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Chia Động Từ Và Tính Từ Tiếng Nhật
Chia Động Từ Và Tính Từ Tiếng Nhật
Nht
y l danh sch cch chia ng t v tnh t trong ting Nht. Hu ht chng u theo quy tc,
nhng vn c nhng ngoi l nht nh. ng t ca ting Nht bnh ng vi mi ch th, bt k
ngi th my, s t hay s nhiu u chia ging nhau. Mu chung ca tt c cc ng t l kt thc
bng m u. Trong ting Nht hin i, khng c ng t no (t nht l trong mu chung) kt thc
bng , , , .
Th hon thnh
Tri li, th hon thnh li c hu t xc nh. Dng c bn l kt thc bng / , nhng phi thay
i nhiu v ng m, ph thuc vo m tit cui ca ng t. Th hon thnh kh tng ng vi th
qu kh ca chng ta v thng c gi l th qu kh.
Kiu ng t Dng chia V d Dng chia
ng t bt quy tc
(kuru)
(kita)
Khng c
Khng c
(ika)
(itta)
Khng c
Khng c
Khng c
Khng c
(ikimasu, i)
ng t c quy tc
(ikimashita)
Th -
- (tsukau, dng)
(tsukatta)
- (tou, hi)
(tta)
- (yaku, nng)
(yaita)
- (oyogu, bi)
(oyoida)
- (matsu, i)
(matta)
- (shinu, cht)
(shinda)
- (yobu, gi)
(yonda)
- (yomu, c)
(yonda)
- (gc ph m)
- (hashiru, chy)
(hashitta)
(kuita)
(kotaeta)
Tnh t - (yasui, r)
(yasukatta)
Cch dng
Ghi ch thm rng cch chia cc ng t kt thc bng thng c chia theo kiu th hai hn
vi nhng ngi min ty Nht Bn. trong kt thc ca th hon thnh c th pht m
thnh hoc ph thuc vo nguyn m i trc, da theo nhng quy lut v m v ca ngi Nht
thng thng. Th nn, vng Kansai, ta c th nghe mu nh thnh , hoc
thnh .
Th ph nh
Dng c bn l m u chuyn thnh anai.
Kiu ng t Dng chia V d Dng chia
ng t bt quy tc
(aisuru, yu)
(aisanai)
Khng c
Khng c
Khng c
Khng c
Khng c
(ikimasu, i)
ng t c quy tc
(ikimasen)
Th - -
-
- (tsukau, dng)
(tsukawanai)
- (yaku, nng)
(yakanai)
- (oyogu, bi)
(oyoganai)
- (matsu, i)
(matanai)
- (shinu, cht)
(shinanai)
- (yobu, gi)
(yobanai)
- (yomu, c)
(yomanai)
- (gc ph m)
- (hashiru, chy)
(hashiranai)
(kotaenai)
(kuinai)
Tnh t -
(yasui, r)
(kantan de wa nai)
-
Tnh t
(yasukunai)
(kantan, n gin)
(kantan ja nai)
-
ui c chia theo 2 cch:
Th i
Th i (hoc th lin kt) rt ph bin, trong tt c cc trng hp th dng chung ca n l thay
th u bng i
Kiu ng t Dng chia V d Dng chia
ng t bt quy tc
Khng c
Khng c
Khng c
ng t c quy tc
- (tsukau, dng)
(tsukai)
- (yaku, nng)
(yaki)
- (oyogu, bi)
(oyoki)
- (matsu, i)
(machi)
- (shinu, cht)
(shini)
- (yobu, gi)
(yobi)
- (yomu, c)
(yomi)
- (gc ph m)
- (hashiru, chy)
(hashiri)
(kui)
(kotae)
Cch dng
Th te
Th te ca ng t ting Nht (c khi c gi l "phn t") c s dng khi ng t c lin kt vi
nhng t theo sau. Vi tt c cc ng t, n c to ra bng cch thay ui a th hon thnh
sang e. Tnh t hi khc mt cht.
Kiu ng t Dng chia V d Dng chia
ng t bt quy tc
(kuru)
(kite)
Khng c
Khng c
(ika)
(itte)
Khng c
Khng c
Khng c
Khng c
(ikimasu, i)
ng t c quy tc
(ikimashite)
Th -
-
- (tsukau, dng)
- (yaku, nng)
(tsukatte)
(tte)
(yaite)
- (oyogu, bi)
- (matsu, i)
(matte)
- (shinu, cht)
(shinde)
- (yobu, gi)
(yonde)
- (yomu, c)
(yonde)
- (gc ph m)
- (hashiru, chy)
(hashitte)
- (gc nguyn m)
- (kuiru, tic)
(kuite)
- (gc nguyn m)
- (kotaeru, tr li)
Tnh t
(kotaete)
Tnh t - (yasui, r)
Tnh t -
(oyoide)
(yasukatta)
Cch dng
Th kh nng
Dng chung l chuyn u thnh eru.
