About NETWORKS

Copyright 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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1 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
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Introduction to Routing
Protocols
Protocols
Session 2204
Session 2204
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Agenda
Agenda
IP, IPX Addressing Concepts IP, IPX Addressing Concepts
Generic Routing Concepts
Specific Routing Protocols
Static and Defaults Routes
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MAC Address
MAC Address
1234.5678.9ABC
1234.5678.9ABC
0000.0c
0000.0c
XX.XXXX
XX.XXXX
First 24 bits = Manufacture Code
assigned by IEEE
XXXX.XX
XXXX.XX
00.0001
00.0001
Second 24 bits = Specific interface,
assigned by Manufacture
FFFF.FFFF.FFFF
FFFF.FFFF.FFFF
All Fs= Broadcast
48 Bit Hexadecimal (Base16) Unique Layer two address
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32 Bits
Network
Network
Host
Host
172 . 16 . 122 . 204
IP Addressing
IP Addressing
8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits
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IP
Address
IP Subnetting, Mask
IP Subnetting, Mask
172
172
16
16
0
0
0
0
Default
Subnet
Mask
Network Host
255
255
255
255
0
0
0
0
Use Host Bits, Starting at the High Order Bit Position
8-bit
Subnet
Mask
Network Subnet Host
255
255
255
255
255
255
0
0
Network Host
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IP Address Classes
IP Address Classes
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
126
126
255
255
255
255
254
254
Start Start
End End
128
128
0
0
0
0
0
0
192
192
255
255
255
255
254
254
Start Start
End End
192
192
0
0
0
0
0
0
223
223
255
255
255
255
254
254
Start Start
End End
255
255
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mask Mask
255
255
255
255
0
0
0
0
Mask Mask
255
255
255
255
255
255
0
0
Mask Mask
Class A:
Class B:
Class C:
Class D: for multicast
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IP Address Mask Formats
IP Address Mask Formats
bitcount ---172.16.31.6/24
decimal ---- 172.16.31.6 255.255.255.0
hexadecimal 172.16.31.6 0xFFFFFF00
The Router will display different Mask
formats at different times.
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UNIX Host A
UNIX Host A
1111.1111.1111
1111.1111.1111
3333.3333.3333
3333.3333.3333
4444.4444.4444
4444.4444.4444
R1 R1
R2 R2
2222.2222.2222
2222.2222.2222
5555.5555.5555
5555.5555.5555
Finding the IP Address
on the LAN
Finding the IP Address
on the LAN
ARP = Address Resolution
Protocol
Host and routers have pre
assigned MAC addresses
Host A sends a ARP request for
router R1
The ARP request is a broadcast
packet
R1 replies with ARP response
unicast address
Now both Host A and Router R1
have the IP and MAC address for
each other in their ARP Table
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UNIX Host
UNIX Host
UNIX Host
UNIX Host
Street A Street H
How Do I Get there From Here?
How Do I Get there From Here?
Path choice is based on location
Location is represented by an address
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172. 16. 200.11
255.255. 0. 0
172. 16.3.10
255.255.0.0
172.16.12.12/16
IP: 172.16.2.1/16
10.1.1.1/8
10.250.8.11
255. 0. 0. 0
10.180.30.118/8
IP: 10.6.24.2/8
E0 E1
172 .16 12 12
Network
Host
.
Network
Network
Interface
Interface
172.16.0.0
10.0.0.0
172.16.0.0
10.0.0.0
E0
E1
E0
E1
Forwarding Table
Forwarding Table
Host Addresses
Host Addresses
255.255 255.255 0 . 0 0 . 0
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172.16.2.11/24
172. 16. 2 . 2
255.255.255.0
172.16.2.160/24
IP: 172.16.2.1/24
172.16. 3 . 5
255.255.255.0
172.16.3.100/24
172.16.3.150/24
IP: 172.16.3.1/24
Network
Network
Interface
Interface
172.16.2.0
172.16.3.0
172.16.2.0
172.16.3.0
E0
E1
E0
E1
Forwarding Table
Forwarding Table
Subnet Addressing
Subnet Addressing
Host
160 172 .16
Network Subnet
2
E0 E1
255.255 255.255
.255 .255
.0 .0
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.6
.13
.9
.10
.14
.5
A
C
B
172.16 172.16.40.1
255.255.255.0
172 172.16.50.1
255.255.255.0
172.16.60.1
255.255.255.0
192.168.1.8
255.255.255.252
192.168.1.4
255.255.255.252
192.168.1.12
255.255.255.252
Where Is
172.16.0.0?
