo cua soi quang. D giai thch hin tuong trn ta xt su phan xa v khc xa sng nh
sng trn b mt phn chia hai mi truong din mi c chit sut khc nhau l n
1
>n
2

khi sng nh sng truyn tu mi truong mt sang mi truong hai.
D cho don gian ta coi mt phn chia hai mi truong l phng rng v han.

Hnh 2.1 Hin tung phan x v khc x nh sng
Khi tia sng truyn tu mi truong mt dn mt phn cch chia hai mi truong
duoi gc
1
(gc lp giua tia toi v php tuyn n cua mt phn cch) th tai mt phn
chia hai mi truong s xut hin tia phan xa quay tro lai mi truong mt voi gc phan
xa
px
v tia khc xa 1 di tip v mi truong hai voi gc khc xa l .


Theo dinh lut khc xa ta c h thuc sau:
sin sin
2 1 1
n n =
Suy ra:
1
2
1
sin sin
n
n
=
(2.3)

(2.4)

V n
1
>n
2
nn ta c > . Vy s tn tai truong hop khi tia toi (tia 2) truyn voi gc toi
0
c gi tri
2
0
0
H
< < d dat duoc diu kin:
1 sin sin
0
2
1
= =
n
n
hay
2
H
=
(2.5)
Nu tia sng toi thu 3 truyn dn mt phn chia voi mt gc lon hon gc toi han
0 2
> th tia khc xa khng cn truyn trong mi truong 2 m quay tro lai mi
truong 1 trng voi tia phan xa 3 voi gc phan xa
2
=
px
. Hin tuong trn goi l su
phan xa ton phn hai diu kin d xay ra su phan xa ton phn l n
1
>n
2
,
0
>
t
. Do
soi quang cu tao boi 2 lop chit sut, lop li km hon lop vo n
1
>n
2
nn khi tia sng
truyn vo lop li lp voi php tuyn mt phn chia giua lop li v vo c gc toi lon
hon gc toi han
0
th tia sng s bi phan xa ton phn lin tip trn mt phn cch v
truyn doc trong li soi quang theo duong zch zc m khng di ra ngoi vo.

Hnh 2.2 Truyn nh sng trong si quang


Di voi soi quang GI, chit sut li soi bin di theo li soi quang khng theo
duong thng zch zc theo duong cong dang hnh sin voi chu ky tp trung quanh truc
li soi quang. Diu ny duoc giai thch nhu sau: vn tc truyn sng trong trong li soi
quang duoc xc dinh boi cng thuc:
1
n
c
V
ph
= . Tai vng gn truc, do chit sut li soi
lon nn vn tc truyn cua tia nho nn qung duong truyn ngn cn vng xa truc do
chit sut li nho, nn vn tc cua tia lon hon v tia di duoc qung duong lon hon. Kt
qua l cc tia truyn theo cc duong cong c d di khc nhau nhung sau cng mt
khoang thoi gian s gp nhau theo chu ky.
2.1.4 Khu diu ch s:
D dc trung v kha nng ghp luong nh sng vo li soi quang nguoi ta dua
vo dai luong goi l khu d s, k hiu l NA.

Hnh 2.3 Khu diu ch s
Trn hnh v ta thy, tia toi 1 khi tu khng kh vo li soi lp voi truc soi mt
gc l
max
u u > , ung voi gc toi nho hon gc toi han
0 1
< khi dn mt phn chia s
khc xa ra vng vo v bi tiu hao, khng truyn doc theo soi. Tia toi 2 khi di vo li
soi lp voi truc soi mt gc
max
u ung voi gc toi han
0
nn dn mt gioi han s truyn
doc theo mt ny. Cn tia thu 3 khi truyn tu ngoi khng kh vo li soi lp voi truc
soi mt gc
max
u u < s ung voi gc toi lon hon gc toi han
0 3
> nn s phan xa
ton phn lin tip trn mt phn chia v truyn doc theo li soi quang. Do d gc
max
u
duoc goi l gc tip nhn cuc dai nh sng v khu d s cua soi duoc dinh nghia l:


max
sinu = NA (2.6)
Theo dinh lut khc xa ta c:
, )
0
2
1 0 1 0
0
1 max 0
sin 1 cos 90 sin sin u = = = n n n n
(2.7)
V chit sut cua khng kh n
0
=1, v gc toi han duoc tnh theo biu thuc:
1
2
0
sin
n
n
, nn d mo s duoc tnh l:
A ~ =
|
|
.
|
\
|
= = = 2 1 sin 1 sin
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1 0
2
1 max
n n n
n
n
n n NA u
(2.8)
Khi tnh khu diu ch s nho p dung dinh lut khc xa ta moi chi tnh dn
cc tia sng dn nm trong mt phng di di qua tm soi (mt kinh tuyn) m chua tnh
dn cc tia sng dn soi nm lch mt phng ny v truyn vo soi theo cc duong
xon zch zc. V vy, NA trong thuc t khc cht t so voi cng thuc tnh theo l
thuyt d cho.
Trong thuc t cc soi quang c NA nhu sau: NA
MMSI
=0.25; NA
MMGI
=0.2; NA
SMSI
=0.1
2.1.5 L thuyt mode sng:
L thuyt mode sng dua trn vic tm nghim phuong trnh Mac-xoen hay
phuong trnh sng thun nht trong v diu kin bo trn mt phn chia cua cc lop soi
quang. Cc phuong trnh d c dang nhu sau:
Cc phuong trnh Mac-xoen cho truong diu ho tn s e :
j j j
E n i H rot

0
2
c e =
(2.9)
j j
H i E rot

0
e= =
(2.10)
, ) 0
0
=
j
H div

(2.11)


, ) 0
0
=
j
H div

(2.12)
Diu kin bo l:
2 1
2 1
t t
t t
H H
E E
=
=

(2.13)
O dy j=1,2 l chi s cua vng li v vo.
Cc phuong trnh sng thun nht:
0
0
2
0
2 2
2
0
2 2
= + V
= + V
j j j
j j
E k n E
k n H

voi diu kin bo nhu trn

(2.14)
O dy
0 0 0
c e = k l chi s cua vng li v vo.
Vic tm nghim cua cc phuong trnh sng trong vng li v vo soi ni chung
l rt kh, thuong phai giai gn dng.
Mi mt nghim ring cua phuong trnh m ta mt dang truong hay mt mode
sng dang tn tai trong soi quang.
Cc mode sng trong soi quang c dc tnh nhu sau:
Mi mode c hnh anh phn b truong ring trong soi.
Cc mode l dc lp voi nhau.
Mi mode c vn tc v hng s truyn ring.
Mi mode c mt buoc sng gioi han xc dinh goi l buoc sng ct
c
diu
kin d mode sng truyn lan duoc trong soi l buoc sng lm vic cua n phai
nho hon buoc sng ct
c
< .
Nguoi ta tnh duoc s mode sng M trong soi nhu sau:
+Soi MM-SI:
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
NA a V M |
.
|
\
| H
= =

(2.15)


+Soi MM- GI: |
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
| H
= |
.
|
\
|
+
=
2
2
2
1
2 2
1
2
2
2
o
o
o
o
NA a V M
(2.16)
O dy V l tham s cu trc hay tn s chun ho cua soi quang
Diu kin d trong soi quang chi truyn lan mt mode sng (l soi don mode)
l:
405 . 2 2
1
< A |
.
|
\
| H
= n a V

