Sedra/Smith, :

. 1.
. 2.
. 3.
. 4 FET OXI ( )
. 5. (BJT)
:
. 2
2.6.3, 2.6.4, 2.7.1, 2.7.2, 2.9, 2.9.1, 2.9.2
. 3
3.7, 3.7.1 ( ), 3.7.2 ( 3.7.1), 3.7.3 ( ), 3.7.5
( 3.7.1 )
. 5
5.1.2 ( 383), 5.8 (), 5.9 (),
5.11 ().

 DC

 ()

10

11


.
.
:

(mW)




(W W)

DC
AC

12

13

ia
Li

ia

Li

ib

S1

S3

S5

Ra
La
va

Li

ic

Ci

Ci Ci

S4

S6

S2

ma

14

v A sin t

A

FOURIER

-
/

.

T
v
A

A
i

4A
4A
4A
4A
sint
sin3t +
sin5t +
sin7t+

3
5
7

1
Hz

2f seconds/rads
T seconds

15

16

f(t)=a 0 + a n cos(nt)+ bn sin(nt) a 0 cn cos(nt-n )

n=1

n=1

n=1

2 T
1 2
a n = f(t)cos(nt)d(t)=
f(t)cos(nt)d(t)
T 0
0
2 T
1 2
b n = f(t)sin(nt)d(t)
f(t)sin(nt)d(t)
T 0
0
1
1 2
a 0 f (t) 0T f (t)dt
f (t)d(t)
T
2 0

f (t)

4A
4A
4A
4A
sint
sin3t +
sin5t +
sin7t+

3
5
7

17

4A

4A
3

3
3

4A
5
5
5

4A
7
7
7

9
9

11

13

18

19

.
.

20

21

. A/D
converter.

. D/A
converter.

22

23

24

25

5V

bit =binary digit=

01

byte

.
bytes 00 01 10 11
2-bits (2- ) 4 (states)
.

2-bits
00 01 10 11

2bit 22 4
26

[V]

(Binary representation )

0-0.62

000

0.621-1.25

001

1.251-1.87

010

1.871-2.5

011

2.51-3.12

100

3.121-3.75

101

3.751-4.37

110

4.371-5.00

111

3-bits 8 (8 )
000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111

bit

2bit 23 8

011

byte
27

28

 byte ( ,
).

0's 1's, (binary code).
bit 0 1. bits
byte.

29


3-bit 16-bit.

16-bit
16
3-bit 23 8

65536

.
Bytes 3-bits 16-bit .

16-bit (65536)

30

 50Hz
3-bits

5V ( A/D)
50Hz, 20
(Ts=2.5Hz) 11 .

.
MHz
10-12 bits, 2^12=4096 (
)

31

 50Hz (
) 3-bits

32

A/D D/A

33


Digital Signal Processor

34

35

ii

io

vi (t)

vo

(Power Amplifier)

.
.

- (20Hz-20kHz)
- video ( Hz-6MHz)
-RF(Radio Frequency)
-IF (Intermediate Frequency)
-
-

.
.

vo

io

ii

Av

vi (t)

RL

A v

vo

dvo
dvi
vi

vo

vi

io
A i
ii

decibels
20 log A db

Po
v o io

A P

Pi
v iii
p dbs 10 log A p db

10 20
4

 db
.
.

P1
P2 dbs
10 log (P2/P1) dB log 10.

db 10 log (P2/P1) =
10 log 2 = 3 dB.

db 10 log (P2/P1) =
10 log 10 = 10 dB.
10 log (P2/P1) = 0 dB.
1000000
db 10 log106 60db
db
.

P
VI
10 log 2 10log 2 2
P1
V1I1

V2
R 2 2 R 2 I2
10log

V1
1R1 I1
V1
R1
V2

R1=R2

V22

V2
V
10log
10 log
20log 2

V1
V12
V1
22

10log 10 log 2 20 log 2

1
12
1

dc

V1
ii

vi (t)

V2

i1

io

i2
RL

vo

10V, 12V, 14V
10,0V
12,0V

=Pdc =+V1I1 +V 2 I 2


= + Pi Pdc


%

Po
x100
Pi Pdc

Pi Vi(rms) Ii(rms)

Po V(rms) I(rms) W

1V
9 V 1k.
9.5 mA.
0.1mA.
A , A , P , P , P , % A

dc

9
= v = =9 db v 20log9 19.1db
1
9
i
90 db i 20log90 39.1db
0.1
9
9
(
)( 2 )
V
I
P
o(rms) o(rms)
2 1000 40.5mW 810
P o

Pi
Vi(rms)Ii(rms) ( 1 )( 0.1 ) 0.05mW
2 1000 2
db i 10log810 29.1db

10V

Po
40.5mW
x100
Pi Pdc
0.05mW 10(9.5)mW 10(9.5)mW

40.5mW
21.3%
190.05mW

dv
2L 2L
=
= v o
x
x
dvi
2L
x L L
x=

v
2 Av Av

L+=
L-=

LL+
vi
v
v

10


.
.
DC

.
.

11

v o (t) Vo

t
vi (t)
V1

vi (t) V1

Vo

v o (t) Vo

vo

V1

vi (t) V1

12

13

Ro

A vo vi

Ri

vi

vo

R i
R

v v vi

vi =vs

Operational Amplifier(OpAmp)

Rs

ii

Ro
vs

vi

Ri

A vo vi

io

vo
RL

Ri
Ri Rs

RL
v v vi
R R
L
o

v
RL
v o vo
vi
R L Ro
R s
R L

14

 Ri Ro
1)
.
2)
.

1)

2)

15

R o 0 v v
o
R i v i

vi

A vo vi

vo

16

 3
( vL ) ,
vs
.

R s 100k

1k

1k

10

io

vi1
1106

0.909
vs 1 106 100 103

vi2

100vi2i2

vi3

1vi3

RL
100

10vi1

10k

vi1

100k

vs

ii
vL

vi2
100 103
A v1 =10
9.9
vi1
1 103 100 103
vi3
10 103
A v2 =100
90.9
vi2
10 103 1103
vL
100
A v3 =1
0.909
vi3
100 10
17

v
vi1 v L L
vi1
A v1 A v2 A v3 9.9 90.9 0.909=818 20log818=58.26db


0.909.
, :

v
vs v L L
vi1
=818 0.909=743.6 20log743.6=57.43db
vL
i
v
K o 100 ( L )(104 )
vi1
ii
vi1
1M
(818)(104 )=8.18 106 20log(8.18 106 )=138.26 db

v Li
P
o A A
L
v i
Pi1 vi1 ii

=818 8.18 106 =66.91 108 10log66.91 108 =98.25db

18


, .

ii

Ais ii

Ri

is

Ais
(. R L 0)
R i

io

Rs

R
ii
i
v o Aisii R o

Ro

ii

vi

Ri

Ro
Ais ii

vo

RL

is
R L
R s
Ro
i isii
( )
Ro RL
i
Ro
i o = is
ii
Ro RL
Rs
ii i s
( )
Rs Ri

19

i
Ro
i o = is
ii
Ro RL

Ro>>RL

Rs>>Ri

ii i s

Rs
Rs Ri

Ri=0

20

io

io() G m vi
vi

Ri

G m vi

G m
io()
A
=
vi
V

Ro

R
s

vs

ii

vi

io
Ri

G m vi
Ro

RL

vo

21

 .
.

Ro

ii

Ri

R m ii

vo( ) ii R m

vo

R m
vo( )
V
=
ii
A

ii

io

Ro

is

Rs

vi

Ri

R m ii

R L vo

22

 Rm

.

Gm

.

23

Av

vo/vi

Ai

io/ii

Gm
(Siemens)

io/vi

Rm
(Ohms)

vo/ii

24

 :
)
) DC 3db
) vs 0.1sin102 t

Rs

Ro

ii

Zi
Ri

vs

vi

Ci

vs

io

)
Zi
1
1
1
vi vs
vs
vs
vs
R
Zi R s
1 R s Yi
1

1 s
1 R s sCi
Zi
Ri

v
RL o

vi

vs

1
1

(1)
R
1

s sR C
1 R s sCi 1
s i
R
R
i
i

RL
R Ro
vo vi
vi v o L
(2)
R L Ro
R L

v
1
1
1
(1),(2)
(3)
Rs
R
1
vs
1 sCi
1
1
R sR L
Ri
RL
Rs Ri

25

 Ci

R sRi
Rs Ri

) DC (3) =.

v
1
1
DC = (0)
(4)
R
R
vs
1 s 1
Ri
RL
3db

1
1
0
C Rs
i
Ri

26

,
.

27

 ,
.
, . .
, npn pnp .
(E, Emitter), (B, Base) (C, Collector).

(-)n
Collector
IC ()
IB
VDC

(+)p Base

VDC

()

IE
(-)n

Emitter
()

C
ic

B
vce

ib

v be

ie

28

i Io e

v
VT

v
i
R

29

ib

ib

ic

v be

C
v be

i b

rn

ic

g m v be

rn

v be
rn
ic i b
i e ( 1)i b
ib

ie
E

ie
E

ib

i c g m v be

gm
rn

ic

i e

v be re

ie
E

i b (1 )i e
i c i e
v
i e be
re
30

ic

ie 1

ie

1
v be
rn

re

rn
1

31

 - .

LC LC .