Discontiguous IP Subnet
Discontiguous IP Subnet
Routing Protocols will by Default
Summarize Major Networks
Routing Protocols will by Default
Summarize Major Networks
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.6
.13
.9
.10
.14
.5
A
C
B
172.16.40.1
255.255.255.0
172.16.50.1
255.255.255.0
172.16.60.1
255.255.255.0
172.16.1.8
255.255.255.252
172.16.1.4
255.255.255.252
172.16.1.12
255.255.255.252
Variable Length Subnet Mask
Variable Length Subnet Mask
Conserve IP Addresses
172.16.1.X With a
255.255.255.252 mask
Or /30 the 1 subnet
my be broken into 64
Subnets
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80 Bits
Network
Network
Node
Node
32 Bits 48 Bits
000C 15C0 0077.0650.2328
IPX Addressing
IPX Addressing
IPX Network # IPX Network # IPX STATION # IPX STATION #
Usulay same a MAC address Usulay same a MAC address
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Assigns an address and subnet mask
Starts IP processing on an interface
Assigns a network number
Starts IPX processing on an interface
Must have ipx routing configured
Address Configuration
Address Configuration
Router (config-if) #
ip address i p- addr ess subnet - mask
ip address i p- addr ess subnet - mask
ipx network net wor k
ipx network net wor k
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Agenda
Agenda
Generic Routing Concepts
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Convergence
Convergence
Time required for router to identify and
use an alternate path
Dependent on timer values and algorithm
Difficult to predict precisely
AA
BB
CC
DD
EE
FF
A,B,C A,B,C
D,E,F D,E,F
A,B,C A,B,C
D,E,F D,E,F
A,B,C A,B,C
D,E,F D,E,F
A,B,C A,B,C
D,E,F D,E,F
B,C B,C
D,E,F D,E,F
B,C B,C
D,E,F D,E,F
11
22
33
44
66
55
Routers 5 and 6 Routers 5 and 6
Have no knowledge of Have no knowledge of
the new Network A Yet the new Network A Yet
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Load Balancing
Load Balancing
Equal cost paths
Rapid failover
N1
R1
R4
R3
R2
T1
T1 T1
T1
N2
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Load Balancing
Load Balancing
Unequal cost load balancing: Eigrp
N1
R1
R4
R3
R2
T1
512K
N2
768K
256K
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x
Holddown
Holddown
Sets minimum convergence time
Prevents forwarding loops
I Will Ignore
Routes to X
While in
Holddown
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Packets for Network X
Forwarding Loop:
A Routing Disagreement
Forwarding Loop:
A Routing Disagreement
Packets do not get to the destination
Temporary traffic surge until convergence
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Do not send routing data
back in the direction from
which it came
Split Horizon
Split Horizon

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C
B
D
PVC
PVC
PVC
S0
Split Horizon
Split Horizon
A
Frame Relay Multipoint Network
11
22
33
44
A
C
Router 2,3,4
All advertise their Respective
Ethernets to Router D, Router D
knows all networks
B
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A
C
B
D
PVC
PVC
PVC
S0
Split Horizon
Split Horizon
Frame Relay Network
Router 1
Advertises network D
to routers 2,3,4
11
22
33
44
Router 1
Knows all networks but
Will only advertise D out of S0
Because it learned A,B,C from S0
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Metrics (Cost)
Metrics (Cost)
Numeric value used to choose
among paths
RIP/RIPv2 is hop count and ticks (IPX)
OSPF/ISIS is interface cost (bandwidth)
(E)IGRP is compound
BGP can be complicated
Path determination depends on metric
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Agenda
Agenda
Generic Routing Categories
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Forwarding Table
Forwarding Table
198.113.181.0
198.113.181.0
[170/304793]
[170/304793]
192.150.42.177
192.150.42.177
02:03:50
02:03:50
D
D
198.113.178.0
198.113.178.0
192.168.96.0
192.168.96.0
192.168.97.0
192.168.97.0
[110/9936]
[110/9936]
192.150.42.177
192.150.42.177
02:03:50
02:03:50
O
O
192.150.42.177
192.150.42.177
00:00:20
00:00:20
R
R
C
C
[120/3]
[120/3]
Ethernet0
Ethernet0
Ethernet0
Ethernet0
Ethernet0
Ethernet0
Ethernet0
Ethernet0
Age
Age
Source
Source
Network #
Network #
Interface
Interface
Next Hop
Next Hop
Metric
Metric
One Forwarding Table per Router
