1

1. TNG QUAN V MY CNC

2
TNG QUAN V MY CNC
1. CNC l g?
2. Lch s pht trin ca CNC
3. Cc thnh phn ca h thng CNC
4. c im ca my cng c CNC
5. H to trn my cng c CNC
6. Cc im 0 v im chun trn my CNC
7. iu khin s trn my cng c CNC
8. Hiu chnh dng c ct trong gia cng CNC
3
1. My CNC l g?
NC = Numerical Control
CNC = Computer Numerical Control
Cc hot ng c iu khin bng cch
nhp trc tip d liu s
Mt dng t ng ho lp trnh vn nng
My cng c c iu khin bng hng
lot cc lnh c m ho
2. Lch s pht trin my CNC
1. 1725 Phiu c l c dng to mu qun o
2. 1808 Phiu c l trn l kim loi c dng iu
khin t ng my thu
3. 1863 T ng iu khin chi nhc trn piano nh bng l
4. 1940 John Parsons a sang che ra phng phap dung phieu uc lo
e ghi cac d lieu ve v tr toa o e ieu khien may cong cu.
5. 1952 My cng c NC iu khin s u tin
6. 1959 - Ngn ng APT c a vo s dng
7. 1960s iu khin s trc tip (DNC)
8. 1963 - ho my tnh
9. 1970s - My CNC c a vo s dng
10. 1980s iu khin s phn phi c a vo s dng
11. CAD/CAM

5

May ieu khien so co ien chu yeu da tren cong
trnh cua mot ngi co ten la John Parsons.
T nhng nam 1940 Parsons a sang che ra phng phap
dung phieu uc lo e ghi cac d lieu ve v tr toa o
e ieu khien may cong cu . May c ieu khien e
chuyen ong theo tng toa o, nh o tao ra c be
mat can thiet cua canh may bay.

6

Nam 1948 J. Parson gii thieu hieu biet cua mnh cho khong lc Hoa
Ky. C quan nay sau o a tai tr cho mot loat cac e tai
nghien cu phong th nghiem Servomechanism cua trng ai hoc
ky thuat Massachusetts (MIT).
Cong trnh au tien tai MIT la phat trien mot mau may phay NC
bang cach ieu khien chuyen ong cua au dao theo 3 tru toa o.
Mau may NC au tien c trien lam vao nam 1952. T 1953
kha nang cua may NC a c chng minh.


7

Mot thi gian ngan sau, cac nha che tao may bat au che tao cac
may NC e ban, va cac nha cong nghiep, ac biet la cac nha che
tao may bay a dung may NC e che tao cac chi tiet can thiet cho
ho.
Hoa ky tiep tuc co gang phat trien NC bang cach tiep tuc tai tr
cho MIT nghien cu ngon ng lap trnh e ieu khien may NC. Ket
qua cua viec nay la s ra i cua ngon ng APT: Automatically
Programmed Tools vao nm 1959
8
Muc tieu cua viec nghien cu APT la am bao mot phng tien e
ngi lap trnh gia cong co the nhap cac cau lenh vao may NC.
Mac du APT b ch trch la th ngon ng qua o so oi vi nhieu
may tnh, no van la cong cu chnh yeu va van c dung rong rai
trong cong nghiep ngay nay va nhieu ngon ng lap trnh mi la da
tren APT.

9
1
N C
1 9 6 0 9 5 0 1 9 7 0 1 9 8 0 1 9 9 0
C N C
F M S
C A D
C A D / C A M
C I M
10
So sanh Cau truc may cong cu thong
thng va may CNC
May cong cu CNC c thiet ke c ban giong
nh may cong cu van nang.S khac nhau that s
la cho cac bo phan lien quan en tien trnh
gia cong cua may cong cu CNC c ieu khien
bi may tnh.
11
Cac hng chuyen ong cua cac bo phan may
cong cu CNC c xac nh bi mot he truc toa
o.
Moi chuyen ong cua cac bo phan may co mot
he thong o rieng e tnh toan cac v tr tng ng
va phan hoi thong tin nay ve he ieu khien.
12
So sanh chc nang
Nhap d lieu: Dung chng trnh NC
ieu khien: May tnh c tch hp trong he ieu khien
CNC va phan mem tng ng kiem soat toan bo cac
chc nang ieu khien cua may cong cu.
Kiem tra: Tren may cong cu CNC, kch thc cua chi tiet
gia cong c am bao trong suot qua trnh gia cong vi s
phan hoi lien tuc cua he thong o.
13
Chng trnh
He thong ieu
khien
May cong cu
14