.

i1

g1v1

v1

v1

g 2v2

g 2 v2

g1v1

v2

v2

32

di1
dt

v1 L

1 i-v

Cdvc
ic
dt

i1

vc

C
g1g 2

1t
i cdt
C 0

1
1
v 2 vc
i c dt
g1v1dt
C0
C0
t

v1

g 2 v2

g1v1

gg
i1 g 2 v 2 1 2 v1dt
C 0

g g di
di
v1 1 2 1 L 1
C dt
dt

v2
ic

g1g 2
C

33

V (s)
A v (s) o
Vi (s)
N(s) a ms m ......a1s1 a o

D(s) b n s n ......b1s1 bo
(s z1)(s z1)..........(s z m )

(s p1)(s p 2 )..........(s p n )
s j , j -1
z1, z 2 ,.........z m ( )
p1,p 2 ,........p n ( )

i (s)
Ai (s) o
ii (s)
P (s)
A P (s) o
Pi (s)

34

 6 ( )
(s+8)(s+14)

T(s)=
s(s+4)(s+10)

j-

S -

o
-14

x
-10

-8

-4

35

 Bode

- s=j.
( j)
( j)
v
v

v ( j) v ( j) v ( j)
Im v ( j)

1
v ( j) tan

Re

(
j

Bode

36

 7
T(s)
db

v (s)
T(s)= o
Kp
vi (s)

BODE

Bode .

20log K p
0

(j)=K p

(j) K p

(j) decibels(dbs)=20logK p

log

0.1

0
log

0
( )

Im T(s)
1 0
o
tan 1
tan ( ) 0
Kp
Re T(s)

Im T(s)
T(s)
Kp

( )

( )

Re T(s)

37

 8
v o (s) 1

vi (s) s
Bode .
T(s)=

( j)

1
1
=-j
j

( j) -j

1 1

T(s)
db

1
20log

=1 (j) =0dbs

BODE

20

db 20log (j) log

20
0

0.1

db
dec

log
1

( )

1 Im(T( j))
1
1
o
tan
tan () 90
tan
Re T( j)
0

log
0

90

( )

38

v o (s)
s
vi (s)
Bode .
T(s)=

T(s)

( j) j

( j) j

BODE

db
20

db 20log (j) 20log

=1 (j) =0dbs

20

db
dec
log

0.1

10

( )

Im(T( j))
1
1
o
tan 1
tan tan () 90
0
Re T( j)

o 90o

log
0

( )

39

 10
vo (s) s
1
v i (s) z
Bode .
T(s)=

T(s)
db 20

BODE

20
3db
0

db
dec

log

( j) j z

j
1
z

( j)

20

1 12 ( ) 2 1 ( ) 2
z
z
z

( )

db 20log (j) 20log 1 ( ) 2

z

o 90o
45

=z (j) = 20log j 1 = 20log 12 12 = 20log 2=3dbs

<z (j) 20log 1 0
>z (j) 20log j 20log

=tan -1 z
1

log

( )

=z =tan -1 (1) 45o

<z =tan -1 ( ) 90 o
>z =tan -1 ( ) 0 o

40

 11
T(s)

v (s)
1
T(s)= o
v i (s) s 1
p
Bode .

BODE

db
20

20

( j)

1
j
1
p

( j)

1
1
1

1
12 ( ) 2
1 ( )2
p
p
p

db 20log (j) 20log1 20log 1 ( ) 2 20log 1 ( ) 2

p
p

log

0
3dbs

20

db
dec

( )

log

45
90o

=p (j) =-20log 12 12 =-3dbs

<p (j) 20log 1 0
>p (j) 20log j 20log

1
-1
=-tan

p

( )

=p =-tan -1 (1) 45o

<p =tan -1 ( ) 0
>p =-tan -1 ( ) 90o
41

12

=T(s) =

50000(s +10)
(s +1)(s + 500)

Bode.

1 :
2 :

T(j) =

50000(j +10)
(j +1)(j +500)

T(j)

j
j
50000 +1 10
1000 +1
10
10
T(j) =

(j +1)
+1 500 (j +1)
+1
500
500

j
1000 +1
10
( j) ==
j

(j +1)
+1
500

=10rad/sec
=1rad/sec =500rad/sec

42

 3 :

(j) db

j
1000 +1
10 20log 1000 j +1 20log (j +1) j +1
T(j) db =20log T(j) 20log

500
j

10

(j +1)
+1
500

j
20log1000+20log +1 20log (j +1) -20log
+1
10
500
j

j
60 20log +1 20log (j +1) -20log
+1
10
500
2

60 20log 1+ 20log 1+2 20 log 1+

10
500

4 :
T(j) 60 db
=1 rad/sec -20 db T(j)
-20 db/dec. =10 rad/sec
+20 db/dec
=500 rads/sec -20db .

43

 5 :

 13
Bode (s)
T(s)

10(1 s)
s 2
(s) 1
4 4
2

T( j)

10(1 j)
j 2
2
( j) 1

4
4

20log T( j) 20 log

10(1 j)
j 2
2
( j) 1

4 4

j
20 log10 20 log (1 j) 20log ( j) 20log 1

4 4

2 2
2
4
20 log10 20 log 1 20log 20 log 1
4 4

2 2
2
20 log10 20 log 1 40log 20 log 1
4 4

45

 Bode

20 log T(s)

BODE

db

20log 1 2

40
20log(10)

20
20

db
decade
2

2 2
20log 1
4 4

0
20
40

40
60

2olog

j 2

db
decade

40

db
decade

2olog1 40log 40log

0.1

0.2

0.4

4 10

20

log

40

46

 4 Bode

20log T(s)
60

BODE

db

40
20

0
20

40
60

0.1

0.2

0.4

10

20

40
log

47

 (s)
Bode
.
.
Bode .

decibels ( 3db) H .
.

20log (s)
db

1
0.707

db
40
dec

Bandwidth (BW)

rad / sec

40

db
dec

H
1

R,C,
..


A/D D/A ,

| ( j) |

1
0.707
2

1
vo
1
T(s)
sC
T( j)
1
vi
1 jRC
R
sC

20db / dec

log
0

T( j)

1
1

1 jRC 1 jRC

1
1 2 R 2C2

, T(j) =0 , =0 T(j) 1
=0 =

1
RC

T(j)

0 3db
1
1
1
=
2 RC

tan 1 (

20log | ( j) |
db

0.707 dbs 20 log

3db

3db

1
2

20db / dec

3db
log

0 2fo f0 1
2RC

Im(Tj)
1
) tan 1 (
)
Re(Tj)
RC

=0 0
2
1

o

RC
4

=RC=

vi 10sin 314t 3sin 31400t

314 rad/sec

314 rad/sec
( 50 Hz ) 31400 rad/sec (5000 Hz)

f 0 =

1
2RC

5000 Hz
2000 Hz

RC=
0.5F

1
2f 0

1
1

159.23 160

6
2f0C 2 2000 0.5 10


|(j) |

v o (s)
sRC

vi (s) 1 sRC
RC
1
T(j) =
=
1
1+2 R 2 C2
1+ 2 2 2
R C
(s)

0, ( j 0
( ) 1 ( j) max

1
2

log
0

db
+20
dec

tan 1 (

Re(Tj)
1
) tan 1 (
)
Im(Tj)
RC

0 3db
=0 0
2
1
1
1

1
=
0

2 RC
RC
4
1
f0
2 RC
=RC=

 ,

.
, ,
, ..

.

10

A vo (v v ) A vo vi

Ri = ( 2 M)
Ro = ( 75 )
Avo = ( 100000, 200000,.)

11

12

ie 0

vd v v
0
ie 0

vd 0

ie 0

ie 0

Zi
( )

vcc

vcc

vo

Z
(75 )
13

vo A vo vi A vo x A vo (v v )
Av= T

A741, Av = 105 dB=100 vo=10V

vi v v

vo
10
5 0.1mV
A vo 10

v+ -v- 0.110-3
i+ =
=
=0.05nA
6
Ri
210

14

Rf
vcc

ii

io

+
vi (t)

ii

vcc

R1

io

vcc

vo

if

vi (t)

vcc

RL

vo

Rf Ri.
RL

15

vo
100 000 200 000

v
( , ).

16

 Vo-Vi

v o A v v i A v (v v )

dvo
=
dvi
= =A v

17

180 .
-20 db

decibels 20 20 log A db
20

1
A log ( ) log 1(1) 101 10
20

A 10
10
180

18

Rf

Rf

R1

+
-

vcc

vcc

RL

R1

vcc

vcc

RL

19

 =(Rf+R1)/R1

dvo
R f R1
= = =A v
dvi
R1

20

 =-Rf/R1

dvo
R
= = =-A v f
dvi
R1

180

21


. .
(cut-off
frequency).
70.7% 3db
.
0 Hz . (Gain
Bandwidth, GB
.

GB=Gain Bandwidth=
= A v BW=A v fc Hz

Av =
fc = (Hz)

BW=

GB
Hz
Av

22

db

vcc

ii

io

=-20db/dec

+
vi (t)

vcc

vo

=1
0

.
5Hz.
GB=10000x5Hz=50000Hz

23

db
vo

v1

v2

Rf

f1
=1000Hz

ii

f2
=10000Hz
f3
=100000Hz

v cc

R1

io

+
-

vi (t)

vcc

RL

vo

v3

.
.
.
v2
10000 Hz .

24

 Bode
v.
106

GB=A v BW
Av
105
104
103
102
101
100

BW
101
102
103
104
105
106

GBP
106
106
106
106
106
106

25

ie 0

vi

Rf

R1

vo

vi

ie 0

R1
Rf

v vi
vi =vo

vo =A vo vi (2)

(1)

Rf
R1 R f

(3) ( )

A vo v i
(2),(3) vo
A R
1 vo f
R1 R f

(4)
vi

R1

R f R1
vi vo
R1

A vo = (100000,200000,...) (5)

A vo v i
A vo v i
v i (R1 R f )
(4),(5) v o
=
=
= v i v (6)
A vo R f
A vo R f
R
f
1
R1 R f R 1 R f

(R1 R f )
Rf

26


Avo= =106, R1=90k, Rf=10k vi=sint

vo

v i (R1 R f )
Rf

v i (90 10)
10

A v

10vi 10sin t

R1 R f 90 10

10
Rf
10

10

27

 (Proportional
Operation Amplifier)

vf

ii

Rf

R1
0A

v1
vi

if
vcc

vi

0V

R1

Rf
vi
R1

vo

vcc

vo

ii if (1), ii =

v
vi
(2) , vo =-vf =-if R f (3) , if o (4)
R1
Rf

(1),(4) ii

vo
(5) (2),(5)
Rf

vo
R
f
vi
R1

Rf

R1

28

0
0

vi

vcc

v cc

v R1

if
R1

vo

Rf
vf

v R1 +v f =vo (1) i f R1 i f R f =vo (2)

vi

if =

v
(3)
R1 +R f

R1

vi =vR1

R f R1
vi v o
R1

v o R1
(4)
R1 R f

(4)

v R1 R f
R

1 f (5)
vi
R1
R1

R1 R f

R1

29



v sin1256.64t 2.
i

vo
R
f 2
vi
R1

30



v sin1256.64t 2
i

v R1 R f
R

1 f 2
vi
R1
R1

31

 (follower, buffer)
(buffer)
.
.