One Forwarding Table per Network Protocol
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Directly connected
Routes that the router is attached to
Static
Routes are manually defined
Dynamic
Routes protocol are learned from a Protocol
Building the Forwarding Table
Building the Forwarding Table
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I Know About:
Network X
Network Y
Network Z
I Know About:
Network A
Network B
Network C
A
B
C
X
Y
Z
Routing Update
Exchanges Network Knowledge
Routing Protocols
Routing Protocols
Routing protocol updates are exchanged by routers
to learn about paths to other logical networks
Each routing protocol offers features that can make
it desirable as part of an internetwork design
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Routing Protocol Goals
Routing Protocol Goals
Optimal path selection
Loop-free routing
Fast convergence
Limited design
administration
Minimize update traffic
Handle address limitations
Support hierarchical
topology
Incorporate rapid
convergence
Easy to configure
Adapts to changes
easily and quickly
Does not create a lot
of traffic
Scales to a large size
Compatible with existing
hosts and routers
Supports variable length
subnet masks and
discontiguous subnets
Supports policy routing
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IP RIP
IP RIP
Routing Information
Protocol
Widely available
Hop count metric
Periodic update
Easy to implement
One of the first
available
RFC 1058
Simple = limited
Slow convergence
No VLSM
No discontiguous
subnets
Max 15 Hops
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Send RIP Routing Table to Neighbors
Net A
Net B Net C
Net D
E0 S0 S1 S0 E0
R1 R2 R3
RIPDistance Vector
RIPDistance Vector
A
A
E0
E0
B
B
S0
S0
S0
S0
D
D
S0
S0
C
C
Network
Network
Interface
Interface
B
B
S0
S0
C
C
S1
S1
S1
S1
D
D
S0
S0
A
A
Network
Network
Interface
Interface
C
C
S0
S0
D
D
E0
E0
S0
S0
A
A
S0
S0
B
B
Network
Network
Interface
Interface
S0
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RIP V1
Broadcast Routing Updates
Broadcast Routing Updates
S 10.1.1.1 D 255.255.255.255 S 10.1.1.1 D 255.255.255.255
All Stations Have to Listen to Rip Broadcasts All Stations Have to Listen to Rip Broadcasts
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R1
R2
R3
T1
56k
T1
1 Hop
Path A
Hops
RIP Metric
RIP Metric
Path B
0 Hops
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RIP V2
RIP V2
RFC 1723
Cisco IOS
11.1 support
Advertises masks
Variable length subnet masks
Route summarization
Routing updates use multicast
Authenticated updates using MD5
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Multicast Routing Updates
Multicast Routing Updates
RIP V2
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When to Use RIPv2
When to Use RIPv2
Subnet mask support
Reduce broadcast load
Validated updates
Multivendor environment
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IPX RIP
IPX RIP
Widely available
Hop count metric
Ticks (1/18 sec)
Periodic update
Easy to implement
Free on servers
Tied to SAP
protocol
Simple = limited
Slow convergence
No default route
Routing loops
Max 15 hops
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IPX RIPTicks
IPX RIPTicks
Ticks are used
to determine
server timeout
Default for LAN
interfaces is 1
Default for WAN
interfaces is 4
IPXWAN
calculates for
its interfaces
can be set via
the ipx delay
number interface
sub command
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IGRP
IGRP
Interior Gateway
Routing Protocol
Cisco developed
Distance vector
Compound
metric
Cisco IOS 9.21
Periodic update
No VLSM
Default timers
produce slow
convergence
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Administrative
weight
Delay
Bandwidth
Reliability
Load
R1
R2
R3
T1
56k
T1
(K
2
* BW)
(256-load)
K
5

(reliability + K
4
))
= ((K
1
* BW + + K
3
* delay)) *
IGRP Compound Metric
IGRP Compound Metric
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Delay Metric-
Based on
D1 + D2 + D3
Bandwidth
Metric-Based
on 64 kbps
D1 D2 D3
1.5 Mbps 64 kbps 1.5 Mbps
How the IGRP Metrics Work
How the IGRP Metrics Work
Bandwidth dominates short paths
Delay dominates long paths
Configure bandwidth on all interfaces
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Enhanced IGRP