La nhng tap hp nhng cau lenh ieu khien may phai lam g. Cac lenh nay
c ma hoa dang so va ky hieu ma thiet b ieu khien co the nhan dang
c. Chng trnh iu khin co th c lu tr tren phieu uc lo bang uc lo,
bang t. Th du chng trnh gia cong:
%
G90 G40 G80
T2M06S3000
G0 Z1.
X2. Y2.
Z.1
G1 Z-1. F10.
X6.
Y6.
G1 X3.
G3X2.Y5.R1.
G1Y2.
G0 Z1.
X0. Y0.
%
Dung cu
ng chy dao
15
Phiu c l
16
Bng l
17
a t
18
Cac phng phap lap trnh:
- Bang tay
- Bang may tnh
Chng trnh c chuan b bi lap trnh vien, trong o
ngi lap trnh ch ra tng bc theo trnh t cong nghe.
oi vi may cong cu, cac bc cong nghe la cac
chuyen ong tng oi gia dung cu cat va phoi.

19
Lp trnh
bng tay
Ngi lp trnh
nhp tng lnh trn
my CNC
Lp trnh nh h thng CAD/CAM
CAD
CAM
CNC
21
Chy kim tra chng trnh trn my tnh
22
La thanh phan th 2 cua he thong ieu khien
so.
No bao gom cac bo mach ien t va phan cng
co the oc va bien dch chng trnh ieu khien va
truyen en may cong cu.
23
Cac phan t c ban cua bo phan
ieu khien la:
- Bo lu d lieu
- Bo phan phoi d lieu
- Bo lien he ngc
- Bo ieu khien tuan t e phoi hp hoat ong cua cac phan
t tren.
Can phai lu y la gan nh tat ca cac may NC hien ai
c ban la co trang b bo ieu khien goi la Microcomputer.
V vay ma chung c goi la may CNC.

24

May cong cu bao gom ban may va truc chnh cung nh
cac mo t va cac bo ieu khien can thiet e may
hoat ong. No cung bao gom nhng dung cu cat, o
ga va cac thiet b phu khac can cho viec gia cong
Cac may NC rat a dang: t nhng may khoan lo, uc
lo n gian en cac trung tam gia cong thong minh ky
dieu.
25
My phay
CNC
My tin
CNC
26
My ct dy WEDM
27
Cac ng dung cua ieu khien so
c ng dung rong rai hien nay ac biet la trong
gia cong kim loai:
- Phay
- Khoan va cac nguyen cong tng t
- Tien trong (boring)
- Tien
- Mai
- Cat day

28
He thong ieu khien NC cung c dung trong
cac lnh khac
- May dap
- May han
- In ban ve t ong
- May lap rap
- May uon ong
- May cat gio a

- May cat bang Plasme
- Cac cong nghe Laser
- May an t ong (theu)
- May cat quan ao
- May tan nh t ong
- May buoc day

29
ac iem chung cua cac loai san pham
lam tren may NC
1/ Cac chi tiet thng c gia cong vi so lng nho.
2/ Hnh dang phc tap
3/ Co nhieu nguyen cong phai c thc hien
4/ Nhieu kim loai phai loai bo
5/ Thiet ke ky thuat giong nhau
6/ Chi tiet phai co yeu cau chnh xac cao
7/ La loai san pham at tien nen mot sai lam nho co the tra gia
ln
8/ Cac san pham yeu cau phai kiem tra 100%.
9/ Thng loat san xuat khoang 50 cai hoac nho hn. San xuat loat
nho va loat va la ly tng e dung may NC.

