Professional Documents
Culture Documents
နယ္ခ်ဲ ႔စနစ္ လီနင္
နယ္ခ်ဲ ႔စနစ္ လီနင္
Imperialism,
the Highest Stage of
Capitalism
AGDtkdif-
vDeif
t&if;&Sifpepf.
tjrifhqkH;tqifhjzpfaom
e,fcsJhpepf
AGDtkdif-
vDeif
t&if;&Sifpepf.
tjrifhqkH;tqifh jzpfaom
e,fcsJhpepf
A[kd0g'jzef@csda&;Xme ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu xkwfa0onf?
pufwifbm/ 2009
rmwdum
4? t&if;wifykd@r_
Export Of Capital
9? e,fcsJ@pepftay: a0zefcsuf
Critique Of Imperialism
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[kd0g'jzef@csda&;XmerS
Tusrf;&if;pmtkyf xkwfa0jcif;ESifh ywfoufonfh trSm
(1)
rmhufpf0g'/ vDeif0g'/ armfpDwkef;tawG;tac:ESifh ywfouf+yD; buftoD;oD; axmiffhtrsKd;
rsKd;wkd@rS aeI a0zefokH;oyfjcif;/ wkdufckduf_wfcsjcif;rsm; ,ckwavmwGif acwfpm;aeonf? "e&Sif
vlwef;pm; EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;utp uGefjrLepf0g'ukd opPmazmufoGm;=uolrsm;tqkH; taoG;t
a&miftrsKd;rsKd;&Sd=uolrsm;u rmhufpf0g'acwfukef+yDvDeif0g'/ armfpDwkef;tawG;tac:qkdwm pdwf
ul;,Ofr_oufoufjzpfw,f uGefjrLepf0g' ed*kH;cef;a&mufae+yD pojzifh qJqkdykwfcwf tykyfcsvsuf
&Sd=uayonf?
olwkd@wawG Tokd@ kwfkwf&uf&uf/ oHao;oHa=umifjzifh a&;om;ajymqkdae=uojzifh vlt
rsm;onf rmhufpf0g'/ vDeif0g'/ armfpDwkef;tawG;tac:tay: pdwf0ifpm;vm=uonf? rmhufpf0g'/
vDeif0g'/ armfpDwkef;tawG;tac:qkdwm bmvJ/ rmhufpf/ tdef*,f/ vDeif/ pwmvif/ armfpDwkef;wkd@u
bmawGa&;cJh=u+yD; bmawG ajymcJh=uovJqkdonfrsm;ukd ukd,fwkdifukd,fus pl;prf;avhvmvkdpdwfrsm;
ay:vm=uayonf?
u|Ekfyfwkd@taejzifh Tokd@ pl;prf;avhvmvkd=uolrsm;twGuf rmhufpf/ tdef*,f/ vDeif/ pwm
vif/ armfpDwkef;paom uGefjrLepf0g'D}uD;rsm;ukd,fwkdif a&;om;cJhaom usrf;&if;rsm;ukd tqufrjywf
xkwfa0oGm;&ef &nf&G,fygonf?
aemuf&nf&G,fcsufwckrSm rmhufpf0g'/ vDeif0g'/ armfpDwkef;tawG;tac:ukd qufcH/ um
uG,f/ wkd;csJ@oGm;&ef ckdifrmaom oEMdmefcsxm;onfh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ ygwD0ifESifh ygwDvkdvm;
olrsm; avhvmEkdif &eftwGufavhvma&;pmpOftjzpf xkwfa0 vkdufjcif;vnf; jzpfygonf?
(2)
uGefjrLepf0g'D}uD;rsm;onf olwkd@.pmwrf;rsm;ukd a&;om;&mwGif olwkd@.acwfu vlwef;
pm;wkdufyGJESifh olwkd@acwfxkwfvkyfr_ESifh ody`Hynmprf;oyfr_[lonfh vufawG@wkdufyGJrsm;twGif; yg0if
vm=uum olwkd@. xufjrufaom twwfynmrsm;jzifh aygif;pyfI a&;om;cJh=ujcif; jzpfonf? vuf
awG@wkdufyGJtwGif; yg0ifjcif;r&Sdv#if rnfr#^m%fynmxufjrufol jzpfygap/ trSefw&m;rsm;ukd azmf
xkwfwifjyEkdifpGrf; &Sd=urnf r[kwfay? xkd@a=umifh trSefw&m;rsm;ukd qufcH/ umuG,f wkd;csJ@vkd
olwkdif;onf rdrdwkd@acwfumv&Sd vlwef;pm; wkdufyGJESifh ody`Hynmprf;oyfr_[lonfh vufawG@ wkdufyGJ
rsm;twGif; ukd,fwkdifukd,fus yg0if=u&ayrnf?
trSefw&m;ukd odjrifvkdufjcif;onf xkdtrSefw&m;ukd tqkH;owfay;vkdufjcif;r[kwfbJ
trSefw&m; odjrifa&;vrf;a=umif;ukd zGifhay;vkdufjcif;om jzpfayonf? ody`Hynme,fy,fwGif trSef
5
trSm
pmzwfol. a&S@arSmufwGif a&muf&Sdaeaom Tpmwrf;rSm 1916 ckESpf aEGOD;&moDu Zl;&pf
+rKd@wGif a&;om;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? u|Efkyfvkyf&ukdif&aom taetxm;t& u|Efkyftzkd@ obm0uspGmyif
jyifopfpmay ESifh t*Fvdyfpmay jywfvyfr_/ aemuf+yD; k&Sm;pmay tvGeftrif;vkdtyfr_wkd@. '%fukd
cHcJh&ygonf? rnfokd@yifjzpfap u|Ekfyftaejzifh e,fcsJ@pepfESifhywfoufaom t"du t*Fvdyfpmtkyf w
tkyfukd tokH;cscJhygonf? a*s/ at/ a[mhbfqif (J.A.Hobson) a&;aompmtkyfjzpf+yD; u|EkfyftaeESifh
TtvkyfESifh xkdufwefpGmyif tmkHpkdufcJhygonf?