(2.17)
Mode sng co ban duy nht truyn trong soi quang don mode l mode dang
HE
11
, n c buoc sng ct bng v cng, hay tn s ct bng 0.
2.1.6 Cc dc trung suy hao cua si quang:
Sng nh sng khi truyn doc theo soi quang bi suy giam cuong d theo chiu
di soi. D l dc tnh vt l vn c cua soi quang goi l su suy hao.
Nu xt trn 1km chiu di soi quang, P
v
l cng sut tai cui soi quang th
luong suy hao cua nh sng trn doan soi tnh theo don vi dB c dang l:
, )
ra
v
P
P
dB L lg 10 =
(2.19)
Nu goi , ) km dB o l h s suy hao ring cua soi th ta c biu thuc:
, )
ra
v
P
P
km dB lg
10
= o
(2.20)
Su suy hao cua soi quang bao gm cc dang chnh nhu sau: suy hao hp thu,
suy hao do tn xa v buc xa, suy hao do kt ni.
Suy hao do hp thu l do su hp thu cua vt liu ch tao soi voi nh sng truyn
qua n. D l ban cht vt l cua cu tao nguyn tu, phn tu cua vt liu soi. Suy hao


do hp thu bao gm su hp thu hng ngoai v tu ngoai cua vt liu, hp thu cua cc Ion
OH cn st lai trong qu trnh diu ch tao soi.
Suy hao do hp thu cua cc Ion OH c cc dinh cuc dai tai cc buoc sng
94 . 0 = ; 1.22 v m 18 . 3 . Suy hao do hp thu hng ngoai s lon tai vng buoc sng
m 10 > , suy hao do hp thu tu ngoai s lon tai vng buoc sng m 1 . 0 < .
Suy hao do tn xa v buc xa: khi truyn nh sng trong li soi quang, gp cc
ch bt dng nht v chit sut trong soi c kch thuoc lon xp xi buoc sng s bi tn
xa ra moi pha v duoc goi l tn xa Rolay dn dn suy hao.
Suy hao do kt ni: bao gm suy hao do hn ni soi v suy hao do du ni dng
colector. Suy hao tai mi mi hn quy dinh khng vuot qua 0.1dB/mi, v suy hao tai
mi colector khng vuot 1dB/c.
2.1.7 Ph suy hao:
V cc suy hao cua soi quang phu thuc vo buoc sng lm vic nn suy hao
tng hop cua soi duoc biu thi l hm cua buoc sng goi l ph suy hao.

Hnh 2.4 Ph suy hao cua si quang


Hnh 2.4 o trn m ta ph suy hao cua soi quang trong cc giai doan thoi gian
khc nhau.
- Tu ph suy hao trn ta thy soi quang c 3 vng buoc sng c suy hao thp cho
php truyn nh sng goi l 3 cua s truyn dn cua soi.
+Vng cua s 1: m 9 . 0 8 . 0
1
= buoc sng tm m 85 . 0
10
= , h s suy hao
km dB/ 5 . 3 5 . 2 = o
Vng cua s 1 lm vic thch hop voi th h thng tin quang thu nht, c tc d
bit thp, cu ly khoang lp nho, dng soi da mode, cc linh kin thu pht c gi thnh
re.
+Vng cua s 2: m m 37 . 1 27 . 1
2
= , buoc sng tm m 3 . 1
20
= h s suy hao
km dB/ 5 . 0 35 . 0 = o .
Cua s ny lm vic tuong ung voi th h thng tin quang thu 2, dng soi don
mode, c tc d bit lon v cu li di, su dung cho cc vng hoc d thi, gi thnh cc
linh kin cao hon so voi th h 1.
+ Vng cua s 3: m m 6 . 1 5 . 1
3
= , buoc sng tm m 55 . 1
30
= , h s suy hao
km dB m / 25 . 0 15 . 0 = o , l cua s suy hao nho nht, su dung soi don mode tiu chun
SMF hoc soi don mode dich tn sc DSF. Vng ny lm vic thch hop voi h thng
tin quang thu 3, cho duong truc, tc d bit rt lon, cu ly siu di, gi thnh kh cao.
2.1.8 Dc tnh tn sc cua si quang:
Su tn sc cua soi quang: khi nh sng truyn trong soi quang ngoi bi suy hao
cn bi mo rng d rng xung quanh, hin tuong trn goi l su tn sc nh sng trong
soi quang. Hnh 2.5 duoi m ta su tn sc cua soi quang.


Hnh 2.5. D thj biu din dc tnh tn sc cua si quang
D tn sc trn mt don vi d di soi l:
r t
t t t =
2
1

(2.21)
Su tn sc cua soi quang dn dn pht sinh su chng ln cua cc xung ln cn
ln nhau khi truyn o tc d bit cao v cu ly di goi l su giao thoa giua cc k hiu ISI
(Inter Symbol Interference), gy ra li o my thu, do d han ch cu ly v tc d bit
truyn trong soi quang.
C cc dang tn sc cua soi quang nhu sau: tn sc mode, tn sc vt liu, tn
sc ng dn sng.
* Tn sc mode
Tn sc mode chi xay ra trong soi da mode. Tn sc mode l do su khc nhau
v thoi gian truyn doc soi quang cua cc mode khc nhau. Mi mode l mt tia sng
s truyn theo cc duong khc nhau trong soi, nhung o cui soi cc mode lai dn tai
cc thoi dim do di trn nhung khoang cch khc nhau cn duoc goi l su tr mode.
Tn sc mode dn dn lm gin rng xung quanh. Tn sc mode th hin o soi MM-SI
manh hon so voi soi MM- GI. D dc trung cho su tn sc, ta dua vo dai luong goi l
h s tn sc tnh trn mt don vi d di soi, k hiu l D.
Dng l thuyt quang hnh ta tnh duoc h s tn sc mode theo biu thuc sau:


+Trong soi MM- SI: , )
c
n
SI D
m
A
=
1
(ns/km)
(2.22)
+Trong soi MM- GI: , )
c
n
GI D
m
2
2
1
A
= (ns/km)
(voi soi dang ti uu
tu
o ).
(2.23)
O dy c l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng. Tn sc mode khng phu thuc
vo d rng ph cua ngun pht, n l tri nht trong cc loai tn sc cua soi quang.
* Tn sc vt liu
D l su phu thuc cua vn tc truyn cua cc mode sng trong soi quang vo
buoc sng lm vic . Nguyn nhn cua hin tuong ny l do chit sut cua vt liu
ch tao li l hm cua buoc sng. Vn tc pha v vn tc nhm sng tnh theo cng
thuc sau:
n
c
V
ph
= ,
nh
nh
n
c
V =
(2.24)
O dy
d
dn
n n
nh
1
1
= l chit sut nhm. R rng l vn tc pha v nhm cua
sng truyn trong li soi l hm cua buoc sng. V tn hiu bao gm nhiu thnh phn
ph khc nhau, mi thnh phn ph truyn voi vn tc khc nhau, nn gy ra su gin
rng xung tn hiu. Tn sc vt liu phu thuc vo d rng ph cua ngun pht, do d
n cn duoc goi l tn sc mu. D giam tai tn sc vt liu cn chon ngun pht c d
rng ph A hep. Ta tnh duoc h s tn sc vt liu theo biu thuc sau:
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
dn
d
c
cdr
n D
D
vl
(ps/km.nm )
(2.25)
Trong soi da mode, h s tn sc vt liu l kh nho so voi tn sc mode nn c
th bo qua, nhung trong soi don mode th lai l dang tn sc tri nht. Tai buoc sng