(80-100).
.

vcc

vi

vcc

vo

vi

1 vi

vo

vo

1
vi
1

32

 (follower, buffer)

v o v s is R s

vo =vs

33



1 V 4 kHz.

34

vo v1 v 2 8 10 2 V

35

 (Differential amplifier)
. ,

vf

v1

R1

v2 R 3

R2

v o v v f v i f R 2 (1)

if

. (2) (1)

vcc

i1

0
v

i2

v 0

v v

vcc

v2 R 4
(4)
R3 R 4

vo

R4

vf i f R 2 i1R 2

v1 v
R2
R1

(4),(5) v o v v f = (

R1 =R 3 R 2 =R 4 (5)

vo =v 2

v1 v
(2)
R1

v1 v
R 2 (3)
R1

v1

v2 R 4
R3 R4
R 2 (5)
R1

(R 1 R 2 )R 4
R
)v 2 2 v1 (6)
R1
R 3 R 4 R1

R2 R2
R
R
v1 (v 2 v1 ) 2 (v 2 v1 ) 4 (7)
R1 R1
R1
R3

vo v

i1 i f

R2 R4

K
R1 R 3

36

iL

v1
ZL R jL

v2

v3

v
i L1 1
Z L1

i L2

v1

ZL2

i L i L1 i L 2 i L3

i L3

v3
ZL3

v2

ZL1 R j1L

v2
ZL1

v3
R j2 L

ZL3 R j3 L

1 , 2 3
v1 ,v 2 v 3
37

 (Differential amplifier)
.

vf
R1

v1

v2 R 3

R2

if
vcc

i1

i2

v o v o1 v o 2 = (

v 0

vcc

(R 1 R 2 )R 4
R
)v 2 2 v1
R1
R 3 R 4 R1

vo

R4

vf

v1

R1
R3

R2

if
vcc

i1

i2

vcc

R4

R1

v 0

vf
R2
if

v2

vo1

R3

vcc

i1

i2

v 0

vcc

R
vo1 = - 2 v1
R1

R4

v R
v 2 4
R3 R4

v o v o1 v o 2

vo2
vo2

(R1 R 2 )R 4
v
R 3 R 4 R1 2
38

 (Differential amplifier)
R1 =R 3 R 2 =R 4

vf

v 2 v1

R1

R1

R2

if
vcc

iin

iin

v
v 0

R in
v
= in
R2
iin

iin R1 (v 2 v1 )+iin R1 0 0

v1 v 2 2iin R1 iin

0
vcc

vo

v1 v 2
2R1

R in 2R1

39

v1 sin 314.16t

v 2 6sin 314.16t

R 2 2k

Vcc

v1 R1 1k i1
v 2R 3 1k i 2

v
v

R 4 2k

if

Vcc

v o (

vo (

vo

(R 1 R 2 )R 4
R
)v 2 2 v1
R1
R 3 R 4 R1

(2000 1000)2000
2000
)(6sin 314.16t)
sin 314.16t 12sin 314.16t 2sin 314.16t
1000
2000 1000 1000

10sin 314.16t

40

vid
v1
v2

VCC
vo A vo vid A vo (v1 v 2 )

vid v1 v 2

VCC

vo
v 2 =0 vo =A vo vd =A vo v1
v1 =0 vo =A vo vd =-A vo v2

v1=9mV V2=9.1mV 20.0000

vo A vo (v1 v2 ) 20.000(9 9.1)mV 2V

. .

41


vd
vicm
.

v1 vid / 2

vicm

v2

vid / 2vid

vo

vo A vo vd cm vicm A vo (v1 v 2 ) cm vicm (1)

v
v
v1 vicm id (2) v2 vicm id (3)
2
2
(2) (3) :
v + v2
vicm 1

2
v =
cm = ( )

42

Acm=0.001. 1V
1V .

vo A vo vd cm vicm
v v2
A vo (v1 v 2 ) cm 1
2
11
=A vo 0 0.001
1mV
2

1mV

43

 (Inverting adder)

v1
v2

v3

vf
Rf

i1 R1

i2 R 2

0A

i3 R 3

0V

if =i1 +i 2 +i3

i f i1 i 2 i3
vo vf If R f

i1

v1
R1

i2

v2
R2

(1)
(2)

i3

v3
R3

(3)

vo
(2) (1) (3)

v
R
v
v
R
R
vo 1 2 3 R f v1 f v 2 f v3 f (4)
R2
R3
R1 R 2 R 3
R1

R f R1 R 2 R 3

v v1 v 2 v3

44

 (Inverting adder)

R1

v1

Rf

R2

v2

R3

v3

vo

Rf

Rf

R1

R2

v1

R3

R
v o1 f v1
R1

Rf

v2
v o2

R
f v2
R2

v3

v o v o1 v o 2 v o 3

v o3

Rf
v
R3 3

45

R
R
R
8
8
8

vo v1 f v 2 f v3 f 1.5 2 1.2 3.9V

R2
R3
10
6
20
R1

46

 (Comparator amplifier)

v1
v2

R1

R2

I1
I2

vcc

v1 >v 2 v o Vsat Vcc

vcc

vo

v1 <v 2 v o Vsat Vcc

v1

R1 R2?

v1 v 2 Vsat

v2

v1 v 2 Vsat

vo
+Vsat

)
-Vsat

t
47

 (Integrator amplifier)

vc
vR
ii

0
vd 0

v d =0
ii =iC (1)
ie =0
iC

vi

ic

Vcc

Vcc

vo

Cdvc
dv
C o (2)
dt
dt

vi v R (3)

ii =

v R vi
(4)
R R

vo = v c

1
1
1 vi
i c dt
ii dt
dt (5)
C
C
C R

(5)

Cdv o
vi
1
=
vo =
vi dt +Vc (0) (6)
R
dt
RC

= RC = (7)

48

 (Integrator amplifier)
t

1
v o (t)
vi (t)dt Vc (0)
RC 0

Laplace

BODE

s j
1
1
=j
jRC RC
2

1
1
1
T(s) T( j) j
=
=
RC
RC
RC

Im T( j)
1 RC
o
tan 1

tan

90

Re T( j)
0

T(s)
db
20

20

db
dec

1
T( j) db =20log T( j) 20log
20logRC
RC

F(s)
f (t)dt
s
0

df (t)
L
sF(s)
dt

v (s)
1
T(s) o
vi (s)
sRC

T(j) =

1
RC
( )

log

90o

0o

log

( )

49


.
C 0.01F i c
vi i i

R 10 k
5V

100s 100s

vi
5V

10

0
vo

10

vo

t
200s

5V
100s

Vsat
10V

300s

5V

Vo
V
5V
i
50 mV/s
t
RC
(10 k)(0.01 F)
, 100s
0V 100s

Vo (50 mV/s)(100s) 5V

50

 (Differentiator amplifier)

vR

vc
ic

Vcc

vi

vd =0
i c =i R (1)
ie =0
iC

iR

Vcc

vo

Cdvc
dv
C i (2)
dt
dt

vi vc (3)

v o =-v R =-i R R i c R

Cdv c
RCdv i
R
(4)
dt
dt

(4)

vo RC

dvi
dt

(5)

RC (6)

51

 (Differentiator amplifier)

dvi
vo RC
dt

F(s)
f (t)dt
s
0

df (t)
L
sF(s)
dt

Laplace

vo (s)
RCs
vi (s)

s j
( j) jRC
2

T(s) ( j) 02 RC RC

BODE

T(s)

T(s)
db

20

db
dec

log

1
RC
( )

( j) db 20log RC

Im T( j)
1 RC
o
tan
tan
90
0
Re T( j)
1

0o

log

90o
( )

52

 (Differentiator amplifier)

vR

ZR

vc
ic
vi

ZC

iR

Vcc

Vcc

vo i R ZR i R

vi Zc ic (s) Zc i R Zc (

vo
ZR

vo

ic iR

vo
v (s)
Z
R
) (s) o R
RCs
1
ZR
vi (s)
Zc
Cs
T( j) jRC
53

vi
t
vo

t1

t2

t3

t4

54



5 kHz 10V

R 10000 i
R

C 0.01F
v i ii

dvi
10V
V

0.1 (1)
dt 100s
s

10

10

vo RC

5V

200s

vo

dvi
(2)
dt

10V

10k (2)

10 10000C

dvi
10V
10000 C
dt
100s

C 0.01 F

RC 10 103 0.01 106 100 sec

55

vo

A1: .
2 : .
A 3 :
4 :
v1 = 10cost

v 2 =10cost

v3 =

1
1
10
v1dt=

10cost

dt=
sint
CR

(106 )(106 )

10
10

vo = v1 +v2 +v3 10cost+10cost+ sint = sint

vi =vR1 (1)
i2 R 2

vR2 R
R1

i1

v 0A

i4 R 4
3

i3

i1 i 2 =

v R1 vi
= (2)
R1 R1

vR4

vcc

v- -v R2 +v R3 =0 0 v R2 +vR3 =0 v R3 =i 2 R 2 =i1R 2 =

vi
R
R 2 = 2 vi (3)
R1
R1

0V

v R1

vcc

vo

vi

R2
vi
v R3 R1
R
(3) i3
=
= 2 vi (4)
R3
R3
R1R 3

v +v R4 +v R3 =0 v = v R3 v R4 = v R3 i 4 R 4 (6) (3),(5),(6) v
v

R2
1
R
R
R
R
vi vi ( + 2 )R 4 2 vi (1 4 4 )
R1
R1 R1R 3
R1
R2 R3

i 4 =i 2 +i3

vi
R
+ 2 vi (5)
R1 R1R 3

R2
v
R
vi ( i + 2 vi )R 4 (7)
R1
R 1 R 1R 3

vo
R
R
R
= 2 (1 4 4 )(8)
vi
R1
R2 R3
2


0.1sin314t
10 . .

vo
R
R
R
= 10 = 2 (1 4 4 )
vi
R1
R 2 R3
R2=25k , R1=10k R4=25k R3=12.6k


,
(Instrumentation amplifier), .
.

