ba

ng lc 3.0

NG LC 3.0

Chng ti lun mong mun nhn c nhng kin ng gp

ca qu v c gi sch ngy cng hon thin hn.
Mi gp v sch, lin h hp tc v bn tho hoc nhn cc bn dch
xin gi v:

publication@alphabooks.vn

Mi lin h v dch v bn quyn sch & vn ha phm xin gi v:

copyright@alphabooks.vn

DRIVE | The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us by Daniel H. Pink

Copyright 2009 by Daniel H.Pink
All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form.
This edition published by arrangement with Riverhead Books, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.

NG LC 3.0
Bn quyn ting Vit 2010 Cng ty Sch Alpha
Khng phn no trong xut bn phm ny c php sao chp hay pht hnh di bt k hnh thc
hoc phng tin no m khng c s cho php trc bng vn bn ca Cng ty Sch Alpha.
Ba: Nguyn V Thin Thanh
Bin tp vin Alpha Books: Trn Th Khuyn

ba

DanielH.Pink

ng lc
3.0
S tht kinh ngc v nhng ng c
thc y chng ta hnh ng

KimNgc,ThyNguytdch

NHXUTBNTHII
3

NG LC 3.0

U L NG LC
V NHU CU CA CON
NGI?

rongquntrhchini,vicxcnhcngc,
nglccaconngitrongcngvicgivaitrquan
trngvlbitonthenchtcaquntrnhns.Hnmt
thkqua,ccnhkhoahcrtnlcaranhiul
thuyt,giithchvnglccaconngi.
TrctincthknSigmundFreudngitmra
nhucu,nglcvphntchhnhvicaconngivi
l thuyt X. ng cho rng bn cht con ngi l li
bing. Con ngi ght lao ng v bi vy lun tm cch
trntrnhlmvic.Conngikhngcthamvng,khng
arabtksngkinnovtmcchntrnhmitrch
nhim.Ttcnhnggconngimunlsantoncho
bn thn v khng phi lm bt c iu g. Do vy, con
ngicncthng,cnbpbuc,cnbcnhcov
b pht. y chnh l trit l cy gy v c c rt trong
qunl.Nulthuytnycgitrthnhqunlsphi
lin tc qun thc cht ch nhn vin ca mnh nhng
ngi m h khng th tin tng v cng tc. Trong bu
4

L i ta

khngkhngtngtnhvy,ivicngiqunlv
ngi b qun l, khng c bt k c hi no cho thnh
cnghaysngtoc.
Hon ton tri ngc vi Freud, Douglas McGregor
(19061964)giosvquntrcaTrngKinhdoanh
SloantiihcMITlitinrngconngilunmun
hchivlhnhvithucvbnchtcanhnloi,
nh,h txydngtnh klutvtphttrin.L
thuyt Y ny cho rng con ngi khng coi trng phn
thng th hin bng tin bc m coi trng quyn t do
c ng u vi kh khn v thch thc. Cng vic
cangiqunllchpcnhchocnguyntpht
trinvhngchngtheonhucuchungcatchcl
hiuquvnngsuttia.
Liuiunycqultngcthtrthnhhin
thckhng?Vimtsngi,iunycthchiu
rng, l thuyt qun tr Y ng ngha vi qun l lng
lo v chm chp. iu ny khng ng v phn chng
minhnmtrongchicpudding,bigitrcalthuyt
nyckhngnhtiMcngnhnhiunikhc.
c c kt qu tt nht, nhn s c la chn cn
trngvhnhthnhccnhmngnht.Ngilnho
tibacanhmcthbinmttrongcccuchpca
nhm v nhng thnh vin cn li c th tho lun thoi
mivccvn,qua,giphchnlcvchunb
chosxuthinmtlnhomi.Ngilnhokhng
cn thm mun quyn lc na. Tng thnh vin c t
dophttrin,vthmchthchthquanstqutrnhpht
5

NG LC 3.0

trin v hin thc ho cc tng c nhn khc trong

nhmnhthcachnhh.Ktqulttcmingi,v
ttccctchc,uchngli.
Tuynhin,ngynay,lthuytangchimuthtrong
quntrhclLthuytZcaAbrahamMaslow(1908
1970)cthgiibitnquamhnhnitingThp
nhucuvccoilchacatmlhcnhnvn.Thp
nhu cu ca Maslow c a ra vo nm 1943 trong bi
vitATheoryofHumanMotivationvlmttrongnhngl
thuytquantrngnhtcaquntrkinhdoanh;cbitl
cc ng dng c th trong qun tr nhn s v qun tr
marketing.
ylmtthayihontonmiktlthuytX
caFreud.Maslowbcbhontoncccstmtiv
xm xt ca Freud. ng mang n mt khng kh trong
lnh,cim,trnynhnngvthni.ngccoi
l nhn vt dng ln ch ngha nhn vn hay lc lng
th ba vi lun im rng bn cht ca con ngi l tt
p,tnht,lkhisinhra,risau,cthhdnnh
mtccctnhttpcamnh.
Maslow ch yu quan tm ti ngha v tm quan
trng trong cng vic ca con ngi, ng cho rng lao
ngsxuauibaconqukhngkhipnhtsbun
t, s i bi, v s ngho i. Nh hin trit v i
Yajnavalkyagiithchrnglaongttbinconngi
thnh thin thn, cng nh qu s lm cc iu ti li.
Nhn cch ca mi con ngi l tng hp cc hnh vi v
vic lm ca anh ta v ch c lao ng mi gii thot con
6

L i ta

ngi khi ci cht. y c l chnh l bn cht ca l

thuyttrttvnhucudoMaslowxng.
LthuytcaMaslowvnglccaconngi,trn
thc t, c cng c s vi l thuyt Y ca McGregor.
Theo Maslow, v cn bn, nhu cu ca con ngi c
chialmhainhmchnh:nhucucbn(basicneeds)v
nhucubccao(metaneeds).Nhucucbnlinquan
nccyutsinhlcaconnginhmongmunc
thcn,ncung,cngngh...Nhngnhucu
c bn nyu khng th thiu v nu con ngi khng
cpngnhngnhucuny,hskhngtnti
cnnhsutranhccvtntitrongcuc
sng hng ngy. Cc nhu cu c bn ca con ngi xp
theo trt t t thp n cao, theo Maslow gm: nhu cu
vt l, nhu cu an ton, nhu cu c yu thng, nhu
cucknhtrng,nhucuthonthin.
Hnh vi ca con ngi chu s chi phi ca cc nhu
cuchacthomnvconngilunihinhiu
hn.Khimtnhucucthomn,conngilikht
khaonhucucaohn. Do,y lmtchuicchot
nglintctrong,conngimitmihonthinqua
qutrnhtphttrin.
Giai on cao nht ca qu trnh t hon thin c
ctrngbitnhchnhtrc,tinhthntrchnhim,tnh
khoan dung, tnh gin d v t nhin. Cc c nhn trong
qutrnhthonthintptrungvoccvnngoilai
vichnhbnthnh.Smnhcaanhtabovnhn
loi rt n gin nhng khng d thc hin: Lao ng
7

NG LC 3.0

chm ch v cam kt thc hin tt nht cng vic m s

phn ku gi bn thc hin, hoc bt k nhim v quan
trngnocnthchin.
Tipninhngnghincucacclthuytgiatntui
trcy,DanielPinklicnhngtmtimicangv
ng c v ng lc ca con ngi. Trong cun sch cc
bn cm trn tay, x hi, c v nh my tnh, cng c
nhnghiuhnhtclmtbgmccchdnvtiu
chun v hnh lm nn tng cho mi hot ng. H iu
hnhutincaloinginglc1.0cnidung
cbnlssinhtn.Hiuhnhthhaitcnglc
2.0cxydngxungquanhnhngphnthngvs
trng pht ngoi vi. H iu hnh ny hot ng tt i
vinhngcngvicniuthngngycathkXX.
Nhng sang th k XXI, ng lc 2.0 khng cn t ra
tng thch vi cch chng ta b tr sp xp nhng vic
mnhlm,cchchngtanghvnhngvicmnhlm,v
cch chng ta thc hin nhng cng vic na. Chnh
nhngldodnnsraicanglc3.0.
ng lc 2.0 ph thuc vo v ng thi cng l tc
nhnnuidnghnhviLoiXtchnhvickhch
l bi nhng khao kht ngoi vi hn l nhng khao kht
niti;ncngkhnglinquannhiutisthoimit
thncamthnhngmlinquanticcphnthng
bn ngoi, vn l ming mi nh hot ng. Trong khi
, ng lc 3.0 tc s cch tn cn thit gip bi trn
hotngkinhdoanhtrongthkXXIliphthucvo
vnuidnghnhviLoiI.HnhviLoiItchtrng
ticcphnthngbnngoimmthotngmangli,
8

