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17
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18
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19
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22
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24
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25
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toif;csKyfonf tpydik ;f wGif *smreftoif;csKyf oufoufjzpf+yD; aemufyikd ;f
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tusOf;csxm;+yD;aemuf 1852 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmvrSm olwdk@tm;
Hk;wifppfaq;cJhonf? xif&Sm;ausmfapmaom udkvHk;r@ uG e f j rLepf t r_
ppfaq;jcif;6 onf atmufwdkbm 4 &ufae@rS Edk0ifbm 12 &ufae@xd
tcsdef=umjrifhcJhonf? tusOf;om;ckepfa,mufudk cHwyfwckwnf;wGif
axmif'%foHk;ESpfrS ajcmufESpftxd toD;oD;tjypfay;vdkufonf? pD&if
csufcs+yD;aemuf csufcsif;yif usef&pfaeaom tzGJ@0ifrsm;u toif;csKyf
udk w&m;0if zsuo
f rd ;f ypfvu
kd =f u.? a=unmpmwrf; rSmrl xdt
k csed rf S
p+yD; arhavsmhypfxm;jcif; cH&oavmufyifwnf;?
Oa&my tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;rsm;udk
aemufxyfwzef wdkufcdkuf&eftwGuf vHkavmufaomtiftm; jyefvnf
&&Sv
d maomtcg tifwmae&Sief ,f tvkyo
f rm;tpnf;tH;k ay:xGuv
f m
onf? od@k aomf Oa&myESihf tar&duwdu
k rf sm;&Sd wdu
k pf w
d cf u
kd pf w
d f xufoef
aom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;w&yfvHk;udk wpkwpnf;wnf;jzpfatmif aygif;
27
rmhufpf/ tdef*,f
pnf;&ef wdus&iS ;f vif;aom &nfreS ;f csujf zifh zG@J pnf;xm;onfh T tpnf;

tHk;onf a=unmpmwrf; wGif csrSwfxm;aomrlrsm;udk csufcsif;
rxkwjf yefEikd cf ahJ y? tifwmae&Sief ,fonf t*Fvyd f tvkyo
f rm; or*~rsm;/
jyifopf/ b,fvf*sD,H/ tDwvDESifh pydefjynf&Sd ya&muf'Gef; aemufvdkuf
rsm;ESifh *smr%Djynf&Sd vmaq;0g'Drsm; u vufcHEdkifavmufatmif
us,fjyef@aom vkyfief;pOfw&yf &Sd&rnfjzpf.? ygwDtm;vHk;u auseyf
Edkifonfh Tvkyfief;pOf udk a&;qGJcJhaom rmhufpfonf yl;aygif;yrlr_ESifh
tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;r_wdk@rS ay:xGufvm&ef aocsmaom tvkyform;
vlwef;pm;. tod^m%fjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_tay: vHk;0,Hk=unfcJh.? t&if;
tESD;udk qef@usifonfh wdkufyGJtjzpftysufrsm;ESifh twuftusrsm;/
atmifyGJrsm;xufyif ydkrdkonfhqHk;H_;r_rsm;u olwdk@.tuufjzpfaom
aq;+rD;wkrd sK;d pk.
H rvHak vmufru
_ kd vltrsm;tm; rv$rJ a&Smifom oabm
ayguv
f maponf? xd@k jyif tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm; vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf
vnf; ppfrSefaom ta=umif;tcsufrsm;tm; ydkrdkjynfhpHkpGm odjrifr_qDodk@
vrf;cif;ay;vdkuf.? rmhufpfonf rSefuefayonf? 1874 ckESpf tifwm
ae&Sife,f zsufodrf;vdkufaomtcg tvkyform;rsm;rSm 1864 ckESpf
wke;f u awG@&&dS aom tvkyo
f rm;rsm;ESihf vH;k 0rwlawmhay? jyifopfjynf&dS
ya&muf'Gef;0g'onfvnf;aumif;/ *smr%Djynf&Sd vmaq;0g'wdk@onf
vnf;aumif; toufiifaeav+yD? ordk;us t*Fvdyftvkyform;or*~
u|eaf wmfw@kd EiS ahf wG@wikd ;f vmaq;ud,

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f ikd u
f olonfrmhupf .
f wynfh
&if; jzpfa=umif;/ wynf&h if;yDopGmyif a=unmpmwrf; tay:wGif &yfwnfchJ
a=umif; tpOfajymqdak vh&o
dS nf? od@k aomf 1862 ckEpS rf S 1864 ckEpS t
f wGi;f ol.
vlxv
k @H_ aqmfcsuYf Edik if aH wmfacs;aiGrsm;. tultnD&onfh or0g,rtvkycf ef;
rsm;udk awmif;qdjk cif;xufyI
kd vmaq;onf a&S@rwufawmhay? (tde*f ,f.
f rSwf
csu)f
tifwmae&Sief ,f tvkyo
f rm;tpnf;tH;k tzGirhf ed @f ceG ;f udk ud;k um;
xm;jcif; jzpfonf? (t,f'w
D m)
28
trsm;pk o nf tcsd e f = umjrif h p G m uwnf ; uyif tif w mae&S i f e ,f E S i f h

tquf j zwf c J h = uaomf v nf ; wd k @ uyif v #if Oa&mywd k u f } uD ; u
qdk&S,fvpf0g'udk u|efawmfwdk@ a=umufp&m r&Sdawmhyg [k ,cifESpfu
qGrfqD; 7 r@wGif or*~OuUu ajymqdkEdkifonfhtajcxd wjznf;jznf;
a&mufomG ;cJo
h nf? trSet
f m;jzifh a=unmpmwrf; . rlrsm;onf wdik ;f
jynftm;vHk;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;twGif; tawmfysH@ESH@oGm;cJhonfrSm trSef
yif jzpfonf?
Todk@jzifh a=unmpmwrf; udk,fYyifv#if a&S@wef;odk@xyfrH
a&muf vmcJ.
h ? 1850 ckEpS u
f wnf;u *smrefbmompmrlukd qGpZf mvef/
t*FvefEiS hf tar&duwGif t}udrrf sm;pGm jyefvnfyEkH ydS cf o
hJ nf? 1872 ckEpS f
wGif e,l;a,mufr@Y t*Fvdyfbmomjyefqdkum 0l;'f[m;vfESifh uvm
zvif 8 wd k @ . tywf p Of * sme,f w G i f xnf h o G i f ; azmf j ycJ h o nf ? Tt*F
vdyb
f momjyefqckd surf mS jyifopfbmomod@k jyefqu
kd m e,l; a,mufr@&dS
qd k & S , f v pf * sme,f w G i f yH k E S d y f x k w f a 0cJ h o nf ? xd k t csd e f r S p I tenf ;
ESifhtrsm;qkdovkd jzwfawmufxm;aom t*Fvdyfbmomjyef tenf;
qHk;ESpfrsKd; tar&duwGif ay:xGufcJhonf? rSwrsKd;udk t*FvefjynfwGif
xyf r H y H k E S d y f v d k u f o nf ? yxrqH k ; aom k & S m ;bmomjyef u d k bmul e if
bmomjyef+yD;/ 1863 ckEpS af vmufwiG f [mZif. *seD AD mr@&dS udv
k akd um
owif;pmudk yHkESdyfonfh pmyHkESdyfwdkufrS xkwfa0vdkuf onf? 'kwd,bm
omjyef udk &J&ifah omtrsK;d orD; bJ&mZql;vpfcsf u bmomjyefum 1882
ckESpfavmufwGif *sDeDAmr@rSmyif ykHESdyfxkwfa0onf? 1885 ckESpfwGif
ukdyifa[*ifr@Y 'def;rwfbmomjyeftopfudk qdk&S,f'Drdk u&ufwpf
trSerf mS bmomjyefoo
l nf yvufuaemhzjf zpf.? 1894 ckEpS f bmvifr@
xkwf tifwmae&Sief ,f atmhp'f ufaAgph wuf (1871- 75) wGif yHEk ydS x
f w
k af 0cJo
h nf?
k&mS ;jynf&dS vlrq
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kd w
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f
udb
k momjyeforl mS yvufuaemhzf jzpfonf[k ud;k um;azmfjyxm;onf? (t,f'D
wm)
29
rmhufpf/ tdef*,f
bDbvdu
k suf pmpOfwiG f awG@&&dS onf? jyifopf bmomjyef topfrmS 1885
ckEpS f yJ&pfr@xw
k f qdk&S,fvpf *sme,fwGif yg&Sdonf? jyifopfbmomrS
pydefbmomjyefqdkcsufudk 1886 ckESpf ruf'&pfr@wGif jyifqifxkwfa0
cJhonf? *smrefbmomjzifh xyfrHyHkESdyf xkwfa0jcif;rsm;ukd ra&wGufEdkif
awmhay? tenf;qH;k q,fEh pS }f udrcf ef@&+dS yD? vGecf ahJ omvtcsK@d u uGepf wif
wDEykd ,fr@wiG f xkwaf 0&efjzpfaom tmar;eD;,m; bmomjyefrmS rxkwf
a0jzpfawmhay? ta=umif;rl yHEk ydS x
f w
k af 0olonf rmhupf .
f trnf yg&adS om
pmtkyu
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k af 0&ef a=umuf&@HG onf? bmomjyefou
l vnf; rdrv
d uf&m
jzpf a =umif ; ud k rajymvd k a oma=umif h [ k u|ef a wmf = um;od & onf ?
tjcm;bmompum;rsm;jzifh bmomjyefqrkd r_ sm;udk =um;&aomfvnf; u|ef
awmfrawG@cJh&ay? Todk@jzifh a=unmpmwrf; ordkif;onf acwfopf
tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm; v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f udk }uD;rm;aom twdik ;f twmjzifh
a&mifjyef[yfjyvdu
k af yonf? rsuaf rSmufumvwGif a=unm pmwrf;onf
qd&k ,
S v
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taqmifqHk;aom/ qdu
k af A;&D;,m;rS umvDz;kd eD;,m;txd oef;aygi;f rsm;
pGmaom tvkyform;rsm;u wlnDaomvkyfief;pOftjzpf todtrSwfy
xm;aom pmwrf;jzpfonfrmS oHo,jzpfzG,f&mr&Sday?
od@k apumrl a=unmpmwrf;udk a&;om;cJph Ofu u|eaf wmfw@kd onf
qdk&S,fvpfa=unmpmwrf;[k rac:qdkEdkifcJhay? 1847 ckESpfu em;vnf
csuft&qdkv#if qdk&S,fvpfrsm;qdkonfrSm wzufwGif pdwful;,Ofpepf
trsK;d rsK;d . aemufvu
kd rf sm;jzpf=uaom t*Fvefjynfu td0k if0g'rD sm;/ jyif
opfjynfu zd;k &D;,m;0g'rD sm; jzpf=uonf? olw@kd EpS rf sK;d pvH;k onf *d%
k ;f tkyf
pkoufouftjzpfodk@ av#mus&if; wjznf;jznf; uG,faysmufoGm;ae
onf? wjcm;wzufwGif t&if;tESD;ESifh tjrwftpGef;udk rnfodk@r# tEW
&m,fray;bJ vltzGJ@tpnf;. cHpm;epfemr_aygif;pHkudk ukoay;Edkifonf
[k wwfa,mifum;enf;jzifh a[majymae=uonfh a&mifpHkvlr_a&;orm;
a,mifrsm; &Sd=uonf? olwdk@ESpfrsKd;pvHk;onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;
v_yf&Sm;r_tjyifbufrS vlrsm;jzpfonf? olwdk@onf ynm&nf0aom
30
vlwef;pm;rsm;. axmufcrH u
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kd m &SmazGae=uonf? Edik if aH &; awmfveS f
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vlr_ajymif;vJa&;vkyf&ef vdktyfonf[k a=unmvdkuf=uaom tvkyf
orm;vlwef;pm;. rnfodk@aom tpdwftydkif;uyifjzpfap rdrdudk,fudk
uGejf rLepf[k ac:a0:=u.? rSm tacsmrudik &f ao;onfyh =kH urf;/ yifu,
kd f
todoufouf uGejf rLepf0g' trsK;d tpm;jzpfonf? od@k apumrl onf
t&if;cHtcsuu
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wGif pdwu
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f maponftxd tiftm; }uD;
rm;ayonf? jyifopfjynfY umbufEiS hf *smreDjynfY 0ufwvif;wd@k . pdwf
ul;,OfueG jf rLepf0g'yifwnf;? od@k jzifh 1847 ckEpS w
f iG f qd&k ,
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ESiahf jzmifah jzmif}h uD; qef@usib
f uf jzpfaeonf? puwnf;uyif tvkyf
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wdkif. yr_aqmif&Gufcsufjzpf&rnf [k u|efawmfwdk@ xif[yfxm;onfh
twdik ;f Ttrnf ESprf sK;d xJrS rnfonft
h rnfukd a&G;cs,&f rnfqo
kd nfukd
oHo,r&SdEdkifay? xdk@jyif u|efawmfwdk@onf xdktcsdefrS ,ae@txd T
trnfudk pGef@ypf&ef vHk;0rpOf;pm;cJh=uay?
a=unmpmwrf;onf u|efawmfwdk@. yl;wGJa&;om;csufjzpf
aomfvnf; a=unmpmwrf;. trawjzpfonfh tajccHusaom azmfjycsuf
udk rmhufpfydkifqdkifa=umif; u|efawmfazmfjy&rnf[k ,lqygonf? tqdkyg
azmfjycsurf mS ordik ;f acwfumvwdik ;f Y v$r;f rd;k aeonfh pD;yGm;a&; xkwv
f yk f
r_enf;em/ zvS,af &;enf;emESihf aemufrS rkcsvu
kd yf gvmaom vlra_ &;
zG@J pnf;yHw
k @kd onf acwfumvqdik &f mEdik f iHa&;ESihf tod^m%fordik ;f udk wnf
aqmufxm;onfh tajccHtkwfjrpf jzpfayonf? TtajccH tkwfjrpf
wckwnf;ay:rSom acwfumvqkid &f m Ekid if aH &;ESihf tod^m%f orkid ;f wk@d udk
&Sif;vif;azmfjy Edkifayonf? xdk@a=umifh vlom;ordkif;wckvHk; (ajr,mudk
31
rmhufpf/ tdef*,f
bHkydkifqdkifaom a&S;OD;rsKd;dk;wltkyfpk vl@tzGJ@tpnf; yuGJoGm;uwnf;u)