+
A1
v1

R1

R2

R2

v2

R4

R3

A3
+

R3
R4

-A
2
+

vo

0 Volts

+
A1
v1

R1

R2

R2

v2

-A
2
+

R4

R3

A3
+

R3
R4

vo

R1
if

R2

v1-v2 R
R1

R4
vo1 vo2

R2

v -v
if 1 2
R1

if

R3

R3
R4

vo2

v2

v o1 v o 2 2v R 2 (v1 v 2 ) 2

v R 2 =if R 2 =

if

if

v1 -v 2

v1

v1 -v 2

vo1

(v1 v 2 )
2R 2
R 2 (v1 v 2 ) (v1 v 2 )(1
)
R1
R1

v o v o2

R4 R4
R

v o1 (v o2 v o1 ) 4
R3 R3
R3

(1)

(2)

(1) (2)

v o (v 2 v1 )(1

2R 2 R 4
)
R1 R 3

vo
2R 2 R 4
=(1+
)
v 2 -v1
R1 R 3

(3)
7



20db 10 V
5k. 5mA.

vi

io

iL
vo

if
R1

Rf
vf

v1

RL

v R1 R f
R

1 f v (1)
vi
R1
R1

v =20 db v
dbs

v(db) 20log A v 20 A v =log -11=101 =10

(2)

(2) (1) Rf=9R1

io = + =i L if (3)
v
i L o (4)
RL

v
if f (5)
Rf

v1 vi (7)

vf vo v1 (6)

v v v
v v vi
v
io o - o 1 = o - o
= o
RL
Rf
RL
Rf
RL

R1
R1 R f
Rf

vo vo

v
vo
v
1
1
o
= vo (
+
)= o (8)
R L R1 R f
R L R1 R f
R eq
R eq =
R L (R1 +R f )

io

vo
<5 10-3A
R eq

Rf=9R1 Rf

R eq <

vo

10

10
2k
io( ) 5 10-3
R L 5k, R f 18k R1 2k

v1

vf
v a vi
va

i L i1

v
i1 a
R1
v
iL i
R1

vi
R1.

10

RF

iF

_
ii

+
vO
-

:
iF = ii
vo = -iFRF
Rm = vo/iin = RF
iin = 10 mA RF = 200
: iF , vo Rm

iF = ii = 10 mA
vo = -iFRF = 10 mA * 200 = 2 V
Rm = vo/iin = RF = 200

11

 CMRR
.
.
,
.

,
.

Vin

.

12

13

v1

v1 v 2

v2

vicm

vo v1 v 2 A vo vid A vo
vo

v1
v2 v1 v2 vid

vo

v o A vo vid A cm vicm

A vo =
vid = = v1 -v 2
Acm =

14

vicm

v1 v 2
(1)
2

vid v1 v 2 (2)
vo A vo vid A cm vicm (3)

v1 vid / 2

vicm

(1) (2) v1 v2

v1 vicm

vid / 2vid

vo

v2

vid
(4)
2

v 2 vicm

vid
(5)
2

(4) (5) (3)

A v
v

vo A vo vid cm icm A vo vid icm (6)

vo
CMRR

CMRR =
CMRR dbs 20log

A vo
A cm

(7)

A vo
A cm

15

vicm

CMRR

vicm CMRR. CMRR 80-100db
.
CMRR .
o CMRR
.
CMRR 80db CMRR db 100db

A cm =0 CMRR=

16


:
Avo= 250, CMRR = 80 dB, v1 = 5.001 V, v2 = 4.999 V
CMRR
.

CMMR db 20logCMMR 80
CMRR=80db

CMMR log1 80 log 1 (4) 104

20

vid v1 v2 5.001 4.999 = 0.002

vicm 5.001 4.999 5.000V
2
v

vo A vo vid icm 250 0.002 5.000 V 0.625 V

CMRR

104

vo A vovid 250 0.002 V=0.500V

17

OPA376, CMRR(min)=76dB.

CMRR(dB)=20log10 (CMRR)
V
76dB=20log10 cm
Vos
76
V
10 20 =6309.5= cm

Vos

1V
Vos =

1V
=158.5uV
6309.5

18

 (Slew Rate,SR)

dvo
SR
dt

(slew rate) ,
. ,
. 4

.


,

fmax
fmax = SR / (2Vp)
Vp .

=
=

19

 (Slew Rate,SR)


.
.
. V/s.

SR

dvo
Vo

dt max
t max

Vo
Vi

Vo

20

 (Slew Rate,SR)

Slew-rate: .

.

. SR 1-10V/sec

21

 (Slew Rate,SR)


t .

.
.
.

vi Vmax sin t

dvo
vo Vmax sin t Vmax sin 2ft dt 2fVmax cos 2ft

cos2ft=1 t=0

22

 (Slew Rate,SR)

dvo
2fVmax SR
t

0
dt max

SR
f max =
2Vmax
SR

-10
1 V/s 1V.
?

vi sin t

dvo
10 2f cos 2ft
dt

vo 10sin t 10sin 2ft

dvo
SR 10 2f
dt max

V
SR 1x10 s
f max

16kHz
20
20 V
6

23

 (Slew Rate,SR)

A741 SR=0.5V/s
(50% 50% OFF) 10V
) 10kHz ) 50 kHz

) 10kHz T=1/f=1/10000 s=100s (50s ON 50s OFF)

SR 0.5V/s

vo
10
V
10
SR 0.5
t
s 20s
t max t
s
0.5

20s 10V
20 s . ,
50s ON 50s OFF .

24

 (Slew Rate,SR)

) 50kHz T=1/f=1/50000 s=20s (10s
ON 10s OFF)

.
20s 10V
10s
( 5V)

25



+ - .
.

.

I I
IB
2

Ios I I

IB 100 nA Ios 10nA

26

I+ = I- = 100 nA

i2
i1

v
i1 in (2)
R1

i1 I i 2 (1)

I
I

v
v
(1),(2) i I o (3)
R1
R2

(3) vo R 2I vi

R2
R1

20 103
3

9
20 10 100 10
vi
2mV 20vi
3

1 10

27

LM741C

LF351

OP-07

LH0003

AD549K

BJT

BiFET

BJT

Hybrid
BJT

BiFET

AOL(typ)

200 k

100 k

400 k

40 k

100 k

Rin

2 M

1012

8 M

100 k

1013 || 1 pF

Ro

50

30

60

50

~100

SR

0.5 V/s

13 V/s

0.3 V/s

70 V/s

3 V/s

CMRR

90 dB

100 dB

110 dB

90 dB

90 dB

28

PN

29

Zener

Schottky

30


IV

ID

vD 0

ID
VD

vD 0

vD

ID

ID

vD 0

VD

vD 0

VDO

0.7V 0.4V

vD

VDO (0.7V 0.4V)

31


IV
( )

ID

ID

vD 0

VD

vD 0

1
rD

vD

VDO = (0.7V 0.4V)

VDO

0.7V 0.4V

VrD

rD

V -V
ID = D DO
rD
VD VDO
V
ID = D
rD

32


IV

ID

v D <0.7V 0.4V

-VZK

v D

vD

Maximum recovery current
I RM
vD 0

0.7V
0.4V

I R (mA)
:

33


IV

i Is (e

vD
nVT

1)

(1)

Is ( =10-15 )
Is
5 C Is
VD VAK
kT
VT ()
q
k Boltzmann 1.38x1023 joules / kelvin
T kelvin 273 C
q 1.602x1019 Coulomb
n ( 1 2 )

34


IV

i>>Is
(1) :

i Is e

vD
nVT

(2)

vD nVT ln(

i
) (3)
Is

n=1.5 VT=0.025.
0.1mA 10mA.

i Is

i Is e

vD
nVT

v D nVT ln(

i
)
Is

i
i
i
i
vD1 vD2 (1.5)(0.025) ln( 1 ) -(1.5)(0.025) ln( 2 ) =(1.5)(0.025) ln( 1 )- ln( 2 ) 0.0375 ln I1 ln Is ln I2 ln Is
Is
Is
Is
Is
0.0375 ln I1 ln I2 0.0375 ln 0.1x10 3 ln10x103 0.0375 9.21 4.605 0.173V

35


IV

VD .
(1) .

i Is (e

vD
nVT

1) Is

.
Is
. o
10 C

.

. V Vzk VBR.

36

 rD IV
IV . DC
) ID=2mA ) ID=20mA ) VD=-10V

37




.
.

VDD

ID

VR

i Is e
VD

vD
nVT

VDD VR VD VDD ID R VD 0
ID

VDD VD
R

IV

i Is e

=-1/R

ID

vD
nVT

(1)

VDD VD VDD VD

(2)
R
R
R

VD=VDD ID=0. VD=0 ID=VDD/R.

(2)
IV Q.

.



IV

R=10k

ID

ID

VR

1.2x10-3
1x10-3
8x10-4
6x10-4
4x10-4
2x10-4

VDD 10V
VD

3 4
VD (V)

9 10

VDD ID R VD

10 ID 104 VD

VD 0 10 ID 104 0 ID

10
4

1mA

10
VD = 10V 10 ID 10 10 ID 0
4

Q 0.9mA, 0.7V


()

, .
.

