Iee For Pakistan Domestic Biogas Program 2010

Rural Support ProgrammesNetwork
IEEfor PakistanDomesticBiogasProgram
Final Report
March2010
ExecutiveSummary IEEfor PakistanDomesticBiogasProgram
ES-1 MARCH 2010
ExecutiveSummary
ES. ExecutiveSummary
ES.1 Introduction
This report presents the findings of an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)
carried out by a teamof consultants for the Pakistan Domestic Biogas Programme
(PDBP) which is beingimplemented by Rural Support Programmes Network(RSPN)
withtechnical support fromSNVandWinrockInternational. Thisprogramenvisions
the creation of a commercially viable biogas sector in Pakistan in next 10 years.
During the period, the vision is to set up 300,000 domestic biogas plants across
Pakistan.
The project will involve the construction of five different digester units (4, 6, 8, 10
and 15 m
3
capacity) at different households throughout the country. These
households will operatethese units byusingtheanimal wasteat their disposal and
the biogas produced as a result of anaerobic digestion will be used to fulfil their
domestichouseholdneeds.
The IEE has been prepared to conform with the requirements of the Pakistan
Environmental Protection Act 1997 (PEPA), the Pakistan Initial Environmental
Examination and Environmental Impact Assessment Review Regulations 2000 and
the guidelines provided in the Pakistan Environmental Assessment Procedures,
1997.
ES.2 TheProponent
RSPNwasregisteredin2001under Pakistans CompaniesOrdinance(1984) asanon
profit company by the Rural Support Programmes (RSPs) of Pakistan. RSPN is a
networkof tenRSPs. TheRSPsinvolvepoor communities(mainlybut not exclusively
rural) inimproved management and deliveryof basic services through aprocess of
social mobilization. RSPN is a strategic platformfor the RSPs, providingthemwith
capacitybuildingsupport andassistingtheminpolicyresearch, advocacyanddonor
linkages. CurrentlytheRSPshaveapresencein94of thecountrys 138districts and
2 Fata Agencies, stretching fromthe mountainous north to the central plains and
down to the southern coastline. The RSPs have collectively worked with a rural
membershipof communityorganizationsof 2.13millionrural households.
ES-2 MARCH 2010
ExecutiveSummary
ES.3 TheIEEMethodology
VariousstepsundertakenintheIEEpreparationincludedunderstandingof the
proposedoperation; reviewof legislationandguidelines; collectionof secondary
data; fielddatacollection; publicconsultation; impact identificationandassessment;
recommendationsfor mitigationmeasures; development of anEnvironmental
Checklist andreporting.
TheIEEteamvisitedtheproject areainJanuary2010. Duringthesitevisits, primary
informationwascollectedregardingthebiogasunitsalongwithfeedbackfromthe
householdspresentlyusingthepilot unitsaswell asthecommunitieslivinginthe
vicinityof theseunits.
ES.4 ImpactsandMitigation
TheIEEcoverspotential impactsof theproposedproject activities. Potential impacts
onthephysical, biological, socio economicandcultural environment that mayarise
fromtheproject activityhavebeenassessed.
The proposed programwill comprise of activities which shall be of a very limited
extent, namely the installation of a small sized digester unit in the vicinity of a
household.
The planned activities shall involve construction of the digester unit on site,
requiringonly minor masonry workutilizingreadily available rawmaterials such as
bricks and concrete and no machinery will be required which could possibly have
resulted in impacts such as air emissions or noise disturbance. Also, the site
selectionof thebiogas unit shall beconductedtoensureit islocatedat aminimum
distance of 20 meters from any water source to prevent ground water
contamination. Inaddition, onlythreetofivepersonsshall besufficient tocomplete
theconstructionactivitywithin atwoto threeweekperiodandthustheseminimal
manpower requirements shall not result inanysocioeconomic issues. Furthermore,
no disturbance to the surroundingcommunities is expected since the construction
activity shall be of a small scale and completely limited to the vicinity of the
householdinstallingthedigester unit.
Once the digester unit is operational, no issues of noise or air emissions are
expected since strict quality checks (using the environmental checklist which has
beendeveloped) shall beinplacetoensurenoleakageof thebiogasproducedtakes
place. Additionally, thebiogasproductionisabiological process, requiringanaerobic
digestionanddoesnot consist of anyactivitywhichmight producedisturbancedue
to noise pollution. Thus no disturbance or negative impact(s) to the surrounding
communities is expected. Furthermore, the slurry/compost produced as a by
product of the biogas production process shall be used as fertilizer for the
ES-3 MARCH 2010
ExecutiveSummary
agricultural fields andthus shall not createanyenvironmental issue(s) regardingits
disposal.
Due to the reasons cited above, no significant environmental impacts are
anticipated at any stage fromthe planned construction or operational activities of
the proposed project. Even so, an environmental checklist has been developed
which shall beused bythe construction supervisor and RSPNfor monitoringof the
constructionandoperationactivitiesof thebiogasunitstoensurecompliance.
ES.5 Conclusion
The IEE concludes that the proposed project activities will not lead to adverse
environmental impacts of any kind. Additionally, careful implementation of the
environmental checklist will ensure that any potential environmental impacts are
managed and minimized and the project proponent meets all statutory
requirements.
ii MARCH 2010
Final Report
Contents
1 Introduction 1 1
1.1 TheIEE 1 1
1.2 TheProponent 1 1
1.3 TheProject 1 1
1.4 Contact Details 1 2
2 ScopeandMethodology 2 1
2.1 Scopeof theIEE 2 1
2.2 IEEMethodology 2 1
3 Policy, Legislation andGuidelines 3 4
3.1 Introduction 3 4
3.2 National Environmental Policy, Legislationand
Guidelines 3 4
4 Project Description 4 1
4.1 BiogasTechnology 4 1
4.2 TheBiogasPlant 4 1
4.3 ConstructionandOperationof BiogasPlant 4 3
4.4 Benefitsof biogastechnology 4 12
5 Project Need 5 1
5.1 Project Background 5 1
5.2 ExistingEnergySituation 5 1
5.3 Domesticenergy 5 3
6 Potential ImpactsandMitigation 6 1
6.1 Introduction 6 1
6.2 Physical Environment 6 1
6.3 ImpactsonBiological Environment 6 3
6.4 Impact ontheSocio economicandCultural
Environment 6 3
7 Conclusions 7 1
8 References 8 2
iii MARCH 2010
Final Report
Appendices
AppendixA Environmental Checklist
AppendixB Questionnairefor HouseholdswithPilot Projects
List of Tables
Table31: NEQSfor municipal andindustrial effluents
a
3-8
Table32: NEQSfor selectedgaseouspollutantsfromindustrial
sources
a
3-10
Table33: NEQSfor motor vehicleexhaust andnoise 3-11
Table41: Quantityof feedingrequired 4-17
Table42: Quantityof fuel woodsaveddaily 4-17
List of Figures
Figure41: Designof theGGC2047Model BiogasPlant 417

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Final Report
List of Photographs
Photograph 4-1: Livestock rearing in Faisalabad district of Punjab 4-14
Photograph 4-2: Marking of dimensions for biodigester unit prior to
start of excavation work 4-14
Photograph 4-3: Measurements of biogas unit and dimensions being
calculated 4-14
Photograph 4-4: Brick lining being conducted by the mason at the base
of the biodigester unit 4-14
Photograph 4-5: Wall of biodigester being constructed from bricks 4-14
Photograph 4-6: Inlet pipes for feeding of the animal manure into the
biodigester unit being inserted 4-14
Photograph 4-7: Brick wall of the biodigester unit completed 4-15
Photograph 4-8: Dome of the biodigester unit constructed 4-15
Photograph 4-9: Inlet pipe for feeding of the animal manure into the
biodigester unit 4-15
Photograph 4-10: Concrete being laid on the biodigester dome to
ensure no leakage of gas takes place during operation 4-15
Photograph 4-11: Masonry work continuing to construct compartment
to be used for feeding of animal manure into the biodigester
unit 4-15
Photograph 4-12: Compartment for feeding of animal manure being
completed 4-15
Photograph 4-13: Biodigester unit completed with concrete dome 4-16
Photograph 4-14: Outlet pipe on top of biodigester to be used for
piping of the gas produced to the household appliances 4-16
Photograph 4-15: Construction of Slurry pit in progress 4-16
Photograph 4-16: Feeding compartment, biodigester unit outlet and
slurry pit (with lid) on completion of biogas unit 4-16
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Final Report
List of Acronyms
IEE Initial Environmental Examination
PDBP PakistanDomesticBiogasProgramme
RSPN Rural Support ProgrammesNetwork
PEPA97 PakistanEnvironmental ProtectionAct, 1997
RSPs Rural Support Programmes
NEP National Environmental Policy
PEPC PakistanEnvironmental ProtectionCouncil
NCS National ConservationStrategy
NEQS National Environment QualityStandards
EPAs Environmental ProtectionAgencies
EIA Environmental impact assessment
BOD Biochemical OxygenDemand
COD Chemical OxygenDemand
TSS Total SuspendedSolids
TDS Total DissolvedSolids
GI Galvanizediron
QED QualityEnsuringDiscount
AEDB AlternativeEnergyDevelopment Board
List of Units
C Centrigrade
cm Centimetre
cum Cubicmeter
db Decibels
Introduction IEEfor PakistanDomesticBiogasProgram
1-1 MARCH 2010
Final Report
1 Introduction
1.1 TheIEE
This report presents the findings of an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)
carried out by a teamof consultants for the Pakistan Domestic Biogas Programme
(PDBP) which is beingimplemented by Rural Support Programmes Network(RSPN)
withtechnical support fromSNVandWinrockInternational. Thisprogramenvisions
the creation of a commercially viable biogas sector in Pakistan in next 10 years.
During the period, the vision is to set up 300,000 domestic biogas plants across
Pakistan.
The IEE has been prepared to conform with the requirements of the Pakistan
Environmental Protection Act 1997 (PEPA), the Pakistan Initial Environmental
Examination and Environmental Impact Assessment Review Regulations 2000 and
the guidelines provided in the Pakistan Environmental Assessment Procedures,
1997.
1.2 TheProponent
RSPNwasregisteredin2001under Pakistans CompaniesOrdinance(1984) asanon
profit company by the Rural Support Programmes (RSPs) of Pakistan. RSPN is a
networkof tenRSPs. TheRSPsinvolvepoor communities(mainlybut not exclusively
rural) in improved management and deliveryof basic services through aprocess of
social mobilization. RSPN is a strategic platformfor the RSPs, providingthemwith
capacitybuildingsupport andassistingtheminpolicyresearch, advocacyanddonor
linkages. CurrentlytheRSPshaveapresencein94of thecountrys 138districts and
2 Fata Agencies, stretching fromthe mountainous north to the central plains and
down to the southern coastline. The RSPs have collectively worked with a rural
membershipof communityorganizationsof 2.13millionrural households.
1.3 TheProject
The project will involve the construction of small digester units at different
households throughout the country. These households will operate these units by
using the animal waste at their disposal and the biogas produced as a result of
anaerobicdigestionwill beusedtofulfil their domestichouseholdneeds.
Introduction
1 2 MARCH2010
Final Report
1.4 Contact Details
Incaseof further detailsor clarificationsregardingthisIEE, pleasedonot hesitateto
contact theproponent at theaddressprovidedbelow:
Proponent
SajjadHaider
ProgrammeManager
PakistanDomesticBiogasProgramme(PDBP)
Rural Support ProgrammesNetwork(RSPN)
Tel +92512827763