onf vlwef;pm;wdkufyrGJ sm;.ordkif;/ aoG;pkyfolESifh aoG;pkyfcH rsm;t=um;
tm;yifr_/ tkyfpdk;olESifh tkyfpdk;cH&ol vlwef;pm;rsm;t=um; tm;yifr_yif
jzpfayonf? Tvlwef;pm;wdkufyGJrsm;. ordkif;wGiftqifhqifh ul;ajymif;
r_rsm; tpOfwpdkuf jzpfcJhonf? ,ae@qv
kd #if vl@tzG@J tpnf;w&yfv;kH udk
aoG;pkyzf Ed ydS rf /_ vlwef;pm;cGjJ cm;r_EiS hf vlwef;pm;wdu
k yf rJG sm; tm;vH;k rS wyifwnf;
vHk;0O\Hk rvGwfajrmufapbJE Si f h aoG ; pk y f z d E S d y f c H v l w ef ; pm;/ ypP n f ; rJ h
vlwef;pm;onf aoG;pkyftkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;/ "e&Sif vlwef;pm;. pdk;rdk;r_
atmufrS rdr.
d vGwaf jrmufa&;udk r&&SEd ikd af wmhonfh tqifw
h cko@kd a&muf
&SdcJhav+yD?
u|efawmfhxifjrifcsufrSm ZD0aA'e,fy,fwGif 'g0if.oabm
w&m;u tusKd;ycJhonftwdkif; Twifjycsufonfvnf; ordkif;a&;&m
twGuf tusK;d yr_ jzpfygonf? 1845 ckEpS f rwdik rf D ESpaf ygi;f tcsK@d u u|eaf wmf
wdk@ESpfOD;pvHk;onf TtcsufqDodk@ wjznf;jznf; csOf;uyfvmcJh=u.? T
tcsuq
f o
D dk@ u|efawmf trSDtcdkuif;pGm tb,fr#OD;wnf wufvSrf;oGm;
cJhonfudk u|efawmf a&;om;cJhaom t*Fvefjynf tvkyform;vlwef;
f taumif;qH;k azmfjyvsu&f ydS gonf? od@k aomf
pm; tajctae pmtkyu
1845 ckEpS f aEGO;D umv b&yfqv
J f r@wiG f u|eaf wmfEiS hf rmhupf x
f yfraH wG@
qHkaomtcg rmhufpfonf tcsufudk tqifoifhypk+yD; jzpfaeonf?
Ttcsufudk u|efawmfhxH wifjy&mY toHk;tE_ef;tm;vHk;eD;yg;yif T
ae&mwGif u|efawmfazmfjyxm;ouJhodk@ &Sif;vif;jywfom;vSygonf?
1872 ckESpf *smrefbmom yHkESdyfjcif;twGuf u|efawmfwdk@ yl;wGJ
a&;om;xm;aomed'gef;rS atmufygtwdkif; u|efawmfudk;um;vdkufyg
onf?
tde*f ,fvaf &;om;aom 1844 ckEpS f t*Fvefjynf tvkyo

f rm;vlwef;
pm;tajctae bmomjyefqdkol zavm&ifh au 0pfe,l;ZuD;/ e,l;a,muf?
'AvsL&D;(pf)/ vdAk v
J -f vef'ef/ 1888? (tde*f ,f.
f rSwcf su)f
32
+yD;cJhaom ESpfq,fhig;ESpfwmumvtwGif; tajctaersm;onf

rnfr#yifajymif;vJapumrl Ta=unmpmwrf;wGif csrSwfchJaom a,bk
,srrl sm;onf wckv;kH taejzifh ,ae@xd wav#mufv;kH rSeu
f efayonf? xdak e
&m Tae&mwd@k Y tcsK@d tao;pdwrf sm;udk yjyifaumif; yjyif&ayrnf? rlrsm;udk
vufawG@toHk;csa&;onf a=unmpmwrf;u azmfjyxm;onfhtwkdif;
tcsd e f a e&mra&G ; umvwck t wG i f ; wnf & S d a eaom ork d i f ; qk d i f & m
ta=umif;tcsufrsm;ay:wGif wnfayvdrfhrnf? Tta=umif;a=umifh
tcef; (2) . tqHk;wGif wifjyxm;aom awmfvSefa&; aqmif&Gufcsuf
rsm;ESifhywfoufI txl;tav;wif; razmfjyawmhay? ,ae@tzd@k qykd grl T
pmyd'k &f dS jy\emtajrmuftjrm;udk tvGeu
f jJG ym;jcm;em;aom pum;toHk;
tE_ef;wdk@jzifh a&;om;&ayvdrfhrnf? 1848 ckESpfuwnf;u acwfopf
pufrv
_ yk if ef;. ajcvSr;f us}J uD;rsm;ESihf vSr;f wufvmr_/ ESihf twlvu
kd f
ygvmaom tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;. ygwpD nf;H;k a&; aumif;rGeu
f s,jf yef@
vmr_w@kd ukd axmufv
_ #iv
f nf;aumif;/ azazmf0g&aD wmfveS af &;wGif yxr
qHk; &&Sdvdkufaom vufawG@tawG@tuHESifh xdrk #ru ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;
u ESpv
f wdik w
f ikd f yxrqH;k t}udrf Edik if aH &;tm%mudk odr;f ydu
k v
f u
kd af om
yJ&pfbt
kH zG@J wiG f ydrk I
kd &&Sv
d u
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f nfh tawG@tuw
H @kd udk axmuf_v#ifvnf;
aumif;/ tcsKd@tao;pdwfrsm;wGif Tvkyfief;pOfonf acwfrrDawmhay?
bHt
k zG@J u tcsuw
f ckukd txl;oufaojyvdu
k af y.? rSm tvkyo
f rm;
vlwef;pm;onf toifh&Sd+yD;om; EdkifiHawmf,EW&m;udk tvG,fwul
qk y f u d k i f u m rd r d . &nf & G , f c suf r sm;ud k xajrmuf a tmif toH k ; yI
rjzpfEikd af y [lI jzpfonf? (jyifopfjynf jynfwiG ;f ppfy/GJ tifwmae&Sif
e,f tvkyform;tpnf;tHk; taxGaxGaumifpD rdef@cGef;/ vef'efr@xl;vyfz/f 1871 ckEpS /f pmrsuEf mS 15 wGif Ttcsuu
f kd qufvufjzpfay:
wdk;yGm;xm;onf udk =unfhyg?)
Tpum;yd'k o
f nf 1872ckEpS f *smrefbmomrl&if;ESihf tenf; i,f uGjJ ym;
ygonf? pmrsuEf mS ( 19) ud=k unfyh g? (t,f'w
D m)
33
rmhufpf/ tdef*,f
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a&;onf rjynfph o
kH nfrmS tvdv
k x
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h akd omf
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buf ygwt
D oD;oD;tay: uGejf rLepfrsm;. oabmxm;ta=umif; rSwcf surf sm;
(tcef; 4) onfvnf; rlt& rSeu
f efaeqJjzpfapumrl vufawG@wiG f acwf
rrDawmhay? tb,fa=umifq
h akd omf Edik if aH &;tajctaeonf vH;k 0ajymif;vJ
oGm;aoma=umifh jzpfonf? xd@k jyif ordik ;f wd;k wufvmr_u xdt
k cef;wGif
azmfjyxm;aom EdkifiHa&;ygwDtrsm;ydkif;udk urBmajrjyifrS z,f&Sm;ypfvdkuf
ay+y?D
odk@aomf a=unmpmwrf;onf ordkif;qdkif&mpmwrf; jzpfvm&
um; ajymif;vJypf&ef rnfonfhtcGifhta&;rS u|efawmfwdk@wGif r&Sday?
,ckbmomjyeforl mS rpPwm q,fjrL&,fr;kd jzpfygonf? olonf
rmhufpf a&;om;aom t&if;usrf; trsm;ydkif;udk bmomjyefoljzpf.?
u|eaf wmfw@kd twlwuG jyefvnfppfaq;cJ=h uonf? ordik ;f ud;k um;csurf sm;
tm; &Sif;vif;xm;aom rSwfcsufwcsKd@udk u|efawmf jznfhpGufxm;vdkuf
ygonf?
z&uf'&pf tde*f ,ff
D 30 &uf/ vef'efr@?
34

txufyged'gef; a&;om;+yD;uwnf;u a=unmpmwrf;tm;
*smrefbmomjzifh topfyEkH ydS &f ef xyfrI
H vdt
k yfvmonf? a=unmpmwrf;
jzpfysufor#udkvnf; Ted'gef;wGif rSwfwrf;wif&ayrnf?
bJ&mZql;vpfcsf. 'kwd, k&Sm;bmomjyefqdkcsufonf 1882
ckESpfwGif *sDeDAmr@Y ay:xGufvmonf? xdkyHkESdyfjcif;twGuf rmhufpfESifh
u|efawmf ed'gef; a&;om;cJh=uonf? uHraumif; ta=umif;rvSojzifh
*smrefvufa&;rlrmS aysmufq;kH oGm;onf? xd@k a=umifh k&mS ;bmomrS xyfrH
+yD; bmomjyefvdkuf&awmhonf? Todk@bmomjyef&ojzifh e*dkpmrludk
rnfonfhenf;ESifhr# aumif;rGefvmaprnf r[kwfay?
bmuleif bmomjyefqdkaom uGefjrLepfygwDa=unmpmwrf;
k&Sm;bmom yxryHkESdyfjcif;udk udkvdkaum owif;pmtm; yHkESdyfonfh
pmyHkESdyfwdkufu 60 pkESpfrsm;tapmydkif; wGifxkwfa0cJhonf? xdkpOfu
1883 ckEpS f *smrefbmom yHEk ydS jf cif;twGuf a&;om;aom ol. ed'ge;f udk
tde*f ,f ud;k um;xm;jcif; jzpfonf? (t,f'w
D m)
a=unmpmwrf; k&mS ;bmom yHEk ydS jf cif;twGuf rmhupf Ef iS hf tde*f ,fw@kd

a&;om;aom aysmufq;kH oGm;onfh ed'ge;f . vufa&;rl&if;udk jyefvnfawG@&cdS o
hJ nf?
armfpudk rmhupf /f tde*f ,f/ vDeif wuUov
kd af rmfueG ;f wdu
k w
f iG f xm;&So
d nf? vuf&dS
ed'ge;f t*Fvyd f bmomjyefrmS *smref bmomrl&if;rS jyefq
f x
kd m;onf? (t,f'w
D m)
tcsuEf iS hf ywfoufI pmrsuEf mS (21) atmufyikd ;f &Sd t,f'w

D m.
&Si;f vif;csuw
f iG f =unfyh g?
35
rmhufpf/ tdef*,f
taemufwdkif;onf (a=unmpmwrf; k&Sm;bmom yHkESdyfjcif;) udk

pmayavmu txl ; tqef ; wck t jzpf o m em;vnf E d k i f = uayonf ?
TtjrifrsKd;onf ,ae@wGif rjzpfEdkifawmhay?
xdt
k csed f (1847 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv) u wnf&adS eaom ypPn;f rJh
vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_e,fy,fonf rnfr#tuef@towf &Sdaeonf qdk
onfudk Ta=unmpmwrf;. aemufqHk;tcef;&Sd wdkif;jynftoD;oD;rS
qef@usib
f ufygwt
D oD;oD;tay: uGejf rLepfrsm;. oabmxm;wGif t&Si;f
vif;qHk; azmfjyvsuf&Sdonf? xdktcef;wGif k&Sm;jynfESifh tar&duef
jynfaxmifpw
k @kd onf vH;k vH;k rygc=hJ uay? xdt
k csed u
f k&mS ;jynfonf Oa&my
azmufjyefa&;tm;vHk;. aemufqHk; t&efwyf}uD; jzpfae+yD; tar&duef
jynfaxmifpo
k nf Oa&myrS ydv
k #aH om ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm; tiftm;pkrsm;udk
ajymif;a&$@aexdkifcGifhay;um 0g;rsKdypfaeayonf? xdkwdkif;jynf ESpfjynfpvHk;
onf Oa&mywdkufodk@ ukef=urf;ypPnf;rsm; axmufyHh+yD; wcsdefwnf;wGif
Oa&mywdkuf. pufr_xGufukefrsm; a&mif;cs&m aps;uGufrsm;vnf; jzpfcJh
onf? od@k jzpfI xdpk Ofu wdik ;f jynfEpS jf ynfpvH;k onf wnf&adS eaom Oa&m
ypepf. a'gufwdkifrsm; wenf;r[kwfwenf; jzpfcJhayonf?
,ae@qv
kd #if vGepf mG uGmjcm;oGm;avpG! Oa&mywdu
k u
f ajymif;
a&$@aexdkifr_onf ajrmuftar&duwdkuf. }uD;us,fvSaom v,f,m
xkwfvkyfa&;twGuf vHk;0tH0ifcGifus jzpfapcJhonf? ajrmuftar&du
wdu
k .
f yifqikd rf o
_ nf Oa&my&Sd ajr,mt}uD;tao; ydik q
f ikd rf u
_ kd t&if;
tjrpfrS udkifv_yfypfvdkufawmhonf? xdkr#ru tjcif;t&mu tar&d
uefjynfaxmifpktm; rdrd.}uD;rm;vSaom pufr_vkyfief; a&aomufjrpf
rsm;udk tifwu
kd t
f m;wdu
k f oH;k pGEJ ikd af ponf? T oH;k pGrJ _ twdik ;f twmonf
taemufOa&my txl;ojzifh ,ckx&d adS eaom t*Fvefjynf. pufrv
_ yk if ef;
vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_udk tcsdeftenf;i,ftwGif;wGif rkcsyif csKd;zsufypfvdrfh
rnf jzpfonf? tajctaeESp&f yfpvH;k u tar&duwdu
k u
f kd awmfveS af om
*,ufu
kd cf wfr_ jzpfapjyefonf? Edik if aH &;taqmufttHk wckv;kH . tajccH
tkwjf rpfjzpfonfh ti,fpm;ESihf tvwfpm; v,f,mydik &f iS rf sm;. ajr,m
36
onff v,f,mvkyfcif;}uD;rsm;. yifqdkifr_udk wpwpESifh t_H;ay;vdkuf