1

rD

rD

IV

1
rD

V
:

v D 0 i D =0
V VDo
vD 0 i D D
rD

ID

vD 0

VDO

VDO

1
rD

vD 0

VD

0.7V
0.4V

rD

vD

(0.7V 0.4V)


.
.




VDO=0.65V rD=20.

R=1k

.
R=1k

ID

VR
VDD 5V

VDD =5V

VD

ID

VR

VD

VDO 0.65V
VrD

rD 20

VDD VR VDO VrD 0

VDD ID R VDO I D rD 0

V VDO 5 0.65
ID = DD

4.26mA
R rD
1020

VD VDO ID rD 0.65 0.00426 20 0.735V

V1 =10-ID2 (10000) 0
I D2

10
=1mA
10000

ID1 +D2 -I3 =0
ID1 =I3 -D2
0.002 0.001 1mA

V2 =10-I3 (5000) 0
I3

10
=2mA
5000

v AK

vi

i
vo

v dc
20sin t
dc .
, (. ac ) -10V
.

10

20sin t 10 t = sin 1
30 180 30 210
20

20sint -10V.
360 -30 330

***

.

10

: 0 210

v o 0V

: 210 330

vo 20sin t 10

11

Vout
50
40
30
20
I
0.008
0.004
0
0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01
Time (s)

0.012

180 210

0.014

0.016

0.018

0.02

330 360
12



) +5V ) -5V.

R 2=1k
D1
R1 1k
vi

A
+

D2

+Vcc

vo
-Vcc

13

+5V VT D1
( ) D2 .
+5V .

R 2=1k

R 2=1k

D1

+5V
vi

R1 1k

0V

0V

A
+

D1

D2
+5V

-5V

vo

vi

R1 1k

0V
0V

A
+

D2

-5V

vo
vT

vT


R
1000
vo =- 2 vi = 5 -5V
R1
1000
14

-5V VT -5V
D1 VT 0V
D2 .

R 2=1k

R 2=1k

D1
-5V
vi

R1 1k

0V

0V

D1

D2

-5V

A
+ vo
+5V

vi

R1 1k

0V
0V

0V
D2

A
+ +5V

vo

0V

vT

vo 0V

15

+5V VT D1
( ) D2 .
+5V .

R 2=1k

R 2=1k

D1

+5V
vi

R1 1k

0V

0V

A
+

D1

D2
+5V

-5V

vo

vi

R1 1k

0V
0V

A
+

D2

-5V

vo
vT

vT


R
1000
vo =- 2 vi = 5 -5V
R1
1000
16



10V
50Hz

R1
vi

R2

A
+

D1

R1

D2

vo

R2

D1

R2

D2

vi

R2

.

D1.
D2.
: .

17

vi

R1

R2

D1

R2

D2

vout2

vo -

vi

vo

R2
1000
vi vi =-v i
R1
1000

R1

R2

D1

R2

D2

vo -

R2
1000
vi v in =-v i
R1
1000

vi

vout2

A
+
vo

18

19




0.7V.

3V
2V
1V

D1

io

D2

vo

D3

R 1k

v D1 3 0.7 vo

5V

v D2 2 0.7 v o

v D1

3V
2V
1V

D1

0.7

D2

0.7

D3

0.7

(1)

v D3 2 0.7 vo

io

R 1k
5V

vo

io 0 vo = -5V
(1)

v D1 3 0.7 5 7.3V
v D2 2 0.7 5 6.3V
v D3 1 0.7 5 5.3V

(2)
20

(2) D1 -

D2 D3 .

D1 .

3V

D1 0.7

D 2 0.7
D3 0.7

v Rio 5 0

io

R 1k
5V

vo
vR

v 3 0.7 2.3V
v
2.3 5
io 5
7.3mA
R
1000

21


()
0.7V.
() ()

.

DC

. () :
()

V1

I3

I1

I3
V3

V2

V1 V2.5k 5 0 V1 I1(2500) 5 0 I1
V1 V2 V3 0.7V(2)

5 V1
A(1)
2500

V 5 0.7
V3 0.7 V5k 5 0 V3 0.7 I3 (5000) 5 0 I3 3
A(3)
5000
5 0.7
(1),(2) I1
0.00172A 1.72mA
2500
(2),(3) I3

0.7 5 0.7
0.001A 1mA
5000

()

I1 I2 I3 0 I2 I1 I3 0.00172 0.001 0.00072 0.72mA

V I3 (5000) 5 (0.001)(5000) 5 0V

22

23

.

.
OR

VD

VA
VR

VD VA VR

A
+5V(. HIGH) +5V
(. HIGH) +5V
.
(. LOW)
(LOW).
HIGH
HIGH.

AND

VD

VR

B
+5V (HIGH)
+5V ( HIGH).
(LOW )
(LOW).

VD V VA VR
24


DC

DC
t DC .
2.7 V DC
2 V DC. 2.7 V
14.7V
10V DC.

vo
(V)
14.7

10
8
6
4
2
-6 -4 -2

2.7

02

4 6 8 10

vi

DC (V)

25

i
vD
vo

vi

vi >VDO
vo =vi

vo
=1
vi

' VDO
vo =0
i
i

vD

vD
vo

vi

vo

vi

26

vi

2V
i

vo

vo

2V
i

=1
i

vi

2V
i
R

Peak Inerse Voltage (PIV)

PIV= = 2V
i
RMS
V
i

27



VD0 rD
. .

rD

VD0

VD0

vD

rD
R

vi

vo

vi

2V
i

vo

VD0
vo
V
2V
i
D0

=1
V
2V
i
D0
R+rD

sin 1(

vDO
VD0
)

2V

vi

28



io
sin t
2V
i

vi

ii

vo

vi

vi D1 D4 :vo =vi
vo
=1
vi
vi D2 D3
vi

sin t
2V
i

io

io

vi

1:1

vo vvi i

vi

sin t
2V
i

ii

D1

D3

vi
+

ii

vo
=-1
vi

D2

v o vi

D4

29


2V
i

vo

2V
i

=-1

=1

vi

2V
i
R

2V
i
R

2V
i
R

2V
i
R

30



D1

sin t
2V
i

D2

D1

D1
sin t
2V
i

sin t
2V
i

D2

2V
i

D2

2V
i

vo

=-1

=1

vi

2V
i
R

2V
i
R

2V
i
R

2V
i
R

31



,
DC .

sin(t)
vi (t) 2V
i

ii

D1

D3

iC

io
vo

D2

D4

ii
vi

DC.

32

vo

Vomax

2V
i

Vo
D1
D4

D2
D3

Vo min

33



v (t)=

2Vsint
i

(1)

(t-)/RC

= ( 2Vsin)e
(2)
i

=
=rms
V
i

(1)

d
sint)= 2V
cost
( 2V
i
i
dt

(2)

d
sine (t-)/RC )= 2V
sin 1 e (t-)/RC
( 2V
i
i

dt
RC

t = ,
.

cos= 2Visin e /RC = 2Visin

2V
i
RC
RC

cos
2V
1
i
=
sin RC
2V
i

1
1
=
tan RC

= tan 1 ( RC)=- tan 1 (RC)+ (3)

RC>>

(4)
2
34

 t=+
(1) (2)

sin)e(+ )/RC = 2V
sin(+) (sin)e(+-)/RC sin=0
( 2V
i
i

(+

)/RC

2
(sin )e
sin=0

(+ )/RC
2
e
sin=0

(5)
2
(5) .


(7)
V V
V
(6) V
2V

omax

omin

omax

(2) +
sin)e(+)/RC (8)
Vomin =v (+)=( 2V
i
(4) =

(8)
2

(+ 2 2 )/RC

ie/RC (9)
Vomin ( 2Visin )e
2V
2

,
RC
i

2V
2V
Vo
=
(10)
RC 2fRC

e-/RC 1
(6),(7),(9)

35

36

6 9 volts

37


Zener
zener .

( Zener ).
Vz
.
zener

VD

ID
zener
.

IZ

VZ

VZo

rz I z

rZ


Zener (IV zener)

0.7V

0.7V

rz

Vzo

rz

Vzo

Iz

zener

Vzo = zener
rz zener ( )
ZK zener
VZK zener ZK


Zener
zener IV


Zener
zener


Zener
zener
zener rz=0 RL= .
) zener
.
) zener Iz,
R .

R
Iz

Vi

RL

) zener .

IR R

V Vz OFF.

IRL

IZ

VR

VRL
V

zener=VRL
V=VZ

Vi R L
RL R

Vi R L
RL R
5


) zener
.

V Vz .

IR R

IRL

IZ

VR

Vi

VRL

RL

:
VL

VZ

IZ

IR

IR
PZ

IL

VR

VL
R

zener=VZ I Z
6


zener

zener

R=220

IRL

IZ
Vi

VR

20V

(max) =60mA
rZ

V VRL

R L 1.2k

IR

rZ

VZ

I ZrZ VZo

VZo
Vi R L
RL R

V= o zener

Vi

zener V VZ .

Vi(min)

(R L

R)VZ
RL

(R L R)V
RL

(1200 220)(20)
1200

23.67V


zener()

IL

IR(max)

VRL
RL

IRL

VZ
RL

20
16.67mA
1200

I Z(max) 16.67mA 60mA 76.67mA

Vi(max) IR(max) R VZ

(76.67mA)(220) 20 36.87V

vL

20V

10

30
40
20
36.87V
23.67V

vi


Zener
zener rz
zener 20. :
) RL=0.
) Vo Vcc 1V .
) Vo RL=0.5k.

VCC 10V

zener .