Tpmwrf;rSm Zmbk&if.qifqmrS a&SmifuGif;(owdxm;)+yD; a&;om;xm;&jcif; jzpfonf?
xkd@a=umifh oabmw&m;oufouf tcsuftvufrsm;ukd abm*aA't& cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm+yD; a&;jcif;
om jyK&awmhonf? okd@aomf EkdifiHa&;ESifhywfoufaom =unfhjrifr_tenf;i,fukdrl txl;owd}uD;
pGmjzifh nef;onfhoabm a&;cJh&onf? a&;&mwGifvnf; awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;taejzifh w&m;0if
pma&;rnf[k uavmifukd aumufukdifvkdufwkdif; Zmpepfu wGef;ykd@cJhonfh rkef;p&maumif;aom p
um;0Sufrsm;/ wifpm;csufrsm;/ Oyar,srsm;jzifh a&;cJh&onf?
,ae@vkd vGwfvyfaomacwfY Tpmykd'frsm;ukd jyefzwf&mwGif qifqmqkdaom oHjyKwfwl
=um;Y nyfzdxm;r_a=umifh ykHysufyef;ysuf wGef@vdyfaeonfh pmykd'frsm;ukd awG@&onfrSm &ifemp&m
aumif;vSonf? e,fcsJ@pepfonf qkd&S,fvpfpepf. acwfOD;jzpfa=umif;/ qkd&S,fa&SmfAif0g'(pum;t&
qkd&S,fvpf0g'/ vufawG@t& a&SmfAif0g') onf qkd&S,fvpf0g'ukd opPmazmuf+yD; "e&Sifvlwef;pm;
bufokd@ vkH;0ul;ajymif;oGm;jcif; jzpfa=umif;/ Ttvkyform;vlwef;pm;twGif; uGJ+yJr_onf t&if;
&Sifpepf. yuwdbm0tajctaersm;ESifh ywfoufaea=umif; ponfwkd@ukd u|Ekfyftaejzifh usKd;EGH
pGm a&;cJh&onf? Tta=umif;t&mukd pdwf0ifpm;onfh pmzwfoltm; 1914-17 wkef;u jynf
ywGif u|Ekfyfa&;cJhonfh aqmif;yg;rsm;tm; zwf&ef nef;vkdonf? r=umrD topfjyefvnf ykHESdyfxGuf
ay:vmygvdrfhrnf? t&if;&Sifrsm;ESifh wkd@bufokd@ul;ajymif;oGm;aom qkd&S,fa&SmfAif0g'Drsm;(aumuf
puDu wGef@qkwf wGef@qkwfESifh qef@usifcJholrsm;) onf odrf;ykdufr_jy\emESifh ywfoufI rnfr#t
&Sufenf;pGm &yfwnfcJh=ua=umif;/ olwkd@.t&if;&Sifrsm;u odrf;ykdufr_ukd rnfr#t&Sufenf;pGm zkH;uG,f
cJh=ua=umif;rsm;ukd azmfjy&mwGif qifqmyk*~Kdvfrsm;vufcHEkdifonfh wefqmjzifh azmfjycJh&onf? xkd@
a=umifh Oyrmwcktaejzifh *syefukd jycJh&onf? owd&Sdaompmzwfol taejzifh *syef.ae&mwGif
k&Sm;/ ukd&D;,m;.ae&mwGif zifvef/ ykdvef/ ulvef/ ,lu&def;/ cDAm/ bkdcg&m/ tufpwkd;eD;,m; okd@r
[kwf r[mk&Sm;vlrsKd;r[kwfolrsm;aexkdifaom tjcm;a'orsm;ESifh tvG,fwul tpm;xkd;ayrnf?
Tpmwrf;onf e,fcsJ@pepf. abm*aA'tESpfom&ukd em;vnfvmap&ef pmzwfoltm;
t axmuftul jzpfaprnf[k ,kH=unfonf? ta=umif;rSm Tpmwrf;ukd ravhvmygu acwfopf
ppfyGJESifh acwfopfEkdifiHa&;ukd em;vnfokH;oyfEdkifrnfr[kwfjcif;a=umifh jzpfonf?
yDxkd*&uf
pma&;ol
1917/ {+yD 26
19041904- 10 k&Sm; *syef ppfyGJwGif k&Sm;u ppfH_;xm;+yD; *syefonf 1911 ckESpfwGif ukd&D;,m;ukd odrf;ykdufcJhonf?