&ay+yD? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif pufr_vkyfief;a'orsm;wGif ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;
xkEiS w
hf uG t&if;tES;D rsm; tHrh cef; pkpnf;vmr_onfvnf; yxrqH;k t}udrf
jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vmaeayonf?
,ck k&Sm;jynfudk =unfh=updk@! 1848- 49 ckESpf awmfvSefa&;
jzpfyGm;pOfu Oa&myrS rif;nDrif;om;rsm;omru Oa&my"e&Sifrsm;uyg
Edk;=um;pyvm+yDjzpfaom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. vufwGif;rS wdk@udk
u,fwifEikd o
f nfh wckwnf;aom u,fwif&iS rf mS k&mS ;jynf. usL;ausmf
pGufzufr_om jzpfa=umif;udk awG@&SdchJ=uonf? Zmbk&ifudk Oa&mywdkuf&Sd
azmufjyefa&; xdyo
f ;D tjzpf armif;cwfc=hJ uonf? ,ae@wiG u
f m; Zmbk&if
onf *wfcseD m;wGif awmfveS af &;. ppfo@kH yef;jzpfaeav+yD? k&mS ;jynfonf
Oa&mywdkuf awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_. wyfOD;jzpfvmay+yD?
uGejf rLepfa=unmpmwrf;u acwfopf"e&Sif ydik q
f ikd rf o
_ nf rkcs
ysuo
f Ok ;f awmhrnf jzpfa=umif;udk a=unm&ef &nf&,
G af yonf? od@k aomf
k&mS ;jynfwiG f vsijf refpmG jzpfay:wd;k yGm;vmaeaom t&if;&Siv
f n
S jhf zm;r_EiS hf
pwifwdk;yGm;vmaeaom "e&Sifajr,mydkifqdkifr_wdk@onf v,form;rsm;
ud,
k w
f ikd f ajr,m xuf0ufausmt
f m; bHyk ikd q
f ikd x
f m;r_EiS hf xdyw
f u
kd jf zpfae
onfudk u|efawmfwdk@ awG@jrif=u&onf? rsufarSmufjy\emrSm tvGef
trif; ,dk,Gif;aeapumrl a&S;OD; ajr,mbHkydkifqdkifr_ omefyif jzpfae
atmhAf&SD;em;
ao;onfh k&Sm;atmh
em;onf ydkrdkjrifhrm;aom uGefjrLepfbHkydkifqdkifr_
omefodk@ wdkufdkuful;ajymif;oGm;Edkifoavm? odk@r[kwf qef@usif
buftm;jzifh taemufwdkif;. wpwpajymif;vJa&; ordkif;jzpfay:r_uJh
odk@aom a=uyef;a&;jzpfpOftwdkif; OD;pGmjzwfoef;&rnfavm? [lIyif
jzpf.?
jy\em. wckwnf;aom tajztjzpf ,ae@jzpfEikd o
f nfrmS
tu,fI k&mS ;awmfveS af &;onf taemufwikd ;f ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;twGuf
wyfveS @f ay;r_ jzpfvm+y;D wckEiS w
hf ck tjyeftvSef tm;jznfah y;vdu
k yf gu vuf&dS
k&mS ;jynf. bHak jr,mydik q
f ikd rf o
_ nf uGejf rLepfpepf jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_twGuf
37
rmhufpf/ tdef*,f
tpcsD&mtcsuf jzpfayvdrfhrnf?
um;vf rmhupf /f z&uf'&uf tde*f ,f
D 21 &uf/ vef'efr@?
xdak e@&ufavmufrmS yif *seD AD mr@Y ydv
k efbmomjzifh topfxw
k f
a0aom uG e f j rLepf a =unmpmwrf ; ay:xGufvmonf?
xdk@jyif 1885 ckESpf udkyifa[*ifr@wGif qdk&S,f'Drdku&uf bDb
vd k u su
suff rS pmpOf w ck t jzpf 'd e f ; rwf b momjyef q d k c suf topf w ck
ay:xGuv
f monf? uHraumif; ta=umif;rvS&um; bmomjyefonf
rjynfph v
kH aS y? bmomjyefqo
kd t
l wGuf cufcpJ &mjzpfaom ta&;}uD;onfh
pmyd'k t
f csK@d ukd csev
f yS x
f m;.? xd@k jyif tcsK@d ae&mrsm;Y uysuu
f acsmf vkyf
xm;onfh vuQ%mrsm;&Sad eay&m ydrk pkd w
d rf csr;f ajr@p&myif jzpfawmhonf?
bmomjyefou
l om tenf;i,f ydrk *kd kpu
kd v
f u
kd yf grl taumif;qH;k bmom
jyefcsuw
f ck jzpfvmEdik o
f nfukd ol. bmomjyefcsuu
f azmfjyaeayonf?
1885 ckESpf jyifopfbmomjyef topfonf yJ&pfr@ qdk&S,fvpf
*sme,fwiG f yg&o
dS nf? ,if;bmomjyefonf ,ae@txd taumif;qH;k aom
bmomjyefqdkcsuf jzpfonf?
tqdyk g jyifopfbmomjyefrS pydeb
f momjyefqckd suu
f kd xdEk pS rf mS yif
ruf ' &pf r@ qd k & S , f v pf * sme,f w G i f yxrxk w f a 0+yD ; um;vf rmhufpf/
z&uf ' &pf td e f * ,f a&; uG e f j rLepf y gwD a =unmpmwrf ; trnf j zif h
qd k &S , f v pf *sme,f tkyfcsKyfa&;Xme/ trSwf (8) [meefudkwdpfvrf;/
ruf'&pfr@rS pmtkyfi,ftjzpf xyfrHxkwfa0onf?
pdw0f ifpm;zG,f t&mwckukd u|eaf wmf azmfjy&rnfqv
kd #if 1887
ckESpfwGif tmar;eD;,m;bmomjyef vufa&;rludk uGefpwifwDEdky,fr@&Sd
yHEk ydS x
f w
k af 0olxo
H @kd ay;vdu
k o
f nf? od@k aomf xdo
k al wmfaumif;}uD;onf
rmhupf .
f trnfyg&adS om pmtkyu
f kd rxkwaf 0&Jojzifh bmomjyefot
l m;
pma&;oltjzpf .trnfudk azmfjy&ef t}uHay;aomfvnf; bmom
jyefolu jiif;y,fvdkufonf?
38
tenf;ESifhtrsm; rwdusaom tar&duefbmomjyefcsufrsm;udk

t*FvefjynfwiG f wck+yD;wck xyfwvJvJ jyefvnfyEkH ydS cf o
hJ nf? aemufq;kH
wGif 1888 ckEpS Yf ,H=k unftm;xm;avmufaom pmapmif wapmif ay:
xGufvmcJhonf? rSm u|efawmfhrdwfaqG q,fjrL&,frdk;. bmomjyef
csufjzpf&m yHkESdyfwdkufodk@rydk@rD u|efawmfwdk@ twlwuG xyfrH=unfh_ppf
aq;=uonf? rsufESmzHk;wGif uGefjrLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;/ um;vf
rmhupf /f z&uf'&pf tde*f ,ff todtrSwf y+yD; t*Fvyd b
f momjyef z&uf'
&pf tde*f ,fu wnf;jzwf+yD; rSwcf surf sm; a&;om;xm;onf? 1888 ckEpS f
0DvsH&D;(pf)/ trSwf 185 zvdvrf;/ tD;pD- vef'efr@ [lI jzpfonf?
u|efawmfu yHkESdyfjcif;wGif rSwfcsufrsm; xyfrHjznfhpGufvdkufygonf?
a=unmpmwrf;wGif rdrdudk,fydkif ordkif;wck&Sdayonf? a=unm
pmwrf; ay:xGuv
f mcsed w
f iG f xdpk Ofu ta&twGuf rrsm;jym;vSao;aom
0dZmenf;us qdk&S,fvpf0g'. wyfOD; (tcsufudk yxred'gef;wGif
azmfjyxm;onfh bmomjyefxm;csufrsm;u oufaojyonfhtwdkif;) .
ESpfaxmif;tm;& uqdkjcif;cH&onf? 1848 ckESpf ZGefv yJ&pftvkyf
orm;rsm; ta&;edrfhr_ESifhtwl pwifcJhaom azmufjyefa&;u a=unm
pmwrf;udk r=umcifrSmyif aemufuG,fodk@ twif;ydk@ypfvdkufonf? 1852
ckESpf Edk0ifbmvwGif udkvHk;r@uGefjrLepfrsm;udk tjypf'%fay;jcif;ESifhtwl
w&m;Oya't& [kqdkum a=unmpmwrf;udk tqHk;owf 0dkif;y,f
xm;vd k u f = uonf ? azazmf 0 g&D a wmf v S e f a &;ES i f h t wl pwif c J h a om
tvkyo
f rm; v_y&f mS ;r_onf vltrsm;. rsupf ad tmufrS uG,af ysmufomG ;
onfESifhwygwnf; a=unmpmwrf;onfvnf; aemufuG,fodk@ a&muf&Sd
oGm;awmh.?
tkyfpdk;aom vlwef;pm;rsm;. tm%mudk topfxdk;ESufwdkuf
cdkufa&;twGuf Oa&my tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf vHkavmufaom
pG r f ; tm; xyf r H j ynf h 0 vmaomtcg tif w mae&S i f e ,f tvk y f o rm;
tpnf;tH;k ay:xGuv
f mcJ.
h ? tpnf;tH;k . &nf&,
G cf surf mS Oa&m
yESifh tar&duwdkuf&Sd wdkufpdwfcdkufpdwf xufoefaom tvkyform;
39
rmhufpf/ tdef*,f
vlwef;pm;w&yfv;kH udk }uD;rm;vSaom wyfrawmf w&y

w&yf tjzpf aygi;f pnf;
ay;&efyif jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh tifwmae&Sife,fonf a=unmpmwrf;
wGif csrSwfxm;aom rlrsm;rS tpcsDj cif; ryEdkifcJhay? tifwmae&Sif
e,fwGif t*Fvdyftvkyo
f rm;or*~rsm;/ jyifopf/ b,fv*f s,
D /H tDwvDEiS hf
pydef ya&muf'eG ;f 0g'rD sm;ESihf *smrefvmaq;0g'D rsm;udk wHcg;ydwrf xm;aom

vkyif ef;pOfw&yf xm;&Sdvm&ayonf? tifwmae&Sife,f. pnf;rsOf;ed'gef;
jzpfaom vkyif ef;pOfukd rmhupf u
f ajymifajrmufpmG a&;qGcJ &hJ m bmuleifEiS hf
rif;rJ0h g'rD sm;uyif todtrSwf y=u&onf? a=unmpmwrf;wGif csrw
S x
f m;
aom t,ltqrsm; tqH;k owf atmifjrifa&;twGuf rmhupf o
f nf wnD
w!Gww
f nf;aom v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh aqG;aEG;r_rS rkcsay:xGufvmrnfh tvkyf
orm;vlwef;pm;. tod^m%fjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_tay: vHk;0ESifh tuif;rJh
trSDyxm;ayonf?
t&if;tES;D udk qef@usio
f nfh wdu
k yf t
JG wGi;f &Sd tjzpftysurf sm;ESihf
twuf t usrsm;/ atmif y G J r sm;xuf y if yd k r d k o nf h qH k ; H _ ; r_ r sm;u
ae&mwumwGif olwdk@ oHk;avh&Sdaom aq;+rD;wdk. rjynfhpHkr_udk wdkufyGJ
0ifolwdk@tm; azmfxkwfjyovdkufonf? tvkyform;vlwef;pm; vGwf
ajrmufa&;ESifh ywfoufonf h ppfrSefaom ta=umif;tcsufrsm;tm;
xdxda&mufa&muf em;vnfatmif vkyf&rnfjzpfa=umif;udk vufcH
vmaponf? rmhupf o
f nf rSeu
f efayonf? 1874 ckEpS f tifwmae&Sief ,f
u|efawmfwkd@ESifhawG@wkdif; vmaq;ukd,fwkdifu olonf rmhufpf.
wynf&h if; jzpfa=umif;/"rRwmtwkid ;f yif wynf&h if;yDopGm a=unmpmwrf;tay:wGif
&yfwnfcahJ =umif; tpOf ajymqkad vh&o
dS nf? vmaq;aemufvu
dk rf sm;ESihf ywfoufIrl
vkH;0jcm;em;ayonf? wkd@onf EdkifiHawmf acs;aiGrsm;. tultnD&onfh
xkwv
f yk o
f rl sm;. or0g,rqko
d nfh vmaq;.awmif;qkcd sux
f uf rausmv
f eG f
=uay? xkd@tjyif tvkyform;vlwef;pm;w&yfvkH;ukdvnf; EkdifiHawmf. tul
tnD,al &;ukd axmufco
H El iS hf rdru
d ,
dk u
f dk rdrd ulnaD &;ukd axmufco
H [
l I
l cGjJ cm;
ypfvu
dk =f uonf?(tde*f ,f.rSwcf su)f
40
zsufodrf;vdkufonfhtcsdef&Sd tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf 1864 ckESpf