30
u nhc im cua ieu khien so
- u iem cua NC
- Giam thi gian chay khong
- Giam thi gian ga at
- Giam thi gian gia cong
- San xuat mem deo hn
- Nang cao chat lng san pham
- Giam ton kho
- Giam dien tch mat bang

Nhc iem cua NC
- Ga thanh au t cao
- Gia thanh bao tr cao
- Phai chon va huan luyen
oi ngu NC

31
Thu tuc ieu khien so (NC)
1. Lap ke hoach gia cong (Process Planning)
2. Lap trnh gia cong NC (Part programming)
4. Kiem tra chng trnh
5. Thc hien viec gia cong tren may CNC

32
Nhng cong viec trong CNC
1. Quan ly CNC
2. Lap trnh CNC
3. Thiet ke o ga va dung cu
4. Bao tr may CNC
5. Van hanh may CNC
33
C hoi viec lam nh CNC
1. Can bo quan ly CNC
2. Chuyen vien lap quy trnh cong nghe
3. Chuyen vien lap trnh CNC
4. Chuyen vien thiet ke dung cu cat
5. Nhan vien ieu chnh may CNC
6. Nhan vien van hanh may CNC
34
4. c im ca my cng c CNC
Z
Y
X
My tin CNC c hai
trc iu khin c
My phay CNC thng c
ba trc iu khin c
35
4. c im ca my cng c CNC
Ngoai chuyen ong doc
theo cac truc X,Y va Z
con co the ieu khien
cac chuyen ong quay
quanh moi truc. Cac
chuyen ong quay nay
co the c ieu khien
va c anh dau
bang A,B,C
36
4. c im ca my cng c CNC
37
4. c im ca my cng c CNC
1- ai c bi
2- Vng cch
iu chnh khe
h
3- Bi
4- Trc vt
38
4. c im ca my cng c CNC
He thong o hanh
trnh trc tip
Y
X
1
2
He thong o hanh
trnh gin tip
X
4
3
2
1
39
4. c im ca my cng c CNC
Truyen ong chnh va cac truc cong tac
1. M t bc: dng trong cc h thng khng c yu cu
cao v chnh xc v cng sut ln.
2. M t mt chiu servo: phi lun bo tr chi than, bi.
3. M t ba pha ng b v khng ng b: khng phi
bo tr chi than nh ng c mt chiu, bn lu nn c
dng rng ri trong cc my CNC hin i

40
4. c im ca my cng c CNC
Thiet b kep chi tiet
Trn my phay: ch yu dng g vn nng nh t, vu
kp. Trong sn xut ln dng g chuyn dng
Trn my tin ch yu dng mm cp ba chu t nh tm,
mi chng tm, luy nt. Trong sn xut hng kh dng g
chuyn dng
Cc c cu kp c th c t ng ho bn xi lanh thu lc
hay kh nn.
41
Thit b kp chi tit
t dng trn my phay
42
Dng c ct dng trn my CNC
Dng c ct dng trn
my Phay CNC
43
Cc dng c kp dao trn my phay
44

Mm dao trn trung tm tin
4. c im ca my cng c CNC
45
4. c im ca my cng c CNC
Bng ti dao trn my phay
46
Thit b thay dao trn trung tm phay
4. c im ca my cng c CNC
1
2
3
4
47
5. He toa o trong NC
Can thiet e ngi lap trnh len ke hoach chuyen ong cho
dung cu so vi chi tiet gia cong.
Khi lap trnh chi tiet coi nh ng yen con dung cu th di
chuyen so vi chi tiet gia cong.
Co hai he toa o c ban:
- He toa o e-cac
- He toa o cc

48
He toa o e-cac 2D
Y
X
P1
P2
P3
P4
V du:
P1 X = 80 Y = 40
P2 X = -80 Y = 70
P3 X = -50 Y = -40
P4 X = 40 Y = -70

49
He toa o e-cac 3D
X
Y
Z
P1
P2
V du:

P1 X = 30 Y = 2 Z = 0
P2 X = 30 Y = 0 Z = -10
50
Quy tc bn tay phi
+X
+Y
+Z
51
He toa o cc
He toa o cc (goc dng)
P
Y
X
r
P
Y
X
r