m 27 . 1 = duong chit sut nhm c d dc bng 0, nn tai buoc sng ny h s tn
sc vt liu bng 0.
* Tn sc ng dn sng (tn sc dung truyn)
L su phu thuc cua hng s truyn cua mode sng v v ti s bn knh li soi a
v buoc sng lm vic theo hm s:
|
.
|
\
|
=
H
=

|
a
f
n
1
2

(2.26)
Tn sc ny cung dn toi lm gin d rng xung quanh truyn doc soi. Tn sc
ng dn sng trong soi da mode l kh nho c th bo qua. Trong soi don mode, tai
vng buoc sng m 1 < n cung nho so voi tn sc vt liu v c th bo qua. Song tai
vng buoc sng gn m 27 . 1 th tn sc ny lai duoc so snh voi tn sc vt liu v cn
phai tnh dn anh huong cua n.
H s tn sc ng dn sng duo tnh theo biu thuc:
, )
(
A
=
2
2
2
dv
vb d
c
n
D
ods
(ps/km.nm)
(2.27)
Voi
2
2
2
1
2
2
2 2
n n
n k
b

=
|
l hng s truyn chun ho cua mode sng.
(2.28)
Ta thy rng h s tn sc vt liu D
vl
tng theo buoc sng tng, c gi tri tu m
sang duong di qua gi tri 0 tai buoc sng bng m 27 . 1 . Nguoc h s tn sc ng dn
sng D
ods
c gi tri m v duong cong ny giam khi buoc sng tng .V vy trong soi
don mode hiu ung tn sc tng hop tai buoc sng lm vic o vng cua s m 3 . 1 giam
dn gn bng 0.
2.2 B pht quang :
B pht quang c vai tr nhn tn hiu din duoc dua dn, chuyn di tn hiu
d thnh tn hiu quang. Hay ni cch khc, b pht quang c chuc nng chuyn tn


hiu tu min din sang min quang, v dua tn hiu quang ny ln knh truyn quang
(cp soi quang). Cu trc co ban cua mt b pht quang duoc m ta nhu Hnh 2.6 . B
pht quang nhu m ta o Hnh 2.6 bao gm ba thnh phn co ban nhu sau: (1) ngun
quang (Optical source) l Diode pht quang LED (Light Emitting Diode) hoc
Laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation), (2) b diu
ch (Modulator) v (3) b ghp knh (channel coupler) dng d hi tu nh sng sau khi
d diu ch vo knh truyn quang.

Hnh 2.6 Cu trc co ban b pht quang
Cng sut phng vo soi quang (launched power) l mt thng s quan trong
cn duoc xem xt khi thit k. Cng sut cng lon th khoang cch giua cc
tram lp (repeater) hay giua cc b khuch dai (amplifier) trn duong truyn cng di.
Tuy nhin, khi cng tng cng sut phng vo soi quang th anh huong cua cc
hin tuong phi tuyn ln tn hiu truyn trn soi quang cng tng . V th, cng sut
ny chi nm trong mt gioi han cho php sao cho anh huong cua cc hiu ung phi
tuyn l c th chp nhn duoc v s tram lp l t nht c th. Don vi thuong d do
muc cng sut ny l dBm voi muc cng sut tham chiu l 1 mW :
|
.
|
\
|
=
mW
power
dBm power
1
log 10 ) (
10

(2.28)
Di voi LED ,cng sut phng vo soi quang tuong di thp ( <-10dBm )
nhung di voi LAZER th muc cng sut ny c th dat 10 dBm. Ngy nay, hu ht
cc h thng truyn thng quang du su dung Lazer. Tc d bit c th dat duoc khi su


dung ngun quang Lazer trong cc h thng Vin thng hin nay l 40
.Gb/s/channel.
2.2.1 Ngun quang :
Loai ngun quang duoc su dung trong b pht quang l cc loai ngun quang
bn dn. Nhu d d cp trn, c hai loai ngun quang duoc su dung chnh d l LED
v Lazer. Tuy nhin, khng phai cht bn dn no cung duoc su dung d ch tao
ngun quang trong thng tin quang. D c th duoc su dung trong thng tin quang, cc
cht bn dn cn phai c dai cm nng luong truc tip v d rng cua dai cm
nng luong ph hop sao cho c th tao ra nh sng c buoc sng nm trong
vng buoc sng hoat dng cua thng tin quang.
Cc yu cu di voi mt ngun quang l:
C kch thuoc nho tuong ung voi soi quang d c th ghp nh sng
vo trong soi quang voi hiu sut cao.
Thu nhn tn hiu din ng vo mt cch chnh xc d giam su mo dang v
nhiu ln tn hiu. L tuong, ngun quang phai tuyn tnh.
D rng ph hep d giam tn sc trong soi quang.
Pht ra nh sng c buoc sng ph hop voi vng buoc sng m soi quang c
suy hao thp v tn sc thp, dng thoi linh kin thu quang hoat dng
hiu qua tai cc buoc sng ny.
nh sng do ngun quang pht ra khng phai chi tn tai o mt buoc sng nht
dinh m tai mt khoang buoc sng. Dy chnh l nguyn nhn cua hin tuong tn sc
sc th (CD - Chromatic Dispersion), lm gioi han cu ly truyn. Do vy, d rng ph
do ngun quang pht ra cng hep cng tt. Thng thuong Diot pht quang LED s c
d rng ph khoang 50-60 nm, lon hon Lazer (2-4 nm) rt nhiu nhung lai re hon. Cho
nn ty ung dung, thit k cu th m nguoi ta chon su dung LED hay Lazer .


Trong cc h thng truyn thng tc d cao, cu ly truyn dn lon th Lazer l
lua chon ti uu. D ti trnh by ca l thuyt ln m phong ngun quang su dung l
Lazer, cu th hon l loai Lazer hi tip phn b DFB (Distributed Feedback Lasers).
2.2.2 Lazer hi tip phn b DFB :
Lazer DFB duoc ung dung v pht trin trong nhung nm 1980 . V co ban,
Nguyn l hoat dng cua Laser dua trn hai hin tuong: (1) Hin tuong pht xa kch
thch nhm tao ra su khuch dai nh sng trong Laser. Khi xay ra hin tuong pht xa
kch thch, photon nh sng kch thch din tu o vng dn tao ra mt photon thu hai.
Hai photon ny tip tuc qu trnh pht xa kch thch d tao ra nhiu photon hon nua
theo cp s nhn (Hnh 2.7 (c)). Cc photon ny duoc tao ra c tnh kt hop (cng tn
s, cng pha, cng huong v cng phn cuc). Nhu vy, nh sng kt hop duoc khuch
dai. (2) Hin tuong cng huong cua sng nh sng khi lan truyn trong laser tao ra su
chon loc tn s (hay buoc sng) nh sng. Theo d, chi nhung sng nh sng c tn s
(hay buoc sng) thoa diu kin v pha cua hc cng huong th moi c th lan truyn v
cng huong trong hc cng huong duoc.