L i ta

mntptrungvosthamnniticabnthnhot
ng . gii c bi ton nhn s hc ba, nhng
ngi ch doanh nghip cn phi hng bn thn cng
nhnhnvincngtychuyntLoiXsangLoiI.Cch
thcchuyninygmbaphnchnh:(1)Tnhtch
l kht khao c nh hng cho cuc i ca chnh
mnh;(2)Slmchlthithccngycngtrnn
tthn,giihnlnhvcnocnghaivibn
thn;v(3)Mcchlmongmiclmnhngg
phc v cho mc ch no cn cao c hn chnh bn
thnchngta.
Thngquacunschny,bnsthyrnghuhtcc
quannimcachngtavnglcukhnghnng.
Vnlchasccchdoanhnghipvnchatip
thu cch hiu mi v nhng th kch thch con ngi. C
qunhiutchcvnvnhnhdatrnccquannimv
timnngconngivnnglclmviccatngcnhn
lithi,lichackimnghimvchyubtngun
tphongtctpqunhnldatrncskhoahcchnh
xc. H tip tc theo ui nhng bin php nh cc k
hochkhuynkhchngnhnvchngtrnhthngtin
theoktqulmvic trong khi cng ngy cng c nhiu
bngchngchothycchlmnykhngnhngkhnghiu
qumcnctcdngngc.Cunschcngaramt
bdngccaloiIhuchnh:chnchinlcnhthc
ng lc ca bn, chn cch pht trin cng ty, vn phng
haynhmlmviccabn,chntnggipconci
L tc gi ca cun sch A Whole New Mind (Mt t
duyhontonmiThicanotri)rtthnhcngv
9

NG LC 3.0

cAlphaBooksdchvxutbn,mtlnna,vi
tcphmDrive(nglc3.0)camnh,nglimangn
nhngphntchvlplunmi
Xintrntrnggiithiutibnccuncmnangv
nglcmichothkXXIny!
Thng8nm2010

NGUYNCNHBNH

10

M c l c

Mc lc
GII THIU ............................................................................. 13

PHN I

MT H IU HNH MI

Thnh suy ca ng lc 2.0 ..................................... 29

By l do khin phng php c c rt

v cy gy (thng) khng pht huy tc dng... . 58

2A

...v nhng trng hp c bit

khi chng vn hnh hiu qu .................................. 98

loi I v loi X ......................................................... 112

PHN II

BA THNH T

Quyn t tr.............................................................. 131

Lm ch ................................................................... 168

Mc ch ................................................................. 200

11

NG LC 3.0

PHN III
B DNG C CA LOI I
Loi I cho c nhn: Chn chin lc nh thc
ng lc ca bn ............................................................ 226
loi I cho doanh nghip: Chn cch pht trin
cng ty, vn phng hay nhm lm vic ca bn ........ 238
ngha thin mn ca s n b:

tng thng ngi khc theo cch ca loi I ......... 249

Loi I cho cc bc ph huynh v nh gio dc:
Chn tng gip con ci ....................................... 254
Danh sch cc sch loi I nn c:
15 cun sch gi u ging ....................................... 269
K hoch tp th dc loi I:
4 mo t ti (v duy tr) ng lc luyn tp ........ 292
Tm lc sch ................................................................ 295
Thut ng .................................................................302
Hng dn tho lun................................................ 298

12

Gii thiu

Gii thiu

Nhng tr nh rc ri
ca Harry Harlow v Edward Deci

iathktrc,hainhkhoahctrthchin
nhng th nghim l ra thay i c th gii
nhngiulikhngxyra.
HarryF.Harlowlmtgioschuynngnhtm
l hc ti i hc Wisconsin. Vo nhng nm 1920,
ngthnhlpmttrongnhngphngthnghim
u tin trn th gii nhm nghin cu hnh vi ca
loilinhtrng.Mtngynm1949,Harlowcnghai
ng nghip tp hp tm con kh nu phcv
mt th nghim v hc tp ko di hai tun. Cc nh
nghincutramttrchichcnhtronghnh
di y. chi tr ny, ngi chi cn phi tri
qua ba bc: rt cy inh dc ra, tho mc v nhc
chic np c bn l ln. Vi ti v bn: iu ny d
nhnko,nhngvimtconkhnng6kgphng
thnghim:khoaiy.
13

NG LC 3.0

chicaHarlowtrngthibanu(bnphi)
vsaukhicgiiquyt(bntri).

Ccnhkhoahctnhngmnchinitrnvo
chungcalkhvquanstxemchngphnngra
saovcngchunbchochngtrckhithamgia
ccbikimtrannglcgiiquytvnvocuitun
thhai.Songgnnhngaylptc,mtiullng
xyra.Dkhnghbkchngbibtcyutngoi
cnh no cng nh chng phi ch cc nh khoa hc
thc bch, l kh bt u chi tr chi vi tt c s
chuyn ch, quyt tm v biu hin g gn nh l
nim thch th. V chng bao lu sau, chng dn
pht hin ra cch thc vn hnh ca c my n gin
ny. Khi Harlow st hch l kh n ngy th 13 v
14, cc anh em h nh linh trng t ra kh thun
thc.Chngxltrnhnycckthngxuyn
v nhanh nhn: 2/3 trong tng s ln chng tm ra li
giichsauchaysumigiy.
14

Gii thiu

Ch,chuynnyquchikquctht.Chatng
caidybnkhphirtinh,ychtvmnpnh
thno.Chatngcaithngchochngthcn,tnh
cm, hay thm ch ch l vi ting v tay khch l khi
chng thnh cng. V thc t tri ngc hon ton
vi nhng quan nim vn c chp nhn rng ri v
cchthchnhxcaccloilinhtrngbaogmc
nhm ng vt c b no ln hn, t lng l hn m
chngtavngilngi.
Thi y, cc nh khoa hc bit rng c hai ng
lc chnh thc y hnh vi. Th nht l ng lc sinh
hc.Conngivccloingvtkhcnkhalp
cni,ungchmdtcnkhtvgiaocutha
mnnhucusinhlcamnh.Songiukhngxy
ra y. Vic gii khng mang li thc n, nc
ung,haylcthtnhdc,Harlownhnxt.
Songnglccnlicngkhngthgiithchc
hnhvikhcthngcalkh.Nunhccnglc
sinhhccngungctthnthnglcthhainy
lixutphttbnngoinhngphnthngvhnh
phtmmitrngxungquanhmangtiilivic
hnhxtheonhngcchnhtnh.iunyhonton
ng vi con ngi, chng ta lun phn ng v cng
tinhnhytrcnhngyutngoicnhkiuny.Nu
anhhatnglng,chngtislmvicchmchhn.
Nu anh v ra vin cnh c nhn im 10 cho bi
kimtra,chngtishcchmchhn.Nuanhdas
phtchngtivimunhocvinkhngngmu
15

NG LC 3.0

n,chngtisnnggivnhdukhngst
mtno.Nhngncngchngphinguynnhndn
ti nhng hnh ng ca l kh. Nh Harlow vit
(thit tng bn cn c th nghe thy c ting ng v
ubttaina):Hnhvithuctcuciutrany
tranhngcuhilthivihcthuytng
lc,vqutrnhhctptcvsthcthi
cduytrmkhngphivintinhngnhntkch
thchngoicnh.
Vyncncthlcigy?
tr li cu hi ny, Harlow a ra mt gi thuyt
miyutcgilmtnglcthba:Bnthn
victhcthinhimvcungcpmtphnthngt
thn. L kh chi tr chi ch n gin l v chng cm
thyvuisngkhilmvic.Chngthchth.Nimvui
mnhimvnymanglichnhlphnthngvy.
Nu quan im trn l xc ng, th nhng chuyn
xyratiptheochkhisuthmnhngimcngy
hoang mang v tranh ci. C l ng lc mi c
khm ph ny Harlow gi n l ng c ni ti
thcstnti.Nulkhcthngbngnhokh!
khigiixongtr,thnchngscnlmtthn
na.Tuynhin,khiHarlowthcchtipcnny,lkh
li mc li nhiu hn v gii c tr km thng
xuynhn.Sxuthincathcntrongthnghim
hin ti, Harlow vit, ha ra li lm gin on qu
trnhthchin,mthintngchatngcboco
trongbtktiliuno.
16

Gii thiu

n on ny th tht s l k quc. iu cng

ging nh vic ta th qu cu thp xung mt mt
phng nghing ovn tc ca n ch thyqu
cu ri vo khong khng. N cho thy hiu bit ca
chngtavnhnglchpdntcnglnhnhvica
mnhvnchayrngnhnggmchngtavn
cho l cc quy lut bt bin thc cht cn v vn l
hng.Harlowcbitnhnmnhscmnhvsbn
bcanglcthcylkhhonthnhtrchi.
Saungnhnxt:
Dngnhnglcnycngcbnvmnhm
nhttcccnglc[khc].Hnna,chngtacl
dotinrng[n]cthgipkchthchhotnghc
tphiuqukhngkm.

Tuy nhin, vo thi im , hai ng lc ph bin

ni trn gi mt v tr cc k vng chc trong t duy
khoa hc. V vy, Harlow ch ng ging ln hi
chung nhc nh. ng thc gic cc nh khoa hc t
b nhng a ht l thuyt li thi ca mnh v tm
kim nhng nguyn nhn chnh xc hn, mi m hn
dnnhnhvicaconngi.ngcnhborngcch
bingiicachngtavldotisaochngtalilm
nhngvicmmnhvnlmcnchahonchnh.ng
chornghiungbnchtconngi,chngtacn
phitnhtinglcthbanyna.
Nhngringlimangvtxtngminy.