(bmomjyefol)
10
11
(5)
t&if;&Sifpepf. uyfyg;vuQ%maqmifr_ESifh ,kd,Gif;ysufpD;r_ [k acgif;pOfwyfxm;onfh
tcef;(8) ESifh ywfouf+yD; tenf;i,f ajymvkdonf? ,cktcgwGif aumufpuD. &Jabmf&JbufESifh
vGwfvyfaom *smr%D qkd&S,f'Drkdua&pDygwD. "e&SifjyKjyifa&;ay:vpDukd t"du wifoGif;olwOD;
jzpfonfh rmhufpf0g'D jzpfcJhzl;ol [Dvfzm'if; (Hilferding) onf pmukd,fwGif axmufjyxm;ouJh
okd@yif ajAmifusaom ajy+idrf;a&;0g'DESifh jyKjyifa&;orm; jzpfol t*FvdyfvlrsKd; a[mhbfqif (Hobson)
ESifh E_dif;pmv#if Tjy\emwGif ajcwvSrf; aemufokd@ykdqkwfoGm;ayonf? urBmhtvkyform;vlwef;
pm; v_yf&Sm;r_wckvkH; uGJawmhrnfqkdonfrSm ,cktcg tawmf&Sif;aeay+yD? ('kwd,ESifh wwd, tif
wmae&Sife,f)? Tt,ltqESpfckt=um; vufeufukdifwkdufyGJESifh jynfwGif;ppf jzpfae+yD qkdonfrSm
vnf; jrifomae+yD? qkdvkdonfrSm k&Sm;EkdifiHwGif rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;
u aumvfcswf (Kolchak) ESifh 'ifeDuif (Denikin) wkd@tm; abmf&SDApfrsm;ukd wkdufckduf&mwGif
ulnDjcif;/ *smr%DEkdifiHwGif pygwuyfpf ygwD0ifrsm;tm; wkdufckduf&ef _dif;'ref; (Scheidemanns)
aemhu (Noskes)ESifh taygif;tygrsm;u "e&Sifrsm;ESifh qufoG,fvkyfaqmifjcif;/ zifvef/ ykdvef/
[efa*&D/ wkd@wGif tvm;wludpPrsm; ponfwkd@ jzpfonf? TurBmhorkdif;vuQ%maqmifaom ed,m
rw&m;. pD;yGm;a&; tajccHrSm tb,fenf;?
twdtusajym&v#if t&if;&Sifpepfjzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_. tjrifhrm;qkH;tqifh qkdvkdonfrSm e,f
csJ@pepfwGif ay:vGifxif&Sm;onfh vuQ%mjzpfonfh uyfyg;vuQ%maqmifr_ESifh ,kd,Gif;ysufpD;r_yif
jzpfonf? Tpmwrf;wGif oufaojycJhouJhokd@yif t&if;&Sifpepfonf wurBmvkH; tm;ulyGefjzwf
jcif;jzifhomv#if vk,ufaom vufwqkyfpm(urBmhvlOD;a&. 10 ykH 1 yHkxufyif enf;onf?)
tvGeftrif;csrf;om+yD; tm;}uD;aomEkdifiHwkd@ukd a&G;cs,fazmfxkwfcJhonf? ppfrjzpfrDu "e&Sifpm&if;
Z,m;rsm;t& t&if;wifykd@r_onf ESpfpOf z&ef@aiG uka(800) rS (1000) txd 0ifaiG&&Sdayonf?
,ckqkdv#if onfhxuf ykdayawmhrnf?
xif&Sm;pGmyif Trsm;jym;vSaom txl;tjrwftpGef;rsm;(TtjrwftpGef;rsm;ukd t&if;&Sif
rsm;onf ukd,fh EkdifiH&Sd tvkyform;rsm;tm; npfxkwf,lxm;aom tjrwftpGef;rsm;tjyif
&&Sdjcif; okd@r[kwf xyfqifh&&Sdxm;jcif; jzpfonf?) rSaeI vkyfom;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh vkyfom;rif;
nDrif;om; txufv$mukd vmbfxkd;EkdifapcJhonf? a&S@wef;a&mufaomEkdifiHrsm;rS t&if;&Sifrsm;u
vnf; vmbfxkd;ae=uonf? wkdufkduf okd@r[kwf oG,f0kdufI/ ajAmif okd@r[kwf v#Kd@0SufI enf;rsKd;
aygif; aomif;ajcmufaxmifjzifh vmbfxkd;aeayonf? olwkd@. aexkdifykHpHt&/ 0ifaiGt&/ avmut
jrifwckvkH;t& evAdef;wkH;EkdifvSaom T"e&Sif ykHoGif;xm;onfh tvkyform;rsm; okd@r[kwf
vkyfom;rif;nDrif;om;rsm; onf 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f. t"du a'gufwkdifjzpfonf? aemuf+yD;
u|Ekfyfwkd@acwfwGif "e&Sifvlwef;pm;. t"duusaom vlr_a&; (ppfa&;r[kwf) a'gufwkdifjzpfonf?
ta=umif;rSm wkd@onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd "e&Sifvlwef;pm;. wu,fh
olv#Kdrsm;/ t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;. vkyfom;vufaxmufrsm;/ jyKjyifa&;0g'ESifh a&SmfAif0g'wkd@twGuf
12
13
14
15
(pkpkaygif; 5500000 xJrS jzpfonf? 256 &dSonf?) ukd tvkyfay;xm;+yD; xkwfukefwefzkd;rSm a':
vm 5500000000(pkpkaygif; a':vm 14800000000 xJrS jzpfonf? 38 &Sdonf?) jzpfonf?
ig;ESpf=umaom 1909 ckESpfY txufyg udef;*%ef;rsm;rSm Tokd@jzpfvmonf? vkyfief;ukdif ief;}uD;
ta&twGufrSm 3060 ck(pkpkaygif; 268491 xJrS jzpf+yD; 11 &Sdonf?) tvkyform; OD;a&rSm
2000000 (pkpkaygif; 6600000 xJrS jzpf+yD; 305 &Sdonf?) xkwfukefwefzkd;rSm a':vm
9000000 000(pkpkaygif; a':vm 20700000000 jzpf+yD; 438 &Sdonf?)