Hnh 2.7 Cc co ch chuyn di mc nng lung
(a) hp th. (b) pht x t pht. (c) pht x kch thch
Cu trc cua laser DFB duoc biu din trn Hnh 2.8. Qu trnh cng
huong v chon loc tn s xay ra trong laser DFB duoc thuc hin nho cu trc cch tu
Bragg dt o bn canh, doc theo vng tch cuc cua laser. Sng nh snh pht xa trong
laser lan truyn doc theo vng tch cuc v phan xa tai mi doan dc cua cch tu.


Diu kin d su phan xa v cng huong c th xay ra l buoc sng nh sng
phai thoa diu kin Bragg :
|
.
|
\
|
A =
|
|
.
|
\
|
= A
m
n
n
m
a
B
a
B u
u

2
2
(2.29)
Trong d: m l bc nhiu xa, A l chu ky cua cch tu Bragg, n
av
l chit sut trung
bnh cua cch tu. Cc photon nh sng do hin tuong pht xa kch thch tao ra trong
vng tch cuc phan xa nhiu ln tai cch tu. Tai mi doan dc cua cch tu, mt phn
nng luong nh sng bi phan xa. Tng hop nng luong nh sng phan xa tai
mi doan cch tu ny trong laser lm cho phn lon nh sng trong laser duoc
phan xa c buoc sng thoa diu kin Bragg. Kt qua l, laser DFB chi pht xa ra nh
sng c buoc sng B thoa diu kin Bragg. V vy, DFB laser chi pht ra mt
mode sng c d rng ph rt hep. Voi dc dim nhu vy, laser DFB d v dang
duoc su dung trong cc h thng thng tin quang c cu ly truyn dn di v tc d
bit truyn cao.

Hnh 2.8 Cu trc cua Lazer DFB
2.2.3 B diu ch quang (modulator) :
B diu ch quang nhm dua thng tin cn truyn ln sng mang quang. C hai
kiu diu ch quang thuong duoc su dung d l diu ch truc tip (Direc
Modulator) v su dung b diu ch ngoi (External Modulator) . Mi dang diu ch
du c uu v nhuoc dim ring. Di voi cc h thng thng tin quang tc d vua phai
(duoi 10 Gb/s) th kiu diu ch truc tip duoc su dung. Trong kiu diu ch ny, tn
hiu din duoc dua truc tip vo d phn cuc cho Lazer. O tc d cao (trn 10 Gb/s)


kiu diu ch ny s gy nn hin tuong dich tn s (frequency chirp) . D khc phuc
nhuoc dim ny cua dang diu ch truc tip th nguoi ta dng b diu ch ngoi thay v
dng b diu ch truc tip di voi cc h thng thng tin tc d cao. D ti s di vo
phn tch, m phong b diu ch ngoi, cu th l b diu ch giao thoa
MachZehnder (Mach-Zehnder modulator).
2.2.4 Cu trc b diu ch giao thoa Mach-Zehnder - MZM :
Cu trc chung nht cua b MZM duoc m ta nhu Hnh 2.9. B diu ch giao
thoa MZM bao gm mt b chia tai ng vo, hai nhnh dn sng nh sng, v mt b
ghp tai ng ra. Hoat dng cua b MZM dua vo hin tuong giao thoa nh sng v
hin tuong thay di chit sut cua vt liu (LiNbO 3 ) theo cuong dng phn cuc hay
ni cch khc l tun theo hiu ung Pockels (l hiu ung m o d chit sut nh sng
cua mi truong bin di theo din truong p dung ln mi truong d. Khi chit sut
nh sng thay di theo din th, pha cua sng truyn qua cung bi thay di theo din th
d). Mt cch vn tt, d lch pha cua mt sng truyn qua ti l thun voi din th p
dung v duoc cho boi cng thuc :
H
H = Au
V
V

(2.30)
Trong d: l din th phn cuc cho MZM.
H
V l din th phn cuc d pha cua
nhnh tuong ung bi dich 180
0
.Nhu vy, pha cua sng mang quang s bi dich di mt
gc ty thuc vo din th phn cuc p vo cc din cuc. Ng ra cua b MZM l kt
qua giao thoa cua hai nhnh. MZM duoc ung dung ph bin trong diu ch pha v diu
ch bin d. C hai cch phn cuc cho b MZM d l phn cuc don (single drive) v
phn cuc di (dual drive).


Hnh 2.9 Cu trc b Mach-Zehnder modulator
Trong kiu phn cuc ny, chi c mt nhnh MZM duoc phn cuc. Ng ra cua MZM l
su kt hop cua hai nhnh, ta c :
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = + =
H H
H H
V
Vin
j
in V
Vin
j
in in
out
e
E
e
E E
E 1
2 2 2

(2.31)
Trong d:
E
in
l cuong d nh sng ng vo, E
out
l cuong d nh sng ng ra.
H
V l din th phn cuc d pha nhnh d dich H .
V
in
l din th phn cuc cho MZM.

Hnh 2.10 Cu trc b MZM phn cc don


Nhu vy, ty vo din th phn cuc m cuong d quang ng ra cua MZM bin
thin tu 0 dn E
in
(hay tu trang thi ON dn OFF).
Hnh 2.11 m ta b MZM phn cuc di . Trong cch phn cuc ny, ca hai nhnh
cua MZM du duoc phn cuc voi din th di xung (V
1
(t)=-V
2
(t)).

Hnh 2.11 Cu trc b MZM phn cc di
Ng ra cua b MZM phn cuc di cung l su kt hop cua ca hai nhnh nhu
truong hop phn cuc don.
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
H H
H H
V
V
j
V
V
j
in
out
e e
E
E
2 1
2

(2.32)
C th dng b diu ch MZM d diu ch tn hiu quang theo cc dang nhu
OOK, BPSK, QPSK .
2.3 B thu quang
B thu quang c chuc nng nhn tn hiu quang tu soi quang, sau d chuyn tn
hiu quang thnh tn hiu din, xu l v khi phuc dang tn hiu din ny. Nguyn l
hoat dng cua b thu quang dua trn hin tuong quang din, v duoc chia lm hai loai.
Loai thu nht dua vo hin tuong quang din ngoi (cc din tu thot khoi b mt kim
loai bng cch hp thu nng luong tu dng photon toi). Loai thu hai hoat dng dua vo
hiu ung quang ni (l qu trnh tao ra cc hat mang din tu do din tu-l trng tu cc
mi ni bn dn bng vic hp thu nng luong dng photon toi), photodiode mi ni


PN, photodiode PIN, photodiode thc lu APD hoat dng dua vo nguyn l cua loai
thu hai

Hnh 2.12 So d khi b thu quang
V co ban, b thu quang bao gm ba thnh phn chnh. Truoc khi di vo chi tit
b thu quang ta hy xem xt cc thng s co ban duoi dy khi thit k, dnh gi cht
luong b thu quang.
Hiu sut luong tu: ti s giua s din tu duoc tao ra trn s photon toi :
p
e
p
e
r
r
n
n
= = q