ScopeandMethodology IEEfor PakistanDomesticBiogasProgram
2-1 MARCH 2010
Final Report
2 ScopeandMethodology
2.1 Scopeof theIEE
This IEE investigates the impacts likely to arise from the construction and
subsequent operationof the domestic biogas digester units (details of construction
andoperationareprovidedinChapter 4).
It istheintentionof theIEEto:
Identifyandinvestigateanyimpactsof theproposedconstructionandoperation
of thedomesticbiogasunitsonthephysical andsocio economicenvironment;
To propose any mitigation measures (if required) that would help RSPN in
conductingtheoperationinanenvironmentallysustainablemanner;
To develop an Environmental Checklist that would assist RSPN in the effective
implementationof therecommendationsof theIEE.
2.2 IEEMethodology
ThevariousstepsundertakenintheIEEpreparationaresummarizedbelow.
2.2.1 Understandingof theProposedOperation
This involved collecting information fromRSPN on the proposed project activities
andunderstandingtheactivitiestoidentifypotential impactsresultingfromthem.
2.2.2 Reviewof LegislationandGuidelines
National legislation, international agreements, environmental guidelines, and best
industry practices were reviewedto set environmental standards that RSPN will be
requiredtoadheretoduringtheproject.
2.2.3 SecondaryDataCollection
All availablepublishedandunpublishedinformationpertainingtothevariousbiogas
projects installed in different countries worldwide along with the experiences of
operatingthesehouseholdunitswerecarefullyreviewedandanalysed.
2.2.4 FieldDataCollection
TheIEEteamconductedtwo visits toFaisalabad toinspect thepilot biogas projects
which have already been constructed in different households. The first visit took
placefrom8thto10thJanuary, 2010whilethesecondvisit tookplacefrom23rdto
24thJanuary, 2010.
ScopeandMethodology IEEfor PakistanDomesticBiogasProgram

2 2 MARCH2010
Final Report
The data collection activity involved visitingtwo households for each digester size
wherethedigester unitshadbeeninstalledaspart of thepilot project activity. Only
twohouseholdsfor eachdigester sizewerevisitedsinceafter completionof thefirst
visit andhavingcloselyobservedtheoperationof digester units of different sizes, it
wasrealizedthat thegeneral operationof theunitsremainsthesame, independent
of the digester size, with theamount of animal manure fedand slurry produced as
theonlyvariant. Thusit wasconcludedthat visitingtwohouseholdsper digester size
wouldprovemorethansufficient.
Sincefivedifferent digester sizes(4, 6, 8,10and15m
3
) areplannedtobeinstalledas
per requirement of the different households, a total of eight different households
werevisited(digester unitsof 15m
3
areyet tobeinstalled) togain anaccurateidea
regarding the working of the units and any potential issues/problems these
householdsmight havefacedsincetheinstallationof theseunits.
Aspart of thedatacollectionactivity, aquestionnairewasalsodeveloped(provided
as Appendix B) to obtain any relevant data required to accurately assess any
potential environmental issues/impactsresultingfromtheconstructionor operation
of thedigester units.
In addition, discussions werealso held withmembers of thehouseholds where the
biogas units arecurrentlyoperational alongwith membersof thecommunity living
in the vicinity of these biogas units to identify any potential environmental issues
whichmight havebeenexperiencedbythemduringtheconstructionor operationof
theseunits.
2.2.5 PublicConsultation
Members of the households where the biogas units are currently installed were
consulted regarding their effectiveness and feasibility. In addition, communities
living in the vicinity of these biogas units were consulted during the fieldwork to
recordanyconcernsand/or suggestionstheymight have.
2.2.6 Impact IdentificationandAssessment
Potential impacts arising from each phase of the proposed project activity were
identified. Impactswereidentifiedandassessedonthebasisof fielddata, secondary
data, expert opinion, and experiences of the pilot projects currently being
implementedinFaisalabaddistrict of Pakistan.
2.2.7 Recommendationsfor MitigationMeasures
Mitigation measures (if any) to minimise, eliminate, or compensate the potential
environmental impacts were recommended. The mitigation measures were

2 3 MARCH2010
Final Report
recommended on the basis of past experience, best industry practices, legislative
requirementsandprofessional knowledge.
2.2.8 Development of Environmental Checklist
An environmental checklist (providing key guidelines to be followed and
implemented during both the construction and operation phases of the digester
units) was developed to prevent any potential environmental impacts during the
project activity.
During the construction of each biogas unit, the supervisor present on site would
ensurecompliancewiththechecklist, whichuponcompletionwouldbeprovidedto
RSPNfor monitoring.
Similarly, once the biogas units would become operational, the checklist would be
used by RSPN to ensure compliance through monitoringof the biogas units on an
annual basis.
2.2.9 Reporting
TheIEEstudywascompiledinareport form. Theformat of theIEEreport conforms
to the guidelines provided in the Pakistan Environmental Assessment Procedures,
1997.
The IEE report is presented as one volume and describes the proposed project,
relevant legislation and guidelines, assessment of the project impacts and
recommendationsfor mitigationmeasures(if any).
Policy, LegislationandGuidelines IEEfor PakistanDomesticBiogasProgram

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Final Report
3 Policy, LegislationandGuidelines
3.1 Introduction
This chapter provides a synopsis of environmental Policies, legislation, and
guidelinesthat mayhaverelevancetotheproposedprogram. Theseincludenational
environmental Policy, legislation and guidelines; and international conventions and
guidelines. RSPN shall be required to adhere to the relevant requirements of the
Policies and legislation during the construction and operation of the proposed
programof activities; which shall also be incorporated in any mitigation measures
whichmight berequiredandtheenvironmental checklist whichhasbeendeveloped
(AppendixA).
3.2 National Environmental Policy, LegislationandGuidelines
3.2.1 National Environmental Policy, 2005
The National Environmental Policy (NEP) was approved by the Pakistan
Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) in its 10th meeting on 27th December,
2004 under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister of Pakistan and thereafter
approved by the Cabinet on 29th June, 2005. NEP is the primary policy of
Government of Pakistanthat addressestheenvironmental issuesof thecountry. The
broad Goal of NEP is, To protect, conserve and restore Pakistans environment in
order to improve the quality of life of the citizens through sustainable
development. The NEP identifies the following set of sectoral and cross sectoral
guidelinestoachieveitsGoal of sustainabledevelopment.
a. Sectoral Guidelines:
Water and sanitation, Air quality and noise, Waste management, Forestry,
Biodiversity and Protected areas, Climate change and Ozone depletion, Energy
efficiencyand renewable, agriculture and livestock, and Multilateral environmental
agreements.
b. CrossSectoral Guidelines:
Poverty, Population, Gender, Health, Tradeandenvironment, Environment andlocal
governanceandNatural disaster management.
The NEP suggests the followingpolicy instruments to overcome the environmental
problemsthroughout thecountry:
Integrationof environment intodevelopment planning,
Legislationandregulatoryframework,