17

NG LC 3.0

Thayvutranhvicskinthcsncvthit
lpmtcinhntondinhnvnglc,Harlowli
bmcvnnghincucngynhiutranhciny,
v v sau, ng tr nn ni ting vi nhng nghin
cuvbnchtkhoahccatnhcmyumn.Khm
ph ca ng v ng lc th ba ni trn thi thong li
c nhc ti trong cc ti liu chuyn ngnh tm l.
Songvcbn,nvnngngoilcngnhkhoahc
hnh vi ln kho tng kin thc ca chng ta v con
ngi.Haithpktriqua,ricuicngmtnhkhoa
hckhccngxuthintiptclntheoumim
Harlow b li trn chic bn phng th nghim
Wisconsinngynogiabitbaonghihocvtm.
Mahnm1969,EdwardDeci,sinhvinttnghip
ngnh tm l hc ca i hc Carnegie Mellon, ang
tm kim mt ti cho lun vn ca mnh. Deci
nhncbngMBAcatrngWharton,vgiy,
anh li b hp dn bi vn ng lc song anh ng
rnggiihcgivdoanhnhnhiusain.Vyl,
anh mn tm mt trang trong cun s tay ca
Harlowvbttayvonghincutinyvisgip
sccamttrchinhkhc.
DecichntrxphnhSoma,mtsnphmthiby
gi ang rt thnh ca hng Parker Brothers. Nh c
YouTube, tr chi ny thu ht mt lng ngi
hmmtngingo.Nhccbncththy
diy,bxphnhbaogmbymnhghpnha
su mnh cu thnh t bn khi lp phng c kch
18

Gii thiu

thc 2 cm, v mt mnh cu thnh t ba khi lp

phng c kch thc 2 cm. Ngi chi c th ghp
bymnhtheovitriucchkhcnhautothnh
tnhnghnhkhitrutngchonccvtthd
nhnbit.

BymnhghpcatrxphnhSomakhictchringr(bntri)
vsaukhicghpthnhmttrongvitriuhnhkhicth(bnphi).

phc v nghin cu, Deci chia nhng ngi

thamgia,lccsinhvinnamvn,thnhmtnhm
thc nghim (ti gi l Nhm A) v mt nhm kim
sot (ti gi l Nhm B). Mi nhm tham gia vo ba
lt chi ko di mt ting c t chc trong nhiu
ngylintip.
Cc lt chi c th nh sau: Mi nhm tham gia
bcvomtcnphngvngitrcmtchicbn,
trnbnlbymnhghpSoma,bnvbahnhkhi
c th c ghp nn v ba t bo Times, The New
Yorker, v Playboy (Ny, khi mi l nm 1969 m).
Decingiubnkiacachicbngiithchlut
19

NG LC 3.0

chiv dngngh bmgi tnhthigianhon

thnhtrchi.
Trong lt chi u tin, cc thnh vin ca c hai
nhmuphighpccmnhSomathnhnhnghnh
ginghtnhtrongbnv.Trongltchithhai,h
lplinhimvynhvynhngviccbnvkhc.
Ln ny, Deci cho Nhm A bit rng h s c tr 1
la (tng ng vi gn 6 la theo thi gi hin
nay)chomihnhkhimmnhtitoc.Trongkhi
,NhmBcngcnhnbnvmisonglikhng
ctrngno.Cuicng,ltchithba,chai
nhmucnhnccbnvmivphititocc
hnhkhimkhngcbidnggc,cngnh
ltchiutin.(Xembngdiy.)
CCH HAI NHM C I X
Ngy th nht

Ngy th hai

Ngy th ba

Nhm A

Khng c
phn thng

C phn thng

Khng c
phn thng

Nhm B

Khng c
phn thng

Khng c
phn thng

Khng c
phn thng

Pha bin ha xut hin gia mi lt chi. Sau khi

mt ngi tham gia lp xong cc mnh ghp Soma
thnhhaitrongsbahnhkhinhtrongbnv,Deci
cho dng cuc chi. Anh ni rng anh s a cho h
mtbnvthtsonglachncbnvthch
20

Gii thiu

hp, anh phi nhp thng tin v thi gian hon thnh
hnhghpcahvomtchicmyvitnh.Vbi
lvocuithpnin1960,nhngchicmyvitnhcng
knh vi b nh c th chon y mt cn phng vn
cn thng tr rng ri, cn cc my vi tnh c nhn th
phithmminmnamirai,nniunyng
nghavivicDecisphirangoimtlt.
Trc khi ri khi phng, anh ni: Ti s ra ngoi
vi pht, trong thi gian , bn c th lm g ty
thch.Songthtra,Decichnginhpsmnoht.
Thayvo,anhsangmtcnphngngaystvchvi
phng th nghim v c th quan st phng ny bng
mt tm knh mt chiu ln. Sau , trong ng tm
phttrn,anhquanstxemngithamgialmgkhi
b b li mt mnh. Liu h c tip tc nghch nhng
mnhghp,cthlcgngtitohnhkhitrnbn
vth bachnghn? Hay h lilmvic g khc lt
quamytrangtpch,xemnh,nhnvokhongkhng
haytranhthnhmtgic?
lt chi u tin, khng c g bt ng, hu nh
khngcmyskhcbitgianhnggccthnhvin
ca Nhm A v Nhm B lm trong khong thi gian
tmphttdobbmttheodi.Ccthnhvincac
hai nhm u loay hoay vi b xp hnh sut ba pht
rinbnpht,chngthcmthylmnhtht
racngcphnthv.
n ngy th hai, khi cc thnh vin ca Nhm A
ctrtinsaukhighp xongmthnhkhicn cc
21

NG LC 3.0

thnh vin ca Nhm B th khng nhn c g, trong

tm pht t do, nhm khng c tr tin c x gn
ging nh nhng g h lm ngy th nht. Song
nhmctrtintnhintrnnthcshngth
vi cc mnh ghp Soma. Nhn chung, cc thnh vin
caNhmAdnhrahnnmphtvtlnvibghp
hnh,cllchunbtinhthnchoththchthba
hoc tng kh nng kim thm my ng tr nc
khiDeciquayli.Hpl,phikhng?Nnhtqunvi
nimtincachngtavnglc:Cthngchotii,
ritislmvicchmchhn.
Tuy nhin, iu xy ra vo ngy th ba khng
nhnhngnghivncaDecivcchvnhnhkd
canglcvphnnotracuhiivimt
tin mang tnh dn hng cho cuc sng hin i.
Lnny,DeciniviccthnhvincaNhmAlanh
ch c tin tr h trong mt ngy nn n lt
chithbany,hskhngcnhnngno.Sau
,mivicdintinnhnhngngytrchaihnh
ghpchonthnh,riDecilirangoi.
Trongtmphttdotip,ccchthchabao
gictrtintrong NhmBthcrali li hi chi
ghp hnh lu hn mt cht so vi nhng lt chi
trc . C l cng ngy h cng b cun ht vo
nhngmnhghpnhiuhn;hoccl,chlmt
strnghpngunhinvmtthngk.Song,ccch
thNhmA,nhngngitrcctrtin,
phnngkhchn.Githhdnhrakhongthigian
22

Gii thiu

thnnhiuchixphnhkhngchthnkhong
hai pht so vi ln c tr tin m cn km ti mt
phtsoviltchiutinkhihmicchitr
xphnh,vrrngtrathchthvin.
LplinhnggHarlowphthinthaithpk
trc,Decikhmphrarngngcthcycon
ngi dng nh vn hnh bi nhng quy lut i
ngclivinhnggmasccnhkhoahccng
nh ngi bnh thng vn tin tng. T vn phng
chotisnchi,chngtabitcigkhinconngi
phi ng chn ng tay. Phn thng nht l tin
ti,thcthtthngkhidynimhngkhivci
thin kt qu lm vic. iu Deci tm ra, v sau
cchngthctronghainghincumanhthchin
khng lu sau , li hu nh tri ngc hon ton.
Khi tin c dng lm phn thng ngoi sinh cho
mthotngnothccchthsnhmtnim
hngkhinitiivihotngny,anhvit.Cc
phnthngcthmanglimtskchthchngnhn
ging nh mt cht caffeine gip bn tnh to thm
vigi.Songhiungsnhtdnv,thnna,
n cn c th lm gim st ng lc tip tc cng
viccangitrongdihn.
Decichohay,loingicxuhngchumun
tm kim nhng iu mi l v cc th thch, nng
caovrnluynnnglcbnthn,khmphvhc
hi.Songnglcthbanylimongmanhhnhai
nglckia,ncnphicmitrngthchhpmi
23

NG LC 3.0

tntic.Nhngaiquantmnvicphttrinv
tng cng ng lc ni ti tr em, cng nhn, sinh
vin,v.vkhngnntptrungvocchthngkim
sotbnngoinhccphnthngbngtin,anhvit
trongtiliutnghpsau.limkhiucho
thstrthnhcuckimtmdilucaDecinhmlt
linguyndotisaochngtalilmnhngvicmnh
vnlmmtcuceouiikhitanhvothi
uviccngnghipcngchuynngnhtmlhc,
khin anh b mt trng kinh doanh sa thi, v thch
thcphngthcvnhnhcacctchckhpni.
l mt vn gy tranh ci rt nhiu, Deci
ni vi ti trong mt bui sng ma xun bn mi
nmsauthnghimSoma.Khngmtainghrngcc
phnthngcthmanglihiungtiucc.
YLCUNSCHvnglc.Tischoccbn
thyrnghuhtccquannimtrcnaycachngta
v vn ny u khng hn ng v rng nhng
kinthcmHarlowvDecibcukhaimtcch
yvithpktingnnchnlhnnhiu.Vn
l ch a s cc doanh nghip vn cha tip thu
cchhiuminyvnhngthkchthchchngta.C
qunhiutchcchngphichcngtythiu,m
c cc t chc chnh ph v phi li nhun cng vy
vnvnhnhdatrnccquannimvtimnngcon
ngivnnglclmviccatngcnhnlithi,
li cha c kim nghim v ch yu bt ngun t
24