vkyfief;ukdifief;tm;vkH;. pkpkaygif;xkwfvkyfr_xJrSm w0ufcef@ukd w&mykHwykHr#aom vkyfief;
rsm;u xkwfvkyfjcif;ygwum;? T{&mrvkyfief;ukdifief;}uD; 3000 wkd@u pufr_vkyfief;cGJaygif; 258
ckukd v$rf;+cKHxm;onf? TtcsufrSawG@EkdifonfrSm pk+yKHr_ukd,fwkdifyifv#if tqifhwqifhokd@ a&muf
aomtcgwGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_qDokd@ a&muf&SdoGm;awmhonf? ta=umif;rSm {&mrvkyfief; ukdifief;
}uD; ESpfq,ftpdwfqkdonfrSm tvG,fwulyif oabmwlnDcsuf&&SdEkdif=u+yD; wzufwGifrl ,SOfyifr_t
wGuf twm;tqD;jzpfonfh vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_qDokd@ wdrf;nGwfr_rSmrl vkyfief;ukdifief;rsm;. t&G,fyrm
%t&yif ay:aygufvmayonf? yifqkdifr_rS vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_okd@ ul;ajymif;r_qkdonfrSm acwfopft
&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&;ed,mr. ta&;}uD;qkH;tcsufwcsuf (wckwnf;aom ta&;t}uD;qkH;tcsuf[k rqkd
Ekdifapumrl) jzpf+yD; Tta=umif;t&mESifh ywfouf+yD; ykdrkdtao;pdwfuspGm okH;oyfavhvm&rnf?
okd@aomf OD;pGmtm;jzifh ay:aygufavh&Sdaom em;vnfcsufrSm;,Gif;r_ wckukd &Sif;ypf=uygOD;pkd@?
tar&duefpm&if;Z,m;rsm;u pufr_vkyfief;cGJ 258 wGif vkyfief;ukdifief;}uD; 3000 u
vkyfaeonf[k qkdonf? vkyfief;cGJwckpDtwGuf vkyfief;ukdifief;}uD; w'gZifpDuom vkyfukdifaeo
a,mifa,mifyif?
okd@aomf trSefrSm Tokd@r[kwfacs? pufr_vkyfief;cGJwkdif;wGif vkyfief;ukdifief;}uD;rsm; vkyfae
onf r[kwfay? xkd@jyif t&if;&Sifpepf. jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_tjrifhqkH;tqifhokd@ a&mufcsdefwGif tvGeft
a&;ygaom vuQ%mwckrSm xkwfvkyfr_aygif;pnf;jcif; qkdaom t&myif jzpfonf? qkdvkdonfrSm vkyf
ief;wckwnf;wGif pufr_vkyfief;trsKd;rsKd;ukd pkxm;vkdufjcif; jzpfonf? ,if;onf ukef=urf;rsm;ukd ukef
acsmjyKvkyfonfh wqifh+yD;wqifh vkyfief;rsm; (Oyrm - oHkdif;rS oHwkH;rsm;vkyfjcif;/ oHwkH;rS oHr%d
tjzpf ajymif;,ljcif;/ aemufjzpfEkdifwmu oHr%dypPnf;rsm; xkwfvkyfjcif;) okd@r[kwf tjyeftvSef t
axmuftuljyKonfhvkyfief;rsm; (Oyrm - oHwkdoHprsm;ukd tokH;jyKjcif;/ okd@r[kwf tykdxGufypPnf;
rsm;ukd tokH;jyKjcif;/ xkyfykd;ypPnf;rsm; xkwfvkyfjcif; ponf) jzpfonf?
[Dvfzm'if;uaygif;pnf;jcif;onf ukefoG,fa&;. twuftusrsm;ukd ndypfvkdufonf?
xkd@a=umifh aygif;pnf;xm;aom vkyfief;rsm;. tjrwfE_ef;ukd ykd+yD; wnf+idrfaponf? 'kwd,tm;jzifh
aygif;pnf;jcif;onf a&mif;0,fr_. tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;ukd yaysmufaponf? wwd,tm;jzifh
,if;onf enf;ynmwkd;wufr_rsm; &&SdapEkdifonfh tusKd;oufa&mufr_ &Sdonf? xkd@a=umifh kd;kd; (qkd
vkdwmu aygif;pnf;xm;jcif;r[kwfonfh) vkyfief;rsm;xufykdaom/ aemuf+yD; xkdvkyfief;rsm; r&Ekdif
aom txl;tjrwftpGef;rsm; &&Sdaponf? pwkwtm;jzifh kd;kd; vkyfief;rsm;ESifhpmv#if aygif;pnf;
xm;onfh vkyfief;rsm;. taetxm;ukd ykdI }uHhckdifaponf? ukef=urf;ypPnf; aps;usqif;r_E_ef;u
ukefacsmypPnf; aps;usqif;r_E_ef;ukd rvkdufEkdifonfh qkd;0g;aom pD;yGm;a&;uyf jzpfay:aom umvrsm;
&Sd +ydKifqkdifr_wkdufyGJwGif ykdI }uHhckdifapayonf?
16
17
18
Akd*,f
*,fpwdef;a&; (Vogelstein) t&if;&Sifpufr_vkyfief;. tojymzGJ@pnf;r_ESihf vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
jzpfay:vmjcif; vlr_abm*aA' ykH=urf;/ t*FvefESifh tar&duefw@dk &Sd oHESif&uUef; pufr_vkyfief;wk@d . zGJ@pnf;r_
ykHomefrsm; pmtkyfwkd@rS?
19
a'gufwm z&ufZfuufpem (Dr. Fritz Kestner) a&; rygrjzpf tzGJ@tpnf;/ umw,frsm;ESihf wk@d . jyify&Sd
tiftm;rsm;. wkdufyGJtm; pkH prf;avhvmcsuf? bmvif/ 1912 ck pmrsufESm - 11?