3 5 MARCH2010
Final Report
Capacitydevelopment,
Economicandmarket basedinstrument,
Publicawarenessandeducation, and
Publicprivatecivil societypartnership.
NEP is a policy document and does not apply to projects. However, RSPN will be
required to ensure that the program should not add to the aggravation of the
environmental issues identified in the NEP and mitigation measures should be
adoptedtominimiseor avoidanycontributionof theprogramintheseareas.
3.2.2 National ConservationStrategy
Before the approval of National Environmental Policy (NEP), the National
Conservation Strategy (NCS) was considered as the Governments primary policy
document onnational environmental issues. At themoment, thisstrategyjust exists
as a national conservation program. The NCS identifies 14 core areas including
conservation of biodiversity; pollution prevention and abatement; soil and water
conservation; and preservation of cultural heritage, and recommends immediate
attentiontothesecoreareasinorder topreservethecountrys environment.
RSPN should ensure that the project should not add to the aggravation of the 14
core environmental issues identified in theNCSandmitigation measures should be
adopted to minimise or avoid any contribution of the programactivities in these
areas.
3.2.3 National Environmental Legislation
a. PakistanEnvironmental ProtectionAct 1997
The PakistanEnvironmental Protection Act, 1997(PEPA) is the basic legislative tool
empowering the government to frame regulations for the protection of the
environment. The PEPA is broadly applicable to air, water, soil, marine and noise
pollution, as well as the handling of hazardous waste. Penalties have been
prescribed for those contravening the provisions of the Act. The powers of the
federal and provincial Environmental Protection Agencies (EPAs) were also
considerablyenhancedunder thislegislationandtheyhavebeengiventhepower to
conduct inquiries into possible breaches of environmental law either of their own
accord, or upontheregistrationof acomplaint.
Under section12of PEPA, noproject involvingconstructionactivitiesor anychange
in the physical environment can be taken unless an IEE or EIA as required is
conductedandareport submittedtothefederal or provincial EPA.

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b. PakistanEnvironmental ProtectionAgencyReviewof IEEandEIARegulations,
2000
The Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations,
2000(theRegulations), preparedbythePak EPAunder thepowersconferredupon
it by the PEPA, provide the necessary details on the preparation, submission, and
reviewof theinitial environmental examination(IEE) andtheenvironmental impact
assessment (EIA).
The Regulation classifies projects on the basis of expected degree of adverse
environmental impacts and lists themin two separate schedules. Schedule I lists
projectsthat maynot havesignificant environmental impacts andthereforerequire
an IEE. Oil and gasexploration and production activities are included in ScheduleI.
Schedule II lists projects of potentially significant environmental impacts requiring
preparation of an EIA. The Regulations also require that all projects located in
environmentally sensitive areas require preparation of an EIA. As the proposed
project activitieswill not becarriedout inanyenvironmentallysensitivearea, anEIA
studyisthereforenot required.
It is important to mention that the proposed program will comprise of activities
which shall be of a very limited extent, namely the installation of a small sized
digester unit in the vicinity of a household. The planned activities shall involve
constructionof thedigester unit onsite, requiringonlyminor masonryworkutilizing
readilyavailablerawmaterialssuchasbricksandconcrete. Inaddition, threetofive
persons shall be sufficient to complete the construction activity within a two to
three week period and thus minimal manpower requirements are foreseen which
shall not result in any socioeconomic issues. No disturbance to the surrounding
communities isexpectedsincetheconstructionactivityshall beof asmall scaleand
completelylimitedtothevicinityof thehouseholdinstallingthedigester unit.
Once the digester unit is operational, no issues of noise or air emissions are
expected since strict quality checks shall be in place to ensure no leakage of the
biogasproducedtakesplaceandthebiogasproductionrequiresanaerobicdigestion
which is a biological process and does not consist of any activity which might
produce noise. Thus no disturbance or negative impact to the surrounding
communities is expected. Furthermore, the slurry/compost produced as a by
product of the biogas production process shall be used as fertilizer for the
agricultural fieldsandthusshall not createanyenvironmental issue.
Due to the reasons citedabove, the proposed programof activities requires anIEE
study since no significant environmental impacts are anticipated at anystage from
theplannedconstructionor operational activities.

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c. TheNational Environmental QualityStandards
The NEQS promulgated under the PEPA 1997 specify standards for industrial and
municipal effluents, gaseous emissions, vehicular emissions, and noise levels. The
PEPA 1997 empowers the EPAs to impose pollution charges in case of non
compliancetotheNEQS. Standardsfor disposal of solidwastehaveasyet not been
promulgated.
During the project, NEQS will apply to all type of effluents, emissions and noise
levelsfromtheproposedprogramof activities.
NEQS for municipal and industrial effluents, selected gaseous pollutants from
industrial sources and motor vehicle exhaust and noise are provided in Table 21,
Table22andTable23.
3.2.4 AntiquitiesAct 1975
The protectionof cultural resources inPakistan isensuredbythe Antiquities Act of
1975. Antiquities have been defined in the Act as ancient products of human
activity, historical sites, or sites of anthropological or cultural interest, national
monuments etc. The act is designed to protect antiquities fromdestruction, theft,
negligence, unlawful excavation, trade and export. The law prohibits new
construction in the proximity of a protected antiquity and empowers the
Government of Pakistan to prohibit excavation in any area, which may contain
articlesof archaeological significance.
No antiquity protectedunder this act was identified in the vicinity of the proposed
project duringfieldwork for the IEE. Furthermore, the project sites are unlikely to
contain any buried antiquity. However, the project staff will be instructed before
ground preparation and earthworks to report any archaeological artifact or what
may appear to be an archaeological relic to the project management. In case of
suchadiscovery, appropriateactionwill betaken.

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Table31: NEQSfor municipal andindustrial effluents
a
Parameters IntoInland
Water
IntoSewage
Treatment
b
Temperatureor temperatureincrease
c
3C 3C
pH 69 69
Biochemical OxygenDemand(BOD5) at 20
o
C
d
80 250
Chemical OxygenDemand(COD)
d
150 400
Total SuspendedSolids(TSS) 200 400
Total DissolvedSolids(TDS) 3,500 3,500
Greaseandoil 10 10
Phenoliccompounds(asphenol) 0.1 0.3
Chloride(asCl
) 1,000 1,000
Fluoride(asF) 10 10
Total cyanide(asCN) 1.0 1.0
An ionicdetergents(asMBAS)
e
20 20
Sulphate(SO
4
) 600 1000
Sulphide(S) 1.0 1.0
Ammonia(NH
3
) 40 40
Pesticides
f
0.15 0.15
Cadmium
g
0.1 0.1
Chromium(trivalent &hexavalent)
g
1.0 1.0
Copper
g
1.0 1.0
Lead
g
0.5 0.5
Mercury
g
0.01 0.01
Selenium
g
0.5 0.5
Nickel
g
1.0 1.0
Silver
g
1.0 1.0
Total Toxicmetals 2.0 2.0
Zinc 5.0 5.0
Arsenic
g
1.0 1.0
Barium
g
1.5 1.5

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Parameters IntoInland
Water
IntoSewage
Treatment
b
Iron 8.0 8.0
Manganese 1.5 1.5
Boron
g
6.0 6.0
Chlorine 1.0 1.0
Source: Pakistans Environmental Lawsandtheir Compliance, Dr. ShoaibQadar, et.al (2003)
Notes
a
All valuesareinmg/l, unlessotherwisedefined
b
Applicable only when and where sewage treatment is operational and BOD5=80 mg/L is achieved by the sewage treatment
system
c
The effluent should not result in temperature increase of more than 3Cat the edge of zone whereinitial mixingand dilution
takeplaceinthereceivingbody. Incasezoneisdefined, use100metersfromthepoint of discharge
d
Assumingminimumdilution1:10ondischarge, lower ratio would attract progressivelystringent standards tobe determinedby
the Federal Environmental Protection Agency. By 1:10 dilution means, for example that for each one cubic meter of treated
effluent, therecipient water bodyshouldhave10cubicmeter of water for dilutionof thiseffluent
e
ModifiedBenzeneAlkyl Sulphate; assumingsurfactant asbiodegradable
f
Pesticidesincludeherbicide, fungicidesandinsecticides
g
Subject tothetotal toxicmetalsdischargeshouldnot exceedlevel of total toxicmetals

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Table32: NEQSfor selectedgaseouspollutantsfromindustrial sources
a
Parameter Sourceof emission Standard
Smoke Any 40%or 2Ringlemannscale
or equivalent smoke
number
Particulatematter
b
Boilersandfurnaces:
Oil fired 300
Coal fired 500
Cement kilns 300
Grinding, crushing,
clinker coolersand
relatedprocesses,
metallurgical processes,
converter blast furnaces
andcupolas
500
Hydrogenchloride Any 400
Chlorine Any 150
Hydrogenfluoride Any 150
Hydrogensulfide Any 10
Sulfur oxides
c
Sulfuricacid/Sulfonicacid
plants
5,000
Other plantsexcept
power plantsoperating
onoil andcoal
1,700
Carbonmonoxide Any 800
Lead Any 50
Mercury Any 10
Cadmium Any 20
Arsenic Any 20
Copper Any 50
Antimony Any 20
Zinc Any 200
Oxidesof nitrogen
d
Nitricacidmanufacturing
unit
3,000