VCC 10V

R=0.5k

VZ =6.8V
IZ

5mA

rZ

20
0.3mA

R=0.5k

VR
RL

Vo

Iz

VZ =6.8V
IZ

5mA

rZ

20

IL
rz

0.3mA

RL

Vo

Vz

 zener rz()

Vz

Vzo

Iz rz

Vzo

6.8 5 10 3 20 6.7V(1)

) RL=0 :

V
VZo
= = CC
R rZ
Vo

VZo

I ZrZ

10 6.7
500 20

6.35mA

6.7 6.35 10 3 20 6.83V

) Vcc

1V :

Vo

VCC rZ
1 20
=
= 38.5V
R rZ
500+20

Vo

VCC R L 10 500
=
=5 V
R RL
500+500

) RL=0.5 k :

zener
OFF.

10


BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANZISTORs, BJTs

npn pnp

11

12

13

DC-DC

DC-AC

14



( )

15


,
.
, . . 1
, npn pnp
.
(E, Emitter), (B, Base)
(C, Collector).
Collector

(+)p
IC

()

(-)n
IC
BC

()

Base

(+)p

IB

VDC

BE

IE

VDC

(-)n
Emitter

()

(-)n

IB

B
E

VDC

C
VDC

IE
(+)p

B
E

. ) npn. ) pnp.
n p
( BC) .

16


BJT

.

BJT

17


PN ( )
n p
p

n p


.

.
p n
n
.
p

.
.


.

18


PN ( )

.

.


.




. \
(DOPING)
n

.

19

20

 pn

p n pn
. n
. ( ),
, . , p
( ) .

( ). n p
.

21

p n
p n. ,
n p
n p.

.
n p
np.
n .

.

22

.


. ,

.

23

 pn

p n
(depending upon the magnitude
of the applied voltage). . pn

.
.

. pn
.
0.6 Volts
. 0-0.6V
.
0.6 V

24

 pn

p n


.

( ).

25


PN

Vo

Vf
Vo-Vf

Vr
Vo+Vr

26

V2

DC

IB

IE - 0

V2

DC

IC - 0

IB

IC

IE - IB

IC - 0

DC

S1

DC

S2

V1

S1

V1

S2

IC

IE

DC

IB
`

DC

S1

V1

S2

2
) , -.
) , -.
) , .

27


BJT

1) ( 2.)),
V1, , n-p,
V1 , (. n-p).
,

iB.
2) ( 2()),
V2 , .
, p-n,
,
-. , , -
.
3) ( 2()),
n-p -,
. ,
. , p ,
,
.
, V2.

28


BJT
, V1
, ,
V2.
. , IE

IE

IB

IC

DC :

h fe

IC
IB

IB IC. hfe 10 100

. 3 4
npn .

29

30

 npn

BJTs (
) .

npn

IC

IB

base
+

collector

VBE

emitter
IE

31

 pnp

pnp

IC

IB

base

collector

VBE

emitter
IE
-

32

 BJT

IE

IC

IC = IB

VBE = 0.7V(npn)
VBE = -0.7V(pnp)

33

 BJT

( )

34

 BJT

35

 npn

IC
IB

IE

36

 (IB-VBE) npn

IB

IB

VBE
0.7V

VBE 0.7V

37

 (IC-VCE) npn


IC -VCE

IC

iC

IB = 40 A
IB = 30 A
IB = 20 A
IB = 10 A
IB = 0 A

vCE

IB , IC VCE

38

 npn

Early

vCE < 0.4 V CB BJT

.


.
vCE = -VA .

VA , 50-100V , EARLY
EARLY .

39

 npn

Early
v BE
vT

v
1+ CE (1)
vA

iC =ISe

-1

ro =

iC
vCE v =
BE

(2)

v A +vCE
(1) (2) ro =
(3)
IC
IC &vCE BJT
v
ro = A
I'C =ISe
I'C
EARLY

v BE
vT

40

 npn

41

 ro
BJT

42

= =0.2V

BJT RCE(sat)
IV
VCE(sat) VCE(off) +IC(sat)RCE(sat)

43

 npn BJT

: BJT
VCE IC
. BJT .
VCE(sat) <= 0.2V, IB > 0, IC > 0, VBE >= 0.7V
: BJT
,
. dc
. BJT .
0.2 < VCE < VCC ,IB > 0 , IC > 0, VBE >= 0.7V
: BJT
I B =0. IC
.
( n) . BJT
. I B = 0 , IC = 0, VBE < 0.7V

44

 npn BJT

npn

BJT

( )

( )

( )

( )

45

 BJT

npn

pnp

C
C

VBC

VBC
B

B
VBE

C
C

npn

VEB
pnp

VB > 0

VB < 0

VBC 0

VBC > 0

46

 npn BJT

47

 BJT

iC =ISe

v BE
iC IS VT
iB = = e

vBE
VT

v BE
iC IS VT
iE = = e

VT = =25mV

IS

( BJT)

BJT n=1
pnp , VB VB
(100 200)
(0.95 0.99)

iC =i E
iC =i B

i =iC +iB

i E =(+1)i B

iE

i B = 1- i E

i =

+1
iC

>> 1
48

 i C

iC =ISe

v BE

v BE
VT

49

 i C
re

iC

iE

v BE

BJT

iE

i CQ

die
dvBE

1
re

VBEQ

50

 i C

v BE

iC =ISe

vBE
VT

VBE 2 mV/ C

51




.
BJT.

.

A E qDn n i 2
IS =

NA W
1) (W)
2)
3) IS 10-12 -10-18
4)

.
5 C .

AE=
q=
1.602x10 19 Coulomb
Dn =
W =
Dp =
ni =
NA = BJT

52

i B =i B1 +i B2
v
A E qDE n 2 BE VT
i B1 = =
e
VD LP
i B2

v
1 A E qWn i 2 BE VT
=
e
2 b NA

vBE
Dp N A W 1 W 2
VT
i B =Is
+
e
Dn N D Lp 2 Dn b

1
Dp N A W 1 W 2
+
Dn N D Lp 2 Dn b

v
iC IS BE VT
iB = = e

53

>> 1

54

vCB > -0.5V, npn

, iC = iE
vCE.
vCB< -0.5V, -
iC

55

 BJT

DC BJT
.
BJT

.

AC BJT
.
BJT

.

56


npn
()

npn BJT

iC

ISe

v BE
VT
Fi

F =
(Forward)
R
(Reverse)

iB
B

VBE

DE

ISE

iE

IS

ISE e

F
VBE
VT

IS ( BJT)

57


npn
()
npn BJT
E

C
iC

F =
(Forward)
R
(Reverse)

DC

ISC

IS

VCB

iB
B

R iC

iE
E

58

 npn
()
EARLY

npn
ro

()

()

DB iB vBE

59

 pnp
()
EARLY

60

Ebers Moll (EM) BJT

J. J. Ebers J. L. Moll Bell 1954

Ebers-Moll
Ebers-Moll
BJT

61

Ebers Moll (EM) npn BJT

iE =

IS
e
F

iC =ISe

v BE
VT

IS
iB =
e
F

v BE
VT

+IS
v BE
VT

+IS 1-

1
F

1
-1
R
+IS

1
1
+
F R

Ebers Moll (EM)

62

Ebers Moll (EM) npn BJT

F ISE

R ISC

iE

iDE

R iDC

iB

IS

iE

IS
iC

iDE

iDC
iDC

vBE

vBC

VT

VT

IS

R iDE

F
F

F
vBE

iC

IS

VT

vBC

IS

VT

iB

R
vBE

IS

R
R

VT

vBC

IS

VT

63

Ebers Moll (EM) pnp BJT

64


BJT
B

iB

2 -

iC

C
v BE

iE

v BE

v BE
r
iB

iC

iE

1)i B

ib

iC

gm

v BE iC
i B iC

gm

g m v BE

VT
IC

re
iE

v BE
iE

v BE
iB

iE

re

gm

g m v BE

iC
iE

iC

iB
iB

iB

E
v BE

g m v BE
1
r
gm
1

iB

(1
iC
iE

)i E
iE
v BE
re
65

.


.

66

 BJT

()

()

67

 BJT

BJT

iB

BJT

iC
C

R CE(sat)

iB

0.7V

0.7V

VCE(off )

v BE

iC

0.2V

VCE(sat)

VCE(sat)

iE

iE

E
VCE(sat)

VCE(off )

0.2V

ICE(sat) R CE(sat)

VCE(sat) 0.1V 0.3V

iB

iC
C

BJT

iE

68

DC AC -

DC :
DC
.
DC Q
.

C :

AC
, DC
DC .
.
AC
.

DC C
( )

69

DC AC
+V CC

R1

RC

AC

+V CC

IC
R1

RL
v in

RC

R2
RE

vce

vin
R2

rC

R1 //R2
IE
RE

DC

rC= RC//RL

AC
70

DC AC

DC DC
AC AC

BJT

, iB
vBE
BJT
, iC
vCE
BJT
AC DC
Q .

71


( )
.
(Q- )
IC, VCE, IB .
Q BJT
. iB iC-vCE
iC and vCE.
iC and vCE .

vCE.

73

 BJT

RC
BJT
IC VCE
IC
. BJT
VCC
.
IC(sat)
VCC =DC
RC
VCE
BJT

IC(sat)

DC

Cutoff voltage

74

DC

DC Q

75

76

77

78

 (gm) BJT

IC
=gm

IB

AC
ic

DC

AC vbe
DC VBE.

ic
DC IC.
ic - vBE
Q
gm: AC
AC .

gm

diC
dv BE @iC =ICQ

VBE(DC
(DCinput
signal

iC =IS e

0.7V)0.7V)

v BE
VT

vBE

vBE

diC
IS e VT
dv BE @i C =ICQ

IS e

vBE
VT

1
VT

ac input
AC
signal

IC
VT

A
S(Siemens)
V

VT= =0.025 V

79

 (gm)

BJT )IC=200
) IC=400.