tifwmae&Sife,f pwif wnfaxmifvdkufpOfuESifh vHk;vHk;rwlawmhay?
vufwifwikd ;f jynfrsm;&Sd ya&muf'eG ;f 0g'onfvnf;aumif;/ *smr%DjynfwiG f
txl;wnf&adS eaom vmaq;0g'onfvnf;aumif; toufiifaeav+yD?
ord;k usxyd o
f ;D t*Fvyd t
f vkyo
f rm; or*~rsm;onfyifv#if 1887 ckEpS f
qGrq
f ;D uGe*f &ufwiG f or*~rsm;.ud,
k pf m; obmywdu Oa&mywdu
k }f uD;
u qd&k ,
S v
f pf0g'udk u|eaf wmfw@kd a=umufp&m r&Sad wmhyg [k ajymqkEd ikd f
onfh tqifhtxd wjznf;jznf;wufvSrf;cJhonf? 1887 ckEpS w
f iG f Oa&m
ywdkuf}uD;&Sd qdk&S,fvpf0g'onf a=unmpmwrf;wGif azmfjya=unm
xm;onfh oabmw&m;twdkif; jzpfvkeD;yg;tajcodk@ a&mufaeay+yD?
a=unmpmwrf;. ordkif;onf 1848 ckESpfuwnf;u acwfopftvkyf
orm;vlwef;pm;. v_yf&Sm;r_ ordkif;udk wpHkwckaomtwdkif;twmtxd
a&mifjyef[yfaeayonf? onf rsufarSmufumv qdk&S,fvpfpmay
tm;vH;k xJwiG f tus,jf yef@q;kH xkwaf 0jzef@cs&d aom Edik if w
H umh vuQ%m
taqmifq;kH aom pmwrf;jzpf+yD; qdu
k af A;&D;,m;rS umvD zd;k eD;,m; txd
wdik ;f jynftm;vH;k rS tvkyo
f rm;oef;aygi;f rsm;pGmwd@k . wlnaD om vkyif ef;
pOf jzpfonfudk oHo,&Sdp&mrvdkay?
rnfo@kd yifjzpfap a=unmpmwrf; ay:xGuv
f maomtcg qdk&S,f
vpf a=unmpmwrf;[k u|efawmfwdk@rac:a0: EdkifcJhay? 1847 ckESpfwGif
vlEpS rf sK;d ESppf m;udk qd&k ,
S v
f pf0g'rD sm;[k ,lqxm;=u.? wzufwiG f pdwu
f ;l
,OfpepftrsK;d rsK;d . aemufvu
kd rf sm; txl;ojzifh xdt
k csed u
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58
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59
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60
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f siw
hf &m;/ bmoma&;wd@k
onf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;twGufqdk&aomf "e&SiftusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udk um
uG,fxm;onfh "e&Sifwzufowftjrifrsm;rSwyg; tjcm;r[kwfay?
tay:pD;&&SdcJh=uaom ,cifh,cifu vlwef;pm;tm;vHk;onf
vl@tzG@J tpnf;wckv;kH udk olw@kd tydik pf ;D xm;+yD;jzpfaom ta=umif;tcsuf
rsm;twdik ;f emcHapjcif;jzifh rdrw
d @kd &&Scd +hJ yD;jzpfaom tqifah e&mudk ckid rf m&ef
u;pm;cJh=uonf? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf rdrdwdk@. ,ciftydkif&,lr_
enf;emudk zsufodrf;ypfjcif;/ Tokd@jzifh ,ciftykdif&,lr_enf;emrSefor#ukd
zsuo
f rd ;f ypfjcif;wk@d rw
S yg; vl@tzG@J tpnf;. xkwf vkyaf &;tiftm;pkrsm;
tay: rv$rf;rdk;Edkifay? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;wGif xdef;odrf;umuG,fxm;&ef
rdru
d ,
kd yf ikd [
f I
l bmr#r&S/d ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;. vkyif ef;aqmifwmrSm ,cif
u wnf&cdS haJ om yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_tm; umuG,fxm;r_ESifh tmrcHxm;r_
tm;vHk;udk zsufodrf;ypfa&;yifjzpfonf?
twd w f u mvu ord k i f ; v_ y f & S m ;r_ t m;vH k ; onf vl e nf ; pk .
v_y&f mS ;r_ od@k r[kwf vlenf;pk. tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuf v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;jzpf.?
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_onf trsm;wumhtrsm;pk}uD;. tusKd;
pD;yGm;twGuf trsm;wumh trsm;pk}uD;. udk,fydkiftod&Sdaom23 trSD
70
tcd kuif;aom v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfonf? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf u|efawmf

wd k @ rsuf a rS m uf v l @ tzG J @ tpnf ; . ted r f h q H k ; tv$ m jzpf o nf h t avsmuf
t&m&St
d &mcH vl@tzG@J tpnf;. xdyq
f ;kH ydik ;f vl@tv$mwckv;kH udk azmufcGJ
rypfbJ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf xurvmEdkif/ rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnf
rvmEdkifay?
tu,fI tESpfom&tm;jzifh r[kwfbJ omeft&qdkv#if
"e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk qef@usifaom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. wdkufyGJonf
yxrwGif wdkif;jynftvdkuf wdkufyGJjzpfonf? trSefyif wdkif;jynfwdkif;rS
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf rddrdwdkif;jynf&Sd "e&Sifvlwef;pm;ESifh OD;pGmyxr
pm&if;&Sif;&rnf?
ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;vmr_. a,bk,stusq;kH aom
tqifhrsm;udk azmfjy&mwGif rsufarSmufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&Sd tenf;
ESifhtrsm; rxif&Sm;aom jynfwGif;ppfyGJonf twdtvif;awmfvSefa&;
txd ayguu
f o
JG mG ;um ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;u "e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;udk t=urf;
zuf zcsvdkuf+yD; ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm;. pdk;rdk;r_twGuf tajccHtkwfjrpf
csay;vdkufonfudk u|efawmfwdk@ awG@jrif&onf?
u|efawmfwdk@ awG@jrifcJhonfhtwdkif; ,ae@txdwnf&Sdaeaom
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tm;vHk;onf zdESdyfolESifh tzdESdyfcHvlwef;pm;rsm;t=um;
&efbufjzpfr_tay:wGif tajcpdkufxm;ay.? odk@&mwGif vlwef;pm;
w&yfudk zdESdyfEdkifzkd@qdkaomf xdkvlwef;pm;tm; wpHkw&maomta=umif;
tcsuf/ tenf;qHk;tm;jzifh tm; u|efyrm oufqdk;&Snfaponfh t
a=umif;tcsufudk tmrcH&ayrnf? v,fu|efacwf umvwkef;u v,f
u|efonf bHktzGJ@0ifjzpfatmif wufvSrf;ovdkyif ya'o&mZfoufOD;
qHydkif. zdESdyfr_atmufwGif usa&mufcJhaom "e&Sifaygufponfvnf;
"e&Siftjzpf wufvSrf;cJhonf? qef@usifbuftm;jzifh acwfopftvkyf
orm;rsm;rSmrl pufr_vkyfief;wdk;wufvmr_ESifhtwl jrifhwufvm&rnfh
tpm; rdrv
d w
l ef;pm; b0wnf&rdS _ ta=umif;tcsurf sm;. atmufo@kd yif
ydkIydkI usqif;oGm;awmh.? tvkyform;onf rGJjymusoljzpfvmonf?
71
rmhufpf/ tdef*,f
rGJjymusr_onf vlOD;a&ESifh "eOpPmxufyif ydkrdkvsifjrefpGm jzpfay:wdk;yGm;

vmonf? Tonfu "e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk tkyfpdk;
xm;ol vlwef;pm;tjzpf qufvufwnf&&dS efEiS hf rdrv
d w
l ef;pm; wnf&rdS _
ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;tay: xdef;csKyfxm;aom
w&m;tjzpf tusyu
f ikd &f ef roifah wmfa=umif;udk &Si;f vif;pGm azmfjyvdu
k f
onf? "e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf tkyfpdk;ae&ef roifhawmfawmhay? tb,f
a=umifhqdkaomf ol.aus;u|efudk aus;u|efa&csdeft& wnf&Sdr_udkyifv#if
tmrcHcsuf ray;Edik af oma=umifjh zpf.? tb,fa=umifq
h akd omf aus;u|e.
f
tau|;tarG;udk cH&rnft
h pm; aus;u|eu
f ykd if "e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;u au|;arG;
ae&aomtajcod@k qdu
k af &muf roGm;atmifvnf; rwwfEikd af oma=umifh
jzpfonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;onf T"e&Sifvlwef;pm; tkyfpdk;r_atmufwGif
qufvufraeEdik af wmhay? wenf;qdak omf "e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm; wnf&rdS o
_ nf
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh qufvufroifhawmfawmhay?
"e&Sifvlwef;pm; wnf&Sdr_ESifh pdk;rdk;r_. t&if;cHta=umif;rSm
t&if;tESD; jzpfwnfvmjcif;ESifh wdk;yGm;vmjcif;24 wdk@jzpfonf? t&if;
tESD; wnf&Sdjcif;. ta=umif;tcsurf mS tcpm;tvkyjf zpfonf? tcpm;
tvk y f o nf tvk y f o rm; tcsif ; csif ; yif q d k i f r _ t ay:wG i f vH k ; 0wnf
aeay.? acwfopfpufr_vkyfief; a&S@odk@wufvSrf;vmr_udk &nf&G,fcsuf
r&SdbJ ,laqmifvmolrSm "e&Sifvlwef;pm;jzpf.? wufvSrf;r_onf
yif q d k i f r _ a =umif h oD ; jcm;uif ; uG m aeaom vk y f o m;rsm;.ae&mwG i f
tpnf;tH;k rsm; zG@J pnf;jcif;a=umifh &&Sv
d monfh vkyo
f m;rsm;. awmfveS f
aomaygif;pnf;r_jzifh tpm;xdk;vdkufonf? xdk@a=umifh acwfopfpufr_
vkyfief; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vmr_u "e&Sifvlwef;pm;. txGufypPnf;rsm;
xkwfvkyf&m tydkifpD;&m t&if;tjrpfukd csK;d zsuyf pfvu
kd o
f nf? xd@k a=umifh
"e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf OD;pGmtm;jzifh rdrd.ocsKif;tm; wl;olrsm;udk
xkwfvkyfvdkuf.? "e&Sifvlwef;pm;. usqHk;r_ESifh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;.
atmifyGJonf xyfwlxyfr# ra&Smifv$JEdkifawmhay?
72
tcef ; (2)
ypPnf;rJhrsm;ESifh uGefjrLepfrsm;;yGyGefjrLepf
j rLepfr sm;
uGejf rLepfrsm;onf ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;w&yfv;kH tay: rnfo@kd o
abmxm; ygoenf;?
uGefjrLepfrsm;onf tjcm;tvkyform; vlwef;pm;ygwDrsm;udk
qef@usifum zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh oD;jcm;ygwDw&yf r[kwfay?
olw@kd wiG f ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;w&yfv;kH . tusK;d pD;yGm;ESihf oD;jcm;
jzpfaom/ uif;uGmaom rnfonfhtusKd;pD;yGm;r# r&Sday?
olwdk@onf ypPnf;rJhv_yf&Sm;r_udkyHkazmf&ef/ yHkoGif;&ef rnfonfh
udk,fydkif*dk%f;*%qefaom25 rlrsm;udkr# rwifjy=uay?
uGefjrLepfrsm;onf tjcm;aomtvkyform; vlwef;pm;ygwD
26
rsm; ESifh uGJjym;jcm;em;onfrSm atmufygtcsufrsm;wGifom jzpfonf?
1? wdik ;f jynftoD;oD;&Sd ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;. wdik ;f jynftvku
d f wdu
k yf rJG sm;
wGif uGefjrLepfrsm;onf vlrsKd;a&;ESifh uif;&Sif;aom ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm;
w&yfv;kH . wlnaD omtusL;d pD;yGm;rsm;udk !ejf y a&S@wef;wifay;onf?
2? tvk y f o rm;vl w ef ; pm;u jzwf a usmf & rnf h "e&S i f v l w ef ; pm;ud k
qef@usiaf om wdkufyGJjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ tqifhtoD;oD;wGif uGefjrLepfrsm;
onf v_y&f mS ;r_wckv;kH . tusK;d pD;yGm;udk ae&mwdik ;f wGif tpOfojzifh ud,
k f
pm;yayonf?
xdk@a=umifh uGefjrLepfrsm;onf wzufwGif vufawG@t& wdkif;
jynfwikd ;f . tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm; ygwrD sm;xJwiG f a&S@wef;ta&mufq;kH /
tjywfom;qHk; tydkif;jzpf+yD; u tjcm;ygwDtm;vHk;udk a&S@odk@ wGef;
wifay;onf? tjcm;wzufwGif oabmw&m;t& ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;
v_yf&Sm;r_ csDwuf&mvrf;a=umif;/ ta=umif;tcsufrsm;ESifh tqHk;owf
a,bk,s tusK;d oufa&mufrr_ sm;udk &Si;f vif;pGm em;vnf&mwGif ypPn;f
rJhxk}uD;xuf uGefjrLepfrsm;onf omvGefr_&Sdonf?
73
rmhufpf/ tdef*,f
uGefjrLepfrsm;. vwfwavm&nf&G,fcsufonf tjcm;aom

ypPnf;rJhygwDrsm;uJhodk@yif ypPnf;rJhrsm;tm; vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf zGJ@wnf
a&;/ "e&Sipf ;kd rd;k r_ukd zcsa&;/ Edik if aH &;tm%mudk ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;u odr;f
,la&;wdk@jzpf.?
uGejf rLepfrsm;. oabmw&m;a&;&m ed*;kH csKyfcsurf sm;onf avm
u}uD;udk yjyifrnfqdkonfh xdkxdkTTyk*~dKvfrsm;u wDxGifcJhaom odk@r
[kwf &SmazGawG@&cdS ahJ om t,ltqrsm; od@k r[kwf rlrsm;tay:wGif tvsO;f
tajcrcHay?
olwdk@onf wnf&Sdaeaom vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJrSvnf;aumif;/
u|eaf wmf wd@k a&S@arSmufwiG f jzpfymG ;aeaom ordik ;f v_y&f mS ;r_rv
S nf;aumif;
ay:xGuv
f monfh wu,fq
h ufqaH &;rsm;ESihf ywfoufI a,bk,sazmfjyjcif;
r#om jzpfonf? wnf&adS eaom ydik q
f ikd rf q
_ ufqaH &;rsm;udk zsuo
f rd ;f ypfjcif;
onf uGejf rLepf0g'. xl;jcm;aom vuQ%mw&yf tvsOf;r[kwfay?
ordik ;f qdik &f m ta=umif;tcsurf sm; ajymif;vJra_ =umifh twdwu
f
ydik q
f ikd rf _ qufqaH &; tm;vH;k onf tqufrjywfordik ;f qdik &f m ajymif;vJr_
jzpfcJhonf?
Oyrm jyif o pf a wmf v S e f a &; 27 onf ya'o&mZf y d k i f q d k i f r _ u d k
zsufodrf;um "e&Sifydkifqdkifr_jzifh tpm;xdk;cJhonf?
uGefjrLepf0g'. xl;jcm;aomvuQ%mrSm a,bk,sydkifqdkifr_udk
zsufodrf;jcif;r[kwfbJ "e&Sifydkifqdkifr_udk zsufodrf;ypfjcif;jzpf.? odk@aomf
acwfopf"e&Sif vlwef;pm;. yk*v
~ u
d ydik q
f ikd rf o
_ nf vlwef;pm;&efbufjzpf
r_EiS hf tenf;pku trsm;pkukd aoG;pkyrf t
_ ay:wGif28 tajcyxm;onfh xkwf
vkyfr_ESifh txGufypPnf; tydkifpD;r_pepf. aemufqHk;ESifh tjynfhpHkqHk;aom
azmfjycsufjzpfonf?
Tt"dym` ,ft& uGejf rLepfrsm;. oabmw&m;udk pmwa=umif;
wnf;jzifh csKyfvdkufv#if yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_udk zsufodrf;a&;yifjzpf.?
u|eaf wmfw@kd uGejf rLepfrsm;udk wOD;csi;f vGwv
f yfr/_ yrlvy_ &f mS ;r_/
trSDtcdkuif;r_tm;vHk;. tajccHjzpfaom rdrd.udk,fydkiftvkyfjzifh &&Sd
74
vmonfh wOD;csif; OpPm"eydkifqdkifcGifhudk zsufodrf;ypfvdkolrsm;[k _wfcs