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Parameter Sourceof emission Standard
Other plantsexcept
power plantsoperating
onoil or coal:
Oil Fired 400
Coal fired 600
Cement kilns 1,200
Notes:
a
All valuesareinmg/Nm
3
, unlessotherwisedefined
b
Basedontheassumptionthat thesizeof theparticulatesis10micronor more
c
Basedon1%sulphur content infuel oil. Higher content of sulphur will causestandardstobepro rated
d
Inrespect of the emissions of the sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, the power plants operatingon oil or coal as fuel shall, in
additiontoNEQSspecifiedabove, complywiththefollowingstandards
Table33: NEQSfor motor vehicleexhaust andnoise
Parameter Standard MeasuringMethod
Smoke 40%or 2ontheRinglemann
scaleduringengine
accelerationmode
Tobecomparedwith
RinglemannChart at a
distanceof 6metersor more
CarbonMonoxide Newvehicles: 4.5%
Usedvehicles: 6%
Under idlingconditions, non
dispersiveinfrareddetection
throughgasanalyzer
Noise 85dB(A) Sound meter at 7.5meters
fromthesource
Notes:
a
10yearsor older

Project Description IEEfor PakistanDomesticBiogasProgram
4 1 MARCH2010
Final Report
4 Project Description
RSPNiscurrentlyintheprocessof settingup300,000domesticbiogas plantsacross
Pakistan under thePDBP program. The longtermobjectiveof thisProgrammeisto
improve the livelihoods of 300,000 households through the provision of household
biogas digesters promoted by a commercially viable biogas sector in the next ten
years. ThePDBPprogramshall promotebiogasplantsof sizes4, 6, 8,10and15m
3
.
4.1 BiogasTechnology
Biogas is generated when bacteria degrade biological material in the absence of
oxygen, in a process known as anaerobic digestion. Since biogas is a mixture of
methane (also known as marsh gas or natural gas, CH
4
) and carbon dioxide, it is a
renewable fuel produced fromwaste treatment. Anaerobic digestion is basically a
simple process carried out in a number of steps that can use almost any organic
material as a substrate it occurs in digestive systems, marshes, rubbish dumps,
septictanksandtheArcticTundra.
Conventional anaerobicdigestionhasbeena"liquid" process, wherewasteismixed
with water to facilitatedigestion, but a"solid" process isalso possible, as occursin
landfill sites.
4.2 TheBiogasPlant
Biogas plants are based on a uniformtechnical design and are manufactured and
installedfollowingestablishedtechnical standards. Thehouseholds feedcattledung
mixed with equal amount of water into the biogas plant, which through anaerobic
digestion produces biogas. The biogas producedin thedigester goes to thekitchen
through a pipe. The biogas contains around 5060%of methane and burns with a
clear blueflame.
The biodigester model being promoted under the PDBP program is a structure
constructed under the ground, made with cement, brick/stone, sand and pipes &
appliances to decompose organic material and produce biogas to supplement
conventional fuel sources; andbioslurry toapplyasorganicmanureinthefarms. By
feeding the recommended amount of cattle dung and water every day in the
digester, clean gas is produced. This fuel is used mainly for cooking and lighting
purposes whereasthedigestedslurryis usedinvegetablegardens and agricultural
fields.

4 2 MARCH2010
Final Report
Thereare6mainparts of thebiodigester, namely: inlet (mixingchamber) for cattle
dungfed plant, digester (digestion chamber), gas holder (storage chamber), outlet
(displacement chamber), gasconveyancesystemandslurrycompost pit(s).
Thespecificroleof eachof themajor componentscomponent issummarizedbelow:
Inlet The main purpose of the inlet is to mix organic material and water into a
semi solid state. This mixture is fed into the digester via an inlet pipe. A hand
operatedmixer intheinlet helpsmixtheorganicmaterial andwater thoroughly.
Digester The digester holds the mixture of manure and water while
microorganismactivityproducesbiogas. It iscylindrical inshapeandismadeof brick
masonrywithaconcaveconcretecover, or thedome.
Dome Thepurposeof thedomeistocollect thegasproducedinthedigester. This
is plastered in several layers and painted with a special paint in order to minimize
gas leakage. Gasaccumulatesunder thedomecreatingpressureand pushingdown
thelevel of theslurryandincreasingtheslurrylevel in theconnectedslurrytank. It
isthedifferenceinslurrylevels betweentheslurrytankandtheinsideof thedome
that maintainsthepressuretopushthegasintotheoutlet pipeandintothekitchen.
Outlet Theoutlet valvereleasesthecollectedgasunder thedometoburnersfor
cooking and gas lamps for lighting purposes. Gas is conveyed to the kitchen in
galvanizediron(GI) pipes.
Water Drain The water drain is put in at the lowest profile of the GI pipe,
conveyinggastothekitchen. Itspurposeistoreleaseanycondensedwater fromthe
pipeline. It needs to be opened and cleaned out periodically to make sure all the
water init isreleased.
Slurry Tank: The slurry tankholds theslurry that thegas pressurefromunder the
domedisplaces. Thisslurryoverflowsinto acompostingtankasmoremanureisfed
into the digester. The slurry can either be used directly as a fertilizer in its liquid
formor can be turned into amore solid fertilizer after it has beencomposted with
other organicmaterial.
ThedetailedcomponentsinanyGGCModel BiogasPlant areasfollows:
1. Inlet (MixingTank)
2. Inlet Pipe(s) separatefor cattledungandlatrine
3. Digester
4. GasHolder (dome)
5. Manhole
6. Outlet (Displacement Chamber) andoverflowopening

4 3 MARCH2010
Final Report
7. MainGasPipeandTurret
8. MainGasValve
9. Pipeline
10. Water Outlet (Water Trapor Drain)
11. PressureGauge
12. GasTap
13. GasStovewithrubber hosepipe
14. GasLamp(Optional)
15. Slurrypit(s)
Thebiogas plant for theproposedprogramwill providebiogas to meet thethermal
energy needs of households which have at least 2 heads of cattle (cows or
buffaloes). The use of biogas digester plants will displace the domestic energy
sources such as unsustainable biomass and fossil fuels (kerosene, liquefied
petroleumgas) with biogas produced fromthe biogas plant usinganimal manure.
The fixed dome design, called GGC 2047 model, which was initially designed and
developedinNepal, hasbeeninstalledinthepilot projectswithslight modifications.
This model is considered to be reliable, well functioning, simple, durable and with
lowmaintenancecost. Aschematicof aGGC2047Model Biogasplant isprovidedin
Figure41below.
4.3 ConstructionandOperationof BiogasPlant
The various steps undertaken duringthe construction of the biogas unit as part of
thepilot activityconductedinFaisalabaddistrict areshowninPhotographs41to4
16below.
4.3.1 Responsibilitiesof aMason
The masons role is vital in successful installationof biodigesters. The followingare
someof themajor responsibilitiesof amason:
Provide necessary information on benefits of biodigester to the users and
motivatethemfor biodigester installation.
Select proper size of bio digester based upon the availability of feeding
materials.
Ensure that the quality standards of construction materials and appliances are
properlycompliedwith.

4 4 MARCH2010
Final Report
Followstrictlythe design and drawingas providedto themduringconstruction
of biodigesters.
ComplywiththeConstructionmanualswhileinstallingthebiodigesters.
Providetheusers withminimumrequirement of knowledgeandskill tooperate
variouscomponentsof bio digester.
Ensuretimelycompletionof thework.
Report progressanddifficulties, if any, tosupervisorsregularly.
Ensure the involvement of trained mason for the construction do not allow
untrainedmasonstotakeleadresponsiblyinconstructingthebiodigester.
Work as extension worker and promoter of the technology in their areas of
influence.
Provideregular followupandafter salesservicestotheuserstoensuretrouble
freefunctioningof completedplants.
4.3.2 StepsintheInstallationof aBiogasPlant
Amasonhasto carryout thefollowingactivitiesinsequential order whileinstalling
biogasplant infarmers premises:
Selectionof correct sizeof biodigester
Selectionof constructionsite
Collectionof constructionmaterialsthat meet thequalitystandards
Layout of plant
Diggingof thepit (Excavation)
Fixingthediameter andlayingof collar (baselayer for brick/stonework) for
digester andmanholewalls
Constructionof digester wallsandmanhole
Installationof inlet pipes
Backfillingtheemptyspacesoutsidethedigester wall
Constructionof thetopof manhole(usuallycalledasbeam)
Constructionof gasholder (preparationof mould, concreting, fixingof domegas
pipe)
ConstructingInlet chamber
Constructingoutlet chamber andoutlet covers

