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PRINCIPLES OF

FREDERICK

COMMUNISM
ENGLES

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PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNISM
FREDERICK ENGLES

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PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNISM
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7

tcsurf sm;atmufwiG f touf&iS af exdik cf =hJ u&+y;D ydik q


f ikd o
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8

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9

tajz?

q,fhajcmuf&mpkrS q,fh&Spf&mpkxd ae&mwumvdkvdkrSm&Sdaom


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tuket
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10

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f nft
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wcktjzpf aygi;f pyfpak y;um ae&mwumrSm zG@H z;wd;k wufonfh ,Ofaus;r_
vrf;a=umif;udk cif;ay;vdu
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rnfonft
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kd cf wfr_ &Scd hJ
onf? xd@k a=umifh t*Fvef od@k r[kwf jyifopf&dS tvkyo
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u xdak 'o&Sd tvkyo
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'kw,
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tES;D rwlnrD t
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11

omv#if tqH;k tjzwf tm%mjzpfa=umif;ESihf xd@k a=umifh t&if;&Sirf sm;ESiS hf


"e&Sifrsm;onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif yxrwef;pm;rsm; jzpfa=umif;udk
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12

tvGe}f uD;rm;onfh vlpv


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13

twuftus jzpfae+yD; uyfqu


kd jf cif;topfrmS ig;ESpo
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rsm; aemufrmS bmawGvu
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14

udk o,faqmifvmonf? xd@k a=umifh ,ae@ vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f Y qif;&J


'kut
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15

trsm;ydkifqdkifr_ qdkwmyJ jzpfonf? wu,fawmh yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_


zsuo
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16

tv,facwfwiG f bJa&mefrLS ;rwfrsm;ESihf ajru|erf sm;udk jzpfay:aponf?


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17

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tm; ypPn;f rJrh sm;tay: ydI
k ydI
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kd m&+y;D xd@k a=umifh ypPn;f rJrh sm;. awmif;
qdck surf sm;ESihf rdrw
d @kd u,
kd rf rd w
d @kd qDav#mo
f ifah wmf vmEdik o
f nfh v,f orm;
av;rsm;ESifh "e&Sifaygufprsm;yg yg0ifaom jyifopfESifh *smreDwdk@wGif
18

jzpfonf? TtwGuf 'kw,


d wdu
k yf JG vdt
k yfaumif;vdt
k yfEikd af omfvnf;
tusK;d jzpfxeG ;f r_uawmh ypPn;f rJrh sm;. atmifyo
JG mv#if jzpfayvdrrhf nf?
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kd a&pDqo
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d ydik q
f ikd rf u
_ kd
wdu
k zf suo
f nfah e&mrSmESihf ypPn;f rJrh sm;. aexdik rf b
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ae&mrsm;rSm toH;k yaomenf;emrsm;tjzpf wdu
k f u
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jzpfonf?
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,ljcif;/ tarGct
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wqifq
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vkyo
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udk tcsed t
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E_e;f ESihf aiGa=u;xkwv
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J iG f pkpnf;
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7? Edik if aH wmfyikd f pufrHk sm;/ tvkyf rHk sm;/ rD&xm;ESihf oabFm
19

ta&twGufudk wdk;jrifhjcif;/ xGef,ufpdkufysKd;&ef v,fajropfrsm;


azmfjcif;ESihf xGe,
f ufpu
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f m;pGr;f tm;pkEiS hf
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8? Edik if aH wmf. ukeu
f sp&dwjf zifh Edik if aH wmf. tzG@J tpnf;rsm;
wGif uav;oli,ftm;vH;k rdcif&ifciG rf S xGucf mG Edik o
f nfh tcsed rf pS +y;D ynm
oif=um;cGifh/ ynmoif=um;jcif;ESifh xkwfvkyfa&; twlwuG vkyf
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_ yk if ef;ESihf
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tpk rsm;twGuf trsm;ydik af etdrrf sm;tjzpf wnfaqmufay;+y;D wd@k .
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wlno
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xkwv
f yk af &; tiftm;pkrsm; jzpfay: wd;k yGm;vmonfh tcsK;d tpm;ESihf tnD
20

tr# wd@k onf taumiftxnfazmfvmum wd@k . pkpnf;onfh


tusK;d tmedoifrsm;vnf; wd;k wufjzpfay:vmygvrd rhf nf? tqH;k wae@
t&if;tES;D tm;vH;k / xkwv
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_ m;vH;k Edik if aH wmf.
vufwiG ;f pk+yHKa&muf&dS oGm;onft
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ar;cGe;f 19? TawmfveS af &;onf wdik ;f jynfwjynfxw
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tajz? rjzpfEikd af y? urBmah ps;uGuu
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f ;kd jriahf y;vdrrhf nf? ,if;onf wurBmvH;k qdik &f m
21