tjypfwif=uonf?
cufcufccJ jJ zifh&&Sdaom/ rdrdudk,fydkiftvkyfjzifh&&Sdaom/ rdrd udk,f
wdkif&SmazGcJhaom OpPm"eqdkyguvm;! "e&Sifydkifqdkifr_. a&S@ajy; jzpfaom
vufr_ynmonfuav;ESifh v,form;uav;. ydkifqdkifr_omefudk
f ikd rf u
_ kd zsuo
f rd ;f ae
oifw@kd ajymqdak eygoavm? u|eaf wmfw@kd onf Tydik q
&ef rvdyk g? pufrv
_ yk if ef; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_onf }u;D rm;aom twdik ;f twmjzifh
Tydik q
f ikd rf u
_ kd zsuq
f ;D ypfcahJ v+y?D ae@pOfvnf; zsuq
f ;D ypfaeqJ jzpfayonf?
od@k r[kwf acwfopf"e&Sif yk*v
~ u
d ydik q
f ikd rf u
_ kd qdv
k ykd goavm?
29
od@k aomf tcpm;tvkyf onf tvkyv
f yk o
f t
l wGuf ydik q
f ikd rf u
_ kd
zefw;D ay;ygoavm? pd;k pOf;r# rzefw;D yg? tcpm;tvkyo
f nf t&if;tES;D
(0g) tcpm;tvkyftm; aoG;pkyfaom ydkifqdkifr_udk zefwD;ay;.? topf
wzef aoG;pkyf&eftwGuf tcpm;tvkyftopfudk &&Sdaprnfh ta=umif;
tcsufr&Sdv#if ydkifqdkifr_onf wdk;yGm;rvmEdkifay? TuJhodk@aom
vuf&ydS ikd q
f ikd rf o
_ nf t&if;tES;D ESihf tcpm;tvky.
f &efbufjzpfr_ tay:
wGif tajcyxm;.? T&efbufjzpfr_. bufESpfbufpvHk;udk ppfaq;
=unfh_=uygpdk@?
t&if;&Siw
f a,muf jzpf&eftvd@k iSm xkwv
f yk af &;wGif yk*Kd~ vfouf
tqifhae&mvnf
e&m
ouft& omru vlr_a&;tqif
; &Sd&ayrnf? t&if;tESD;
qdo
k nfum; pkaygif;xkwfvkyfxm;onfh txGufypPnf;jzpfay.? vl@tzGJ@
tpnf;0ifaygif;rsm;pGm. wpkwpnf;wnf;aom yrlv_yf&Sm;r_omru
ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufygv#if vl@tzGJ@tpnf;0iftm;vHk;. wpkwpnf;wnf;aom
yrlv_yf&Sm;r_jzifhomv#if t&if;tESD;udk touf0ifap Edkifayonf?
xdk@a=umifh t&if;tESD;qdkonfrSm wOD;csif;tiftm;r[kwfbJ
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m tiftm;jzpfay.?
xdk@a=umifh t&if;tESD;udk trsm;qdkif&mydkifqdkifr_ESifh vl@tzGJ@ t
pnf;0iftm;vH;k . ydik q
f ikd rf t
_ jzpfo@kd ajymif;vJypfonfq&kd mwGif wOD;csi;f
ydkifqdkifr_udk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. ydkifqdkifr_tjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJypfvdkufjcif;
75
rmhufpf/ tdef*,f
r[kwfay? ydkifqdkifr_. vl@tzGJ@tpnf; vuQ%mudkom ajymif;vJypfjcif;

jzpfonf? ydkifqdkifr_onfvnf; rdrd. vlwef;pm;vuQ%m qHk;yg;oGm;
awmh.?
tcpm;tvkyfta=umif; ,ck=unfh=uygpdk@?
tcpm;tvky.
f ysr;f r#aps;E_e;f qdo
k nfrmS tedrq
hf ;kH vkycf jzpf.? rSm
tvkyo
f rm;wa,mufonf tvkyo
f rm;tjzpf toufwnfwhHae&ef vHk;0
r&Srd jzpfaom b0wnf+rJa&; ypPn;f yrm%omv#if jzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh
tcpm;tvkyo
f rm;u rdrt
d vkyjf zifh tydik &f &Sv
d u
kd af om t&monf ol.
b0wnfwhaH &;ESihf jyefvnfxw
k v
f yk af &;twGuf axrdrkH #om&S.
d ? u|eaf wmf
wd@k onf a,bk,stm;jzifh tvky.
f txGuyf pPn;f rsm;tm; wOD;csif;tydkif
&&Sx
d m;r_ukd zsuo
f rd ;f ypf&ef tvsO;f r&nf&,
G af y? T tydik &f &Srd u
_ vlw@kd
touf&SifwnfwHhaea&;ESifh jyefvnfxkwfvkyfa&;twGuf tusK;d y+y;D ol
wyg;.tvkyu
f kd cef@c&JG eftwGuf rnfo@kd aom tydt
k v#rH S uif;usejf cif; r&Sd
awmhay? u|efawmfw@kd zsuo
f rd ;f ypfvo
kd nfrmS t&if;tES;D wd;k rsm;a&; ouf
ouftwGuf tvkyform;onf touf&Sifae&+yD; tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;
tusK;d pD;yGm;.vdt
k yfrt
_ & touf&iS cf iG &hf xm;onfh Ttydik &f &Srd .
_ pdwf
rcsrf;ajr@p&maumif;aom vuQ%mudkomv#if jzpf.?
"e&Siv
f @l tzG@J tpnf;wGif ouf&t
dS vkyo
f nf pkyx
kH m;aom tvkyu
f kd
wdk;yGm;aponfh enf;vrf;omv#if jzpfonf? uGefjrLepfvl@tzG@J tpnf;wGif
pkyHkxm; aomtvkyfonf tvkyform;. b0wnf+rJr_udk wdk;cs@J apaom/
u,f0apaom/ jzpfxGef;apaom enf;vrf;omv#if jzpfonf?
xdk@a=umifh "e&Sifvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif twdwfonf ypPKy`eftay:
}uD;pdk;.? uGefjrLepfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGifrl ypPKy`efonf twdwftay:wGif
}uD;pdk;onf? "e&Sif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif t&if;tESD;onf trSDtcdkuif;+yD;
wckcsif;vuQ%maqmifum ouf&SdvlrSmrl rSDcdkae&+yD; wOD;csif;vuQ%m
[lI r&Sad wmhay?
xdk@jyif Todk@jzpfaeonfh ta=umif;tcsuftm; zsufodrf;r_udk
wOD;csi;f vuQ%mESihf vGwv
f yfru
_ kd zsuo
f rd ;f jcif;[k "e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;u
76
ac:=uonf? rSeaf yonf? "e&Siw

f OD;csi;f vuQ%m/ "e&Sit
f rSt
D cdu
k if;r_EiS hf
"e&SifvGwfvyfr_wdk@udk zsufodrf;&ef &nf&G,fxm;onfrSm oHo,&Sdp&m
rvdkay?
rsufarSmufumv "e&Sifxkwfvkyfa&; ta=umif;tcsufatmuf
wGif vGwv
f yfa&;qdo
k nfrmS vGwv
f yfpmG ukeo
f ,
G af &;/ vGwv
f yfpmG a&mif;
0,fa&;jzpf.?
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78
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80
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81
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82
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83
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100
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102
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104
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105
rmhufpf/ tdef*,f
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a&S@awmfajy; jzpfaoma=umifhwnf;?
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EdkifiHa&;pepfudk OD;wnfqef@usifonfh awmfvSefa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rSefor#udk
ae&mwdkif;Y axmufcH=uayonf?
xdktcsdefu v_yf&Sm;r_. jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_tqifh rnfodk@yif&Sdap
v_yf&Sm;r_ tm;vHk;wGif uGefjrLepfrsm;onf ydkifqdkifr_jy\emudk xdyfwef;
jy\emtjzpf a&S@wef;wifxm;ayonf?
ed*;kH csKyftm;jzifh uGejf rLepfrsm;onf wdik ;f jynftm;vH;k &Sd 'Dru
kd a&pD
ygwDrsm;ESifh nD!Gwfa&;/ oabmwlnDcsuf&,la&;udk ae&mwumY u;
yrf;=u.?
uGejf rLepfrsm;onf rdrw
d @kd .tjrifEiS hf &nf&,
G cf surf sm;udk zH;k uG,f
xdr0f u
S x
f m;&ef rke;f wD;&G&H mS =uonf? wnf&adS eaom vlra_ &;tajc tae52
tm;vHk;udk t=urf;zufaomenf;jzifh zcszsufqD;ypfEdkifrSom rdrdwdk@.
&nfrSef;csufudk &&SdEdkifvdrfhrnf[k ajAmiftwdtvif; a=unmonf?
uGejf rLepfawmfveS af &;udk tkypf ;kd aomvlwef;pm;rsm;u xdwfvef@+y;D a=umuf
'l;wkefae=uygap/ ypPnf;rJhrsm;twGufum; olwdk@udk wkyfaESmifxm;aom
aESmifu;rsm;rSty qHk;_H;p&m[lIr&Sd? olwdk@pdk;ydkif&rnfum; wurBmvHk;
yifwnf;? ?
wdkif;jynftm;vHk;&Sd tvkyform;rsm; aoG;pnf;=uavmh!53
106
aemufqufwJG
bmomjyeftzG@J . rSwcf suf

TpmtkyfrSm 1949 ckESpf EdkifiHjcm;bmom xkwfa0a&;Xme
armfpudkrS xkwfa0cJhaom t*Fvdyfbmomjyefpmrludk tajccHxm;um
topfwzef bmomjyefxm;jcif; jzpfonf? pmrlrSm 1888 ckESpfwGif
q,fjrL&,frdk;. bmomjyefqdkcsufudk z&uf'&pftdef*,fudk,fwdkif
wnf;jzwfxm;aom t*Fvdyfbmom pmrljzpf.?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dk0g'jzef@csda&;Xme bmomjyeftzGJ@
onf bmomjyefpmrlukd wnf;jzwf&mwGif *smrefbmompmrl&if;rS wdu
k f
d k u f b momjyef x m;onf h k & S m ;bmomyH k E S d y f j cif ; (rmh u f p f / td e f * ,f
usrf ; aygif ; pH k / 'k w d , yH k E S d y f j cif ; / twG J 4/ armf p ud k 1955 ck E S p f ) ES i f h
wkwb
f momyHEk ydS jf cif; (rmhupf /f tde*f ,f vufa&G;pifusr;f twGJ 1/ yDuif;
1975 ckESpf) wdk@udk taxmuftultjzpf udk;um;!dE_dif;cJhygonf?
TpmtkyfwGif azmfjyxm;aom pmrsufESmatmufajc&Sd t,f'D
wm. rSwcf surf sm;rSm 1949 ckEpS x
f w
k f t*Fvyd b
f momjyefpmtkyf t,f'D
wm. rSwfcsufrsm;jzpfonf? pmtkyfaemufqufwGJwGif azmfjyxm;onfh
*smrefbmom pmrl&if; ESifhrwlaom pum;vHk;rsm;ESifh pmydk'frsm;/ ordkif;
qdik &f m tcsut
f vufrsm;ESihf trnft!e;f rsm;rSm bmomjyeftzG@J rS a&;
om;xm;csufrsm; jzpfonf?
uGefjrLepfygwDa=unmpmwrf; onf 0dZmenf;us uGefjrLepf
107
rmhufpf/ tdef*,f
0g'. }uD;rm;aomvkyif ef;pOf pmwrf;jzpfay.? AD tdik f vDeifu Tpmtkyf