4 5 MARCH2010
Final Report
Plasteringof theinsideof dome
Constructionof turret
Installationof pipeline, fittingsandappliances
Testingfor leakages
Fillingtheplant withfeeding
Constructionof slurrypit(s)
Fillingthetopof domeandsidesof outlet tankwithearth
Cleaningthesite
Orientingtheusersonsimpleoperationandmaintenanceactivities
The major steps mentioned above have been described in detail in the following
sections.
Selectionof correct sizeof BiogasPlant
TheGGCbiogas plant is fixeddomedesignplants. Onlybiodigesters of sizes 4, 6, 8,
10and 15m
3
of this model areeligible for obtainingthe Quality EnsuringDiscount
(QED) fromthe Pakistan Domestic Biogas Programme (PDBP). No other sizes and
designswill beeligibletoreceivetheQEDunder theprogramme.
Thesizeanddimensionsof thebiodigesters havebeendecidedbasedupon50days
retentiontimeand60%gasstorage. This meansthat thefreshmanurefedinto the
digester shouldremaininsideit for at least 50daysbeforeit comesout throughthe
outlet. Likewise, the plant should be able to store 60%of the gas produced in 24
hours.
Therefore, the size of the biodigester has to be selected based upon the daily
availablequantityof feedingmaterials. Beforedecidingthesizeof biodigester tobe
installed, all the dungavailable fromcattle has to be collected and weighed for at
least aweektoknowhowmuchfeedingmaterial isactuallyavailableeveryday. The
Table 41 belowshows the capacity of biodigesters to be decided based upon the
availabilityof feedingmaterial (mainlycattledung).
If the plant is not fed properly as per the requirement, gas production will be less
than the theoretical expectation. If gas production is less, the gas collected in the
gasholder will not havesufficient pressuretopushthedigestedslurryto theoutlet.
Insuchcase, theslurrylevel will continuetoriseandreachthegasholder insteadof
flowingtotheoutlet. Whenthemaingasvalveisopenedinthissituation, theslurry
may pass to the pipeline together with the gas. Therefore, if there is not enough
quantity of feedingmaterial available as per the prescribed rate, bigger size of the
biodigester shouldnot beinstalled. Underfedandbigger plantswill onlyincreasethe

4 6 MARCH2010
Final Report
cost of installation and also create problems in operation. The important points to
beconsideredwhiledecidingonthesizeof thebiodigester shouldbetheavailability
of dung, not the family sizeor gas demand. If the farmer has higher number cattle
then only the size is determined by the gas demand which is usually taken to be
0.33 0.40cumgasper personper day.
Selectionof Constructionsite
Selectionof constructionsitesaremainlygovernedbythefollowingfactors:
Thesiteshouldfacilitateeasyconstructionworks.
Theselectedsiteshouldbesuchthat theconstructioncost isminimised.
The selected site should ensure easy operation and maintenance activities like
feedingof Plant, Useof maingasvalve, Composinganduseof slurry, Checkingof
gasleakage, Drainingcondensedwater frompipelineetc.
Thesiteshouldguaranteeplant safety
Basedupontheabovementionedfactors, it isrecommendedtoselect plant location
based upon the followingconsiderations. Please notethat it will not be possibleto
meet all the requirements as stated below, however, it should be ensured that as
manyaspossiblepointsareconsidered:
For effective functioningof biodigesters, right temperature (2035C) has to be
maintained inside the digester. Therefore it is better to avoid damp and cool
place Sunnysiteispreferable.
Theareatoconstruct theplant shouldhaveanevensurface.
Thesiteshouldbeat aslightlyhigher elevationthanthesurroundings. Thishelps
inavoidingwater loggingwhileensuringfreeflowof slurryfromoverflowoutlet
tothecompostingpit.
To make the plant easier to operate and avoid wastage of raw materials,
especiallythedung, plant must beascloseaspossibletothecattleshed.
To mix dung and water considerable quantity of water is required. If water
sourceisfar, theburdenof fetchingwater becomesmore. However, thewell or
ground water source should be at least 10 meter away fromthe biodigester
especiallytheslurrypit toavoidthegroundwater pollution.
If longer gas pipe is used the cost will be increased as the conveyance system
becomes costly. Furthermore, longer pipeline increases the risk of gas leakage.
The main gas valve which is fitted just above the gas holder should be opened
andclosedbeforeandafter theuseof biogas. Thereforetheplant should beas
near tothepoint of applicationaspossible.

4 7 MARCH2010
Final Report
Theedgeof plant shouldbeat least 2meter awayfromthefoundationof house
or anystructure.
There should be enough space for compost pit(s) as these are integral parts of
thebiodigester.
The site should be at sufficient distance fromtrees to avoid damage of bio
digester fromroots.
Type of soil should have enough bearing capacity to avoid the possibility of
sinkingof structure.
Whenspaceisaproblem, thecattleshedcanbeconstructedontopof theplant
after proper backfilling.
QualityStandardsof ConstructionMaterialsandAppliances
If theconstructionmaterialstobeusedfor theconstructionof biodigester arenot of
goodquality, the biodigester will not functionproperly evenif thedesign iscorrect
and workmanship involved in construction is excellent. The plant will never be of
high quality if inferior quality of construction materials is used. In order to select
thesematerialsof best quality, RSPNwill ensurethat therequiredqualitystandards
andspecificationsof thesematerialsareasfollows:
a) Cement
Cement should be high quality Portland cement from a brand with a good
reputation. It must be fresh, freefromlumps and storedindryplace. Cement with
lumps should be used for construction. Bags of cement should not be stacked
directly on the floor or against the walls. Wooden planks haveto be placed on the
floor to protect cement fromdampness. Cement bags shouldbestalkedat least 20
cmawayfromanywalls.
b) Sand
Sand shouldbeclean andshould not containsoil or other materials. Dirtysand will
have very negative effect on the strength of the structure. If sand contains more
than3%impurities, it must bewashed.
c) Gravel
Sizeof gravel shouldnot beverybigneither verysmall. It shouldnot bebigger than
25%of the thickness of the concrete product where it is used. The thickness of
concrete layer in the foundation and that of outlet slabs is not more than 7.5 cm
(3), therefore themaximumsizeof gravels shouldbe2cmor size of thesize of
thicknessof concretelayer. Gravel shouldbeclean, hardandof angular shape. If it is
dirty, it hastobewashedproperlybeforeuse.

4 8 MARCH2010
Final Report
d) Water
Water is mainly required for making the cement mortar for masonry works,
concretingworksandplastering. It isalso usedto soakbricks beforeusing. Besides,
it is required for cleaning or washing construction materials if they are dirty. The
water fromponds or canal maybe dirtysoit isbetter not to useit. Dirtywater will
haveanadverseeffect onthestrengthof structure.
Water fromwater tapor well or anyother sourcesthat supplycleanwater hastobe
used.
e) Bricks/Stones
Brick plays a very important role in construction especially for GGC model of
biodigesters. Bricksshouldbeof highquality(no.1), usuallythebest qualityavailable
in the local market. The bricks should be well burnt, straight, regular in shape and
sizes and should not have cracks or broken parts. High quality bricks make a clear
metallicsoundwhenhittingthemtoeachother. Suchbricksshouldbeabletobear a
pressureof 120kgper squarecentimetre. Beforeuse, bricksmust besoakedfor few
minutes in clean water. Wet bricks will not absorb water fromthe mortar which is
neededfor settingproperly.
In areas where bricks are expensive and not available, stones can be used for
constructionof theGGCmodel biogas plants. Stonesto beusedintheconstruction
shouldbebest locallyavailable. Whenhittingonestonewithanother, stonesshould
not break. When the stone is scratched with a pointed object like iron nails, there
mark should not be more than 1mm. If the stones are dirty it should be washed.
Beforeuse, stonesmust besoakedfor fewminutesincleanwater.
f) AcrylicEmulsionPaint
It is used to makethe gas holder (dome) of biodigester air tight. Paint of this type
should meet quality standard and they must be approved fromconcerned quality
control authority.
g) MildSteel Bars
MSbarsareusedtoconstruct thecoversof outlet tankandwater drainchamber. It
should meet the engineering standard generally adopted. For plants of 4, 6 and 8
cum, MSrodsof 8mmdiameter andfor plant of 10cumcapacity10mmdiameter is
recommended. MSbar shouldbefreefromheavyrust.
h) MainGasPipe
Gas stored in the gas holder is conveyed to the pipeline through this pipe which is
placed in the topmost portion of the dome. The joint of reduction elbow with this
pipeshouldbeperfect andgastight otherwisegasleakagefromthisjoint cannot be
stopped easily. Therefore it is recommended that the reduction elbow has to be

4 9 MARCH2010
Final Report
fittedinaworkshoptoensureperfect air tightnessof thejoint. Thegaspipeshould
be properly galvanised and approved by concerned quality control authority. This
pipeshouldbemadeupof light qualityironandMSrodhastobeweldedat oneend
to embed it withtheconcrete duringinstallation. Thelengthof thispipe shouldbe
at least 60cm.
i) Maingasvalve
It controlstheflowof biogas inthepipelinefromthegasholder. It isopenedwhen
gasistobeusedandclosedafter eachuse. If substandardqualityof maingasvalve
is used, thereis always riskof gas leakage. This valve shouldbeof high qualityand
approvedbytheconcernedqualitycontrol authorities.
j) Pipesandfittings
Thepipetobeusedtoconveygasfromgasholder tothepoint of applicationshould
conform to quality specification as per the standard of Pakistan. Light quality
GalvanisedIronpipeisbest suitedfor thispurpose; however, highqualityPVCpipe
couldalso be used. The pipeshould be of at least half inch diameter. For lengthof
morethan60m(30mif twoburnersaretobeusedat atime), diameter pipehas
to beused. If GI pipeistobeused, asixmeter pipeshould weighat least 6kg. The
fittings used in the pipeline of a biogas plants are socket, elbow, tee and nipples.
Thesefittingshouldmeet therequiredqualitystandards.
k) Water Outlet
It drainsthewater condensedinsidethepipelinewhenbiogascomesincontact with
the cool pipe. This is an important component of biogas plant and therefore, its
qualityshouldcarefullybecontrolled. It shouldbeeasyto operateandthreadsinit
should be perfect. It should be ensured that the hole in the screw nut is bored
properly and islocated at theright place. Thethickness of thenylonwasher has to
be 4mmand either a4cmlonghandle pin or aproperly knurled opener should be
used. Thisapplianceshouldbeapprovedbytheconcernedauthorities.
l) GasTap
Gas tapis used for regulatingflowof gasto thegas stove. Careshould betakento
install gas tap of high quality. It has been often complained by the users that this
taps arebecomingproblematic with gas leakagethrough them. It is important that
the o ringis placed properly and is greased thoroughly and regularly. The gas tap
should not be too tight or loose to operate. The taps to be used in biodigesters
shouldbeapprovedbyconcernedqualitycontrol authority.
m) Rubber HosePipe
It is usedto conveygasfromthegastapto thestove. Thispipeshouldbemadeup
of high quality neoprene rubber and should not develop cracks when folded. It