Gii thiu

phongtctpqunhnldatrncskhoahcxc
ng.Htiptctheouinhngbinphpnhcck
hochkhuynkhchngnhnvchngtrnhthng
tintheoktqulmvic trong khi cng ngy cng c
nhiubngchngchothycchlmnykhngnhng
khnghiuqumcnhaygyratcdngngc.T
hnna,ccbinphpnyxmnhpvoctrng
hc,nichngtanhittnhdngcholclnglaong
tng lai nhng iPod, tin, v c phiu n pizza min
phkchthchchnghctp.yquciug
rtkhngn.
Tinttlgiiphplibyrangaytrcmtchngta
ytrongcngtrnhnghincucamtnhmccnh
khoahchnhvi,nhngngiktcnhngnlc
tinphongcaHarlowvDeci,lmvicmitmiv
thmlngsutnathkquamangtichochngta
mtcinhnlinhnghnvnhngnglcthcy
conngi.Lunayvnluntntitnhtrngbttng
xng gia mt bn l nhng iu khoa hc bit v bn
kia l nhng iu gii doanh nghip lm. Mc tiu ca
cunschnylkhcphcslchtng.
Cunschnygmbaphn.PhnIsxemxtnhng
khim khuyt trong hthng thngpht ca chng ta
v xut mt li t duy mi v ng lc. Trong ,
chng 1 s kim chng xem cch nhn nhn ph bin
hinnayvnglcangtrnnngycngkmtng
thchvinhiukhacnhadngcakinhdoanhcng
nhcucsngngthirasao.Chng2shlby
25

NG LC 3.0

ldotisaonhngngilunpdngbinphpkch
thch ng lc ngoi sinh kiu ccrtvcy gy li
thng nhn c nhng kt qu tri ngc vi mong
mun ban u ca mnh. (Ni tip ngay sau l mt
phnphlc,Chng2a,mtmtvitrnghpc
bit khi phng php ccrtvcygy thc s c
hiuqu.)Chng3sgiithiuthmtigilhnh
viLoiI,mtlitduy,ngthilmtcchtipcn
lnhvckinhdoanhdatrncskhoahcchthcv
nglcthcyconngivctipthmscmnh
nh ng lc th ba ca chng ta nhu cu bm sinh
munciukhincucsngcachnhmnh,mun
hchivkintonhngthmim,vmunvnln
nhngtmcaomi,vtquachnhbnthnmnhvth
giixungquanh.
PhnIIskimnghimbanhntcahnhviLoiI
vmtcccnhnvtchcangvndngnhng
nhn t nhm ci thin kh nng lm vic v nng
caomchilngrasao.Trong,chng4skhm
ph thc t tr, ni cch khc l khao kht ca mi
chngtamongctquytnhcucsngcamnh.
Chng5snghincuvshonthin,haybnnng
thithcchngtakhngngngnlcthchintt
hnnanhngvicmnhlm.Chng6stmhiuv
mcch,tclcmuncachngtactrthnh
phncamtciglnhnchnhbnthnmnh.
PhnIII,BcngcLoiI,lmttphpycc
ngun lc gip bn to ra hon cnh ni hnh vi
26

Gii thiu

Loi I c th ny n v pht trin. phn ny, bn s

tm thy mi th t hng chc bi tp gip nh thc
ng lc bn trong mnh v nhng ngi khc, cho
n cc cu hi tho lun cho cu lc b sch ca bn,
cngnhmtbntmttccngn v ng lc 3.0 c
th cung cp cho bn lng vn ma li gia
mtbaticcocktail.Vmcdnidungcunschca
yu xoay quanh lnh vc kinh doanh, song trong phn
ny, ti xin c hin vi tng v cch ng dng
nhngkhinimnyvongnhgiodcvcucsng
bnngoicngscachngta.
Nhngtrckhiisuvottcnhngvnni
trn,tahybtuvimtthnghimtduy.lm
ciuny,chngtasphingcdngthigian
trlivinhngngykhiJohnMajoranglthtng
Anh,BarackObamalmtgiosluthctrtuigy
nhng c nheo, cc kt ni Internet vn c thit lp
thng qua ng dy in thoi, v blackberry ch l
mtloitricy,khnghn.

27

NG LC 3.0

P h n I

Mt h iu hnh
mi

28

T h nh suy c a ng lc 2 .0

1
Thnh suy ca ng lc 2.0

htngtnglnm1995.Bnngicnhmt
nh kinh t hc mt gio s trng kinh doanh
cotobibncbngTinskinht.Bnnivi
ctarng:Ticmtqucuphalcththusut
milmnmtrongtnglai.Timunkimtranng
lcdbocacxemsao.
Ctatvnghihoc,songvnquytnhchiutheo
bn.
Tismthaibbchkhoatonthmimtb
vamirai,cnbkiasxutuldintrongvi
nmti.Cphitinonxemnnm2010bnos
thnhcnghn.
c,anhcnii,ctap.
B th nht l sn phm ca Microsoft. Nh c
bit,Microsofthinlmtcngtylnanglmnrt
phtt.VvisxuthincaWindows95,nstr
29

NG LC 3.0

thnhgkhnglcathiiny.Microsoftsngra
ti tr cho b bch khoa ton th ny. Tp on s tr
tin cho cc tc gi v bin tp vin chuyn nghip
son tho cc bi vit v hng ngn ti khc nhau.
Ccnhqunlnlngcaochutrchnhimgimst
d n m bo cng vic hon thnh ng tin
cng nh trong phm vi ngn sch nh. Sau ,
Microsoft s bn b bch khoa ton th di dng a
CDROMtrc,richuynsangbntrctuyn.
Bbchkhoatonththhaikhngcngungc
tmtcngtynoc.Nsctolpbihngchc
nghnconngi,nhngngicoivicvitvbintp
ccbivitlmtthvui.Nhngngilmvictheo
sthchkhngcnphicbtcthbngcp,hc
vgcbitmicthamgiavocngvicny.V
cngkhng ai ctrmtngno vithay bin
tp cc bi vit. Nhng ngi tham gia s phi cng
hinsclaongcamnhikhilntihaimiv
bamitingmttunhontonminph.Bbch
khoatonthscngtitrctuyn,minph
bt c ai s dng n u khng phi tr mt khon
tinnoht.
No, bn ni vi nh kinh t hc, hy ngh ti
mi lm nm sau. Theo qu cu pha l ca ti, vo
nm 2010, mt trong s hai b bch khoa ton th ni
trnstrthnhbbchkhoatonthlnnhtvph
binnhttrnthgii,bcnlischtyu.Kchin
thnglaivngichinbilai?
30

T h nh suy c a ng lc 2 .0

thi im nm 1995, ti ng rng bn khng th

tmcmtnhkinhthctnhtonoxxnhno
trn hnh tinh Tri t ny li khng chn hnh mu
u tin l th s t n thnh cng. Bt k mt kt
lunnokhcusbcinho,bininghchvi
gnnhttcminguynlkinhdoanhmctavn
dy cho cc sinh vin ca mnh. N cng ging nh
chuyn bn himt nh ngvthcrng ai sthng
trongcucchyuacli200mt,mtconbocheetah
haynganhrcabn.Cutrlichcchnslchui
cinhotrccuhingngncabn.
Chcchnlnhmngitnhnguyntpnhamrch
rikiacnglmracthgthi.Songsnphm
cahlmsaocthsnhcvimtcngtrnhdo
mt cng ty hng mnh, hot ng v mc tiu li
nhun, to nn c ch. Microsoft s hng ht nhng
thnhcngmsnphmcanmangli;cnmicon
ngi gp phn mnh vo d n kia bit ngay t
pht u tin rng thnh cng chng th mang li cho
hbtciug.Quantrngnhtlcctcgi,bintp
vin v nh qun l ca Microsoft c tr cng. Cn
cctnhnguynvincadnkiathkhng.Trnthc
t,ckhihcnmtthmtincamilnhdnhthi
gian cho nhng cng vic min ph thay v lm vic
ctrlng.Cuhirlngngnnnh
kinh t hc ca chng ta cn chng thm ngh n
chuyn a n vo bi kim tra cho lp MBA mnh
angdyna.Qud!
31

NG LC 3.0

Songbnbitktqurasaoriy.
Ngy 31 thng 10 nm 2009, Microsoft quyt nh
khaitMSNEncarta,baogmcbbchkhoatonth
trnaCDvtrnmng,vntntitrnthtrng
sutmisunmtri.Trongkhi,Wikipediahnh
mu th hai li tr thnh b bch khoa ton th ln
nhtvphbinnhtthgii.Chtmnmktngy
choi,Wikipediatnquym13triubivit
bng260thting,ringtingAnhchimti3triubi.
Chuyngxyravynh?Nuvndngccht
duy thng thng v ng lc thc y con ngi th
ktqunyqulmtnskhnhn.