(2.32)
Trong d:
N
e
:s din tu duoc tao ra, N
p
:s photon toi.
r
e
tc d photon toi, r
p
tc d din tu duoc tao ra.
Tng qut th q <1 v khng phai ton b photon toi du c th tao ra duoc
cp
din tu-l trng.
D dp ung (R)
D dp ung (Responsivity) R (A/W) duoc dinh nghia l ti s dng din Ip duoc
sinh ra trn cng sut photon P 0 chiu toi. Dy l thng s rt quan trong:


) / (
0
W A
I
I
R
p
=

(2.33)
D nhay (Sensitivity)
L muc cng sut quang nho nht yu cu o du thu sao cho dam bao duoc mt
muc cht luong cho truoc (SNR hoc BER). V du d nhay b thu quang l S=-25 dB
d dat BER=10
-9
th c nghia l cng sut quang dn du thu phai lon hon hoc bng -
25 dB th b thu moi c th dam bao BER=10
-9

Nhiu
Trong b thu quang, nhiu thuong duoc th hin duoi dang dng bao gm cc
loai nhu nhiu nhit, nhiu luong tu, nhiu dng ti vv
B ghp knh (channel coupler)
Cung l mt vi thu knh dng d hi tu tn hiu quang truyn tu soi quang vo
mt photodiode.
Photo-detector
Photo-detector l linh kin d chuyn nng luong quang thu duoc thnh tn hiu
din. Thng thuong mt photodetector c th l mt photodiode mi ni PN,
photodiode PIN, photodiode thc lu APDTrong thuc t, di voi cc h thng thng
tin quang tc d cao, yu cu d nhay cung nhu d chnh xc cao th photdiode thc lu
APD duoc su dung. Nho co ch thc lu xay ra trong photodiode APD nn so voi
photodiode PIN th n c d nhay lon hon tu 5 dB dn 15 dB , hiu sut luong tu (hiu
sut bin di quang-din) cua APD thuong cao hon cc loai photodiode khc nhiu
ln, d dp ung cua photodiode APD cao hon photodiode PIN vi trm ln (0.5 0.7
A/W so voi 20-80 A/W) . Tuy nhin, photodiode APD th nhiu thuong cao hon, d n
dinh km hon (phu thuc manh vo nhit d v din p phn cuc), v din p phn cuc
cao hon nhiu ln so voi photodiode PIN.


B giai diu ch (Demodulator)
B giai diu ch c chuc nng chuyn dng thu duoc tu photodiode thnh tn
hiu c dang ging nhu tn hiu truoc khi di vo b diu ch o b pht. Ty vo dang
diu ch tn hiu duoc truyn trn soi quang m b giai diu ch duoc thit k khc
nhau. V du h thng su dung dang diu ch cuong d IM (Intensity Modulator) nhu
NRZ-OOK th theo sau photo-diode l mt b khuch dai din, di voi diu ch pha
nhu PSK th phai chuyn v IM truoc khi dua vo photo-diode.
2.4 Knh truyn quang :
Knh truyn quang l thnh phn quan trong nht trong h thng quang. N c
vai tr truyn tn hiu quang tu du pht dn du thu. Hu ht cc h thng quang mt
dt su dung soi cp quang lm knh truyn quang boi cc dc tnh ni tri cua soi
quang nhu l suy hao thp (0.2 dB/km), bng thng cuc lon, gon nhe, d bao mt
caoTuy nhin, khi tn hiu lan truyn trn cp soi quang th chng cung bi tc dng
boi cc hiu ung truyn dn lm giam cht luong v han ch tc d truyn cung nhu
khoang cch truyn tn hiu trn soi quang.
2.5 B khuch di quang :
Di voi cc h thng truyn dn voi khoang cch di, tn hiu quang s bi suy
yu trong qu trnh truyn dn, do d cn phai ti tao lai tn hiu sau mt
khoang cch nht dinh no d, khi d cc b khuch dai quang duoc su dung.
B khuch dai duoc thuc hin trong min din, tuc l tn hiu quang s duoc
chuyn thnh tn hiu din sau d tn hiu din d duoc khuch dai, cui cng tn
hiu din lai duoc chuyn v lai tn hiu quang v tip tuc truyn trn soi
quang.
Nguyn l cua b khuch dai quang dua trn hin tuong pht xa kch thch
nhung khng xay ra cng huong trong qu trnh khuch dai (khc Lazer). Trong mi
truong tch cuc cua b khuch dai th ca 3 qu trnh hp thu, pht xa tu pht v pht xa
kch thch xay ra dng thoi . Tuy nhin chi c qu trnh pht xa kch thch l tao ra d


loi khuch dai, pht xa tu pht duoc coi l nguyn nhn chnh gy nhiu trong cc
bkhuch dai quang. Nhiu ny duoc goi l nhiu pht xa tu pht duoc khuch dai
ASE (Amplified Spontaneous Emission noise).
C nhiu loai khuch dai quang, c th tam chia lm hai loai chnh d l khuch
dai quang bn dn SOA (Optical Semiconductor Amplifier) v khuch dai soi
quang OFA (Optical Fiber Amplifier). Hin nay, b khuch dai EDFA duoc su dung
ph bin v c nhiu uu dim v cc dc tnh k thut so voi cc b khuch dai khc
nhu bng thng rng (20-70nm), d loi lon (20-40dB), cng sut ng ra lon (c th
hon 200 mW), v nhiu thp. Ngoi ra b khuch dai EDFA c vng nh sng khuch
dai (1530nm-1565nm) thch hop voi dai tn hoat dng cua h thng ghp knh theo
buoc sng mt d cao DWDM. D ti di su vo phn tch b khuch dai ny. Cu tao
chung cua b khuch dai quang duoc trnh by nhu trn Hnh 2.13 (a).

Hnh 2.13 (a) Cu trc chung b khuch di, (b) cu trc b EDFA
Cu trc b khuch dai EDFA duoc minh hoa trn Hnh 2.13 (b) trong d gm
cc b cch ly quang (Isolator) ngn khng cho tn hiu quang sau khi khuch dai di
nguoc v ngun pht, b ghp tn hiu quang Coupler d dua nh sng tu ngun Lazer
bom v tn hiu quang cn khuch dai vo trong soi quang pha tap Erbium, Lazer bom
cung cp nng luong nh sng d tao ra trang thi nghich dao nng d trong vng tch
cuc. Laser bom pht ra nh sng c buoc sng 980nm hoc 1480nm v cui cng l
soi quang pha ion Erbium l noi xay ra qu trnh khuch dai cua EDFA.