4 10 MARCH2010
Final Report
shouldhave15mmouter and9mminner diameters. Theminimumwall thicknessof
thepipeshouldbe2.5mm.
n) GasStove
Gas stovescan befound with singleand doubleburners. In general asingle burner
gas stove used for household purpose consumes 350 to 400 litre of gas per hour.
The efficiency of gas stove is very important for the successful functioning of the
biodigester. Thestoveshouldbeof goodqualityandstrongenoughtofirmlyrest in
ground. The primary air intake should beeasily adjustable and the holes shouldbe
properly placed. The jet and pipe leading to the burner should be straight and
alignedproperly. Theholesintheburner capshouldbeevenlyspreadacrossit.
o) GasLamp
Gaslampisanother important appliancesusedinbiodigesters. Oftenuserscomplain
about themalfunctioningof theselamps. Theselampsshouldbeof highqualitywith
efficiency more than 60%. Usually, a biogas lamp consumes 150 to 175 litres of
biogas per hour. Lamps to be used in biodigesters have to be approved by the
concernedqualitycontrol authority.
p) GasPressureGauge
U shaped pressure gauge (manometer) made up of a transparent plastic or glass
tube and filled with coloured water or a clock type digital or analogue pressure
meter has to beinstalled intheconveyancesystemto monitor thepressureof gas.
Whatever maybethetypethisdeviceshouldbest amongthoseavailableinthelocal
market andshouldmeet set qualitystandards, if any.
q) MixingDevice
This device is used to prepare good quality water dung solution in the inlet tank
whencattledungisusedasfeedingmaterial. Usuallyfor householdbiogasdigesters,
vertical mixingdevicesareinstalled. Thedeviceshouldbeof goodquality, asper the
design, and the mixing blades have to be well galvanised. The blade should be
properlyalignedfor theeffectivemixing.
Plant Layout
Constructionworksof biodigester startswiththeprocessof layout works. Thisisthe
activity carried out to mark the dimensions of plant on the ground to start the
diggingwork. For thispurpose, first asmall peghastobestuckinthegroundat the
centre spot of the digester. Then the ground is leveled and the locations of the
digester, outlet tankandinlet pit aredetermined.
After completionof lay out work, theworkfor diggingof pit hastobestarted. Tools
like, crowbar, picks, spade, shovel and basket are usually available at the site. Gas

4 11 MARCH2010
Final Report
tightness of the gasholder is very important for the effective functioning of any
biodigester. If the gas stored in the gas holder escapes through the minute pores,
the users will not be able to get gas at the point of application. The whole
investment will thereforebewastedif gasholder isnot madeperfectlygas tight.
After approximately one week, depending on the temperature the earth of the
mould can be removed through the manhole. When all earth is removed, the
surface of the gas holder has to be cleaned with scrubbing with water and iron
brush. Theentiresurfaceof theconcretedomehastobecleanedbeforestartingthe
plastering. After cleaning, thefollowinglayersof plasteringworkshavetobeapplied
tomakethegasholder perfectlygastight.
Checkingfor GasandWater Tightness
After the completion of the construction of structural components and installation
of pipes and appliances, and before feeding with mix of dung and water, biogas
plants shouldbe checkedfor water tightness (the digester) aswell as gas tightness
(thegasholder domeandconveyancesystem pipeandappliances). If theplant is
not water tight, therewill betheriskof leakingof nutrientsfromtheslurryaswell as
alterationof water dungratiowhichaffectstheHydraulicRetentionTimeadversely.
Aleakingbiogasplant henceproducesinferior qualitybio fertilizer.
Likewise, if the gasholder, pipes and appliances arenot air tight, theproduced gas
will escapeintotheatmosphereresultinginlessgasavailablefor application(at the
micro level) and detrimental consequences to environment (at the macro level). In
other words, theefficiencyand effectivenessof biogas plant highly dependson gas
tightness of the gas storage tank as well as pipes and appliances, and water
tightnessof thedigester.
4.3.3 SolidandLiquidWasteGenerationanddisposal
Duringthe constructionphaseof thehouseholdbiogas unit(s), theactivityinvolved
shall primarilyconsist of masonryworkasdescribed in detail above. Asaresult, no
significant solid or liquid waste will be generated since any bricks or material not
used will be returned to the supplier. Furthermore, considering the scale of the
constructionactivitywhichwill beat ahouseholdlevel, theamount of rawmaterial
used will be quite insignificant. During the pilot projects conducted so far in
Faisalabaddistrict of Punjab, it wasobservedthat nosignificant solidor liquidwaste
wasproducedasaresult of theconstructionactivityundertakenfor thebiogasunit.
Similarly, during the operational phase of the biogas unit(s),as described above,
animal dung will be used to feed the biodigester unit to enable the anaerobic
digestion process to take place. The slurry resulting as a byproduct of the biogas
productionprocessshall itself flowduetohydraulicpressureandcollect intheslurry

4 12 MARCH2010
Final Report
andcompost pits. Asper requirement of thehouseholdwherethebiogasunit would
be installed, the slurry would be applied to the agricultural fields as fertilizer or
allowed to remain in the composting pits where valuable compost would be
produced on completion of the composting process. Consequently, the slurry
produced would prove extremely beneficial in increasing the fertility of the
agricultural cropswhileremainingenvironmentallyfriendly.
During the pilot projects in Faisalabad district mentioned above, the various
households were implementingthese very practices and maximizingthe use of the
slurrybyproduct. While doingso, theywereensuringthat anysolidor liquidwaste
generatedasaresult of theproject activitywasusedin anenvironmentallyfriendly
andbeneficial manner.
4.4 Benefitsof biogastechnology
Domesticbiogasproductionisanattractiveoptionsinceit canprovidesolutionstoa
variety of problems simultaneously: In general it has been proven that the energy
aspect alone does not justify the cost for biogas technology. But the essential
benefitsof biogas plants arenot manifestedinindividual cost efficiencycalculation.
The overall objective, to which biogas technology contributes, is environmental
protection which includes energyrelated objectives (decrease of greenhouse gas
emissions as well as deforestation) and the improvement of livelihoods of biogas
users.
Table42showsthesavingsof fuel woodresultingfrominstallationandsubsequent
use of the different proposed sizes of the biogas units.
Well functioningbiogas systems canyieldawhole rangeof benefits for their users,
thesocietyandtheenvironment ingeneral:
productionof energy(heat, light, electricity)
transformationof organicwasteintohighqualityfertilizer
improvement of hygienic conditions throughreductionof pathogens, wormeggs
andflies
reductionof unpleasant odors
reductionof workload, mainlyfor women, infirewoodcollectionandcooking
environmental advantages through protection of soil, water, air and woody
vegetation
micro economical benefits through energy and fertilizer substitution, additional
incomesourcesandincreasingyieldsof animal husbandryandagriculture

4 13 MARCH2010
Final Report
macro economical benefits through decentralized energy generation, import
substitutionandenvironmental protection
Biogastechnologycansubstantiallycontributetoconservationanddevelopment,
if theconcreteconditionsarefavorable

4 14 MARCH2010
Final Report
Construction of a Household Biogas Unit (Pilot project in Faisalabad district)

Photograph41: LivestockrearinginFaisalabad
district of Punjab
Photograph42: Markingof dimensionsfor
biodigester unit prior tostart of excavation work
Photograph43: Measurementsof biogasunit and
dimensionsbeingcalculated
Photograph44: Brickliningbeingconductedbythe
masonat thebaseof thebiodigester unit

Photograph45: Wall of biodigester being
constructedfrombricks
Photograph46: Inlet pipesfor feedingof the
animal manureintothebiodigester unit being
inserted

4 15 MARCH2010
Final Report

Photograph47: Brickwall of thebiodigester unit
completed
Photograph48: Domeof thebiodigester unit
constructed
Photograph49: Inlet pipefor feedingof theanimal
manureintothebiodigester unit
Photograph410: Concretebeinglaidonthe
biodigester dometoensurenoleakageof gastakes
placeduringoperation
Photograph411: Masonryworkcontinuingto
construct compartment tobeusedfor feedingof
animal manureintothebiodigester unit
Photograph412: Compartment for feedingof
animal manurebeingcompleted

4 16 MARCH2010
Final Report

Photograph413: Biodigester unit completedwith
concretedome
Photograph414: Outlet pipeontopof biodigester
tobeusedfor pipingof thegasproducedtothe
householdappliances