20
Akd*,f
*,fpwdef;a&; zGJ@pnf;r_ykHomefrsm;/ pmrsufESm 275
a'gufwm ayg
aygvf/ wmz,fvf (Dr. Paul. Tafel) a&; ajrmuftar&duwkdufrS x&yfpfrsm;ESihf
enf;ynmwkd;wufr_tay: wkd@. tusKd;oufa&muf
a&mufr_ pwl;0wf? 1913 pmrsufESm- 48 wGif ukd;um;xm;onf
um;xm;onfh
Am*sD;eD;,m;aq;vkyfief; aumfykydak &;&Sif;rsm;qkdif&m rif;}uD;. tpD&ifcHpm? 0g&Sifwef/ 1909 ck/ pmrsufESm 266 rS
21
22
23
24
25
26
t&if;tESD;rwfaiG 10 oef;
t&if;tESD;rwfaiG 1
t&if;tESD;rwfaiGiG 1
xufykdaom tjcm;b%f 48
oef; rS 10 oef;=um;&Sd
oef;xufenf; aom
ck
b%f 115 ck
b%fi,f rsm;
1907 -08
47
32 5
16 5
19121912-13
49
36
12
4
3
tJvfz&uf vif;pbmh
pbmh*f*f (Alfred Lansburg) / *smrefb%frsm;. 5 ESpfwm/
m/ 1913 ck? pmrsufESm 728
27
_vf
vZf f*Am;
*Am;eZ/ vlr_pD;yGm;a&; rl=urf;&Sd *smref+rD&Sifb%f
*Am
%f/ wlbif*if/ 1915 ck/ pmrsufESm 12 ESihf 137?
tm&f/ vkdufzfref;? OD;ykdifESifh aiGa=u;ukr`%D
%rD sm;/ acwfopft&if;&SifpepfESihf ftmrcHpepfrsm;tay: avhvmcsuf?
*sifem? 1909 ck/ pmrsufESm 212?
28
'GKdufcsf
b%frS
OD;ykdif&&Sd
xm;r_
yxrtqifh
rSDckd&r_
t+rJwrf;
b%f 17 ckwGif
b%f 8 ckwGif
pkpkaygif;
b%f 30 ckwGif
'kwd,tqifh rSDckd&r_
wwd
,t
qifh
rSDckd&r_
b%f 34 ckteuf 9 b%f
ckwGif
7ck
t
euf
4
ckwGif
b%f 14 ckteuf 5 b%f
ckwGif
2ckt
euf
2
ckwGif
b%f 48 ckteuf 14 b%f
ckwGif
9
ckt
euf
6
ckwGif
29
ckESpf
1895
1900
1911
vkyfief;
*smr%D&Sd
aiGoGif;b%fESifh aiGvJ *smrefyl;wGJpawmhb%frsm;&Sd pkpkaygif;
yHkao OD;ykdifta&twGuf
b%f cGJ OD;a& vS,fa&; Hk;OD;a&
16
14
42
21
40
80
104
276
63
450
,ll*sif;aummhzfref; (Eugen Kaufman)/ jyifopfb%fvkyfief;/ wlbifudef;/ 1911/ pmrsufESm 356 ESihf 362
30
pm0if
6135
85800
533102
pmxGuf
6292
87513
626043
31
32
8 4
12 4
23 2
aiGpkb
%f
rsm;
1 6
2 0
4 2
jyifopf
b%frsm; aiGpkb%fr b%frsm;
sm;
1 5
3 7
0 9
2 1
4 2
0 5
1 1
7 1
*smr%D
aiGacs;a&;
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm
;
0 4
0 4
2 2
aiGpkb%frs
m;
2 6
4 5
13 9
33
34
wjznf;jznf; arS;rSdefvkdufvmaeonf?
wenf;ajym&v#if vGwfvyfpGmyifqkdifr_&Sdonfh t&if;&Sifpepfa[mif;ESifh . r&Sdrjzpf vSnfh
ywfay;ol pawmha&mif;0,fr_wkd@rSm csKyf+idrf;aeav+yD? vGwfvyfpGmyifqkdifr_ESifh vuf0g;}uD;tkyfwkd@
a&m,Sufaejcif;[laom pyful;ryful;umv. xif&Sm;onfhvuQ%mrsm; yg&Sdonfh t&if;&Sifpepf
opfwcku tpm;xkd;vmaeonf? TwGif obm0uspGmyif ar;cGef;wck ay:vmonf? Te,fcsJ@pepf
opfonf rnfonfhqDokd@ OD;wnf oGm;aeoenf;? okd@aomf "e&Sifynm&Sifrsm;url Tar;cGef;ukd
ar;&ef a=umufvef@ae=uonf?
vGefcJhonfh tESpf 30 u pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;onf wkd@tcsif;csif; vGwfvyfpGm yifqkdif
um wkd@. pD;yGm;a&;ESifhywfoufaeonfh um,vkyfief;r[kwfaom vkyfief;tm;vkH;. 10 ykH 9
ykHukd vkyfaqmiffcJh=uonf? ,cktcgYrl T^m%vkyfief; . 10 ykH 9 ykHukd t&m&Sdrsm;u vkyf
aqmif=uonf? Twpwp jzpfay:ajymif;vJr_.a&S@wef;wGif b%fvkyfief; yg0ifonf?_vfZf *Am;
eZ. T0efcHcsufonf u|Ekfyfwkd@tm; atmufygar;cGef;qDokd@ ac:aqmifcJhjyefonf? e,fcsJ@tqifh.