CHUONG 3 GHP KNH QUANG PHN CHIA THEO THI
GIAN
3.1 Gii thiu :
Trong nhung nm gn dy, cng ngh thng tin quang d dat duoc nhung thnh
tuu rt lon trong d phai k dn k thut ghp knh quang, n thuc hin vic ghp cc
tn hiu nh sng d truyn trn soi dn quang v vic ghp knh s khng c mt qu
trnh bin di v din no. Muc tiu cua vic ghp knh cung nhm tng dung luong
knh truyn dn v tao ra cc tuyn thng tin quang c dung luong cao. Khi tc d dat
toi mt muc d no d th nguoi ta thy han ch cua cc mach din tu trong vic nng
cao tc d truyn dn, v ban thn cc mach din tu khng dam bao duoc dp ung
xung tn hiu cuc ky hep cng voi n l chi ph cao. D khc phuc tnh trang trn th
k thut ghp knh quang d ra doi v c nhiu phuong php ghp knh khc nhau
nhung phuong php ghp knh quang phn chia theo thoi gian (OTDM-Optical Time
Division Multiplexing) l uu vit hon ca v duoc su dung ph bin trn ton th gioi.
Di voi OTDM, k thut ghp knh o dy c lin quan dn lung tn hiu ghp, dang
m v tc d duong truyn.
Nhu ta d bit, cc h thng thng tin quang thch hop voi cng ngh truyn
dn SDH. K thut SDH s ghp cc knh d tao ra cc lung tn hiu quang, cn
OTDM s thuc hin vic ghp cc lung quang ny d tao ra cc tuyn truyn dn c
dung luong cao.
3.2 Nguyn l ghp knh OTDM :
Trong h thng thng tin quang su dung k thut OTDM th chui xung hep
duoc pht ra tu ngun pht thch hop. Cc tn hiu ny duoc dua vo khuch dai nhm
nng muc tn hiu du lon d dp ung duoc yu cu. Sau khi duoc chia thnh N lung,
mi lung s duoc dua vo diu ch nho cc b diu ch ngoi voi tn hiu nhnh c
tc d B Gbit/s. D thuc hin ghp cc tn hiu quang ny voi nhau, cc tn hiu nhnh
phai duoc dua qua cc b tr quang. Tuy theo vi tr cua tung knh theo thoi gian trong
khung m cc b tr ny s thuc hin tr d dich cc khe thoi gian quang mt cch


tuong ung. Thoi gian tr l mt chu ky cua tn hiu clock v nhu vy tn hiu sau khi
duoc ghp s c tn hiu l B Gbit/s. Bn pha thu, thit bi tch knh s tch knh v
khi phuc xung clock khi d s dua ra duoc tung knh quang ring bit tuong ung voi
cc knh quang o du vo cua b ghp pha pht.So d khi duoi dy m ta hoat dng
cua h thng truyn dn quang su dung k thut OTDM.

Hnh 3.1 So d h thng thng tin quang su dng k thut OTDM ghp 4 knh quang
Cc h thng ghp knh OTDM thuong hoat dng o vng buoc
sng 1550nm, tai buoc sng ny c suy hao quang nho v lai ph hop voi b khuch
dai quang soi c mt trong h thng. Cc b khuch dai quang soi c chuc nng duy tr
qu cng sut cua h thng nhm dam bao ty l S/N o pha thu quang.
3.3 Pht tn hiu trong h thng OTDM :
H thng thng tin quang su dung k thut ghp knh OTDM p dung hai k
thut pht tn hiu chu yu sau:
Thoi gian
Thoi gian

Ngun
pht
quang
KD
quang
B
chia
quang
B diu ch
B diu ch

B diu ch

B diu ch

B
ghp
quang
KD
quang
Khi
pht
clock

B
tch
knh

Knh
Tn hiu
Tr quang
Soi
quang
Knh 1
Knh 2
Knh 3
Knh 4
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4


Tao lung s liu quang s RZ thng qua vic xu l quang lung NRZ.
Dua vo vic diu ch ngoi cua cc xung quang.
Trong k thut tao lung s liu quang s RZ thng qua vic xu l quang lung
NRZ, tu lung NRZ ta thuc hin bin di chng d dua v dang tn hiu RZ bng cch
cho lung tn hiu NRZ qua phn tu xu l quang c dc tnh chuyn di ph hop. Qu
trnh bin di nh sng lin tuc (CW) thng cc xung dua vo b khuch dai din
quang. Du vo CW l lung tn hiu quang NRZ v thuong th mi lung NRZ yu
cu mt phn tu xu l ring. Nhung voi cc h thng tin tin hon s cho php dng
thoi thuc hin ca bin di v xen quang NRZ thnh NZ nho mt thit bi chuyn mach
tch cuc din quang 2x2. V vy, chm tn hiu ban du NRZ tc d B Gbit/s s duoc
ly mu nho b diu ch Mach-Zehnder, b diu ch ny duoc diu khin voi mt
sng hnh sin voi tn s B GHz v duoc lm bng bin d cho dn gi tri din p
chuyn mach. Tn hiu quang s ny s duoc bin di thnh dang RZ o tc d B Gbit/s
voi d rng xung bng nua chu ky bit v vic ny nhm muc dch tao ra mt khoang
d xen vo mt lung tn hiu dang RZ thu hai. Vic xen knh thu hai duoc thuc hin
nho b ghp.
Cng ngh ngun pht quang trong ghp knh cung duoc luu , d l cc Laser
c th pht xung rt hep o t d cao v du ra cua ngun l cc b chia quang thu
dng, cc b diu ch ngoi v tip d l cc b tr thoi gian, cc b ti hop vn su
dung coupler. Cc san phm cua pha pht OTDM duoc pht hu nhu dua vo cng
ngh t hop mach lai ghp v diu ny d tao diu kin thun loi cho vic tin hnh
nghin cuu.
Di voi h thng su dung ki thut OTDM, khi lua chon tuyn quang cho h
thng ta cn quan tm dn ti l dnh dim-khoang trng v n ty thuc vo muc d
ghp knh dt ra. Trong h thng OTDM 4 knh, ty l dnh dim-khoang trng lon
hon di voi ngun pht xung quanh. Khi tuyn truyn dn rt xa th ti l ny s yu cu
cao hon. Cc ngun pht xung ph hop voi h thng OTDM dang duoc su dung rng
ri:


Cc laser hc cng huong ngoi g mode 4x5Gbit/s.
Cc laser DFB chuyn mach khuch dai 8x6Gbit/s.
Cc laser vng soi kha mode 4x10Gbit/s v 16x6.25Gbit/s.
Cc ngun pht lin tuc 16x6.25Gbit/s.
Ngun pht lin tuc 16x6.2 Gbit/s l mt cng cu thuc hin linh hoat dua trn
su mo rng quang ph bng cch truyn nhung xung nng luong cao trn dy cp
quang.
3.4 Giai ghp v xen r knh trong h thng OTDM :
3.4.1 Giai ghp :
Khi xem xt cc h thng thng tin quang su dung cng ngh OTDM, nguoi ta
quan tm dn vic ghp v giai ghp trong vng thoi gian quang. Voi h thng thng
tin quang c cu hnh dim-dim th cng vic giai ghp o pha thu l vic tch hon
ton cc knh quang tuong ung d duoc pht o du pht. Nhung di voi mang thng
tin quang su dung ki thut OTDM th vic giai ghp o pha thu khng chi don thun l
tch cc knh quang m cn thuc hin vic xen v r knh tu lung truyn dn.
Di voi cc b giai ghp knh cn phai xem xt cc thng s co ban v tch
knh k ca ty s phn bit quang, suy hao quang, suy hao xen v mt ct cua s chuyn
mach c th dat duoc. Ty s phn bit c anh huong rt lon dn muc d xuyn m.
EX =10log
10
A/B (3.1)