i,fonf usr;f aygi;f pHw
k ckv;kH wr# wefz;kd &Sad yonf? ,Ofaus;aomurBm&Sd
pnf;Hk;r_&Sdonfh wdkufyGJ 0ifypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; w&yfvHk;onf ,ae@wdkif
.pdwf"mwfay:wGif &Sifoef v_yf&Sm;aeayonf [k a&;om;cJhonf?
um;vfrmhufpfESifh z&uf'&pftdef*,fwdk@u uGefjrLepftzGJ@csKyf.
vkyif ef;pOftjzpf uGejf rLepfygwaD =unmpmwrf; udk a&;om;cJ=h u+yD; 1848
ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif pmrsufESm 23 rsufESmyg&Sdaom pmtkyfi,ftjzpf
t*Fvefjynf vef'efr@wGif yHkESdyfxkwfa0vdkufonf? 1848 ckESpf rwfvrS
Zlvikd v
f twGi;f *smreftrsK;d om; Edik if aH &;cdv
k o
H_ rl sm;. Edik if aH &;au;a=umf
oHjzpfaom *smref- vef'ef owif;pm
pmwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjycJh.? ESpf
rSmyif pmrsufESm 30 yg&Sdaom pmtkyfi,ftjzpf xyfrHxkwfa0cJhonf?
yxrt}udrfxkwfa0&mwGif yg&Sdaeonfh yHkESdyfpmvHk; trSm;tcsKd@ESifh pm
tjzwftawmufrsm;udk jyifqifcJhonf? pmrludk aemifwGif rmhufpfESifh
tdef*,fwdk@. oabmwlcGihfycsufjzifh xkwfa0rnfh yHkESdyfjcif;rsm;twGuf
tajccHtjzpfxm;&Sdonf? 1848 ckESpfwGif a=unmpmwrf;udk Oa&my
bmomrsm; (jyifopf/ ydv
k ef/ tDwvD/ 'wfcs/f zvrf;rpfEiS hf qG'D ifbmom)
jzifh bmomjyefq=kd uonf? 1848 ckEpS f yHEk ydS jf cif;rsm;wGif a=unmpmwrf;
a&;om;ol. trnfrsm;udk azmfjyrxm;ay? olw@kd .trnfukd 1850 ckEpS w
f iG f
yxrqH;k azmfjycJo
h nfrmS t*Fvefjynf csm;wpfpv
f y_ &f mS ;r_. au;a=umfoH
&uf&yD wfyvpfuif *sme,fwiG f yg&o
dS nfh t*Fvyd b
f momjyefwiG f jzpfonf?
ed'gef;udk *sme,f. t,f'Dwm a*smh- *sLvD,ef[mae u a&;om;
cJhonf?
1872 ckEpS w
f iG f rmhupf Ef iS hf tde*f ,fw@kd u tenf;i,fjyifqifum
olwdk@ ESpfOD;a&;om;xm;aom ed'gef;rsm;ESifhtwl a=unmpmwrf; udk
*smrefbmomjzifh topfwzef yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhayonf? onf 1883
ckEpS rf S 1890 ckEpS t
f xd xkwf a0cJah om *smrefbmom yHEk ydS jf cif;rsm;twdik ;f
uGefjrLepfa=unmpmwrf;[l aom acgif;pOfjzifh ay:xGufvmcJh.?
1883 ckEpS f um;vf rmhupf f uG,v
f eG +f yD;onfah emuf tde*f ,f.
108
ppfaq;wnf;jzwfr_jzifh t}udrfrsm;pGm xkwfa0cJhonf? 1888 ckESpfwGif

q,fjrL&,frdk; bmomjyefaom t*Fvdyfbmom yHkESdyfjcif;udk tdef*,fu
ppfaq;um ed'ge;f ESihf rSwcf surf sm; a&;om;cJo
h nf? 1890 ckEpS w
f iG f tde*f ,f.
ed'gef;topfjzifh *smrefbmomyHkESdyfjcif; xGufay:vmcJhonf? aemufqHk;
yHEk ydS jf cif;wGiv
f nf; tde*f ,fu rSwcf sut
f csK@d a&;om;onf? 1885 ckEpS w
f iG f
qd k & S , f v pf *sme,f Y rmh u f p f . orD ; jzpf o l avmf & m- vmzwf u
bmomjyefaom jyifopfbmomjzifh a=unmpmwrf;udk yHEk ydS x
f w
k af 0cJ&h m
bmomjyefudk tdef*,fu ppfaq;cJh.? tdef*,fonf 1892 ckESpfwGif
xkwfa0cJhaom ydkvefbmomyHkESdyfjcif;ESifh 1893 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0cJhaom
tDwvDbmom yHEk ydS jf cif;rsm;twGuf ed'ge;f rsm; a&;om;xm;cJah yonf? (rmhupf /f
tde*f ,f usr;f aygi;f pH/k 'kw,
d yHEk ydS jf cif;/ twG-J 4/ armfpud/k 1955 ckEpS /f k&mS ;bm
om pmrsufESm 573)
,ckxkwfa0aom uGefjrLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf; Armbm
omjyefwiG f bmompum;csi;f uGjJ ym;jcm;em;r_/ vGecf ahJ om ESpaf ygi;f 100
ausmfu ordkif;a=umif;tajctaersm;tay: em;vnfcsuf rjynfhpHkr_
wd@k a=umifh tcuftcJrsm; &Sad eygonf? xd@k a=umifh pmzwfol &Jabmfrsm;u
a0zefcsufESifh xifjrifcsufrsm; ay;=uapvdkayonf?
109
rmhufpf/ tdef*,f
&S i f ; vif ; csuf
1?
&uf&Dywfyvpfuiiff (teDa&mif orRw*dk%f;om;) onf csm;

wpfpf v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifolrsm;. tywfpOf*sme,f jzpfonf?
*sme,fudk a*smh [mae u 1850 ckEpS f/ ZGev
f rS Ed0k ifbmv
txd yHEk ydS x
f w
k af 0cJo
h nf? 1850 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbmvxkwf *sme,f
trSwf 21 rS 24 wGif uGefjrLepfygw
gwDD a=unmpmwrf; yxr
% DjynfuGefjrL
qHk;aom t*Fvdyfbmomjyefqdkcsufudk *smr
*smr%
epfygwD. a=unmpmwrf; [laom trnfjzifhxkwfa0cJh.?
(ESm- 18)
2?
qdk&S,fvpf*sme,
e,ffonf tifwmae&Sife,f jyifopfXmepdwf.
au;a=umfoH tywfpOf*sme,f jzpfonf? e,l;a,mufr@Y 1871
ck E S p f / atmuf w d k b mvrS 1873 ck E S p f / arvtxd jyif o pf
bmomjzifh xkwaf 0cJo
h nf? *sme,fonf tifwmae&Sief ,f.
ajrmuftar&duwdu
k f zuf'a&;&Si;f twGi;f &Sd "e&SiEf iS hf "e&Sif
aygupf tpdwt
f ydik ;f rsm;udk axmufccH .
hJ ? 1872 ckEpS /f pufwif
bmv [dwf*fr@wGif usif;yaom uGef*&ufaemufydkif;wGif tif
wmae&Sife,fESifh tquftoG,f jzwfcJhonf? uGefjrLepf
ygwDa=unmpmwrf;udk *sme,fwGif 1872 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D
vESihf azazmf0g&v
D wGif ykEH ydS x
f w
k af 0cJo
h nf?
(ESm- 18)
110
3?
udv
k akd um (acgif;avmif;) k&Sm; jynfa[mif;wGif tvkyform;
vlwef;pm; wyfOD;ygwD ray:aygufrDtcsdefu 'Drdkua&pDawmf
vSeaf &;orm;rsm;. au;a=umfoH owif;pm. trnfjf zpfonf?
1857 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v
f rSp+yD; vef'efr@EiS *hf seD AD mr@rsm;wGif xkwaf 0
um k&Sm;jynfxJodk@ jzef@csdcJhonf? xif&Sm;aom acwfa[mif;
k&mS ;pma&;q&m [mZifonf owif;pmxkwaf 0aom vGwf
vyfonfh k&mS ;pmyHEk ydS w
f u
kd f udk pwif wnfaxmif olwOD;jzpfchJ
onf?
(ESm- 21)
4?
*wfcs;D em;
em;onf ,ckqAkd ,
D uf,el ,
D H vDeif*&ufr@ (acwfa[mif;
yDxk*d &ufr@) taemufawmifbuf&dS t&yfa'otrnf jzpf.?
1881 ckEpS /f rwfv 13 &uf ae@wiG f 'kw,
d ajrmuf tvufZif;
'g; Zmbk&if vky}f uHowfjzwfc&H +yD;aemuf wwd,ajrmuf
tvufZif;'g; Zmbk&ifrmS vky}f uH owfjzwfc&H rnfukd a=umuf
&GH@ojzifh ykef;atmif;aeaomae&mudk &nf!ef;jcif;jzpfonf?
(ESm- 22)
5?
atmhAf&SDemm;; onf vlxkudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfaom aus;vuftzGJ@

tpnf;[k t"dym` ,f&.? a&S;OD;bHt
k zG@J vl@tzG@J tpnf;. tapm
ydik ;f umv tqifrh sm;wGif &So
d nfh v,form; ajr,m bHyk ikd q
f ikd rf _
pepfjzpfonf? Tpepfonf rwlaomomef trsKd;rsKd;jzifh
k&Sm;jynfa[mif;tygt0if tcsKd@wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif ESpfq,f&m
pkESpftxd &SdcJo
h nf?
(ESm- 23)
6?
udv
k ;kH r@ uGejf rLepftr_ppfaq;jcif; (1852 ckEpS f/ atmufwb
kd mv
4 &ufae@rS Edk0ifbmv 12 &ufae@xd) rSm y&yf&Sm;tpdk;&u
vky}f uHzefw;D cJah om tr_wckjzpfonf? tpdk;&onf rmhufpf/
tdef*,fwdk@u acgif;aqmifum uGefjrLepfygwD a=unm pm
111
rmhufpf/ tdef*,f
wrf; udk rdrv

d yk if ef; pOf tjzpfxm;&Sad om ypPn;f rJh vlwef;pm;.
yxr EdkifiHwumhuGefjrLepf tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfonfh uGefjrLepf
toif;csKyf (1847- 52) tzG@J 0if 11 a,mufukd zrf; qD;cJo
h nf?
olw@kd tm; Edik if aH wmf opPmazmufr_ [laom pGcJ sujf zifh w&m;
cGiw
f if ppfaq;cJo
h nf? twkta,mif pm&Guf pmwrf; oufao
rsm;jzifh w&m;Hk;u uGefjrLepftoif;csKyf tzGJ@0if 7 OD;udk 3
ESprf S 6 ESpt
f xd axmif'%fay;cJ.
h ? rmhupf Ef iS hf tde*f ,fw@kd onf
T tr_ppfaq;jcif;ESifh y&yf&Sm;ykvdyfrsm;u EdkifiHwumh tvkyf
orm;v_yf&Sm;r_udk qef@usifaom aumufuspfr_rsm;udk tukef
tpifziG chf swu
kd cf u
kd cf o
hJ nf?
(ESm- 27)
7?
1887 ckEpS f/ qGrq

f ;D r@wGif usi;f yaom tvkyo
f rm;or*~ uGef
*&ufYOuUjzpfol 'AvsL ADAif ajym=um;cJah om rde@f ceG ;f udk ud;k um;
xm;jcif; jzpfonf? ADAif. rde@f ceG ;f udk 1887 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv
17 &ufae@xw
k f uGerf eG ;f 0D;vf *sme,fwiG f xnfh oGi;f azmfjycJo
h nf?
(ESm- 29)
8?
0l;'f[m;vfEiS hf uvm
zv
zvififonf e,l;a,mufr@wGif 1870 ckESpf
uvmzv
rS 1876 ckESpftxd "e&Sifvlwef;pm; trsKd;orD;tcGifhta&;
awmif;qdkolrsm;u xkwfa0aom tar&duef*sme,f trnfjzpf
onf? 1871 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmv 30 &ufae@xw
k f *sme,fwiG f
uGefjrLepfygwDa=unmpmwrf;udk jzwfawmufI azmfjycJhonf?
(ESm- 29)
9?
uGef*&ufydkvef rS m 1814- 1815 ckESpf AD,memuGef*&uf

qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;t& ydv
k efb&k ifEh ikd if [
H al om w&m;0iftrnfjzifh
k&mS ;jynfa[mif;od@k ay;xm;&aom ydkvefjynf. wpdwfwydkif;
jzpfonf?
(ESm- 44)
112
10?
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif ydkvefudkcsKyfxdef;aom umuG,fr_

taumufceG pf epf usio
hf ;kH &ef awmif;qdv
k u
kd jf cif; [k yg&o
dS nf?
(ESm- 45)
11?
tv,facwfqdkonfrSm a&S;acwf/ tv,facwf/ acwfopfwdk@

teuf wckudkqdkvdkayonf? tv,facwfonf c&pfouU&mZf
1000 ckESpfrS 1400 ckESpftwGif; umvydkif;jzpf.? acwfopf
qdkonfrSm acwfumvydkif;jcm;r_. t"dy`m,fudk qdkvdkjcif;jzpf+yD;
14 &mpkaemufyikd ;f Oa&mywdu
k w
f iG f ya'o&mZfv,fu|epf epfukd
wGe;f vSeaf om awmfveS af &;rsm;ESit
hf wl t&if;&Sipf ;D yGm;a&;pepf
ay:xGef;vmaomumvrS ,ae@xd umvydkif;wckvHk;udk qdkvdk
onf?
(ESm- 53)
12?
ya'o&mZf pufr_vkyfief;qdkonfrSm zGH@z;aomt&if;&Sifpepf

pufr_vkyfief; r[kwf/ vufr_trsm;ydkif;ESifh pufud&d,m wpdwf
wydik ;f yg0ifaom xkwv
f yk af &;udk qdv
k o
kd nf?
(ESm- 54)
13?
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif qufqHa&;rsm; [k yg&Sdonf?

aemufydkif; pmrsufESmrsm;wGifvnf; Ttwdkif;awG@&Sd&onf?
(ESm- 62)
14?
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif trsK;d orD;rsm;ESihf uav;rsm; [k

yg&Sdonf?
(ESm- 64)
15?
*smref b mom pmrl & if ; wG i f aiG a cs;pm;ol u av;rsm; [k

yg&o
dS nf?
(ESm- 65)
16?
*smrefbmompmrl&if;wGiftvkyform;rsm;onf "e&Sifxkwf
113
rmhufpf/ tdef*,f
vkyfa&; ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udkomru xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,m

rsm;udkvnf; xdk;ESufwdkufcdkuf=uonf [k yg&Sdonf?
(ESm- 65)
17?
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif tvkyform;or*~rsm; [laom

pum;vHk; ryg&Sday?
(ESm- 67)
18?
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif twdtvif;ykefuefr_rsm; [k

yg&o
dS nf?
(ESm- 67)
19?
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif olwdk@udk,fydkifynma&; [k yg&Sd

onf?
(ESm- 68)
20?
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif rsm;jym;vSaom ynma&; tpdwf

tydik ;f rsm; [k yg&o
dS nf?
(ESm- 68)
21?
*smref b mom pmrl & if ; wG i f tv,f t vwf t v$ m [k

yg&o
dS nf?
(ESm- 69)
22?
*smref b mom pmrl & if ; wG i f avvG i f h a eaom ypP n f ; rJ h r sm;

[kyg&o
dS nf?
(ESm- 69)
23?
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif udk,fydkiftod&Sdaom [laom

pum;vHk; ryg&Sday?
(ESm- 70)
24?
*smref b mom pmrl & if ; wG i f wOD ; csif ; yk * ~ d K vf r sm;vuf w G i f

OpPm"epkyHkaejcif;/ t&if;tESD; jzpfwnfvmjcif;ESifh wdk;yGm; vm
jcif; [k yg&o
dS nf?
(ESm- 72)
114
25?
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif xl;jcm;aom [k yg&Sdonf?