Enhanced IGRP
Extremely fast
convergence
VLSM support
Discontiguous
subnets
Arbitrary route
summarization
Supports prefix and
host routing
Best of DV and LS
Low overhead
Guaranteed
loop-free
Reliable, incremental
update-based
Multiprotocol:
IP, IPX
, AppleTalk
Easy to configure
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Topology Table
On Startup Routing Tables
Are Exchanged; Routing
Table Built Based on Best
Paths from Topology Table
Xs Table
Ys Table
Advanced Distance Vector
Advanced Distance Vector
Construct neighbor tables
Construct topology tables
Compute routes
A
A
B
B
C
C
1
1
13
13
20
20
A
A
B
B
C
C
5
5
3
3
3
3
A
A
B
B
C
C
Q
Q
Z
Z
X
X
2
2
13
13
13
13
A
A
27
27
1
1
5
5
Z
Z
Q
Q
X
X
B
..
B
..
12
..
12
..
Z
..
Z
..
A
A
B
B
C
C
27
27
12
12
35
35
ZZ
XX
YY QQ
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EIGRP Tables
EIGRP Tables
Topology table
Acted upon by DUAL
All routes advertised
by neighbors
List of neighbors for
each route
Routes passive
or active
Neighbor table
Keeps adjacent
neighbors address
Keeps the hold time
Information for
reliable transport
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Diffusing Update
Algorithm (DUAL)
Diffusing Update
Algorithm (DUAL)
DUAL is a loop-free routing algorithm
that performs a diffused computation
of a routing table
Uses a new routing algorithm
Achieves fast convergence
Network changes propagate only to affected
nodes (bounded updates)
No need for route holddown
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IPX EIGRP
IPX EIGRP
Automatic redistribution of routes
into RIP/SAP
Maximum network size is 224 hops
vs 15 for RIP
Incremental SAPs sent, reducing
bandwidth usage
All other benefits of EIGRP
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When to Use EIGRP
When to Use EIGRP
Very large, complex networks
VLSM
For fast convergence
Little network design
Multiprotocol support
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Topology Information Is
Kept in a Database Separate
from the Forwarding Table
Xs Link State
Zs Link State
Qs Link State
Link State Routing
Link State Routing
OSPF
IS-IS
NLSP
ZZ
XX
QQ
A
A
B
B
C
C
Q
Q
Z
Z
X
X
2
2
13
13
13
13
YY
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Link State Routing
Link State Routing
Neighbor discovery
Constructing an LSA (Link State
Advertisement)
Distribute LSA
Compute routes using SPF
(Shortest Path First)
On network failure
New LSAs flooded
All routers recompute link state databases
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OSPF
OSPF
Open Shortest
Path First
Link state or SPF
technology
Developed by OSPF
working group of
IETF (RFC 1253)
Designed expressly
for TCP/IP Internet
environment
Fast convergence
Variable-length
subnet masks
Discontiguous
subnets
No periodic updates
Route authentication
Delivered two years
after IGRP
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Backbone
Router
Backbone
Router
OSPF Areas and Rules
OSPF Areas and Rules
Area 1
Area 4
Area 0
Area 2
Area 3
Internal
Router
Internal
Router
Area
Border
Router
Area
Border
Router
Autonomous
System (AS)
Border Router
Autonomous
System (AS)
Border Router
Internet
Backbone area (0)
must be present
All other areas
must have
connection
to backbone
Backbone must
be contiguous
Do not partition
area (0)
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When to Use OSPF
When to Use OSPF
Large hierarchical networks
Complex networks, except
Topology restrictive
Additional network design
VLSM
Fast convergence
Multivendor
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IS-IS
IS-IS
IS = Intermediate
System
Dual IS-IS
Integrated IS-IS
Metric is 10 bits
wide
All interfaces
default to 10
ISO 10589
Two types of areas:
Level-1 other areas
Level-2 backbone
Default for
each level
Much like OSPF
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NetWare Link Services Protocol
NetWare Link Services Protocol
Derived from ISIS
NLSP specs 3 levels of routers
Only two levels are defined
Spec is Novell NLSP version 1.1
http://www.novell.com
http://developer.novell.com/research
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BGP
BGP
RFC 1771
Border Gateway
Protocol
Version 4 is current
Exterior routing
protocol (vs.