Photograph415: Constructionof Slurrypit in
progress
Photograph416: Feedingcompartment,
biodigester unit outlet andslurrypit (withlid) on
completionof biogasunit

4 17 MARCH2010
Final Report
Table41: Quantityof feedingrequired
S.No. Plant
Capacity
(m
3
)
DailyGas
Production
(m
3
)
Freshdung
required
eachday
(kg)
Water
required
everyday
(liters)
1 4 0.81.6 2040 2040
2 6 1.62.4 4060 4060
3 8 2.43.2 6080 6080
4 10 3.24.0 80100 80100
* Capacityof plant meansthevolumeof digester andgasstoragedome
** Averageretentiontime: 50days
Table42: Quantityof fuel woodsaveddaily
Quantityof
feeding
material
available
daily(kg)
Recommended
Sizeof Plant
(cum)
Quantity
of Fuel
wood
savedper
day(kg)
2040 4 4to8
4160 6 8to12
6180 8 12to16
Morethan
80
10 16to20

Figure 4-1: Designof theGGC2047Model BiogasPlant

Project Need IEEfor PakistanDomesticBiogasProgram
5 1 MARCH2010
Final Report
5 Project Need
5.1 Project Background
Pakistanistypical of manycountriesaroundtheworldwherethebiogastechnology
hasbeentriedwithsomesuccess inthepast but hasyet to bewidelyadopted. The
Government of Pakistan started a comprehensive biogas scheme in 1974 and
commissioned4,137biogasunitsby1987throughout thecountry. Thesewerelarge
plants with capacity varying from 5 to 15 m
3
gas production per day
1
. This
programme was developed in three phases. During the first phase, 100
demonstration units were installed under a grant of the government. During the
secondphase, thecost of thebiogas wasshared betweenthebeneficiaries andthe
government. In a subsequent third phase, the government withdrew financial
support for the biogas plants, although technical support continuedto be provided
free of cost. Unfortunately, after the withdrawal of the governments financial
support, theproject didnot progressanyfurther (WorldEnergyCouncil)
2
.
Most of the biogas plants installed in recent years have been smaller household
designs (3 and 5m
3
gas production per day) compared to the larger plants in the
1970s and 80s. Current dissemination programmes still largely have a piloting
character; commercial promotion is not taking place. Most involved organizations
seemto follow the current Governments promotion arrangements by providing a
subsidyof 50%ontheinstallationcosts.
5.2 ExistingEnergySituation
Pakistan is anet importer of energy. In 2006, it spent $7billion, equivalent to over
40%of total imports, toimport petroleumtomeet itsenergyneeds. Oil importation
isaheavyburdenonthecountrys foreignexchange. Recent highoil pricesandtheir
continuousfluctuationhavefurther increasedthisburden. Asper theforecast of the
National PlanningCommission, therelianceonimportedprimaryenergywill further
increaseover thenext two decades, from30%of thetotal demand in 2005to 62%
of thedemandin2025.
Most of the imported oil is for electricity generation and transportation purposes.
Only59%of Pakistans populationhasaccesstoelectricityfromthenational grid. In
rural areas, the percentage with electricity access falls to 37%. Even with all this
1
The capacity of biogas installations is either stated in volume of gas production per day or digester volume. A domestic
installation with adigester volume of 8m
3
would produce about 2m
3
biogas per day.
2
http://www.worldenergy.org/wecgeis/publications/reports/renewable/country_reports/chap_2_6_2.asp

5 2 MARCH2010
Final Report
imported energy, Pakistan currently faces a 20% power shortage, resulting in
frequent loadshedding.
Indigenous natural gas dominates the commercial energy sector of the country
accounting for 48.5%of primary commercial energy used in the country. This is
followedbyoil (30.5%), hydro(12.6%), coal (7.3%), andnuclear 1%
3
. Roughly30%of
the countrys total primary energy comes from traditional biomass fuels. The
majority of the rural population uses firewoodand other biomass fuels for cooking
andheatingandkerosenefor lightingandsomecooking.
Piped natural gas is available to 18%of the population for domestic use (Pakistan
Economic Survey 200405) and is only available to users in urban and semi urban
areas. Towns that arenot withinthe pipednatural gasnetwork haveaccessto LPG
(Liquefied PetroleumGas) for cooking, although the high cost of this fuel limits its
usetohigher incomefamilies. Duetolargecostsinvolvedinexpandingthenetwork,
competing alternative uses such as fuel for power plants, input for fertilizer and
other manufacturingsector factories, andvehicular transportationfuel, it isunlikely
that the natural gas can be made available to a large number of the unconnected
rural households any time soon. Furthermore, total availability of developed gas
resources isnot sufficient tomeet theincreasingdemand for energy. This accounts
for theincreasingdependenceonimportedpetroleumintothecountry. Tomeet the
shortfall, the government has initiated discussions to import natural gas, both
throughpipelinesandasLNG, fromIranandTurkmenistan.
The Government of Pakistan had set a goal of doing away with most natural gas
tariff subsidiesaswell assubsidiesonpetroleumfuelsbyMay2005, but against the
backdrop of rapidly rising world oil prices driven by lower production, the
government had to reconsider and continue to subsidize natural gas as well as
petroleum prices. To provide a buffer to people from the persistently high
international oil prices, thegovernment announced in the 200708national budget
that it will provide a subsidy of PKR 15 billion ($ 250 million) to keep diesel,
kerosene, and LPGprices at affordable levels. This is an increase of 50%over the
subsidy of PKR10 billion provided in the 200607budget. An additional subsidy of
PKR 72 billion ($ 1.2 billion) is projected to be provided in 200708 to the power
sector tokeepelectricitypricesaffordable
4
.
It would thus be logical for the Government of Pakistan to strongly support and
contribute to a future national biogas programme as investment in biogas will
reducetherecurrent subsidiesneededeachyear onfossil fuels.
3
Pakistan Energy Yearbook 2007.
4
http:/ / www.dailytimes.com.pk/ default.asp?page=2007\ 06\ 10\ story_10-6-2007_pg7_9

5 3 MARCH2010
Final Report
Pakistans renewable energy potential is substantial and the vast majority of it
remains untapped. The Government of Pakistan has decided to put greater
emphasisonrenewableenergy. InMay2003, it announcedthat it hadset atarget of
5%of the countrys total power generation to be fromrenewable energy by 2030
(9,700 MW) and established the Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) as
the apex organization to coordinate renewable energy promotion. AEDB has been
tasked by the government under the Roshan Pakistan Programme to electrify the
remaining villages in the country within the next three years using distributed
renewableenergytechnologies. Intermsof off gridrenewableenergysystems, 140
micro windturbines of 500Watt capacityhavebeeninstalledto meet theneedsof
rural households and institutions and 400 villages are being electrified using solar
homesystemsthroughmicro finance.
5.3 Domesticenergy
TheaveragemonthlyexpenditureondomesticenergyamountstoPKR713(Pakistan
HouseholdSurvey200405) wherebyurbanhouseholds spend 45%morethenrural
households(PKR904andPKR622per monthrespectively).
Of this, the largest single expenditure item in both urban and rural areas is for
electricity. The next largest expenditure in urban areas is on natural gas. In rural
areas, as can be expected, the next largest energy expenditure is on fuel wood.
However, it is clear that after adding the different fuel sources, rural areas spend
most of their energy expenditure on cooking fuels: around 45%of their energy
expenditure goes on solid biomass fuels; firewood, agricultural residues, and dung
cakes. Anadditional 12%goesto LPG, kerosene, natural gasand candles, whichare
usedfor cookingandfor lighting.
The available data fromsurveys depicts the commercial energy component only.
Fromobservation, however, it is evident that a significant share of the domestic
energy requirement is not sourced from commercial markets. The Household
Energy Survey 1992, quite outdated by now, provides insight in this by tracingthe
source of fuel wood. The figures show that on average, over 60%of the rural
households and 12%of urban households collect fuel wood free of financial costs.
Similar dataon animal dungis not available, but the non commercial share for this
energy source widely used in rural areas, is likely even larger. Kojima (WB
Household use of commercial energy, Feb 2006) argues that, induced by rising
energy prices, the household energy price increase outstripped general inflation
over the period 19942001, the uptake of free biomass has increased further
since. This uptake increase is measured for both rural as well as urban households
(but relatively more for urban households), and is valid in particular for poorer
households.