THNG LI CA PHNG PHP C C RT

V CY GY
Cc my vi tnh d l chic my ch khng l trong
ccthnghimcaDecihaychiciMactidngvit
nn nhng dng ny, hoc chic in thoi di ng
ang bp bp trong ti qun bn tt thy u c h
iuhnh.Bndibmtcngbnvnthngchm
vo v nhng chng trnh bn iu khin l mt lp
phnmmphchpchavvnchdn,giaothcv
ginhchophpmithvnhnhtrntru.aphn
mingichngmtcngnghnginhiunhiu
hnh. Chng ta ch n chng khi chng c du
hiu trc trc l lc phn cng v phn mm m
chng phi qun l tr nn qu ln v qu phc tp,
32

T h nh suy c a ng lc 2 .0

vtrangoikhnnggnhvccahiuhnh.Vy
lchicmyvitnhcachngtabtuchytmtch.
Chngtathanth,phnnn.Vrinhngchuyngia
pht trin phn mm thng minh sng lng, nhng
ngivngnbvinghvvusachaccchng
trnh,bnngixungvitramtbphnmmmi
tthnhnmtphinbnnngcp.
X hi cng c h iu hnh ca n. Nhng lut l,
phongtcxhi,ktcukinhtmchngtagpgtip
xchngngynmmttrncngcamtlpchdn,
giaothcvginhvcchthcthgiivnhnh.V
phnlnhiuhnhxhicachngtabaogmmt
bginhlinquannhnhvicaconngi.
Tthuskhaitilrtskhai,nmminghn
nmtrcchnghnginhngmnvhnhvica
conngirtnginvchnhxc.Chngtaanggng
sctnti.Tlangbtkhpccngcthulm
thcnchontmcchchuibnhibikhimtconh
rngkimlltinn,thnglcdnhnghu
ht cc hnh vi ca chng ta. Hy gi h iu hnh
nguynthylnglc1.0.
N khng c g c bit tinh xo, cng chng my
khcbitsovictnhcalkhnukiahaytinhtinh
v nhiu loi ng vt khc. Song n vn p ng tt
nhucucachngta.Nvnhnhtrichychonkhi
khngcncnhthna.
Khi con ngi cng ngy cng xy dng nhng x
33

NG LC 3.0

hiphctphn,tipxcvinhiungixalvcn
phihptcvinhauhonthnhcngvic,thmt
h iu hnh ch n thun da trn c s ng lc
sinh hc s khng cn ph hp na. Thc ra, i khi
chng ta cn rt cn nhng bin php gip kim ch
thnglcnyngntikhichnschbati
caanhvcnanhkhngcpmtvti.Vtriqua
mtqutrnhchuynivnha,chngtadndn
thay th nhng g mnh ang c bng mt phin bn
mi, tng thch hn vi phng thc chng ta sng
vlmvic.
Ctlicahiuhnhminngcpnylmtgi
nhccibinvcngchnhxchn:Conngi
khng ch l mt tp hp ca nhng ham mun sinh
hc. ng lc u tin vn gi mt v tr rt quan
trng hn ri song n khng hon ton quyt nh
bn cht ca chng ta. Chng ta cn c mt ng lc
th hai na l tm kim phn thng v n trnh
hnh pht mt bnh din rng hn. V chnh t nn
tng kin thc ny m mt h iu hnh mi gi l
nglc2.0hnhthnh.(Ttnhin,ccloing
vt khc cng phn ng li vi phn thng v hnh
pht, song ch c con ngi mi bc l kh nng vn
dngloinglcnyphttrinmithtlutk
kthpngchoticccahngtindng.)
Cng cuc khai thc ng lc th hai ny ng
vai tr then cht trong tin trnh kinh t ca ton th
gii,cbitltronghaithkvaqua.Xtringcuc
34

T h nh suy c a ng lc 2 .0

Cch mng cng nghip, nhng tin b cng ngh

ngchinc,ngst,hthnginrngkhp
gp phn quan trng gip thc y s tng trng
cngnghip.Songcnhngcicchkmhuhnhhn
cngccnglaolnkhngkmngchnhtphi
k n cng trnh ca mt k s ngi M c tn
Frederick Winslow Taylor. Vo u nhng nm 1900,
cho rng cc doanh nghip ang b iu tit mt cch
thiu hiu qu v c chng hay ch, Taylor sng
torathmnggilqunlkhoahc.Phtminh
ca ng l mt loi phn mm c thit k chuyn
nghipchytrnnnnglc2.0.Vnnhanh
chngccngnhnrngri.
Cch tip cn ny t ra mt quan nim rng cc
cng nhncnggingnhnhng b phn camt b
myphctp.Nuhlmngvictheongphng
php vo ng thi im, th c my s vn hnh
trntru.mboiunyxyra,bnchcntng
thngchonhnghnhvibntheouivtrngpht
nhng hnh vi bn khng khuyn khch. Mi ngi s
phnngphhptrcccngoilcchnhlcc
yutkchthchbnngoiminginiringvh
thngnichunguccithintheohngtchcc.
Chngtacxuhngchorngthanvducungcp
ngun lc cho qu trnh pht trin kinh t. Song theo
mt cch no , ng c ca nn thng mi cng
cphngphpccrtvcygytipscvihiu
qukhngthuakmchtno.
H iu hnh ng lc 2.0 hot ng trong mt
35

NG LC 3.0

thigianrtdi.Thccht,nnsubnrvoi
sngcachngtanniaschngtakhngnhnra
rngn ctnti.Tngy xangy xa,chngta
nhhnhcctchcvxydngcucsngcamnh
xung quanh gi nh nn tng rng: Cch thc ci
thin hiu qu hot ng, tng nng sut v khuyn
khch s n lc l tng thng cho iu tt v trng
phtiuxu.
Mcdcktcutinhviphctphnvcngbao
hm nhiu tham vng ln lao hn song ng lc 2.0
cngkhngcgqucaosiu.Tmli,nchorngloi
ngichng khcmy sovi loi nga rng cch
btchnginghnglnhbngmtccrtti
ri ngon gin trc mi chng hoc th sn mt cy
gy. Tuy h iu hnh ny cn thiu tnh khai sng,
songblinrthiuqu.Nvnhnhttcck
ttnalngkhc.Chonkhikhngcncnh
thna.
Khi th k XX dn tri qua, cc nn kinh t pht
trinngymtphctphn,vnhngconngitn
ti trong lng n phi trin khai nhng k nng mi,
tinhvihn,thcchtipcnkiunglc2.0btu
vp phi t nhiu tr ngi. Vo nhng nm 1950,
Abraham Maslow, mt cu sinh vin ca Harry
Harlow ti trng i hc Wisconsin, pht trin
mngtmlhcnhnvn,ngnhhcnytranghi
vniviquanimchornghnhvicaconngi
chnthunlstheouinhngtcnhntchcc
36

T h nh suy c a ng lc 2 .0

vntrnhnhngtcnhntiucc.Nm1960,gios
quntrMIT,DouglasMcGregor,ngdngmts
tng ca Maslow vo th gii kinh doanh.
McGregor thch thc gi nh rng loi ngi c tnh
tr tr c hu rng nu thiu vng cc phn thng
vhnhphtngoisinhthchngtachngthlmnn
trtrngg.Conngicncnhngnglckhc,
cao c hn, ng ni. V nhng ng lc ny c th
lm li cho cc doanh nghip nu cc nh qun tr v
lnh o doanh nghip bit trn trng chng. Cng
mtphnnhbivitcaMcGregormcccngty
tin ha thm mt cht. Quy nh v trang phc
cnilng,thigianbiutrnnlinhhothn.Rt
nhiu t chc tm kim nhng phng thc nhm
traochonhnvincamnhquyntqunlnhnv
gip h pht trin. Nhng ci tin ni trn khc
phccmtviimyu,songnmichdng
mcmtscibinkhimtnchkhngphilmt
bnnngcptondinnicchkhclnglc2.1.
Vy l phng php tip cn ny v c bn khng
thayichtgbiv,nichocng,ndhiu,gim
st n gin v ng dng li nhanh gn. Song qua
mi nm u ca th k mi ny mt giai on
ngthtvngtrongtintrnhphttrinxhi,cng
nghvkinhdoanhchngtakhmphrarngh
iu hnh c k, vng chi ny khng cn hot
ng tt nh trc na. N hng hc thng xuyn,
trong nhng hon cnh khng th lng trc. N
buc con ngi phi ch ra nhng gii php thay th
37

NG LC 3.0

tm thi vt qua cc khim khuyt ca n. Trn

ht,nngycngtrakmtngthchvinhiukha
cnhcakinhdoanhthinay.Vnuchngtaxemxt
klngnhngvnbttngthch,chngtas
nhn ra rng nhng s iu chnh khim tn mt
mingvpvochnyhaychkiaskhnggii
quytcg.Thchngtacnchnhlmtbnnng
cptondin.

BA VN BT TNG THCH
ng lc 2.0 vn phc v tt mt s mc tiu. N ch
thiu tin cy m thi. i khi n hot ng tt nhng
nhiulclikhng.Vichiucnhngnhcim
ca n s gip chng ta quyt nh xem nn b phn
novgiphnnokhixydngbnnngcp.Nhng
imtrctrcrivobamngln.Hiuhnhhin
ticachngtatrnnkmtngthchtrmtrng,
thm ch c nhng lc hon ton i nghch vi: cch
chngtatchcvicmnhlm,cchchngtasuyngh
vvicmnhlm;vcchchngtalmvicmnhlm.