(ESm- 73)
26?
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif ypPnf;rJhygwDrsm; [k yg&Sdonf?

(ESm- 73)
27?
jyifopfawmfvSefa&; qdkonfrSm 1789 ckESpf 1794 ckESpftxd

jzpfyGm;aom jyifopf "e&SifawmfvSefa&;udk qdkvdkonf?
awmfveS af &;onf ya'o&mZfoufO;D qHyikd pf epfukd acsre_ ;f ypfum
jyifopfjynfwiG f t&if;&Sipf epf wd;k yGm;a&;twGuf vrf;zGiahf y;cJ.
h ?
odk@aomf jyifopf"e&Sif}uD;rsm;onf awmfvSefa&;. toD;tyGifh
rsm;udk tydkifpD;+yD; tm%m odrf;,l vdkuf=uonf?
(ESm- 74)
28?
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif wOD;uwOD;udk aoG;pkyfr_ tay:

wGif [k yg&o
dS nf?
(ESm- 74)
29?
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif ypPnf;rJhrsm;. tvkyf yg xyfrH

jznfhpGuf azmfjyxm;onf?
(ESm- 75)
30?
*smref b mom pmrl & if ; wG i f tv,f t vwf v l w ef ; pm;

qdak om pum;vH;k ryg&adS y?
(ESm- 78)
31?
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif ynma&; [k yg&Sdonf?

(ESm- 79)
32?
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif ydik q

f ikd rf q
_ ufqaH &; [k yg&o
dS nf?
(ESm- 79)
115
rmhufpf/ tdef*,f
33?
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif tvkyform;rsm;wGif tzwdkif;

jynfr&Sd [k yg&o
dS nf?
(ESm- 82)
34?
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif trsK;d om;. acgi;f aqmifvw

l ef;pm;
qdkaom pum;vHk;tpm; trsKd;om;qdkif&m vlwef;pm; [k
yg&o
dS nf?
(ESm- 82)
35?
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif tbd"rRm pum;vH;k tjyif Edik if aH &;

[laom pum; vH;k yg&o
dS nf?
(ESm- 83)
36?
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif vlr_a&;tm%ma[mif;udk quf

vufwdkufcdkuf&ef vdktyfvmayonf [laom pmydk'f ryg&Sday?
Tae&mwGif vlr_a&;rSm vl@tzGJ@tpnf; [kvnf; t"dy`m,f
&ayonf?
(ESm- 85)
37?
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif ajr,mydkifqdkifr_udk tydkifpD;jcif;ESifh

ajrqDcrsm;udk Edik if aH wmf toH;k p&dwo
f @kd tyfEjHS cif; [k yg&o
dS nf?
(ESm- 85)
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif wjynfvHk;wGif vlOD;a&ydkrdkr#wpGm
jzef@cGJjcif;tm;jzifh [laom pmydk'fryg&Sday?
(ESm- 86)
38?
39?
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif uav;oli,ftm;vHk;udk vl@tzGJ@

tpnf;u ynmoif=um;a&;ESifh tcrJhynmoif=um;r_ [k
yg&o
dS nf?
(ESm- 86)
40?
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif ky0f wKxkwv

f yk af &; [k yg&o
dS nf?
(ESm- 86)
*smrefbmompmrl&if;wGif t=urf;zufr_ [k yg&o
dS nf?(ESm- 86)
41?
116
42?
jyifopfvuf*sDwrpf (w&m;0if) 0g'Drsm;

sm;onf 1792 ckESpfwGif
zcscv
H u
kd &f aom ajr&Si}f u;D rsm;ESihf txufwef;pm; bke;f }u;D rsm;.
tusK;d pD;yGm;udk ud,
k pf m;yonfh abmfbeG f rif;qufukd axmufc=H u
olrsm; jzpf=uonf? 1830 ckEpS w
f iG f rif;qufukd 'kw,
d t}udrf
wGe;f vSe+f yD;onfah emufwiG f olw@kd onf ygwzD @JG pnf;cJ.
h ? bm&Sif
rif;nDrif;om;ESihf "e&Si}f uD;vlwef;pm;udk a'guw
f ikd t
f jzpf xm;&Sd
aom atmfvD,Gefrif;qufudk qef@usif&mwGif 0g'D wpdwf
wydik ;f onf vlra_ &;jy\emrsm;wGif r=umc%vdrv
f nf 0g'jzef@
=uonf? olw@kd onf "e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;aoG;pkyrf r_ S vkyo
f m; rsm;udk
umuG,folrsm; jzpfav[ef aqmif=uonf?
(ESm- 89)
43?
,ef;t*Fvef (EkysKad omt*Fvefjynf) onf t*Fvefjynf wd&k yD gwD

(,ck uGefqmaA;wpfygwD) ESifh ywfoufaom EdkifiHa&;orm;/
pmayorm; tkypf jk zpf+yD; 1840 ckEpS f tapmydik ;f wGif zG@J pnf;cJo
h nf?
"e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;. pD;yGm;a&;/ Edik if aH &;tiftm; }uD;xGm;vmr_w@kd
tay: ajr,m rif;nDrif;om;rsm;. rausrcsr;f jzpfru
_ kd wd@k u
xif[yfjy=uonf? tpkonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;tay:
=oZm&Sd&efESifh "e&Sifqef@usifa&;wdkufyw
GJ Gif tvkyform;vlwef;
pm;udk toHk;cs&eftwGuf vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;aom enf;rsm;udk
usifhoHk;=uonf?
(ESm- 89)
44?
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif pufrv

_ yk if ef;wnf;[laom opfyifrS
auusvmaom [lonhfpmydk'f ryg&Sday?
(ESm-90)
45?
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif pma=umif;ESifhqufvsuf ppfrSef

aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh ywfoufIvnf;aumif;/ vlom;wdk@.
tESpfom&udk taumiftxnfazmfa&;ESifh ywfoufIvnf;
aumif; t"dy`m,fr&Sdaom awG;awmr_rsm;tjzpf rv$JraoG ay:
117
rmhufpf/ tdef*,f
vm& awmhonf [laom pma=umif;yg&Sdonf? 1872 ckESpf/

1883 ESihf 1890 ckEpS f yHEk ydS jf cif;rsm;wGif Tpma=umif;udk vlom;
wdk@. tESpfom&udk taumiftxnfazmfa&;ESifh ywfoufI
t"dy`m,fr&Sdaom awG;awmr_rsm;tjzpf rvGJraoG ay:vm&
awmhonf [k a&;om;xm;onf?
(ESSm- 93)
46?
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif tcpm;tvkyf [k yg&Sdonf?

(ESm- 98)
47?
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif yjyifa&; [laom pum;vHk;

ryg&adS y?
(ESm- 99)
48?
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif awmESifh r@.qef@usifbufjzpfr_

[k yg&o
dS nf?
(ESm- 101)
49?
*smref b mom pmrl & if ; wG i f tem*wf vl @ tzG J @ tpnf ; ES i f h

ywfoufaom olwdk@. tyoabm wifjycsufrsm; [k yg&Sd
onf?
(ESm- 102)
50?
csm;wpf p f v _ y f & S m ;r_ (t*F v d y f p um;vH k ; csmwmrS v monf ?

tkycf sKyaf &;tm%mydik rf sm;u pmjzifh a&;om;um ay;tyfvu
kd o
f nfh
tcGifhta&;rsm;[k t"d y ` m ,f & onf ? 1837 ck E S p f r S 1847
ckESpftwGif;wGif Oya'yjyif&ef awmif;qdkaom v_yf&Sm;r_wGif
yg0iforl sm;. awmif;qdck sujf zpfonfh jynfo@l csmwm pum;vH;k
rS qif;oufvmonf? Tv_y&f mS ;r_wiG f yg0iforl sm;udk csm;wpfpf
[kvnf;aumif; / 0g'udk csm;wpfpf0g'[kvnf;aumif; ac:
a0:onf) rSm Edik if w
H umh tvkyf orm;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f wGif yxr
qH;k t}udrf ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;. vlxv
k uQ%m aqmifaom
118
awmfvSefonfh EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ jzpfonf? v_yf&Sm;r_onf

1830 ckESpf tv,fydkif;ESifh 1840 ckESpf tukefumvtwGif;
t*FvefjynfwGif jzpfay:cJhonf? tvkyform;rsm;. qdk;0g;vS
aom pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeESifh 1832 ckESpf ygvDrefpepf yjyif
a&;tay: rauseyfr_ (ygvrD ef yjyifa&;onf "e&Sif vlwef;
pm;udkom tcGihfta&; ydkrdkay;cJhonf) a=umifh jzpf vmonf?
csm; wpfpfv_yf&Sm;r_. yxr uGef*&ufudk 1839 ckESpf azazmf
0g&DvwGif yvkyfcJh.? rmhufpfESifh tdef*,fwdk@onf csm;wpfpf
v_yf&Sm;r_. vuf0J*dk%f; acgif;aqmifrsm;udk 'Drdkua&pD awmif;
qdkcsufrsm;ESifh qdk&S,fvpf0g'ta&; wdkufyGJudk aygif;pyfay;&ef
!efjycJhayonf? csm;wpfpfv_yf&Sm;r_onf t*Fvefjynf vl@tzGJ@
tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_tay: tawmftwef *,ufkdufr_udk
jzpfaponf? tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;onf rwwfomojzifh trsKd;
orD;ESifh vli,frsm;. tvkyfcsdefudk 10 em&Dodk@ av#mhcsonfh
Oya'udk 1847 ckEpS w
f iG f jymef;ay;cJ&h onf? Tpmtkyf pmrsuf
ESm 78 yxrtyd'k w
f iG f tcsuu
f kd azmfjyxm;onf?
(ESm- 103)
51?
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif vlwef;pm; qdkaom pum;vHk;

rygbJ tvkyform;ygwDrsm; [k a&;om;xm;onf?
(ESm- 104)
52?
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif wnf&Sdaeaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;

pepfwckv;kH [k yg&o
dS nf?
(ESm- 106)
53?
*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif wdkif;jynftm;vHk;&Sd ypPnf;rJhrsm;

aoG;pnf; =uavmh! [k yg&o
dS nf?
(ESm- 106)
119
rmhufpf/ tdef*,f
trnf t ! e f ;
umbuf
*&G e f
(tufwed ef D umbuf/ 1788- 1856) jyifopf pdwu

f ;l
,OfuGefjrKepf0g'D wOD;jzpfonf? tDum&D,mc&D;pOf
trnf&dS pmtkyu
f kd a&;om;cJh oljzpfonf?
(ESm- 31)
(um;vf-oD,dk'dk *&Gef/ 1817- 1887) *smref"e&Sif
aygufp pma&;q&mjzpfonf? 1840 ckESpf tv,fydkif;
wGif ppfreS af om qd&k ,
S v
f pf0g'udk t"duud,
k pf m;y
ol wOD; jzpfonf?
(ESm- 97)
pd e f @ -qk d i f r G e f
([ife&Duavmh'f pde@f - qdik rf eG /f 1760- 1825) jyifopf

jynf pdwu
f ;l ,Of qd&k ,
S v
f pf0g'udk a&S@aqmifol wOD;jzpf
onf? rmhupf 0f g' ray:aygurf D umvY onf "e&Sif
tbd"rRm/ "e&Siv
f rl a_ &;ESihf t&if;&Sif pepfukd a0zefum
urBmwGif t&if;&Sifqdk&S,fvpfpepf xlaxmifa&;udk
tdyrf ufrufco
hJ nf? onf t&if;&Sipf epf. tESpo
f m
&udkem;rvnf/ qdk&S,fvpf0g' vrf;a=umif;udkvnf;
rawG@jrifcJhay?
(ESm- 99)
qpf p f r G e f ' D
(*sif- csm;vf qdkifrGef'D 'D qpfpfrGef'D/ 1773- 1842)

qGpfZmvefjynfrS abm*aA'ynm&Sif wOD;jzpfonf?
"e&Siaf ygupf tjrifjzifh t&if; &Sipf epfukd a0zefco
hJ l jzpf
onf?
(ESm- 92)
Zql ; vpf c sf
(bJ & mtD A ef a emh z f e m; Zql ; vpf c sf / 1849- 1919)
120
k&Sm;jynfwGif ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; wyfOD;ygwD r&Sdao;

rD u mvY ay:ayguf v maom ea&mh'fepf (jynfol@)
v_y&f mS ;r_wiG f xif&mS ;aom trsK;d orD;wOD;jzpf.? 1883
ckESpf qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;wGif rmhufpf0g'
avhvmjyef@yGm;a&; tvkyform; vGwfajrmufa&;
trnf&adS om ygwt
D pkukd wnfaxmif&mY yg0ifaqmif
&Gucf o
hJ nf? rmhupf Ef iS hf tde*f ,fw@kd u olrxHo@kd oabm
w&m;a&;&m jy\emESifh ywfoufaom pmrsm;a&;ydk@cJh
onf? onf tdef*,fa&;om;aom pdwful;,OfESifh
0dZm enf;us qd&k ,
S v
f pf0g'udk k&mS ;bmom jyefqkd cJo
h nf?
1900 ckEpS f ygwrD v
S #K@d 0u
S x
f w
k af 0aom oabmw&m;a&;
owif;pm tpfu&m; (rD;yGm;) ESihf Zm;&m; (tk%fO;D )
wd@k . t,f'w
D mtzG@J 0if wOD;jzpfco
hJ nf? k&mS ;jynfq&kd ,
S f
'Drdku&ufwpf tvkyform;ygwD 'kwd,uGef*&ufwGif
vDeifacgi;f aqmifaom aAmf&ADS pfEiS hf vDeif0g'. qef@usif
bufjzpfaom rif&SDApf[lI oabmw&m;a&;&m uGJvGJ
&mY Zql;vpfcsfonf rif&SDApftpk. acgif;aqmifwOD;
jzpfonf? yxr urBmppfyGJ umvY qdk&S,fa&SmfAif0g'
("e&Sit
f rsK;d om;a&;0g') bufwiG f &yfwnfcu
hJ m r[m
atmufwb
kd m qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;udk raxmufco
H l
jzpfomG ;onf?
(ESm- 29)
'g0if
(csm;vf a&mbwf 'g0if/ 1809- 1882) ZD0aA'qdik &f m