He toa o cc (goc am)
52
He toa o may va phoi tren may phay
CNC
M
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
W
53
H ta phi v cc trc X, Y, Z
54
Gc ta phi mt trn v
mt y phi
X
Y
Z
55
H ta my v phi trn my tin
Chi tiet gia cong tien, at trong he
toa o e-cac 2 truc vi dung cu
cat nam pha trc tam quay
Chi tiet gia cong tien, at trong he
toa o e-cac 2 truc vi dung cu
cat nam pha sau tam quay
W
M
+X
+Z
W
M
+X
+Z
56
Cac truc quay va truc bc tien tren
may CNC
+Y
-Y
-X
+X
+Z
-Z
-Y
+Y
+Z
-Z
-X
+X
57
Cc trc trn my tin CNC
+ X
C
+ Z
58
Ghi kch thc thch hp theo NC
-Z
+X
-Z
+X
Ghi tuyt i
Ghi tng i
59
6. Cac iem khong 0 va iem chuan tren
may CNC
60
Cc iem chun ca may tin
E
R
N
W
M
V tr cua cac iem khong 0 va iem chuan trong tien
61
Cc im chun trn my phay
R
N
W
A
M
62
iem chuan cua dung cu cat E
B
R
L
B
R
Q
L
V tr cua iem hieu chnh
dung cu cat B tren dao
tien
V tr cua iem hieu chnh
dung cu cat B tren dao
phay
63
o chiu di dao phay
64
o chiu di dao tin
65
im cn dao
A
66
Cai at iem khong 0 cua chi tiet W tren
may tien CNC
67
Cai at iem khong 0 cua chi tiet W tren
may phay CNC
W
Z
Y
X
W
Z
Y
X
W
Z
Y
X
68
7. ieu khien so tren may cong cu
CNC
1
2
X,Y,Z
Y
X
3
4
5
6
Z
69
o hanh trnh
3
4
1
7
2
5
3
6
1- ai lng au vao
2- ai lng au ra
3- ai lng nhieu
4- ong c
5- Vt me bi
6- Thiet b o
7- ai lng au ra (gia tr
v tr thc)
70
o hanh trnh tng oi
1 2 3 4
71
o hanh trnh tuyet oi
M
1 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
72
Cac dang ieu khien CNC
ieu khien iem.
ieu khien oan.
ieu khien ng
- ieu khien 2D.
- ieu khien 2D.
- ieu khien 3D.

73
ieu khien iem
74
ieu khien oan
75
ieu khien ng
Tuy theo so lng cac truc
c ieu khien ong thi
ma ta chia ra:
- ieu khien 2D.
- ieu khien 2D.
- ieu khien 3D.
76
ieu khien 2D.
77
ieu khien 2D
78
ieu khien 3D
79
o chnh xac cua ng cong
Dung sai trong
ng cong ly tng
Dung sai ngoai
Trng dung sai
Gii han dung sai ngoai
Gii han dung sai trong
80
8. Hieu chnh dung cu cat trong gia cong
CNC
Y ngha va muc ch cua cac gia tr hieu chnh dung cu cat
Co the s dung trc tiep cac thong so cua ban ve chi tiet gia cong e
lap trnh ma khong can quan tam en chieu dai hay ban knh thc s
cua dung cu cat.
Cac thong so ve chieu dai cung nh ban knh dao phay, manh hp kim
cua dao tien c o, lu trong b nh, c xem xet, quan ly bi he
ieu khien CNC khi vn hanh may CNC.
81
Hiu chnh bn knh dao phay
1
2
1 2
1
2
1 2
3
82
Hiu chnh bn knh dao bn tri
v bn phi
3
2
1
3
2
1
83
Hieu chnh ban knh mui dao (tien).
1 2
4
5
3
3
1 2
4
3
3
5
1
2
84
Vector hiu chnh bn knh mi dao
R
4
1
1
3
2
K
I
1 2
3 4
5
6
7
8
85
Cc dng offset dao tin
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
86
Tm lc
Trong chng ny chng ta nghin cu cc vn
sau y:
1. CNC l g?
2. Lch s pht trin ca CNC
3. Cc thnh phn ca h thng CNC
4. c im ca my cng c CNC
5. H to trn my cng c CNC
6. Cc im 0 v im chun trn my CNC
7. iu khin s trn my cng c CNC
8. Hiu chnh dng c ct trong gia cng CNC
Nm vng nhng tri thc trn, s gip cho vic lp
trnh v vn hnh my CNC mt cch hiu qu.