Voi A: Muc cng sut quang trung bnh o muc logic 1.
B: Muc cng sut quang trung bnh o muc logic O.
Ngoi ra, xuyn knh cung s bi tng do su phu chom giua cc knh ln cn voi
nhau tao thnh cua s chuyn mach. V kt qua l d rng cua cua s chuyn mach s


c anh huong truc tip dn t d duong truyn do d ta phai dt ra cc yu cu v d
rng xung tn hiu sau khi truyn dn d giam nho xuyn knh.
Bang tm tt cc phuong php ghp knh OTDM
Loai chuyn mach Tn hiu diu khin
Cc dc tnh v cua s
chuyn mach nho nht
B diu ch Niobate ghp
tng
Sng din hnh sin 40>10Gbit/s cua s 19ps
B diu khin bng rng Sng din hai tn s
40>10Gbit/s cua s 22ps, r
v xen knh
B diu khin din hp
thu
Sng din hnh sin
Khng nhay cam phn cuc
40>10Gbit/s, cua s 10ps
Quang Kerr Xung quang
40Gbit/s, 5Gbit/s
100>6,25Gbit
Trn sng: soi Xung quang 40>20Gbit/s
Guong vng: soi Xung quang
100>6,25Gbit/s, cua s 6ps
R v xen knh
Trn sng: bn dn Xung quang
40Gbit/s*10Gbit/s
20>5Gbit/s
Quang Kerr: bn dn Xung quang 20>19Gbit/s
Guong vng: bn dn Xung quang
40>10Gbit/s
250>1Gbit/s cua s 4ps.


C hai loai so d giai ghp chnh l diu khin din v diu khin quang. Trong
thoi gian du, co ban tp trung vo huong su dung cc b diu ch Mach-Zehnder
Lithium Niobate, n cho php khai thc dp ung hnh sin d giai ghp bn ln tc d
tn hiu co ban. Nhung gn dy, nguoi ta lai quan tm dn vic ung dung cc cng
ngh xu l quang hon ton cho giai ghp voi cc dc tnh ni bt sau:
Cho php thoa mn v cc muc d giai ghp knh.
Ly duoc knh, truy cp dn cc knh dang truyn d thuc hin vic xen v r
knh.
Cc cua s chuyn mach c cc uu dim ni bt cho h thng OTDM, diu ny
cho php su dung cc xung tn hiu rng hon truoc khi cc knh k nhau gy ra
xuyn knh.
Hiu ung Kerr l hiu ung phi tuyn m trong d dc tnh phn cuc cua soi
quang phu thuc vo su dng nht theo hnh tru cua chi s chit sut.
Hnh 3.2 Nguyn l cua b ghp knh thi gian (DEMUX) su dng chuyn mch phn
cc quang


3.4.2 Xen r knh :
Tn hiu dn b chia 3dB chia ra giua cc nhnh cua guong vng. Sau khi lan
truyn vng quanh vi km soi trong vng th hai chui xung s giao thoa, ti hop voi
nhau v duoc phan xa tu guong vng duoi cc diu kin tuong thch. Chu trnh hoat
dng co ban ny l dng v tuyn tnh. Tuy nhin, nu c chui xung clock cng sut
cao hon duoc dua vo vng m trng hop voi tn hiu s nhung chi lan truyn theo
mt huong th cc xung clock s bin di chi s chit sut cua li soi. Vic diu ch
ngang pha vua du d c th c trong cc xung tn hiu d tao ra cc xung ph hop
duoc chuyn mach qua pha tn hiu d tao ra cc xung ph hop duoc chuyn mach
qua pha di din cua guong vng. Kt qua l tn hiu cn thit ly ra o nt duoc thit
bi phan xa trong khi d cc knh cn lai s di qua v ti hop tai ch voi tn hiu duoc
pht cho huong truyn dn phia truoc cua s chuyn mach cua thit bi v cua s ny
duoc xc dinh khng chi bng dang cua cc xung diu khin m cn bng ca cc vn
tc tuong di cua cc tn hiu v xung diu khin mt cch di xung o hai pha cua tn
sc soi bng khng m cua s chuyn mach s thu duoc tu cc xung tn hiu v diu
khin l tuong hop v vn tc.
Cc guong vng phi tuyn (NOLM: Nonlinear Loop Mirror) cung c th duoc
cu trc tu thit bi Laser bn dn thay cho soi trong mt s truong hop.
Nhuoc dim chnh cua NOLM l do d di cua soi (khoang 10km ), m cn
phai lua cho vic tn sc bng khng v buoc sng tn hiu diu khin d dat duoc cua
s chuyn mach hop l.
3.5 Dng b quang trong h thng OTDM:


Hnh 3.3 Cu hnh PLL quang d trch ly clock
Ki thut tch ly tn hiu clock l mt qu trnh khng th thiu duoc d tao ra
tn hiu dinh thoi voi tc d cua tn hiu l mt qu trnh khng th thiu khi thuc hin
xu l cc tn hiu PCM tc d cao. Trong cc h thng thng tin quang hin nay dang
khai thc, vic trch ly thoi gian duoc thuc hin trn cc mach kha pha PLL din
(phase-locked-loop) sau khi tn hiu quang thu duoc bin di thnh tn hiu din th
cc thit bi truyn dn nhu cc thit bi du cui quang, thit bi xen k knh v ca cc
tram lp du c PLL. Vic trch ly xung clock di hoi mt cch chnh xc.
Cc mach PLL din chi dp ung duoc cc h thng truyn dn voi tc d bt
nho, khi tc d truyn dn tng ln th chng khng cn ph hop nua. N s bi han ch
v bng tn cua cc b bin di quang_din v mach din tu khng dp ung kip. Di
voi cc h thng OTDM tc d lm vic rt cao v tnh cht quang ha cua cc h
thng ny th hin rt r cho nn cn phai xu dung vic tch tn hiu clock dua trn
cng ngh quang. Cc mach PLL d dp ung duoc tc d cuc nhanh cua tn hiu trn
h thng OTDM cung nhu cc h thng thng tin tc d cao khc.
Trong cu hnh mach PLL quang, b khuch dai Laser LDA c chuc nng nhu
mt mach kt hop ngang quang c tc d cuc nhanh. Khi c ca tn hiu quang v xung
tu clock di toi, b khuch dai LDA s kt hop hai tn hiu ny v cho ra tn hiu tn s
thp c chua thnh phn A
f
voi A
f
l su lch tn s cua hai tn hiu ny, sau d t hop
Tn hiu
clock ra
Buoc sng
Tn hiu
quang ti
LDA
B loc
quang
B thu
quang v
lp
B so
pha
VCO
E/O
Pht tn
hiu clock
quang
Buoc sng