aygufyGm;r_ESifh wdk;yGm;r_omefrsm;udk pwifawG@&Sdol
t*Fvdyf"e&Sifvlwef;pm; 0dZmynm&Sif}uD; jzpfonf?
u ouf&o
dS wW0gEiS hf opfyifrsm;onf tqufrjywf
jzpfay: wdk;yGm;ajymif;vJaea=umif;/ omefopfrsm;
121
rmhufpf/ tdef*,f
jzpfay:aea=umif;/ vlrsm;onf vl0rH S wpwp ajymif;vJ

oufqif;vma=umif;rsm;udk racsyEdkifaom taxmuf
txm;rsm;jzifh &Sif;vif; jyocJhonf? urBmavmuESifh
vlom;rsm;udk rnfonfeh wfb&k m;urS rzefqif;a=umif;
azmfjyum bmoma&;oif=um;csuf tm;vHk;udk acsycJh
.? od@k aomf 'g0ifonf rdr.
d 0dZm ynmudk obm0e,f
y,fwGifom uef@owfxm;&Sd+yD; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfay:
wdk;yGm;vmr_udk tjynfht0&Sif;vif;rjyEdkifcJhay? rmhufpf/
tde*f ,fw@kd onf 'g0if. oabmw&m;udk tEk ydavm
r ordkif;kyf0g'tjrifjzifh jynfhpHkatmif jzpfay: wdk;yGm;
vdu
k o
f nf?
(ESm- 32)
'ef a w
(t,fvD*,f&D 'efaw/ 1265- 1321) tDwvDvlrsKd;

uAsmq&mESifh tDwvDpmay. uopfudk pwifzGifh
vSpv
f u
kd o
f l jzpfonf? v,f u|ef pepfuek q
f ;kH awmhrnfh
acwf u mvY ajymif a jrmuf a om ta&;tom;jzif h
uAsm&Snf}uD;rsm;udk oDukH;a&;om;cJhonf? 'efaw.
uAsmrsm;onf urBmh pmayordkif;wGif *EW0ifpmayrsm;
jzpfvmcJhonf?
(ESm- 49)
yvuf u aemh z f (*&D*dk &DAvefwDEdk;Apf yvufuaemhzf/ 1856- 1918)

k&mS ;jynfwiG f rmhupf 0f g'udk pwifjzef@jzL;ol/ 0g'jzef@cso
d El iS hf
kyf0g'tbd"rRmynm&Sif wOD;jzpfonf? 1903 ckESpf
k&mS ;jynf qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd &ufwpf tvkyo
f rm;ygw.
D 'kw,
d
uGef*&uf +yD;onfhaemufrSpI vDeif0g'ESifh qef@usif
bufjzpfaom rif&SDApftacsmif0g'udk &yfwnfol jzpf
oGm;onf?
(ESm- 29)
122
ya&muf ' G e f ;
(yD&m *sKd;Zuf ya&muf'Gef;/ 1809- 1865) jynfopf

pma&;q&m odrfzsif;aomabm*aA'/ vlr_a&;ynm
&SifESifh "e&Sifaygufp oabmw&m;a&;q&m wOD;jzpf
onf? rmhupf 0f g'ESihf qef@usib
f uf rif;rJ0h g'udk pwifwD
xGio
f l wOD;jzpfonf?
(ESm- 97)
zk d ; &D ; ,m;
(csm;vf zd;k &D;,m;/ 1772- 1837) jyifopfjynf pdwu

f ;l
,Ofq&kd ,
S v
f pf0g'udk a&S@aqmifol wOD;jzpfonf? onf
t=urf;zufawmfveS af &;udk qef@usifum rdrd. tawG;
tac:rsm;udk +idrf;csrf;pGm 0g'jzef@csdjcif;jzifh tem*wfqdk
&S,fvpf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk pnf;Hk;Edkifonf[k pdwful;
,Of ,lqonf?
(ESm- 99)
rk d ;
(q,fjrL&,f rdk;/ 1830- 1912) rmhufpfa&;om;aom

t&if;usrf;ESifh uGefjrL epfygwDa=unmpmwrf;udk t*F
vdyfbmomodk@ bmomjyefqdkcJhol jzpfonf? rmhufpf/
tde*f ,fw@kd . rdwaf qGwOD;jzpfonf?
(ESm- 34 )
vmaq;
(zm'Deef vmaq;/ 1825- 1864) *smref"e&Siaf ygupf

qdk&S,fvpf0g'DESifh EdkifiHwumhtvkyform; v_yf&Sm;r_
twGif;&Sd vuf,mtacsmif0g' wrsKd;jzpfaom vm
aq;0g' udk wDxiG cf o
hJ jl zpf.? onf *smr%Djynfv;kH
qdkif&m tvkyform;tzGJ@. OuUjzpfcJhonf? onf
tvkyo
f rm; vlwef;pm; v_y&f mS ;r_ukd +ird ;f csr;f aom ygvD
ref vGwfawmfYom uef@owfxm;&Sdonf? Oya'wGif;
pnf;Hk;a&;/ jynfvHk;u|wf a&G;aumufwifajrmufcGifh/
tvkyform; xkwfvkyfa&;tzGJ@rsm; zGJ@pnf;aomvrf;
a=umif;jzifh axmufyahH =u; aiGrsm;ay;aom Edik if H awmf
123
rmhufpf/ tdef*,f
wnf a xmif a &;/ Tod k @ tm;jzif h vG w f v yf a om

jynfoltm;vHk;. EdkifiHawmf [laom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
opf jzpfEdkifonf[k vmaq; 0g'Drsm;u ,lq=uonf?
wd@k u v,form; vlwef;pm;udk azmuf jyeforl sm;[k
oabmxm;onf? vmaq;. Edik if aH &;ESihf oabmw&m;
k mvkyif ef;pO
a&;&m trSm;rsm;udk rmhufpf. *do
pOff a0zef
csuf ESifh vDeif. Edik if aH wmfEiS h f awmfveS af &; usr;f rsm;wGif
acsywdu
k cf u
kd x
f m;onf?
(ESm- 28 )
0uf w vif ; (0D v f [ rf 0uf w vif ; / 1808- 1871) *smref v uf
r_ynmonf jzpfonf? *smrefpdwful;,Of wef;wla&;
0g'jzpfaom uGefjrLepf0g'. ay:vGifxif&Sm;qHk;aom
ud,
k pf m;vS,jf zpfonf? onf zd;k &D;,m; (txufwiG f
azmfjy+yD;) .=oZmt&Sdefoufa&mufr_udk cHcJh&onf?
( ESm - 31)
[mZif
124
(tvufZif;'g; tDAefE;kd Apf [mZif/ 1812- 1870) acwf

a[mif; k&Sm;jynfwGif xif&Sm;aom 'Drdkua&pDawmf
vSefa&;orm;/ kyf0g'tbd"rRmq&m/ pma&;q&mESifh
owif;pmq&mjzpfonf? wdk;wufaom t,ltqrsm;
udk pGJudkifum Zmbk&ifpepfudk qef@usifojzifh tzrf;cH
e,fESifcHcJh&onf? k&Sm; jynfwGif kyf0g'usrf;rsm;udk
a&;om;ypkcJhonf? k&Sm;jynf 'Drdkua&pD awmfvSefa&;
k akd um (acgif;
orm;rsm;. au;a=umfoHjzpfaom udv
avmif;) owif;pmudkyHkESdyfonfh pmyHkEdSyfwdkufudk jynfy
wGif wnfaxmifcJhol wOD;jzpfonf? [mZifonf 'Drdk
ua&pD0g'rS cGJcGmum vpfb&,f0g'bufodk@ ,drf;,dkif
oGm;cJh&mrS 1860 ckESpfrsm;wGif awmfvSefaom 'Drdk
ua&pD0g'twGuf &yfwnf oljzpfvma=umif; vDeif.

[mZiftm;owd&jcif; aqmif ; yg;wG i f a&;om;xm;
onf?
(ESm- 29)
tk d 0 if
(a&mbwf tdk0if/ 1771- 1858) pdwful;,Of qdk&S,f

vpf0g'udk a&S@aqmifol t*Fvefjynf paumhwvefjynf
e,frS pufrv
_ yk if ef;&Si}f uD; wOD;jzpfonf? ydik f pufHk
wG i f tvk y f c sd e f a v#mh c say;jcif ; / uav;rsm;twG u f
ausmif;rsm; zGiahf y;jcif;/ uav;xde;f Xme zGiv
hf pS af y;jcif;
rsm; ycJo
h nf? xd@k jyif TtawG@ turH S pdwu
f ;l ,Of uGef
jrLepfpepf yHpk u
H kd a&;om;ypkc.
hJ ? u vl@tzG@J tpnf;.
qif;&J'kuQrsm;onf t&if;&Sifpepfa=umifh[k rjrifbJ
vlrsm;. rodem;rvnfr_a=umifh jzpfonfqdkum vl@
tzGJ@tpnf;. ydyuQrsm;udk todynmjzef@jzL;ay;jcif;
tm;jzifh uG,af ysmufomG ;rnf[k ,lqcJ.
h ? t=urf;zuf
awmfveS af &;udk r,H=k unfoEl iS hf tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;
. ordik ;f qdik &f mtcef;udk em;rvnfol jzpfonf? .
oabmw&m;rsm;onf pdef@-qdkifrGef/ zdk;&D;,m;wdk@uJh
odk@yif 0dZmenf;usqdk&S,fvpf0g'/ uGefjrLepf0g' ray:
aygufrDumv. ordkif;qdkif&mjzpfpOfwGif yg0ifcJhay.?
(ESm- 99)
125
rmhufpf/ tdef*,f
1973 ckESpf rwfv 5 &ufae@wGif pwif bm

omjyefI 1976 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif wnf;jzwfonf?
1977 ck E S p f puf w if b mv 20 &uf ae@wG i f
'k w d , t}ud r f pwif yH k E S d y f u m 'D Z if b mvwG i f
yH k E S d y f + yD ; pD ; onf ?
2008 ck E S p f / azazmf 0 g&D v 1 &uf a e@wG i f
uG e f j rLepf y gwD a=unmpmwrf ; ES p f 160 ajrmuf
txd r f ; trS w f t jzpf Armjynf u G e f j rLepf y gwD A[k d
0g'jzef @ csd a &;XmerS wwd , t}ud r f yk H E S d y f x k w f a 0onf ?
126

ကြန္ျမဴနစ္ပါတီေၾကျငာစာတမ္း

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ကြန္ျမဴနစ္ပါတီေၾကျငာစာတမ္း

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uGefjrLepfygwD

A[k0d g'jzef@csad &;Xme

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

um;vf rmhupf f / z&uf'&pf tde*f ,f

yxr ykHESdyfjcif;/ 1948 ckESpf

KARL MARX and FREDERICK ENGELS

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

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uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

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uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

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uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

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uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

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uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

twGuf vdktyfwJhae@pOfoHk; yk*~vduydkifypPnf;rsm;) udk yk*~vduydkifypPnf;

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

omefrmS awmh tvGeaf wmufajymif vSywduswhJ pum;vH;k awGukd a&G;

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

1872 ck E S p f *smref b mom yH k E S d y f j cif ; ed ' gef ;

jyifopfjynf 1848 ckEpS f azazmf0g&aD wmfveS af &;? (t,f'w

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

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a&;onf 1847 ckESpftxdom jzpfaoma=umifh yifwnf;? qef@usifbuf

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

1882 ck E S p f k & S m ;bmom yH k E S d y f j cif ; ed ' gef ;

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,ae@qdkv#if vGefpGmuGmjcm;oGm;avpG! Oa&mywdkufu ajymif;

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

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1883 ck E S p f *smref b mom yH k E S d y f j cif ; ed ' gef ;

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

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1888 ck E S p f t*F v d y f b mom yH k E S d y f j cif ; ed ' gef ;

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

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u|eaf wmfw@kd EiS ahf wG@wikd ;f vmaq;ud,

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

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uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

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tde*f ,fvaf &;om;aom 1844 ckEpS f t*Fvefjynf tvkyo

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

+yD;cJhaom ESpfq,fhig;ESpfwmumvtwGif; tajctaersm;onf

xdk@jyif rsufarSmufumvwGif qdk&S,fvpf0g'pmaytay: a0zef

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

1890 ck E S p f *smref b mom yH k E S d y f j cif ; ed ' gef ;

a=unmpmwrf; k&mS ;bmom yHEk ydS jf cif;twGuf rmhupf Ef iS hf tde*f ,fw@kd

tcsuEf iS hf ywfoufI pmrsuEf mS (21) atmufyikd ;f &Sd t,f'w

taemufwdkif;onf (a=unmpmwrf; k&Sm;bmom yHkESdyfjcif;) udk

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

onff v,f,mvkyfcif;}uD;rsm;. yifqdkifr_udk wpwpESifh t_H;ay;vdkuf

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

tenf;ESifhtrsm; rwdusaom tar&duefbmomjyefcsufrsm;udk

vlwef;pm;w&yfv;kH udk }uD;rm;vSaom wyfrawmf w&y

pydef ya&muf'eG ;f 0g'rD sm;ESihf *smrefvmaq;0g'D rsm;udk wHcg;ydwrf xm;aom

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

zsufodrf;vdkufonfhtcsdef&Sd tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf 1864 ckESpf

twGuf vdktyfwJhae@pOfoHk; yk~vduydkifypPnf;rsm;) udk yk~vduydkifypPnf;

tdef ,fvaf &;om;aom 1844 ckEpS f tFvefjynf tvkyo