awmfveS af &;jzpf+y;D xd@k a=umifyh if urBmt


h wdik ;f twm aqmifayvdrrhf nf?
ar;cG e f ; 20? yk * ~ v d u yd k i f q d k i f r _ aemuf q H k ; zsuf o d r f ; jcif ; . tusKd ; quf
rsm;um; tb,f e nf ; ?
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pk rsm;tm;vH;k ESihf ukeo
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vmonfh xkwv
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txnfazmf+y;D vH;k 0opfviG f onfh 'Da&jrifw
h &yfjzpfay:apum vHak vmufaom
22

txGuf ypPn;f tajrmuf tjrm;udk vl@tzG@Jtpnf;u oH;k pG&J efay;tyfvrd rh f nf?


Tenf;jzifh ukeyf pPn;f tajrmuftrsm; xkwv
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apEdik yf gvrd rhf nf? vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f tjyeftvSe&f efapmifaeaom
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taetxm;topfEiS v
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23

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24

yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
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25

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26

3? ypPn;f rJrh sm;u awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;/ uGejf rLepfrsm; jzpfvm


onftcgwiG f Tazmufjyefaom qd&k ,
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27

"e&Siaf ygupf vlwef;pm;onf 'Dru


kd a&pDatmifyrJG wdik rf ED iS hf
atmifyu
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6
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f d uGejf rLepfrsm;u yl;aygi;f
28

Edkifonfh wOD;wnf;aomolrsm; jzpfae+yD; T&uf'Du,frsm;xJwGif


Ak;d r@om;rsm; (Vaudois) (1070 ckEpS rf sm;u jyifopfjynfawmifyikd ;f wGif
wnfaxmif+y;D ? 1500 ckEpS rf sm;wGif jyefvnfyjyifa&; v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;twGi;f
yg0ifvmonfh c&pf,mef*dk%f;?)ESifh *sDeDAmr@om;rsm; (Genivese)
(qGpZf vefjynf *seD AD mr@wiG f aexdik =f uolrsm;? bmomjyefo)l onf
twd;k wufq;kH a&S@wef;ta&mufq;kH olrsm; jzpfonf?
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tzdk@ wdk@ESifh "e&Sifrsm;t=um; tqHk;tjzwfwdkufyGJudk "e&Sifrsm;
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jrefEikd o
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tusK;d &So
d nf? xd@k a=umifh uGejf rLepfrsm;onf tpd;k &rsm;udk qef@usi+f y;D
"e&Siv
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vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;r_rsm;udk owd&Sd&rnfjzpfum "e&SifatmifyGJu
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&&SEd ikd o
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dS nfh vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf pkpnf;
ay; Edik af om tajctaersm;udk wGe;f aqmfay;rnfh tcGit
hf a&;trsK;d rsK;d rsm;?
(2) oufO;D qHyikd f tpd;k &rsm; usq;kH oGm;onfah e@rpS +y;D "e&SiEf iS hf
ypPn;f rJrh sm;. wdu
k yf pJG wifonfh rv${J uefjzpf&yfw@kd jzpfonf? xdak e@rpS I
uGejf rLepfygw.
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wd@k ygw.
D ay:vpDEiS hf twlwyl if jzpfygvrd rhf nf? ?
1847 ckEpS f atmufwb
kd mvwGiaf &;om;onf?
*smrefbmomrS t*Fvyd b
f momjyefqckd suf
oD;jcm;pmapmiftjzpf 1914 ckEpS w
f iG f xkwaf 0onf?
29

rSwpf rk sm;
1? 1847 ckEpS w
f iG f tde*f ,fu uGejf rLepfv*d t
f zG@J twGuf vrf;pOfr=l urf;
2 &yfukd tar;tajzomefEiS hf a&;cJo
h nf? wckukd ZGev
f rSma&;+yD; aemufwckukd
atmufwb
kd mvrSma&;onf? uGejf rLepf0g'. rlrsm; qdkonfh 'kwd,pmwrf;udk
1914 ckESpfrSm yxrqHk;t}udrf yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhygonf? tapmydkif;a&;onfh ,Hk
=unfcsuEf iS hf ywfoufonfh uGejf rLepfrs;. 0efccH surf =l urf; pmwrf;udak wmh 1968
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30

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31

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1991 ck/ =o*kwfv 15 &uf?
32

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