Cch chng ta t chc cng vic ca mnh

Tr li vi v d v cuc quyt u gia hai b bch
khoatonthcaMicrosoftvWikipedia.Ccginh
ct licang lc2.0 chorng mt ktqu nhvy
thm ch cn khng c c hi tn ti. Thng li ca
Wikipediadngnhbtchpmiquylutcavtl
38

T h nh suy c a ng lc 2 .0

hchnhvi.
Nu nh b bch khoa ton th tontnhnguyn
vin, tondnkhngchuyn kia ch l mt v d c
nhtvnhkhixtgianhngchthcngnhm,th
chngtacthgtnsangmtbn,coinhmt
i tng khc thng, mt trng hp ngoi l.
Nhngkhng.Thayvo,Wikipedialiidincho
hnh mu kinh doanh mi c sc mnh gh gm nht
cathkXXI:ngunm.
Thbtchicmyvitnhnhbnlnxem.Khibn
vowebxemdbothitithoctmuavii
giymm,cthbnangdngFirefox,mttrnh
duytwebmngunmminphcxydnggn
nhchnhvocngsccacctnhnguynvintrn
ton th gii. Nhng ngi lao ng khng cng li
chu hy sinh sn phm m hi nc mt ca mnh ?
Cch lm chc chn khng th bn vng c. C
s khuyn khch hnh ng cng sai lm na. y
vymngynay,Firefoxchn150triungis
dngriy.
Hocthinphngcngnghthngtincamt
cngtylnbtkniutrnthgiivxinc
tham quan mt vng. Rt c th my ch ca cng ty
angchytrnnnLinux,phnmmcthitk
bimtinglptrnhvinlmvickhnglngv
ccungcpminph.Tnhnnay,cbnmych
catponthcmtmydngLinux.Rihynh
39

NG LC 3.0

mt nhn vin gii thch xem trang web ca cng ty

anhtavnhnhrasao.Gungmyangchyhttc
lcnditrangwebcthchnhlApache,phn
mm my ch web m ngun m min ph c xy
dngvduytrnhvscctnhnguynvinsng
khp ni trn Tri t. Th phn ca Apache trn th
trng phn mm my ch web cho cng ty l 52%.
Ni cch khc, cc cng ty vn da vo nhng phn
thng bn ngoi qun l nhn vin li iu hnh
mtshthngquantrngbcnhtcamnhvi s
gipsccaccsnphmcanhmngikhngphi
nhnvincaaicvcvcngchngcnnnhng
phnthngnhvy.
V khng ch c hng chc nghn d n phn mm
trnkhphnhtinhthiu.Ngynay,bncthtm
thy:schdynunngunm;giotrnhngunm;
muthitkxehingunm;nghincuykhoangun
m; ti liu tm tt h s v n ngun m; kho nh
ngun m; b phn c th gi ngun m; hip hi tn
dng ngun m; cola ngun m; v vi nhng ai cm
thyncgiikhtkhngccnvnchapng
nhucucamnh,thcbiangunm.
Cchthcminygipchngtatchccngvic
ca mnh khng loi tr cc phn thng ngoi sinh.
Nhngconngigpmtvotrolungunmny

40

T h nh suy c a ng lc 2 .0

khng h gn i mnh vi li th nguyn kh hnh1.

ivinhiungi,victhamgiavoccdnnh
vycthbipdanhtingchohvmiscnhng
knngcah,nhgiphtngcngkhnng
kim tin. Nhiu ch doanh nghip xy dng
nhngcngtymivikhicngcsinhli,gip
cctchcthitlpvduytrccngdngphnmm
ngunm.
Songxtchocng,ngunmcngphthucchtch
vonglcnitigingnhccmhnhkinhdoanh
cphthucvonglcngoisinh,nhmtshcgi
ch ra. Gio s qun tr MIT Karim Lakhani v
chuyngiatvnBobWolfthucnhmtvnBoston
ConsultingGroupkhost684chuynvinthitk
ngun m, ch yu Bc M v chu u, v l do ti
saohthamgiavonhngdnny.LakhanivWolf
tm ra mt lot cc nhn t kch thch khc nhau,
songhnhnthyrngnglcnitibtngunt
cm gic vui thch c th l mt ngi cm thy c
hngsngtonmcnokhilmvicchodn
chnhlngunkhchlmnhmvphbinnht.Cc
nh nghin cu cn pht hin ra rng a phn cc lp
trnhvinchobiththng xuyn tntrng thi

1 Nguyn vn: vows of poverty, nguyn ngha ca cm t ny l li th

m mt s tn , trc khi tham gia mt tn gio no , phi tuyn
th,trongnguynmanghttisncnhncahphcvlich
cngcng.

41

NG LC 3.0

thchthcnhimgiltriudng.Tngt,ba
nh kinh t hc ngi ccng nghin cu cc d n
ngun m trn khp th gii v h cng khm ph ra
nhn tthc ynhngngithamgia l mtnhm
ccnglcnitichimuthvttricbitl
nim vui... khi vt qua th thch ca mt vn
phnmmnovkhaokhtmuntraotngcng
ng lp trnh vin mt mn qu. ng lc 2.0 dnh
rtttsngchonhngkiulcynhvy.
Thm na, ngun m ch l mt cch m con ngi
angs dngnhmti ccunhng gmnhlmcho
ph hp vi cc phng thc t chc mi v trn nn
tngmtcsnglckhc.Tahychuyntaht
phn mm sang a ht php l. Lut l hu ht cc
qucgiaphttrinuthanhnhailoitchckinh
doanhcbnlinhunvphilinhun.Mtlmra
tinca,cnmtlmnhngcngvictthin.Vmt
thnhphnnitricaloithnhtlcngtycphn
thuc quyn s hu ca cc c ng v c iu
hnhbiccnhqunldisgimstcamthi
ngquntr.Ccnhqunlvgimcphignh
vctrngtrchquantrngsmt:ltiahathu
nhpcacng.Nhngkiutchckinhdoanhkhc
cngclolibinhngnguyntchtnhvy.V
d,tiM,cclindoanh,cngtyS2,cngtyC3,cngty

Theo quy nh ca S Thu v M, cng ty S (S corporation) l loi

hnh cng ty c hng chnh sch thu theo tiu chng S thuc
Chng1cablutthu.CccngtySthngckhong75cng

42

T h nh suy c a ng lc 2 .0

trchnhimhuhnvccloihnhdoanhnghipkhc
uhngtimtmctiuchung.Mcchcanhng
ngi iu hnh cc t chc ny mt cch thc tin,
hpphpvthmchcnmangtnhocltia
halinhun.
Chophptigilitndngnhitlit,chnthnh,
vbitntinhngloihnhkinhdoanhtrncngcc
quc gia bit nhn xa trng rng to iu kin cho
cng dn ca mnh to dng nn chng. Thiu chng,
cucsngcachngtaskmgiuc,kmkhomnh
vkmhnhphchngpvnln.Songtrongvinm
qua,mtsngitrnkhpthgiibtuthayi
cng thc v nho nn ra nhng kiu t chc kinh
doanhmi.
Vd,vothng4nm2008,Vermonttrthnhbang
utincancMcpphpchomtloihnhdoanh
nghip mi gi l cng ty trch nhim hu hn li
nhun thp (lowprofit limited liability corporation).
cgnchocitnL3C,thcthnylmtcngty
song khng phi nh chng ta vn thng ngh. Theo

hocthn.Theolutnh,cngtySchngcclichnhmt
cng ty trch nhim hu hn nhng li c tnh thu ging nh cc
cngtyhpdanh.
TheoquynhcaSThuvM,cngtyC(Ccorporation)lloi
hnhcngtychngchnhschthutheotiuchngCthuc
Chng 1 ca b lut thu. Cc cng ty S thng c s lng c
ng khng hn ch. Do tt c cc cng ty i chng u c
xpvocngtyC.
3

43

NG LC 3.0

cchgiithchcamtboco,mtL3Cvnhnhnh
mtdoanhnghipvlinhun,ncngtorachtl
mtkhonlinhunkhimtn,songmctiuchcht
can[l]manglinhngphclixhitoln.Cc
bang khc M cng r nhau noi gng Vermont.
Chng hn, mt L3C ti North Carolina ang mua li
cc nh my sn xut ni tht b b khng trong
vng, nng cp chng bng cch ng dng cc cng
nghxanh,vchoccnhsnxutnithtkhcthuli
vi gi thp. D n ny hy vng s sinh li, song mc
tiuthcscanlgiptisinhmtngnhangphi
nhcnhnvtlntnti.
Cnglc,MuhammadYunus,ngitngtgii
NobelHabnh,bttayvotodngcimnggi
ldoanhnghipxhi.lnhngcngtycnghuy
ngvn,phttrinsnphmvbnsnphmtrnth
trngmsonghlmnhngvicnynhmphcv
mtsmnhxhilnlaohnhocnhcchnica
ng,nguyntctiahalinhuncthch
bngnguyntclichxhi.Mnglikhuvcth
t (the Fourth Sector Network) ti M v an Mch
angymnhvicqungbchotchcvlich
mtdnglaighpidinchomtloitchcmiva
ckhnngtduytrhotngvmtkinhtliva
ckchthchbimtmctiucngcng.Mtvd:
Mozilla, ch th em li cho chng ta Firefox, cng
c c cu nh mt t chc v li ch. V ba nh
doanh nghip M pht minh ra Cng ty B, mt
44

T h nh suy c a ng lc 2 .0

danhhiuihicccngtysaiquychcamnh
saochoccnhntkchthchutingitrdihnv
tcngxhithayvlichkinhtngnhn.
Tt nhin, c cc sn phm ngun m ln nhng
doanh nghip khng ch hot ng v li nhun m
trcchaaitngnghtivnchaphttrinnr.
Vchngcngskhngycccngtycphnrabi
rc.Songstridycachngnhnnhvichngta
iu g rt quan trng v ni chng ta ang hng
n. C mt tro lu ln ang thnh hnh song vn
cha c nhn nhn nh mt tro lu, mt lut s
chuynvcctchcvlichnivitNewYork
Timesnhvy.Mtnguynnhncthlvccdoanh
nghip truyn thng l nhng t chc ti a ha li
nhun,cchhotngcanhontontngthchvi
nglc2.0.Nhngchthminylilcctchc
tiahamctiunrtkhngphhpvihiu
hnhcvnphnhnchnhnhngnguynlcnbn
cahiuhnh.