VT=0.025 V

) g m

) g m

IC 400x10-6 A
=
= 16 mSiemens
VT 25x10-3 V

IC 200x10-6 A
=
= 8 mSiemens
VT 25x10-3 V

80

 (gm)
gm, r , r, :

= 100, VA = 100V, IC=1 mA

gm = IC/VT = 1 mA/25mV = 40 mA/V

IC=IB IB=IC/=1m/100=0.01mA

r = VT/ IB = 25mV/.01mA = 2.5k

r0 = BJT
r0 = 1/ BJT
r0 = | VA|/IC = 100k

81

VCE(cutoff) =VCC

IC(sat) =

VCC -VCE(sat )

I B(min) =

RC

IC(sat)
DC
82

 BJT

83

 DC BJT

BJT
BJT .

84

DC

:
1)


2) BE
3) CE
4)
.

85

 DC BJT
o BJT
VBE 0.7V
:

VE VB VBE 0 0.7

= 50

IE =

+VCC

VC

IB
VB

IC

VCE
0.7

VE
-VCC
IE

VE ( 10)
10k

0.7 10
0.93mA
10k

IC = 0.93mA
IB =

0.7V

( 1)

C 0.93mA
18.6A

50

2
3
4

VC VCC RCIC 10 (5k)(0.93m) 5.35V

VC VC VE 5.35 ( 0.7) 6.05V

I B > 0 , IC > 0, VBE = 0.7V 0.2 < VCE < VCC

BJT .

86

 DC

o BJT
VBE 0.7V
:

=100

VCC
VE VB VBE 4 0.7 3.3V

IB

VB

0.7V

VE

IE =

IC
IE

VC

VE
3.3
1mA
3.3k 3.3k

IC = 1mA

( 1)

VC VCC RCIC 10 (4.7k)(1m) 5.3V

VC VC VE 5.3 3.3 2V

IB =

1mA
0.005mA
200

I B > 0 , IC > 0, VBE = 0.7V 0.2 < VCE < VCC

BJT .

87

 DC

VC, VB, VE,
= 100. BJT?

IE =1mA
1mA
0.01mA
100

IB
VCC

IC = =100 0.01mA 1mA

VC

VC
VB

VBE

VB

R B

V VB VBE

0.01 10 3 10 103

0.1 0.7

0.1V

0.8V

VC VCC RCIC 10 (8k)(1m) 2V

VCE VC VE 2 ( 0.8) 2.8V
I B > 0 , IC > 0, VBE = 0.7V 0.2 < VCE < VCC
BJT .

88

 DC
= 100.
BJT?

10V
4.7k

RC

BJT .

6V

10V

R C =4.7k

3.3k

RE

6V

VBE

1
VC 10 4.7k

100
1.6mA 0.99 1.6mA 1.584mA
100 1
IC 10 4.7k 1.584mA 2.555V

0.7V

VE

6 0.7 5.3V

VBC

RE

3.3k

VE
RE

VB VBE
5.3
3.3k

1.6mA
****

****

VCE

VBC

VC

VE

VBE VCE

2.555 5.3

2.745V

0.7 ( 2.7456) 3.445V

VBE=0.7V, IB>0 VBC<0 BJT

.

89

()

VCE(sat)= 0.2V

10V

R C =4.7k
6V

VCC VC
10 5.5
RC
4.7k
VC 5.3 0.2 5.5V
B
VCE 0.2V
VE VB VBE 6 0.7

B
VBE

0.7V
E

RE

3.3k

VE
RE

5.3
3.3k

1.6mA

0.96mA

IE IC 1.6mA 0.96mA 0.64mA

5.3V
****
****

VCE

0.2V

VBC

VB VC

6 5.55 0.5V

IE IC 1.6mA 0.96mA 0.64mA

C 0.96 1.5
IB 0.64

VBE>0 VBC>0
( C ) BJT .
.

90

 DC
DC =100.
pnp BJT?
VCC

10V

pnp BJT

:

VCC

R C 1k

RC

10V

1k

IE

IC
VBC

VC

VC

IB
RE

100
(4.65mA)
100 1
4.6mA

IE

10 4.6mA 1k

5.4V

2k

VEB
VE

VCC 10V

RE

VE

IE

VEB

0.7V

VCC 0.7
RE

10 0.7
2k

4.65mA

2k
IC 4.5mA

100
0.045mA

IB

VCC 10V

91

()

VEB=0.7V>0
VBC =-5.4V<0 BC
pnp BJT .
.

92

 DC
VB =1V
. VE =1.7V
DC ), )VC
) I E =

10-VE
=1.66mA
5000

I B =I100k =
IE

1
=0.01mA
100

IC =I E =I E
IB

IE =

I
=
= +1 I

+1
1.66= +1 0.01
IC

=165

+1

=0.994
+1

) IC =IE =0.9941.66mA=1.65mA
VC =IC5000-10
=8.25-10=-1.75V

93

 DC

DC VC IE
IC =I B +I E
IC =IE =I E \IB =0
=

1
+1

IC =IE
IC =

10-VC
15000

IE =

VC -0.7+10
5000

10-VC VC -0.7+10
=
15000
5000
10-VC =3 VC -0.7+10
IE =

VC =-4.475v

-4.475-0.7+10
=0.965mA
5000

94

 DC
DC .


VCE(sat)= 0.2V

BJT

iC =i E
1
iC =iE 1.6mA
2.48V
VCE =VC -VE 2.48 5.3 2.82V

VBE>0 VBC>0
( C
) BJT .

.

95

BJTs
BJT

=75 VCC=12V.
VCC

R2

36k

22k

RC
C

B
E

R1

18k

16k

RE

Thevenin
R2

36k

22k

RC
22k

VCC=12V

R TH

VCC=12V

12k

E
VTH=4V

R1

18k

16k

RC

RE

VCE
VBE

VCC=12V

E
2

16k

RE

96

BJTs

BJT ()

R2

36k

22k

RC
C

VCC=12V

VCC=12V

R1

18k

16k

RE

E
Thevenin
Thevenin

VCC R1
12 18
4V
R1 R 2 18 36
DC
R 1R 2
18 36
R TH
k 12k
R1 R 2 18 36
VTH

97

BJTs

BJT ()
Thevenin

R TH

12k

22k
RC
VBC

VC
C
VCE

VBE

VTH=4V

VCC=12V

E
2

16k
RE

VE

1
:

VTH

R TH IB

VBE

R E IE

0 (1)

4 1200IB

VBE 1600IE

0 (2)

VBE=0.7V =(+1) (2)

4 1200IB

IB

0.7 1600( 1)

4 0.7
(1200 1600( 1))

(3)

0
98

BJTs

BJT ()
=75 (3)

4 0.7
3.3
=
(12000 16000(75 1)) 1228000

IB

IC I

26.87 10 6

2.7

75 2.7 202.7

2 :
VE

VCE

VCE

VC

VCC

VE

VCC 12 (4)
VC

= VCC

R C IC

= VCC

C ( R C

IC

VCC

R E IE

R CIC

I
RE ( C )

RE
) (5)

( 1)

76 2.7

205.2

(5)
16000
VC 12 202.7( 22000+
) 12 7.742
0.988

VCE
VBC

VBE

VBC
VCE

VBE

202.7
=0.988
205.2

4.25V

0.7 4.25

3.55V

VBC - .
99

BJTs
BJT ()
RE
(5) VCE VCC C ( R C
) 12 38194C

12
VCE =0 IC =
=314
I C 0 VCE 12V
38194

IC(sat)
=314A

DC

VCE(cutoff))
=12V

( )
Q , ,
AC .
IB=2.7mA .

100

VCE=0 IC=VCC/RC

Q
RC

VCE

IC

IC R C VCC

VCC VCE
RC
Q

iB

101

 - ICBO

, ,
.

nanoampere .

102

AC BJT

(AC ) :
1) Q BJT DC .
IC.
2) BJT

gm

IC
VT

gm

re

gm

VT
IE

3)
(AC ).
BJT
C .
4)
, .

103

 AC
15.0 V

=
DC + AC

RC =5 K

vO (t ) VO

vo (t )

RB =5 K

vi (t )

100

+
_

RE =5 K

COUS

5.8 V

104

 1 : Q DC
15.0 V

AC

RC =5 K

IC
VO

RB =5 K

IB

RE =5 K
5.8 V

IE

105

 1 : Q DC ()

VBE

5.8 5IB

IB

IE
VC

IC

0.7 V

15.0 V

0.7 5( 1)IB

5.1
5 5(101)

IB

IB

IC

IC

0.01 mA

1.01 mA

VC

15

(1.01)5
5.05 V

RB =5 K

10.0 V

(1.0)5

IE RE

VO

(1.0)5

5.8 V

10.0 V

VE

1.0 mA

VCE

VC

IC

15 IC RC

15 IC RC
15

IB

RC =5 K

VE

10.0

IB

RE =5 K

IE

5.05

4.95 V

IC

1.0 mA > 0

VCE

4.95 V > 0.7

106

 2 : C BJT
BJT

gm

IC
VT

1.0 mA
0.025V

VT
IB

0.025 V
0.01 mA

40

mA
V

2.5 K

re

VT
IC

0.025 V
1.01 mA

24.7

Early VA

EARLY BJT Early.

BJT ro

107

 3 : BJT
- ro

C
v BE

g m v BE

iB

iC
C

ro

v BE

g m v BE

r
iE

iC

E


Early
ro

iE

gm

v BE
iB

v BE iC
i B iC

gm

g m v BE
r

VT
IC

108

 3 : BJT
()

15.0 V

RC =5 K
RB =5 K

vO (t )

B
C

vi (t)

vbe

+
_

RE =5 K

vo (t )

40 vbe

2 .5 K

5.8 V

VO

COUS

109

 4 : DC ,

AC .