t&if;&Sifpepfjzpfaom Tt&if; &Sifpepfopf onf rnfonfhqDokd@ OD;wnfoGm;aeoenf;?
pk+yKHr_jzpfpOf&J@&v'fa=umifh t&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&;.acgif;ykdif;wGif usef&Sdaeaom b%ftenf;
i,f=um;Y vuf0g;}uD;tkyf oabmwlnDcsufrsm;/ b%fx&yfpfrsm;qDokd@ ykdrkdwdrf;nGwfvmonfukd
obm0uspGmyif awG@jrif=u&onf? tar&duefEkdifiHwGif oef;aygif; axmifESifhcsD+yD;ykdifqkdifaom {&mr
*smr%DwGif
b%f}uD; 2 ck ( 9 ck r[kwf) onf rwfaiG 11 bDvsHukd csKyfudkifxm;=uonf?
u|Ekfyfwkd@ txufYajymcJh=uonfh &Syfzfa[mfpif*smb%ftm; 'pPuGefwkd*,fq,f&Syfzfu odrf;oGif;,l
vkdufjcif;ukd pawmha&mif;0,fr_. tusKd;pD;yGm;&J@tmabmfjzpfonfh z&ifhzGwfowif;pm}uD;wGif ,ckuJh
okd@ aumufcsufcsxm;onf?
b%frsm;. pk+yKHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_onf acs;,l&&SdEkdifaom vkyfief;t0ef;t0kdif;ukd usOf;ajrmif;
vkdufvmaeaponf? tusKd;quftm;jzifh pufr_vkyfief;}uD;rsm;onf b%ftpk tenf;i,fav;ay:
rSDckd&r_ ykdrkdwkd;rsm;vmaponf? pufr_vkyfief;ESifh bma&;avmuwkd@t=um; eD;uyfpGm qufoG,fae
r_t&ajym&v#if b%f.t&if;tESD;ukd vkdtyfaom pufr_ukr`%Drsm;. vGwfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;r_rSm uef@
owfcHxm;&onf? Tta=umif;a=umifhyif pufr_vkyfief;}uD;rsm;onf b%frsm; x&yfpfzGJ@vmr_ ykdrkd
rsm;jym;vmjcif;ukd 0rf;enf;0rf;omjzifh apmifh=unfhaeonf? trSefyif yifqkdifr_ukduef@owf&ef &nf
&G,faom b%fvkyfief;}uD; wckcsif;t=um; tcsKd@aomoabmwlnDr_rsm; pwif&&Sdvm=uonfukd
txyfxyfawG@cJh=u&onf?
xyfjyefwvJvJqkdovkdyif b%fvkyfief; jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_. aemufqkH;pum;rSm vuf0g;}uD;
tkyfr_ jzpf onf?
b%frsm;ESifhpufr_vkyfief;wkd@. eD;uyfpGmqufoG,fr_ESifh ywfoufIajym&v#if b%frsm;.
tcef;opfukd Te,fy,fwGifyif awG@&jcif;jzpfonf? todomqkH; }uKHawG@&jcif;[k qkdEkdifrnfxif
onf? b%fwcku ukr`%Dvkyfief;wck. aiGay;aiG,ljcif;twGuf twkd;,lonf? aiGpm&if;&Sif zGifh
onf?-- qkd&mY b%f. tcef;onf ESdrfhcsaom =um;vlqkdonfxuf rykdacs? okd@aomf Tokd@ aqmif
35
36
37
38
39
40
3? bmt&if;ESifh bma&;ouf
bma&;oufOD;qHykdifpepf
[Dzm'if;u rSefrSefwkd;rsm;vmaeaom (pufr_vkyfief;&Sd t&if;tESD;tcsdK;tpm;) onf t&if;
pkdufxm;aom pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ykdifqkdifaom t&if;r[kwfawmhacs? wkd@taejzifh tqkdygt&if;
ukd b%frsm;rSwqifhom toHk;jyKEkdifawmhonf? pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;eSifh E_dif;pmv#if b%frsm;onf
tqkdyg t&if; tESD;rsm;ukd ykdifqkdif&mrSm ykdI ukd,fpm;jyKaeonf? wzufwGifrl b%frsm;rSmvnf;
pufr_vkyfief;. t&iftESD;wGif &S,f,mawG ykdIykdIjrKyfESH&ef zdtm;ay;cHae&onf? okd@jzifh b%fvkyf
ief;&Sifonf pufr_t&if;&Siftjzpfokd@ wkd;Iwkd;I ajymif;vJjcif;cHae&onf? ,ckuJhokd@ pufr_t&if;
tjzpfokd@ wu,fyif ajymif;vJjcif;cH&aom b%ft&if;/ qkdvkdwmu aiGomefjzifh t&if;tESD;ukd
u|Ekfyftaejzifh bmt&if;[k ac:onf? bmt&if;qkdonfrSm b%frsm;u csKyfukdif+yD; pufr_
vkyfief;&Sifrsm;u toHk;csaom t&if;tESD;yifjzpfonf[k a&;om;cJhonf?