Cch chng ta suy ngh v vic mnh lm

Khitidkhakinhthcutinvounhngnm
1980,giosdychngtimtgingvinthngminh
scsoviphongcchtrnhdinginghtPatton4

GeorgeSmithPattonJr.(18851945):Lmtthngtng,nhchhuy
qunsnitingcaLcqunHoaKtrongChintranhthgiiln
thhaitrongccchindchBcPhi,Sicily,Phpvc.
4

45

NG LC 3.0

gipchngtilmrmtimrtquantrngtrckhi
c v ng bng quan u tin ln bng en. C gii
thch, kinh t hc khng phi khoa hc v tin. N l
khoa hc v hnh vi. Ch ni trong thi gian mt ngy,
mingilunphitnhtonchiphvlichilinvi
nhnghnhngcamnhvriaraquytnhxem
sphihnhngrasao.Ccnhkinhthcnghincu
nhnggconngilm,chkhngphinhnggchng
tani,vchngtaslmiugclinhtchobnthn.
Chngtalnhngkcnongomlichkinhtca
bnthnmnhmtcchyltr.
Khititheohclutvinmsau,mtquanim
tngtlixuthin.Ngnhluthcvkinhthc
mi thnh thi y cho rng chnh v chng ta l nhng
ktnhtonlichcnhnvcngxutsc,chonncc
lutlvquynhthngngncn,thayvchophp,
nhng kt qu hp l v chnh xc. Ti tr li
trng lut vi s imkhngti cng nh khm ph
ramtcubachthndiuvmangpdngnvo
ccbithi:Trongmtthgiicathngtinhonho
v chi ph giao dch thp, cc ch th s thng lng
vinhauitimtktqutiahacaci.
Thri,khongmtthpksau,mtlotskink
dlintipxyrakhintikhngkhihoangmangv
nhng g mnh lm v chu gnh nhng mn n
khng l hc c. Nm 2002, Qu Nobel trao
giithngkinhthcchomtngithmchkhng
philnhkinhthc.Vhtngngtaphnthng
46

T h nh suy c a ng lc 2 .0

caoqunhttrongngnhchyuvngphthinra
rngkhngphilcnochngtacnglnhngktnh
ton li ch kinht cnhnmt cch ltrv rngcc
chththngkhngthnglngtnmtkt
qutiahacaci.DanielKahneman,nhtmlhc
ngiM,ginhgiiNobelkinhthcnmcho
cng trnh nghin cu m ng thc hin cng Amos
TverskymtngiIsrael,giptoramtsthay
i cng bc trong cch chng ta suy ngh v vic
mnhlm.Vmttrongnhngnghangmncali
tduyminylntranghivnivirtnhiu
ginhcanglc2.0.
Kahneman cng nhiu nh nghin cu khc thuc
chuyn ngnh kinh t hc hnh vi u ng tnh vi
gioscatiimkinhthclkhoahcvhnhvi
kinh t ca con ngi. H ch ra rng chng ta qu
ch trng n phn kinh t m cha quan tm y
n phn con ngi. Con ngi vi u c tnh ton
siultrkhngctht.Anhtachlmtshcu
tinlimthi.
Mibnhycngtichimttrchi,ritisc
gngminhhachoquanimnitrn.Giscai
ati10lavbotihychiastinchobn
mtphn,ttc,hockhngngnoc.Nubnchp
nhn ngh ca ti, c hai chng ta u c gi li
mntin.Nubntchi,thchaichngtaurav
taytrng.Nutiabn6la(tichgili4
la),liubnclykhng?Chcchnlc.Nutia
47

NG LC 3.0

bn 5 la, c l bn vn ly. Nhng nu ti a bn

2lathsao?Bnclykhng?Trongmtthnghim
cthchintngttrnkhpthgii,aphnmi
ngi t chi nhng s tin ngh c gi tr 2 la
hocthn.Nuxttrnphngdintiahacaci,
l mt quyt nh rt khng hp l. Nu bn ly
2lamtia,bnscthm2la.Nubnt
chi, bn chng c ng no c. Chic my tnh nhn
thctrongbnbitrlhailnhnkhngsongvbn
lmtconngi,nimtinvhnhngchiphoc
khaokhtmuntrthhoccncuginthmcca
bnlntn.
Trongithc,hnhvicachngtacnphctphn
gpvnlnsovimcschgiokhoachophpvthng
ph nhn quan im cho rng bn cht ca chng ta l
thuntyltr.Chngtakhngdnhdmtincholc
hutrmcdvichinnhinphcvcholichkinh
tcamnh.Chngtaccbmritlynhngkhonu
ttiluhnmcmnhnnlm,chbichngtathyau
lngxtrutvmttinhnnhiusovinimvuikim
ckhontincgitrtngng.Thchochngta
chngiahaichictivi;chngtaslyciny;nhngc
thmmttychnthbachngmylinquan,thtali
lycikhc.Nitmli,chngtakhnghltrvl
iuhontoncthdonc,nhkincanh
kinh t hc Dan Ariely, tc gi ca Phi l tr (Predictably
Irrational)cAlphaBooksmuabnquynvxut
bn ti Vit Nam, cun sch mang li mt ci nhn ton
48

T h nh suy c a ng lc 2 .0

cnhthvvhpdnvkinhthchnhvi.
imphintoiiviccmctiucachngtal
chnglc2.0ginhrngchngtalnhngk
tiahacacimtcchmymcgingnhnhng
gticdycchyvithpk.Thccht,cs
ca cc bin php kch thch ngoi sinh l gi thit
chngtalunphnngvichngmtcchltr.Song
thm ch a phn cc nh kinh t hc cng khng cn
tin vo quan im ny na. i khi, nhng nhn t
khuyn khch vn pht huy tc dng. Thng l
khng. V trong nhiu trng hp, chng cn gy ra
nhng thit hi ngoi mun. Ni tm li, cch thc
mi m cc nh kinh t hc suy ngh v vic chng ta
lmkhcthtngthchvinglc2.0.
Hn na, nu con ngi hnh ng v nhng l do
ng ngn, li thi, th ti sao chng ta li khng th
hnhngvnhngldolnlao,caop?Nuchng
talphiltrtheocchcthdbocvrrng
lththtisaochngtalikhngthkitxuttheo
cchcthdboc?
Nu ni nh vy c v qu cng iu, th hy th
nghnmttrongvvnnhnghnhvikqucca
chng ta m xem. Chng ta t b nhng cng vic
lngcaobnghunhnnhngcngvicvimc
lngchtisonglicmcchrrnghn.Chng
ta tp luyn mit mi nhng ngy cui tun chi
clarinet cho tht hay d chng mong hng kim c
49

NG LC 3.0

ng no (ng lc 2.0) hay quyn r c mt i

tc (ng lc 1.0) t vic lm ny. Chng ta vn say
savicctrthchmcdkhngcthngnho
khhayctrttinnugiicchng.
Mtshcgimrngphmvicakinhthc
hnh vi bao qut c nhng quan im ni trn.
Ngi ni ting nht trong s phi k n Bruno
Frey,nhkinhthctiihcZurich.Nhminh
kinhthchnhvikhc,ngtchcckugichng
tavtrakhittngHomoOeconomicus(conngi
kinht,hayconrobottiahacacihcu).Song
smmangcangliitheomthnghikhc
ti th m ng gi l Homo Oeconomicus Maturus (hay
con ngi kinh t trng thnh). Theo ng, hnh mu
ny trng thnh hn ch anh ta c ph cho
mtcutrcnglctinhthn.Nicch khc,
thutrithnhvikinhtcaconngi,chngtaphi
lm quen dn vi mt quan im tri ngc hn vi
ng lc 2.0. Nh Frey vit: ng lc ni ti c
mt tm quan trng c bit i vi tt c cc hot
ngkinht.Thtkhngthtngtngninucon
ngi ch b thc y hon ton hoc ch yu bi cc
nglcngoisinh.