5 4 MARCH2010
Final Report
Hence, domestic energy expenditure data only shows (a small) part of the total
domestic energy use. Responses on the interviews of the Winrock / SNV technical
assessment survey, based on a very small sample, indicate the energy
consumptionfor cookingat alevel of 62GJ per year per household. TheHESS1992
measured a total annual household energy use of 130GJ. This would indicate that
approximately 50% of the domestic energy is used for cooking, a share which
corresponds with the analysis of Pandey & Bajgain (Feasibility study of domestic
biogasinPakistan, 2007). Triangulatingtheabovementionedsourceswouldindicate
the gross domestic energy use for cooking in Pakistan at 19 and 64 GJ per year
respectively for urban and rural households
5
. The triangulation further indicates
that commercial cookingfuel providesabout 60%of thetotal cookingfuel demand.
For urban households the commercial share amounts to 80%. For poorer
households, both rural and urban, the commercial share is likely significantly
smaller.
Modernandcleandomesticenergysources, except for SUI gas, areonaveragetwice
as expensive as traditional biomass based energy. The low tariff in natural gas,
particularly to the lower slab lifeline user, makes this a very attractive domestic
energysource for those households that areconnected to thegas grid (18%of the
households, mostly urban). For the remaining part of the population, traditional
biomass basedfuels remain their best option, despite their intrinsic risks regarding
familyhealthandenvironment.
5
Thelargedifferencebetweengrossdomesticenergyconsumptionfor cookingcanpartlybeexplainedbythelarger sizeof
rural householdsand, probablyfor alarger part, bythehigher efficiencyof themoremodernenergysourcesusedby
urbanhouseholds.
Potential ImpactsandMitigation IEEfor PakistanDomesticBiogasProgram
6 1 MARCH2010
Final Report
6 Potential ImpactsandMitigation
6.1 Introduction
This section discusses the potential positive and negative impacts that may arise
from the project activities and the mitigation measures that will be adopted to
reduce or minimise these impacts. The impacts and mitigation related to physical,
biological and socio economic environment have been discussed under three
separateheadings.
6.2 Physical Environment
6.2.1 ChangesinLandscapeandSoil Erosion
a. Impact Assessment
Soil erosioncanbedefinedastherateof soil lossfromanareaabovethat occurring
under natural conditions. It isatwo phaseprocessconsistingof thedetachment of
individual particlesfromthesoil massandtheir transport byerosiveagentssuchas
windandwater (Morgan, 1988). Inthecontext of soil erosionduetoanthropogenic
activities, thedetachment part mayoccur duetovarious activitiessuchascropping,
livestockgrazingor similar activitiesduetowhich, soilsor thelandscapeof anareais
disturbed fromits natural state. Construction of roads or other facilities has also
beenhistoricallyperceivedandinsomecaseshasactuallyledtosoil erosion.
Theproposedprogramwill involvetheconstructionof householdlevel biogas units
which shall require aminimal level of excavation to create pits for the biodigester
andcollectionof theslurry. Sincethequantityof soil excavatedshall beinsignificant,
thusno possibilityof soil erosionexistsandalmost all thesoil will bereusedonsite
for backfillingandtopfilling.
b. MitigationMeasures
Nomitigationmeasuresarerequired.
6.2.2 Soil andWater Contamination
The construction activity to be undertaken as part of the proposed program of
activities primarilyconsists of masonrywork. No machineryshall berequiredwhich
might result in fuel spillages or any toxic chemicals which might result in soil or
water contamination.

6 2 MARCH2010
Final Report
Similarly, during the operation of the biogas units, the pits developed for the
biodigester shall beconcretedwhiletheslurrypitswill bemadeof bricks, either with
or without plaster depending on the household requirement. In order to further
ensure any ground water contamination from the slurry pits is prevented, the
households shall beencouragedbyRSPNtouselargepolyethenesheets. Lastly, the
distanceof thebiogas plant shall bekept at aminimumdistanceof 20metersfrom
anywater source.
6.2.3 Useof Water
The construction and operation of each household biogas unit shall require a
minimal amount of water. Duringtheconstructionphase, asmall quantity of water
shall be usedonly to soak thebricks prior to start of themasonry workto improve
cohesion. Oncethebiogasunit becomesoperational, water shall onlybeusedtomix
withtheanimal manuretocreateaslurryprior tofeedingintothebiodigester.
Each household has access to hand pumps in addition to tubewells and thus the
minimal amount of water required for the biogas unit(s) construction shall be
insignificant.
6.2.4 Ambient Air Quality
Theconstructionof ahouseholdbiogas unit shall primarilyinvolvemasonryworkas
described earlier and shall not require the use of any machinery, vehicles or
constructionequipment whichmight produceemissions. Duringtheoperationof the
biogasunit, noemissionsshall beproduced. Thebiogasproducedshall becontained
withinthebiodigester unit whichwill becompletelysealedoff toensurenoleakages
totheenvironment takeplace.
Inaddition, thebiogasplant shall ensureharmful greenhousegases(GHGs) released
fromthe decomposing manure are prevented and instead the manure is used to
providebiogasinanenvironmentallyfriendlymanner.

6 3 MARCH2010
Final Report
6.2.5 NoisePollution
The nature of the activities involved in the construction and operation of a
householdbiogasunit ensurethat noisepollutiondoesnot takeplace.
As mentioned and described earlier, the construction activities consist primarily of
masonryworkwhichdoesnot requiretheuseof anymachineryor toolswhichmight
result insignificant levels of noise. Similarly, theoperationof thebiogas isbasedon
the feeding of the animal manure and anaerobic digestion takingplace which is a
biological processanddoesnot producenoise.
Asaresult, insignificant noiselevels areproducedduringboththeconstructionand
subsequent operationof ahouseholdbiogasunit.
6.3 ImpactsonBiological Environment
6.3.1 Vegetation
The proposed activities shall be of a very limited scope and carried out on a
considerably small scale, typicallyin theyard or backyardof the household. Dueto
this reason and considering that the entire biogas plant shall only require a small
amount of space, nosignificant vegetationcover will requireremoval.
6.4 Impact ontheSocio economicandCultural Environment
6.4.1 Assessment of Potential Impacts
Aspart of theproposedprogramof activities, RSPNasapro poor
organization, shall providetechnical trainingandthusdevelopcapacityof the
local masonsintheconstructionof householdbiogasunits. Inaddition, the
programshall alsosupport thecapacitybuildingof thelocal level small scale
workshoppeopletostart their ownbusinessof appliancemanufacturing.
Thisisexpectedtoresult insustainableincomegenerationof thelocal communities
by providinggreater avenues of employment, for both unskilled and skilled classes
of labor. Lastly, the installation of biogas plants shall also provide more time to
womenfor social aswell asincomegenerationactivities.

6 4 MARCH2010
Final Report
Furthermore, the readily available gas for household use shall also allow tasks
typicallyperformedbywomen, suchascooking, tobemadeeasier andthusresult in
anoverall positivemindset.

Conclusions IEEfor PakistanDomesticBiogasProgram
7 1 MARCH2010
Final Report
7 Conclusions
Pakistanisanenergydeficient country, alargepart of thecountrys energydemands
aremet throughimports. Thereisthereforeanurgent needtodevelopandprovide
additional energy resources, particularly to communities whosebasic energyneeds
arecurrently not beingmet. Theproposedprogramto beimplementedthroughout
thecountryat thehouseholdlevel will helptowardsachievingthisobjectiveandwill
not result inanypotential environmental impacts.
Theassessment of anypotential environmental impactsresultingfromtheproposed
programof activitieshasbeenaddressedinthisIEE, whichhascoveredindetail the
following:
Theproposedproject activities;
Legislativerequirementsrelatedtotheproject;
Potential environmental effects of the proposed project activities on physical,
natural andsocio economicreceptors;
The IEE concludes that the proposed project activities will not lead to adverse
environmental impacts of any kind. Additionally, careful implementation of the
environmental checklist will ensure that any potential environmental impacts are
managed and minimized and the project proponent meets all statutory
requirements.

References IEEfor PakistanDomesticBiogasProgram

8 2 MARCH2010
Final Report
8 References
1) Pakistans Environmental Lawsandtheir Compliance, Dr. ShoaibQadar, et.al
(2003)
2) http://www.worldenergy.org/wecgeis/publications/reports/renewable/country
_reports/chap_2_6_2.asp
3) PakistanEnergyYearbook2007
4) http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007\06\10\story_10 6
2007_pg7_9

Appendix A: Environmental Checklist
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3

T
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c
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4

A
l
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I
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d
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,

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/
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t
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s
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w
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r
s
.

5

E
n
s
u
r
e

b
y

o
b
s
e
r
v
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a
g
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c
u
l
t
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r
a
l

f
i
e
l
d
s
.

O
V
E
R
A
L
L

C
O
M
M
E
N
T
S
:

Appendix B: Questionnaire for Households with Pilot
Projects
HouseholdQuestionnaire(BiogasUnitsinstalled)
Nameof Respondent: ________________________________________
District andVillagename: ________________________________________
MonthlyIncome(PKR): ________________________________________
IncomeLevel: Low Medium High
Number of peopleinhousehold: _________________________________________
Male: _________
Female: _________
Children: _________
Occupation: ________________________________________
Typeof fuel usedprior tobiogasdigesters: _______________________________
Fuel usedfor (purposes): ____________________________________
Quantityof fuel usedondailybasis: ____________________________________
Cost of fuel usedondailybasis(PKR): __________________________________
Time period since biogas digester installed: _____________________________
CapacityandSpecificationsof digester: ________________________________
Uses of biogas produced: ____________________________________
Animal manureuse/disposal mechanismprior todigester installation:_______
________________________________________
Placement of digester (onownpropertyor not): __________________
Amount of manure consumed on daily basis: __________________
Amount of water used daily: __________________
Source of water: __________________
Any potential leakage of either gas or slurry experienced? :__________
______________________________________
Any health hazard posed during either construction or operation of digester unit:
______________________________________
Any complaints due to odor or any other reasons from surrounding inhabitants as a
result of operating the digester?:
______________________________________
How is solid waste/slurry disposed? Any efficient uses?:
______________________________________
Any income generation through sale/use of solid waste/slurry?:
______________________________________

Iee For Pakistan Domestic Biogas Program 2010

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