TteufzGifhqkdcsufonf tifrwefta&;}uD;aom tcsufwcsufESifhywfoufI E_wfydwf+yD;
aeoa&G@ rjynfhpHkbJ &Sdayrnf? xkwfvkyfr_ESifh t&if;tESD;wkd@.pk+yHKr_ wkd;rsm;vmr_onf pk+yHKr_rS vuf0g;
}uD;tkyfr_okd@ o,faqmifoGm;onfh/ a&muf&SdapcJhonfh twkdif;twmtxdyif jzpfonfqkdaom t
csufyif? okd@aomf ol@usrf;wapmifvHk;wGif txl;ojzifh TzGifhqkdcsufukd xkwfEkwf,lxm;aom tcef;
.a&S@&Sd tcef;ESpfcef;wGif [Dvfzm'if;onf vuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&Sifrsm;yg0ifonfhuukd tav;
xm; azmfjyxm;onf?
xkwfvkyfr_pk+yHKjcif;? ,if;rSaeI vuf0g;}uD;tkyfrsm; ay:xGufjcif;/ b%frsm;ESifh pufr_vkyfief;
rsm; aygif;pnf;r_ ay:aygufvmjcif;? Tonf bmt&if;ay:aygufvmr_orkdif;ESifh Ta0g[m&.
twGif;oabmyif jzpfavonf?
taxGaxGxkwfvkyfr_ESifh yk*~vduykdifqkdifr_wkd@. a,bk,stajctaeatmufwGif vuf0g;}uD;
tkyft&if;&Sifrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rnfokd@rnfyHkjzifh bmoufOD;qHykdifpepf. pkd;rkd;jcif;cH&yHk
ukd ,ck &Sif;jy&ayawmhrnf? kdufqm/ _vfZf*AmeZ/ vkdufzfref;ESifh tjcm;aomyk*~dKvfrsm;uJhokd@ *smref
(*smrefvlrsdK;wifruyg) "e&Sifody`Hynmukd ukd,fpm;jyKoltm;vHk;onf e,fcsJ@pepfESifh bmt&if;
wkd@. a&S@aersm; jzpfonf qdkjcif;ukd owdjyKoifhonf? oufOD;qHykdifpepf ay:aygufvmonfh ruUif;
epfw&m;/ .enf;em tjypfrJhaom/ tjypf&Sdaom tcGefymrsm;.yrm%/ ygvDrefrsm;ESifh
wdk@.qufoG,fr_rsm; ponfponfwkd@ukd azmfxkwf&rnfhtpm; ,if;wkd@ukd r_ef0g;atmifvkyf/ tvS
jc,fay;=uonf? olwkd@onf Ttjyif;txef jiif;cHkae=uaom jy\emrsm;ukd }uD;us,f+yD; a00g;
onfh pum;vHk;rsm;oHk;um b%f'gkdfufwmrsm;tm; wm0ef,lr_&Sd&ef arwWm&yfcH=uonf? xdkokd@
jyKvkyf&mwGif y&yf&Sm;t&m&Sdrsm;. 0wW&m;pdwf"mwfukd csD;usL;jcif;/ vuf0g;}uD;tkyfvkyfief;rsm;
tm;}uD;=uyf&efESifhyHkrSefvnfywfap&eftwGuf tifrwefa=umifaom ygvDrefOya'rsm;. EkyfvS
aom tao;pdwfrsm;ukd tav;teufxm; avhvmjcif;ESifh atmufwGifOyrmay;xm;onfh ygarmuQ
vkdufzfref;. ody`Henf;usteufzGifhqkdcsufuJhokd@aom oabmw&m;rsm;ESifh a=umifa&csdK;jcif;rsm;
jyKvkyfae=uayonf? ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;qkdonfrSm ukefypPnf;rsm; pkaqmif;jcif;/ okdavSmifjcif;
ESifh 0,f,lEkdif&ef pDpOfjcif;jzpfonf? (ygarmuQ}uD; rsOf;om;xm;jcif; jzpfonf?)
TonfrSaeI ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;qkdonfrSm zvS,fr_ta=umif; bmrSrodonfh a&S;OD;vl
om;wkd@ vufxufuwnf;u &SdcJh+yD; qkd&S,fvpfpepfwGifvnf; &Sdaevdrfhrnf[k jzpfvmayvdrfhwum;?
41
[ef;pf'D,Gefzvk
zvkdif;rif; (Hans Gideon Fleymann)*smr%DoHxnf pufr_vkyfief;}uD;rsm;&Sd yl;aygif;pufkHrsm;/
pwl;*wf 1904 ck/ pmrsufESm 268268- 69?
_vfZf *Am;
*Am;eZ/ txufwGif ukd;um;cJhaompmtk
ompmtkyf? twGJ 2/ pmrsufESm 110?
42
t,fvf/ tufpf0ufcsuf (L.Eschwege)/ b%f*sme,f? 1914 ck/ trSwf 1/ ESm 545 wGif ygonfh
vufatmufcHukr`%D rsm; aqmif;yg;?
43
uwf/ a[;e
a[;epf
;epf (Kurt Heinig)/ acwfopfpfr*~Zif;/ 1912/ Zefe0g&D2/ pmrsufESm 484 wGifygonfh v#yfppfx&yfpf}uD;
rsm;. vrf;a=umif;rS?
44
b%fykdifqkdifr_rsm;
(1913 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbm - Ekd0ifbm tpD&ifcHpmrsm;t&jzpf) lb,foef;aygif;
jrKyfESHxm;onfh t&if;tESD;
k&Sm; b%ftpkrsm;
xkwfvkyf&ef t_H;tjrwfpGef@pm;&ef pkpkaygif;
u (1) b%f 4 ck? qkdufab;&D;,m;
413 7
859 1
1272
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;b%f/k&sm;b%f/
.8
EkdifiHwumb%f/ txl;E_ef;b%f
u
(2)
b%f
2
ck?