interior)
Uses TCP for
transport
Many options for
policy enforcement
Classless Inter
Domain Routing
(CIDR)
Widely used for
Internet backbone
AS=Autonomous
systems
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EE
AS 100 AS 101
AS 102
Peering
BGP Basics
BGP Basics
Runs over TCP
Path vector
protocol
Incremental update
CC AA
BB DD
EE
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BGP peer within the same AS
Not required to be directly connected
IBGP neighbors should be fully meshed
Few BGP speakers in corporate network
AS 100
Internal BGP (IBGP) Peering
Internal BGP (IBGP) Peering
BB
DD
AA
EE
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AS 100 AS 101
External BGP (EBGP) Peering
External BGP (EBGP) Peering
Between BGP speakers in different AS
Should be directly connected
Dont run an IGP between EBGP peers
AA
BB
CC
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BGP
BGP
BGP
Static
Route
AS 100
AS 200
AS 400
AS 300
Policy Drives
BGP Requirements
Policy Drives
BGP Requirements
Policy for AS 100: Always use AS 300
path to reach AS 400
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B
Static
Advertise Default
Network Via IGP
Use a Static Route to
Provide Connectivity
Network
Number
ISP Runs BGP
When Not to Use BGP
When Not to Use BGP
Avoid BGP configuration by using
default networks and static routes
Appropriate when the local policy is the
same as the ISP policy
AA
BB
CC
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Agenda
Agenda
Generic Routing Categories
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Static Routes
Static Routes
Routes configured manually
Useful when few or just one
route exist
Can be administrative burden
Frequently used for default route
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Administrative Distance
Administrative Distance
The router treats different routing protocols with a different preference
Route Source
Route Source
Default Distance
Default Distance
Connected Interface
Connected Interface
Static Route
Static Route
Enhanced IGRP Summary Route
Enhanced IGRP Summary Route
External BGP
External BGP
Internal Enhanced IGRP
Internal Enhanced IGRP
IGRP
IGRP
OSPF
OSPF
IS-IS
IS-IS
RIP
RIP
EGP
EGP
External Enhanced IGRP
External Enhanced IGRP
Internal BGP
Internal BGP
Unknown, Discard Route
Unknown, Discard Route
0
0
1
1
5
5
20
20
90
90
100
100
110
110
115
115
120
120
140
140
170
170
200
200
255
255
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172.16.3.1
3
172.16.1.0
C15C0
172.16.3.2
3
T1
ISDN
Floating Static Routes
Floating Static Routes
A static route with a high distance distance
Can be overridden by dynamic info
ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.3.1 140 140
ipx route C15C0 3.0000.0c15.3628 floating-static
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Default Routes
Default Routes
Route used if no match is found in
forwarding table
Can be carried by routing protocols
Two models
Special network number:
0.0.0.0 (IP)
-2 (IPX)
Flagged in routing protocol
Protocols support multiple models
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Creating a Default Route
Creating a Default Route
RIP, RIPv2: network 0.0.0.0
IGRP, EIGRP: ip default-network
OSPF:ISIS default originate
IPX: ipx route default
default gateway is for host mode
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172.16.1.0
172.16.0.0
s0 s1
Internet
Default IP Subnet
Default IP Subnet
Two defaults
For unknown networks
For unknown subnets
Controlled by ip classless
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Comparison of Routing Protocols
Comparison of Routing Protocols