(sassuru, on)
(sasserareru)
(aisuru, yu)
aiseru
Khng c
Khng c
(korareru)
(kuru)
(koreru)
ng t c quy tc
-
(tsukau, dng)
(tsukaeru)
(yaku, nng)
(yakeru)
(oyogu, bi)
(oyogeru)
(matsu, i)
(materu)
(shinu, cht)
(shineru)
(yobu, gi)
(yoberu)
(yomu, c)
(yomeru)
- (gc ph m)
(hashiru, chy)
(hashireru)
(kuirareru)
-
- (gc nguyn m)
- (gc nguyn m)
(kuiru, tic)
(kuireru)
(kotaeru, tr li)
(kotaereru)
(kotaerareru)
Cch dng
Th cu khin
Khng c
(tsukau, dng)
(tsukawaseru)
(yaku, nng)
(yakaseru)
(oyogu, bi)
(oyogaseru)
(matsu, i)
(mataseru)
(shinu, cht)
(shinaseru)
(yobu, gi)
(yobaseru)
(yomu, c)
(yomaseru)
- (gc ph m)
(hashiru, chy)
(hashiraseru)
(kuisaseru)
(kotaesaseru)
Tnh t - (yasui, r)
(yasu kusaseru)
Cch dng
Th cu khin c dng
Th iu kin eba
Th iu kin eba c to ra bng cch chuyn u thnh eba.
Kiu ng t Dng chia V d Dng chia
ng t bt quy tc
Khng c
(ika)
Khng c
(itta)
Khng c
ng t c quy tc
(tsukau, dng)
(tsukaeba)
(yaku, nng)
(yakeba)
(oyogu, bi)
(oyogeba)
(matsu, i)
(mateba)
(shinu, cht)
(shineba)
(yobu, gi)
(yobeba)
(yomu, c)
(yomeba)
- (gc ph m)
(hashiru, chy)
(hashireba)
(kuireba)
(kotareba)
Tnh t -
(yasui, r)
(yasu kereba)
(kantan deareba)
Cch dng
Th iu kin c dng trong cc tnh hung iu kin. V d
Th iu kin ra
Th iu kin ra c to nn bng cch thm vo sau th qu kh. C th dng t trang
trng hn.
Cch dng
Th iu kin ra c th dng ging th iu kin eba. Tuy vy, n c ngha gn ging "nu v
khi" hn v c u tin hn th iu kin eba v mang ngha chnh xc hn.
V d: (nihon ni ittara, kamera wo kaitai, nu n Nht
Bn, ti mun mua mt chic my nh (tc l mua Nht)).
Th iu kin ra c th dng khi mnh chnh th qu kh. Trong tnh hung ny, n
mang ngha "khi" v ng rng kt qu khng ng trc c.
Th b ng
Th b ng c to ra bng cch chuyn u thnh areru.
Kiu ng t Dng chia V d Dng chia
ng t bt quy tc
Khng c
(tsukau, dng)
(tsukawareru)
(yaku, nng)
(yakareru)
(oyogu, bi)
(oyogareru)
(matsu, i)
(matareru)
(shinu, cht)
(shinareru)
(yobu, gi)
(yobareru)
(yomu, c)
(yomareru)
- (gc ph m)
(hashiru, chy)
(hashirareru)
(kuirareru)
(kotaerareru)
ng t mi c to ra c coi nh mt ng t gc ph m.
Tnh t v khng c th b ng.
Vi ng t theo th , phn masu c thm vo cui ca ng t dng b ng.
Cch dng
Th b ng c dng
Th cu khin b ng
Th cu khin b ng c to ra bng cch chia ng t th cu khin trc, sau chuyn
sang th b ng. ng nh tn gi, n dng din t mong mun dng b ng. V d:
(ryshin ni benky saserareru, b ph huynh bt hc). V nhng t nh
(mataserareru) kh pht m nn thng trong khi ni, phn gia 2 th s c ni li.
V d: (mataserareru, b bt phi i) s thnh (matasareru). Kiu rt gn
Th thc
Kiu ng t Dng chia V d Dng chia
ng t bt quy tc
(aisuru, yu)
(ais)
Khng c
Khng c
Khng c
Khng c
Khng c
(ikimasu, i)
ng t c quy tc
(kimash)
Th - -
-
(tsukau, dng)
(tsuka)
(yaku, nng)
(yak)
(oyogu, bi)
(oyog)
(matsu, i)
(mat)
(shinu, cht)
(shin)
(yobu, gi)
(yob)
(yomu, c)
(yom)
- (gc ph m)
(hashiru, chy)
(hashir)
(kuiy)
(kotaey)
Tnh t -
(chikai, gn)
(chikakar)
Tnh t -
(suki, thch)
(sukidar)
Cch dng
Th thc c dng din t nh, nh nhng trng hp sau