Cch chng ta lm vic mnh lm

Nubnangqunlnhngngikhc,hylnnhm
quavaimnh xem. C mt bngma ang lnqut sau
lngbny.TnngtalFrederickWinslowTaylor
50

T h nh suy c a ng lc 2 .0

bncnnhngichngtagpchngtrcch?
v ng ta ang th thm vo tai bn. Cng vic,
Taylorkhlmrm,vcbnbaogmnhngnhim
vngin,khngcgcbitthv.Cchduynht
btngikhcthchinnlkhuynkhchhbng
phng php ng v gim st h cn thn. Nhng
nmucathpnin1900,quanimcaTaylorcng
c l. Ngy nay, nhiu ni trn th gii, n km
ng n hn nhiu. Phi, i vi mt s ngi, cng
vicvnchlmtthiquen,khngctnhththchv
c dn dt bi nhng ngi khc. Song vi mt
lngngingo,thcngvictrnnphctp
hn,thvhnvctnhtchhn.Loicngvic
tramtthchthctrcdinivinhngginh
canglc2.0.
Hy khi u vi tnh phc tp. Cc nh khoa hc
hnh vi thng phn chia nhng g chng ta lm lin
quanncngvichochctptrngthnhhailoi:
thuttonvtnghim.Mtnhimvkiuthut
ton lnhimvtrong bn phituntheomtlot
cc ch dn c sn i n kt lun trn mt con
ngduynhtdn.Tclcmtthuttongipgii
quyt n. Mt nhim v kiu t nghim li hon ton
tri ngc. Chnh v khng tn ti mt thut ton no
chon,nnbnphithcckhnngvtxydng
mtgiiphpmi.Lmvicvtrnhnvinthungn
ca mt ca hng tp ha v c bn mang tnh thut
ton.Bnchyulmilmlinhngcngvicging
51

NG LC 3.0

nhautheomtcchnhtnh.Xydngmtchindch
qungcolimangnngtnhtnghim.Bnphia
racthgmim.
SutthkXX,huhtcccngvicumangtnh
thuttonvkhngchlnhngcngvicihi
bnphingxoayinhvnctheongmtccht
sngchti u.Ngay ckhichng ta chuynt cng
viclaongchntaysangcngviclaongtrcth
nhng nhimv ta phi honthnh thngvnmang
tnhtpqun.Tcl,chngtacthcngphnln
nhng g mnh lm thuc lnh vc k ton, lut, lp
trnhmyvitnh,vnhngngnhkhcnatrongmt
bn tm tt, mt bn v k thut, mt cng thc, hay
mt lot cc bc dn ti kt qu ng. Song ngy
nay,huhtccvngtiBcM,Tyu,Nht,Hn
Quc v Australia, nhng cng vic lao ng tr c c
tnhtpqunangdnbinmt.Chnguanhauchy
sang nc ngoi, ti nhng ni c chi ph thc hin r
mtnht.n,Bulgaria,Philippinesvccqucgia
khc,cngnhnctrlngthphnmnhnqu
trnhchyccthutton,tmracutrlingvlp
tc chuyn n t my vi tnh ca mnh sang cho ai
sngcchanhtachngsunghndm.
Song thu lm nc ngoi ch to ra mt p lc
chocccngvictngha,gnlinviccllut,
quy tc nhm chn. Cng ging nh my xc v my
nng thay th lao ng chn tay n gin, my vi
tnhangtngbcthaythlaongtrcngin.
52

T h nh suy c a ng lc 2 .0

Vvymcdtroluthulmbnngoimichbt
unr,songccphnmmcthhonthnhrt
nhiu chc nng chuyn mn da trn cc quy tc c
sntthn,nhanhhnvrhnsovichngta.iu
cnghalnganhhcabncthcchngch
CPA5 git lng y, nhng nu ch ch yu lm cc
cng vic c tnh tp qun, th anh ta s phi i mt
vi sc p cnh tranh khng ch t cc nhn vin k
ton nhn mc lng 500 la mt thng Manila
thiu,mcntccchngtrnhtnhthumbt
k ai cng c th ti xung my vi tnh ca mnh ch
vi30la.HngtvnMcKinsey.ctnhrng
ti nc M, ch c 30% tng trng vic lm n t
mng cng vic thut ton, 70% cn li n t mng
cngvictnghim.Mtnguyndocnct:Cngvic
ctnhtpquncth cthungoihoctng
ha; cn vi cng vic c tnh phi tp qun, cm tnh
hocnghthut,nhnchungkhcthvndngcch
lmnitrn.
Ni hm ca ng lc rt rng ln. Cc nh nghin
cu nh Teresa Amabile thuc Trng kinh doanh
Harvard pht hin ra rng nhng phn thng v
hnhphtngoisinhccrtvcygycthpht
huy hiu qu ng k i vi nhng nhim v thut

5CPA:vitttcaCertifiedPublicAccountant,lmtdanhhiuchuyn
mn,dnhchongitriquacckxttuynvthihnhnghk
tonvinchuynnghip,hotngtrongcccngtyktonkimton
lHivincaHiphingnhnghktonkimtonmiqucgia.

53

NG LC 3.0

ton.Songchngcthgytnhighgmnuc
dng cho cc nhim v t nghim. Nhng kiu thch
thc nh vy gii quyt nhng vn mi m hoc
sngtorathgmthgiikhngbitnangb
qua ph thuc cht ch vo ng lc th ba ca
Harlow. Amabile gi l nguyn l ng lc ni ti
caqutrnhsngto,nguynlnychorng:ng
lc ni ti rt c li cho sng to; cn ng lc ngoi
sinh mang tnh kim sot rt c hi cho sng to. Ni
cchkhc,nhngnguynltrungtmcanglc2.0
thc cht c th lm suy km qu trnh thc thi nhng
cng vic sng to, t nghim m cc nn kinh t hin
iangphitrngcyrtnhiu.
Phnvcccngvictrnnsngtohnvkm
my mc hn, thm na, n cng ang tr nn th v
hn. Thc t li cng lm kh cc gi nh ca
nglc2.0.Hiuhnhnydatrnnimtinrng
cngviccnbnkhngthvchnhvldonym
chngtaphimangccphnthngraddnhhv
dng hnh pht e nt h. Nh tm l hc Mihaly
Csikszentmihalyi,ngichngtasgplichng5,
khmphramtiubtng,lnhiungiby
trnghdttinhngtringhimnhimkhi
lmvichnlkhinghngi.Songnucngviccng
ngycngtrnnlthvinhiungihn,thnhng
binphpkhchlngoisinhnmctlicanglc
2.0.lithnhratcnthithn.Thnna,nhDeci
btuphthinratcchybnchcnm,thvic
54

T h nh suy c a ng lc 2 .0

tthmmtsloiphnthngngoisinhnhtnh
voccnhimvvnlthsnlithngbomn
nglcvlmgimstnnglclmvic.
Mt ln na, mt s khi nim nn tng t nhin
tr nn km vng chc. Hy th xt v d k l v
nhng k ngh hc ngh (Vocation Vacation). y
mingisbranhngngtinmmnhm
hi,sincmtmikimc...ililclm
mt cng vic khc. H dnh thi gian ngh ngi
thscnhnglnhvcnh:trthnhmtubp,
iuhnhmtcahngbnxephocqunlmt
tri cu h ng vt. S bng n ca ngnh kinh
doanh ny, cng nh nhiu kiu d n l lng khc
cho thy rng cng vic th m cc nh kinh t hc
vn lun coi l mt i tng phi tha dng (th
chngtathngntrnh,trphictrtinthc
hin), li ang tr thnh mt i tng tha dng
(th chng ta c gng theo ui d khng thu c
mtsbinhuhnhno).
Cuicng,vcngvicbcholthnhmchn,nn
nglc2.0nhnmnhrngconngicnphic
gim st cht ch khng tr nn chy li. Ngay c
quan im ny cng ngy cng t xc ng hn v xt
trn nhiu phng din, t c kh nng xy ra hn. V
d,tnhringncMhinnaychn18triun
vmPhngthngkMgildoanhnghipkhng
c ch l nhng doanh nghip khng c mt nhn
vin lm cng n lng no c. V nhng ngi lm
55

NG LC 3.0

trong cc doanh nghip ny khng c thuc cp no,

cngnhkhngcspnotrnquynmnh,nncng
chngcaiqunlhaykhuynkhchhc.Hphi
tdndtbnthn.
Cnhngngivlkhnglmvicchochnhmnh
cngvy.TiM,33,7triungilmvictxatnht
mt ngy trong nm v 14,7 triu ngi lm vic ny
hng ngy. Thc t t mt t l ln lc lng lao
ngngoitmsoicanhqunl,buchphit
iu tit cng vic ca mnh. V k c nu cc t chc
khng la chn nhng bin php qun tr kiu , th
nhn chung cng ngy chng li cng bt mang nng
tnh cp bc hn. Trong mt n lc nhm ct gim chi
ph, t chc xn bt nhng lp m gia qu
cngknh.Nhvyccnhquntrphigimstmt
slnglnccnhnvin,do,hkhcthisu
isttngngimt.
Khi c cu t chc b phng ha, cc cng ty cn
nhng con ngi bit t thc y bn thn. N buc
nhiu t chc phi bin ha cho ging vi, m,
Wikipediahn.Khngcaiqunlccthnhvinca
Wikipediac.Khngcainginghcchkchthchh.
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