Link
State
Link
State
Traditional
Distance
Vector
Traditional
Distance
Vector
Advanced
Distance
Vector
Advanced
Distance
Vector
Scalability
Bandwidth
Scalability
Bandwidth
Memory
CPU
Memory
CPU
Convergence
Configuration
Convergence
Configuration
Good
Low
Good
Low
Low
High
Low
High
Low
Low
Low
Low
High
High
High
High
Excellent
Low
Excellent
Low
Moderate
Low
Moderate
Low
Fast
Easy
Fast
Easy
Fast
Moderate
Fast
Moderate
Slow
Easy
Slow
Easy
Path
Vector
Path
Vector
Outstanding
Low
Outstanding
Low
High
Moderate
High
Moderate
Moderate
Hard
Moderate
Hard
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Name
Name
RIP
RIP
RIPv2
RIPv2
IGRP
IGRP
EIGRP
EIGRP
OSPF
OSPF
IS-IS
IS-IS
BGP
BGP
Type Type
DV
DV
DV
DV
DV
DV
Adv DV
Adv DV
LS
LS
LS
LS
Path Vec
Path Vec
Proprietary
Proprietary
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
Function
Function
Interior
Interior
Interior
Interior
Interior
Interior
Interior
Interior
Interior
Interior
Interior
Interior
Exterior
Exterior
Updates
Updates
30 Sec
30 Sec
30 Sec
30 Sec
90 Sec
90 Sec
Trig
Trig
Trig
Trig
Trig
Trig
Incr
Incr
Metric
Metric
Hops
Hops
Hops
Hops
Comp
Comp
Comp
Comp
Cost
Cost
Cost
Cost
N/A
N/A
VLSM
VLSM
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Summ
Summ
Auto
Auto
Auto
Auto
Auto
Auto
Both
Both
Man
Man
Auto
Auto
Auto
Auto
IP routing protocols are characterized as
Yes
Yes
Internet Routing Protocols
Internet Routing Protocols
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Topology/Technology
Considerations
Topology/Technology
Considerations
Routing and services overhead is usually
not a big deal when you have a lot of
bandwidth (i.e. LANs)
Protect WAN bandwidth using update-based
protocolsmore bandwidth and buffers for
application traffic
High densities of sub (interfaces) can cause
hot spots and router CPU overload
NBMA (Non-Broadcast Multi-Access)
technologies always require good
design practices
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For Further Reference
EIGRP Network Design Solutions EIGRP Network Design Solutions
by IvanPepelnjak,(ISBN: 1578701651)
Interconnections : Bridges and Routers Interconnections : Bridges and Routers
by Radia Perlman (ISBN: 0-20156-332-0)
Internetworking with TCP / IP, Volume 1: Internetworking with TCP / IP, Volume 1:
Principles, Protocols, and Architecture Principles, Protocols, and Architecture
by Douglas Comer (ISBN: 0-13216-987-8)
IP Routing Fundamentals IP Routing Fundamentals
by Mark Sportack (ISBN: 1-57870-071-x)
IP Routing Primer IP Routing Primer
by Robert Wright (ISBN: 1-57870-108-2)
OSPF Network Design Solutions OSPF Network Design Solutions
by Thomas, Thomas M. (ISBN: 1-57870-046-9)
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Routing in the Internet Routing in the Internet
by Christian Huitema (ISBN: 0-13132-192-7)
OSPF Network Design Solutions OSPF Network Design Solutions
by Thomas, Thomas M. (ISBN: 1-57870-046-9)
ISP Survival Guide : Strategies for Running a ISP Survival Guide : Strategies for Running a
Competitive ISP Competitive ISP
by Geoff Huston (ISBN:0-47131-499-4)
Internet Routing Architectures Internet Routing Architectures
by Bassam Halabi (ISBN: 1-56205-652-2)
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Thank You!
Thank You!
Related sessions:
2208 Deploying IGRP/EIGRP
2205 Deploying OSPF
2209 Deploying BGP
2200 Advanced IP Routing
Protocols
Protocols
Session 2204
Session 2204
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Please Complete Your
Evaluation Form
Session 2204
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2204
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