1
+
2

Buoc sng
f
0
Af
Af
Af
f
0
Af
f
0


tn hiu ny duoc tch sng v loc d tao ra tn hiu A
f
tuong ung voi tn hiu ni so
snh. Dich pha ny duoc kim tra boi mach so pha, kt qua so pha s duoc dua vo b
dao dng diu khin din p VCO d pht ra tn s f
0
. My pht tn hiu quang s bin
di tn hiu din c tn s f
0
A
f
thnh tn hiu quang tuong ung. Tn hiu clock quang
s duoc ly ra tu b bin di din quang E/O v cp vo thit bi giai ghp quang
trong h thng OTDM.
3.6 D}c tnh truyn dn cua OTDM :
Do nh sng truyn trong soi quang bi giai rng ra do su tn sc cua soi quang,
trong khi d cc h thng thng tin quang su dung k thut OTDM hoat dng voi tc
d rt cao, diu d di hoi cc xung pht ra phai rt ngn. Ta c th dua truyn dn
Soliton v h thng d khc phuc vn d tn sc. Tuy vy, vn phai quan tm toi vn
d xung cuc hep. Gia su cc b khuch dai quang thuong duoc su dung d tng cc
muc tn hiu doc theo tuyn thng tin quang khi cn.
Trong truyn dn tuyn tnh tn hiu RZ trn soi c tn sc, vn d b cho h
thng theo nghia b tru tn sc chi thit lp cho cc xung tn hiu bi mt nng luong
vo cc khe thoi gian ln cn. Tuy vy, mt khi diu ny xay ra th h thng bi suy
giam nhanh nn d tng cuc dai khoang cch truyn dn th phai dua cc h thng
truyn dn OTDM v cc tuyn cua tn sc tin toi khng. Giai php du tin l ngun
pht phai lm vic tai buoc sng gn voi buoc sng cua tn sc soi bng khng v diu
ny rt kh thuc hin boi giam cng sut tn hiu d trnh dn xung cn thit nhung
diu ny c th lm cho dc tnh cua h thng bi gioi han do ti l S/N. Giai php thu
hai l cc k thut diu tit tn sc nh sng c th duoc su dung d duy tr hnh thuc
truyn dn tuyn tnh cua tuyn.
H thng su dung cc b pht OTDM trong truyn dn s phi tuyn c uu dim
lon. Cc dang xung ngn ph hop voi truyn dn Soliton d khc phuc tn sc cua soi
dn quang. Voi h thng Soliton th khoang lp cua h thng OTDM phi tuyn c th
duoc tng ln rt lon bng cch thuc hin k thut diu khin Soliton, thng qua vic


su dung cc b loc dn hoc dinh thoi tch cuc. Cc b loc dn rt thun loi khi p
dung vo mi truong c hiu ung Gordon-Haus gy ra J itter, cn lai vic dinh lai thoi
gian tch cuc s loai bo J itter di voi bt k mt co ch hoat dng no. Nho cc cng
ngh ny nguoi ta c th thuc hin mt tram lp bao gm khi khi phuc clock din d
diu khin thit bi din-quang hoc quang hon ton nhm dua ra dich pha.
3.7 Dnh gi h thng OTDM :
Bang so snh hai ki thut ghp knh quang OTDM v WDM
Ki thut ghp knh
quang
OTDM WDM
Buoc sng Don buoc sng Da buoc sng
Tc d bit Tc d bit cao (ln dn
640GB / s)
Tc d bit thp hon (2,5 -
100 GB / s)
Cng ngh Chua hon thin Trong giai doan pht trin
Cc hiu ung phi tuyn Tn sc soi quang v thoi
gian delay J itter
FWM , SRS v SPM

OTDM c th cung cp cho nguoi dng voi hiu sut thng luong tt hon, thoi
gian nhanh hon so voi truy cp don knh v tc d du liu truy cp rt cao. Hin
nay,chun OTDM 10 Gbps d duoc thuong mai ha v duoc su dung ph bin.
K thut ghp knh OTDM khng thng qua mt qu trnh bin di v din no
m l bin di ton quang nn h thng khng bi han ch boi tc d xu l cua cc linh
kin din tu. Do d, dung luong cua mt knh buoc sng c th dat duoc hon
1Tb/s.Tuy nhin, nhuoc dim cua h thng OTDM l :


Cu ly truyn dn cua tn hiu trong h thng bi han ch boi hin tuong tn sc
rt lon .
Tao ra cc xung quang rt ngn, di hoi ki thut cng ngh cao, gi thnh cao.
Ti l li bit BER (Bit error rate) trong h thng OTDM phu thuc vo 2 yu t
l nhiu xuyn m (crosstalk) v thoi gian tuong di J itter (relative timing jitter), anh
huong dn hiu sut cua h thng. Ngoi ra, trn thuc t h thng OTDM cn bi anh
huong boi nhiu giao thoa (interferometric noise) trong qu trnh xu l tn hiu.

Hnh 3.4 Cc yu t lm anh huong tn hiu nhn duc trong h thng OTDM.
Do chiu tc dng cua cc yu t phi tuyn trn soi quang trong qu trnh truyn
dn thng tin nn h thng OTDM s c h s BER cao hon h thng don knh. V
vy, cht luong h thng OTDM s thp hon h thng don knh.


CHUONG 4 KET LUAN V HUNG PHT TRIEN

D ti k thut ghp knh phn chia theo thoi gian trong h thng thng tin
quang d thuc su dem lai cho chng ta nhiu hiu bit v thng tin soi quang. Khi tm
hiu v h thng thng tin soi quang o chuong 1 d trnh by mt cch khi qut v h
thng v d gip cho chng ta c tm nhn v h thng thng tin soi quang mt cch
tng qut. Cc chuong tip theo s tp trung vo trnh by mt cch then cht cc vn
d nhu dc dim, cu tao chuc nng cua h thng cp soi quang.
Voi nhung uu dim k trn vic su dung soi quang lm phuong tin truyn dn
l rt cn thit. Th nhung khi su dung soi quang trong thuc t khng phai diu don
gian, co ch nh sng lan truyn trong soi quang cung nhu d tn hao l nhung yu t
cn phai tnh dn truoc tin khi chon soi quang lm phuong tin truyn dn tn hiu.
Tuy nhin, d tng tc d truyn dn, bng thng, dung luongth vn d ghp
knh quang l mt tt yu. C ba loai ghp knh quang l ghp knh phn chia theo
thoi gian (OTDM), ghp knh phn chia theo tn s (OFDM), ghp knh quang phn
chia theo buoc sng (WDM). Trong ca ba phuong n trn th ghp knh quang phn
chia theo thoi gian l ph bin nht voi cc tnh nng uu vit cua n.
Trong nhung nm gn dy, cc nuoc dang pht trin trn th gioi nhu M, Nht,
Trung Quc, Ducdang nghin cuu d dua ra cng ngh moi: WDM l truyn dn tc
d cao vi trm Gbit dn Tbit. Dng cng ngh WDM d mo rng dung luong, tit
kim duoc s luong lon dim b lp, b ti sinh, giam gi thnh cua h thng. N l
nn mng cho su pht trin lu di trong tuong lai.


TI LIJU THAM KHAO
[1]. TS. V VN SAN, TS. HONG VN V, K thut thng tin quang, Nh
xut ban khoa hoc v k thut, H Ni, 1997.
[2]. H thng thng tin quang - Dai hoc Cng Ngh (DHQG H Ni).
[3]. TS. Cao Phn, Co so ki thut thng tin quang, Bi giang mn hoc, 2000.
[4]. K thut thng tin quang Hoc Vin Buu Chnh Vin Thng Vit Nam
[5]. Peter J . Delfyett, Optical Time-Division Multiplexed Communication
Networks.
[6]. OTDM- Nguyn Thi Duyn- CD CN PHC YN.
[7]. Ki thut OFDM trong h thng thng tin quang - Nguyn Thanh T DH
KHTN TP HCM.
[8]. Optical Networks (A Practical Perspective, 2edition)- Rajiv Ramaswami and
Kumar N. Sivarajan.
[9]. Understanding Optical Communications - Harry J . R. Dutton
[10]. Fiber-Optic Communication Systems - GOVIND P.AGRAWAL

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