RC =5 K
RB =5 K

vo (t )

B
C

vi (t)

+
_

vbe
-

2 .5 K

40 vbe

RE =5 K

110

()

RC =5 K
RB =5 K

ib

vi (t)

+
_

C
+

vbe
-

ic

40 vbe

2 .5 K

ie

vo (t )

111

()

RB =5 K

ic

ib

vo (t )

vi (t)

+
_

vbe

40 vbe

2.5 K

ie

RC =5 K

112

 5 :
vbe

vbe

RB

vi

2 .5
v
5 . 0 2 .5 i

(1)

vi

vbe

vo

ic RC

(gmvbe ) RC

(2)

40(5)vbe
200vbe

(1) (2)

v
o
?

200vbe

200

vi

66.7 vi

Avo

vo
vi

66.7
113

 AC


BJT.

iB

iC
C
v BE

iB
iB

iE

iC
iE

v BE
r
iB
1)i B

114

 AC

VA VA

BJT ro

Vo
Vin

Ibr

Rib

Vin
Ib

Ri

R1 R2 Rib

Vin

I b RC
Ib
r

Ri
Ri

RS

I b RE
1

RE

Vs

115

 AC npn BJT

Av

Vo
Vs

I b RC
Vs
RC

Av

Vin
Rib

1
Vs

RC
r

Ri
RE Ri

RS

Ri >> Rs (1 + )RE >> r

Av

RC
RE

RC
RE
116

 AC npn BJT


BJT.

117

 AC npn BJT

DC Q BJT

DC

I E
V

I C RC VCE
IC RC VCE

VCE

IC

I E ( RE 1 R E 2 ) V
1
IC ( RE1 RE 2 ) V
1

I C RC

Q-,

1,

, V

ICQ ( RC

VCEQ

I C ( RE1

RC

RE 2 )
1

RE1 RE 2 )
-1
RE1 RE 2

118

 AC npn BJT

AC
BJT.

AC

ic RC

vce

ie RE1

ic
vce

ic RC

ie

ic RE1

ic ( RC

AC

RE1 ) ( )
ic
-1
=
vce RC RE1

119

 AC npn BJT

DC AC
DC
=
AC
=

120

 AC pnp BJT
DC AC
VBE=0.7V, =150, VA=

121

 AC pnp BJT

DC Q BJT

BE :
V
I BQ

I BQ RB VEB
V
RB

VEB
(1 ) RE

I E RE

I BQ RB VEB (1

) I BQ RE

5.96 A

Q
ICQ

I BQ

0.894mA & I EQ

Q-, VCEQ

(V

DC

(1

) I BQ

V ) I CQ RC
-1
RC

RE

0.9mA

I EQ RE

6.53

1
15k
122

 AC pnp BJT

ICQ
r
gm
ro
vo

0.894mA ;VECQ
VT
4.36k

ICQ
ICQ

6.53V

34.4mA / V

VT
VA
ICQ
vc
( g m v )( RC / / RL )

ic ( RC / / RL )
123

 AC pnp BJT

AC
=

DC
=

12
4

 BJT

125

126

 DC

BE
CE
.

VBE = 0.7 (npn), IC

IE, IC = IB

Thevenin
B-E
C-E.
IC VCE.

(IC VCE ).

127

DC AC
BJT

DC

DC .

128

AC BJT
C
C

R R R 10k 30k
B 1 2
R R R 4.3k 100k
C 3

AC .

129

 BJT
.
VCE(sat)=0.2V.

VCC -VCE(sat) 10-0.2

IC(sat) =
=
=9.8mA
RC
1.0k

V -V
3-0.7
IB = BB BE =
=0.23mA
RB
10k
IC = DC I B =50(0.23)=11.5mA
DC, IC
IC(sat).
IC = 11.5mA .

130

 BJT
:
) VCE VIN=0V
)
DC =200. VCE(sat) .
) RB Vin=5V

) Vin=0V
VCE(cutoff)=VCC = 10V

VRB

IC(sat) =

VE

VCE

VCC

VCE(sat)

10V-0V
=10mA
1.0k

RC
IC(sat) 10mA
I B(min) =
=
=50A
DC
200
,
.
)
VBE 0.7V.
Vin -VRB -VBE =0 VRB

Vin -VBE

5 0.7

4.3V

R B(max) =

VRB
IB(min)

4.3V
=86k
50

131

DC
AC .
AC DC

(
IC VCE) AC
.
AC
DC .

132

133

DC

134

DC
VCE

135

=
=

vbe, ib, ic, vce vi

DC BJT VBB

136

137

. dc ,
0,7V. VBE 0,7V 99. AC
.
V
) ac o ( s )
Vi
) Rin
:
rd
r

V
= T
ID
IC
VT
gm
IB
VT

I D

+10V

L=100nH

Vi

25mV

+10V

R1=10K
rd

Early.

VT

Vo
=99
RL=50

R=100

138

()
DC BJT
DC :
+10V
I1

DC

+10V
IC

R1=10K

VB

ID

=99
I
O.7 O.7
O.7

IE

R=100

, :

I1

10 0,7 0,7
R1

IB

8,6
10k

IE

0,86mA

7mA
100

0,07mA

IE

VB

0,7

1,4 0,7
100

IC

ID

IE

7mA

6,93mA

I1 I B 0,86 0,07mA 0,79mA

139

()

, BC
.

gm

6,93mA
25mV

0,2772 S

25mV
357
0,07mA

rd

25mV
31,6
0,79mA

AC
- ,
( , ac) :

AC
- BJT

Vi

+
rd V

rd -

R1

C
r

gmV

iRL

iZL
ZL

RL

( Early )
:

gmV

iRL iZL

Vi V
Vo

g mV

Z L / / RL

Vo
Vi

gm

Z L RL
Z L RL

gm

J L RL
RL J L

g m RL
RL
1
J L

13,86
0,5 109
1
J

) :

Rin

R1 / /2rd / / r

10k / /63,2 / /357 53,4

140


BJT Transistor . 1 . 2.
(Q).

i, A

IC
C

IB

100

RL=3k

75

50

RB=10k
VBE

25

VCC=10V

+
0

0,5

VBB=1V

VE, volts

2
()

iC, mA
90 A
70 A

2
()

50 A

30 A
1
iB=0

10

VCE, volts

141

()

i, A

iC,mA

100
3.3
3
Q

iB=50A

50

3
()

10

VCE, volts

0,5

VE, volts

3
()

BJT iB =0 vBE=1 ( .1).

=1V/10K=100A.
(.3())
Q iBQ=50A VBEQ=0.5V.

142

()

:
iC=0A RL, vCE=10V
vCE=0V iC=VCE/RL = 10V/3K = 3.3mA.

(. 3()), Q
IB=05
:

ICQ=2mA, VCEQ=4V
:
IE=IC+IB=2+0.05mA=2.05mA

143

IC VC . 1
100 200. VCC=15V, RB1=1M, RB2=500k, RC=10k, RE=10k.

VCC
RC
C0

RB1

Ci
uin RB2

RE

CE

RB

RC

uout
-

RE

1
2

144

()

Thevenin . 2
:

RB1 RB 2
RB1 RB 2

RB'

106 || (0,5 106 )

3,3 105

. 2 DC . :

I B RB' VBE

I E RE'

VBB

BJT transistor :

IB

IB

IE

IC

VBB

RB 2
VCC
RB1 RB 2

15

0,5
V
1,5

5V

=100

C=0.32mA

VC=11.8V

=200

IC=0.37mA

VC=11.3
145



.
.

Vi

.
1V .
3V
3 V . 5V .

146

1 Vo = f(Vi),
Vi - +, Vo(t),
Vi 10 V.
.

R0 10k
B
D1

D2

+10V
+
3V_

-10V

R1=10k

Zener
9V

+
5V _

R2=10k

147

+10V
1k

+9V

+8,3V
150k

1k

148



. .
IC,IB,IE,VBE RB.
+10V
RB

Ib =160

IcmA

Ib =140
Ib =120

10

Ib =100
Ib =80
Ib =60

|V BE|Volts
1

VCE =12V
2V

0,5
VCE =0

Ib =40

Ib =20

10

1K

VCE

100

Ib

149



6K
2K
1V

3V

1K

V0

+
3K

,
Darlington, .
C

B1

T1
T2

B2

E
150


-V

R=1K
+

V
10V

DC AC

) Zener ?

) r ?:

| VBE, SAT | ( ) | VCE, SAT | (

CE ) ?

151

R
VDD

ID

VDD -i DR-vD =0

VD

iD

vD =0

iD

VDD
R

i D =0

vD

VDD

VDD
R
i DQ

1
R

VDD

VDQ

vD

152

LED () ().
.

()
()
vD+iR-2.5=0
i=0 vD=2.5V

vD=0 i=2.5/200=12.5mA

Q
vDQ=1.02V iDQ=7.5mA

153



+10V -10V. V .

i
+

v=iR

2k

v=5V i=(5)(0.5x10-3 ) 2.5mA

i (mA)

i (mA)

i 1
1
= =
=0.5x10-3
v R 2000

0
-10

0
-10

-5

v (V)

10

-5

10

v (V)

154



+10V -10V. V .

v
_

v-iR-5=0 i=

1k
+
5V
_

v-5
R

v=5V i=0
v=10V i=

5
1000

5x10-3 =5mA

i (mA)

4
3
2
1
0
-10

-5

10

v (V)

155



+10V -10V. V .

i
+
2k 1k

1) v>0 v=1000i

10

i
1
=
v 1000

v=0V i=0A, v=5V i=5mA

v=10V i=10mA
2) v<0 v=2000i

i
1
=
v 2000

i (mA)

v>0: v=1000i
v<0: v=2000i

-5
-10

-5

10

v (V)

156



+10V -10V. V .

D v>0: v=1000i

D
C

C v<0: v=0
1k

10

i
1
=
v 1000

v=0V i=0A, v=5V i=5mA

v=10V i=10mA

i (mA)

1) v>0 v=1000i

2) v<0 v=0
-5
-10

-5

10

v (V)

157

Zener
vi=20sin314t, Vz=15V, rz=0 .

vi

vo

Zener D1
Zener D2

15V.
D2 15V

15V.
D2
15V.


-15V .

vo
Vz=+15

Vz=-15

t
158