169 1
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh pufr_ b%f/ 239 5
408
k&Sm; - +Adwdefb%f
661 2
4
u (3) b%f 5 ck? k&Sm; - tm&Sb%f/ 713 8
pdef@yDwmpb*fyk*~vdub%f/ taZmhAf1373
'Gefb%f/ ,leD,Harmfpukdb%f/ k&Sm; 0
jyifopful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; b%f
(b%faygif; 11 ck) pkpkaygif; (u) 1364 8
1689 4
3054
2
c
b%f
8
ck?
armfpukd
ukefonfrsm;b%f/
aAmfv*gumrmb%f/
*sefumESifhtzGJ@b%f/ 514 2
391 1
pdef@yDwmpb*ful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;b%f
895
3
(,cif0g0,fvfbmh*f
b%f)/
armfpukdb%f
(,cif&,mbl&SifpuD;b%f)
armfpukdtxl;E_ef;b%f/
armfpukdul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;b%f/
armfpukd yk*~vdub%f
(b%f 19 ck ) pkpkaygif;
1869 0 2080 5
3945
5
pkukd bmvifb%frsm;u ykdifqkdifxm;r_ESifh ,if;a=umifhrkd@ k&Sm;&S,f,mykdif&Sifrsm; tcGifhtm%m rJhae&
r_wkd@tay: tvGefrcHr&yfEkdif jzpfvsuf&Sdonf? obm0uspGmyif t&if;wifykd@aom wkdif;jynfonf
tnGef@ukd cl;ayonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh bmvif'GKufcsfb%fonf qkdufab;&D;,m; ul;oef;a&mif;0,f
a&;b%f. &S,f,mrsm;tm; bmvifaps;uGufY wif&mwGif wESpfvHk;vHk; 'Dtwkdif;xm;vkdufonf?
onfhaemuf w&mwef&S,f,mrsm;ukd 193 E_ef;jzifh a&mif;ypfvkdufonf? TonfrSm rlvowf
rSwfonfh wefzdk;xuf wqeD;yg; wkd;a&mif;jcif;jzpf+yD; lb,f 6,000,000 eD;yg; tjrwf&&Sd vkdufonf?
Tonfukd [D;vfzm'if;u yGJxkwfol.tjrwfrsm;[k ac:qkdonf? u|Efkyfw@kd . pma&;ol uawmh
pdef@yDwmpbwf t"dub%frsm;. pGrf;tm;pkpk aygif;ukd lb,f 8,235,000,000/ 8 bDvD,H
&Sdonf[kqkd+yD; OD;ykdifokd@r[kwf jynfyb%frsm;u ,if;wkd@tay: pkd;rkd;onfhtwkdif;twmukdrl
45
ykd'l*kdvf - 1906 ckESpfwGif xlaxmifaom 'kdeufjrpf0Srf; owWKESihf avmifpma&mif;0,fa&; ukr`%D? ykd'gruf 1901 ckESpfwGif wnfaxmifaom k&Sm;"mwfowWKxkwfukef a&mif;0,fa&;ukr`%D?
46
pmrsuf
ufESm 1/ 12/ 26/ 39/ 40/
vkdufppP? jyifopfEkdifiH&Sd bmoufOD;qHydkifpepftm; qef@usifvsuf? yJ&pf/ 1900 ck/ pmrs
48
pwD;vpf/ txufwGif ukd;um;cJhaom pmtkyf? pmrsufESm 143ESihf 'AvsL/ qGef;bwf/ 19 &mpkESpf*sm reftrsdK;om;
pD;yGm;a&;?
47
bmt&if;/ pmrs
pmrsufESm 172?
pwD;vpf/ txufwGif ukd;um;cJhaom pmtkyf/ pmrsufESm 138 ESifh vkdufzfref;/ pmrsufESm 51?
48
49
50
EkdifiHwum pm&if;Z,m;tzGJ@tpnf; owif;pOf? twGJ 19/ tkyf 2/ vma[;/ 1912 ck? 'kwd, Z,m;wGifygaom
EkdifiHi,frsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh udef;*%ef;rsm;rSm 1902 ckESpf udef;*%ef;rsm;ukd 20 &mckdifE_ef; xnfhaygif;+yD;
t=urf;zsif;wGufxm;jcif;jzpfonf?
51
142
tar&duef
132
jyifopf
110
*smr%D
95
k&Sm;
31
=op}wD;,m; -[efa*&D
24
tDwvD
14
*syef
12
a[mfvef
12.5
b,fvf*sD,ef
7.5
pydef
7.5
qGpfZmvef
6.25
'def;rwf
3.75
qGD'if/ aemfa0/ lar;eD;,m;ponf
2.5
----------------------------------pkpkaygif;
600
Tudef;*%ef;rsm;t& wEkdifiHv#if tmrcHpmcsKyf t=urf;zsif;tm;jzifh z&ef@bDvD,H
100 rS 150 bDvD,Htxd ykdifqkdif=uaom tcsrf;omqHk; t&if;&SifEkdifiH}uD; 4 ckwkd@ukd ododomom
}uD; pGef;xGufaeonfukd csufcsif;yif awG@&ayonf? Tav;EkdifiHteuf t*FvefESifh jyifopfqdkaom
EkdifiH 2 ckrSm a&S;tusqHk; t&if;&SifEkdifiHrsm;jzpf+yD; ukdvkdeDtrsm;qHk; ykdifqkdifolrsm;jzpfonfukdvnf;
awG@=u&ayrnf? tjcm; 2 ckjzpfaom tar&duefESifh *smr%Dwkd@rSm wkd;wufr_jrefqefjcif;ESifh pufr_vkyf
ief;Y t&if;&Sifvuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_ jzef@usufr_twkdif;twmwkd@wGif a&S@aqmifaeaom t&if;&SifEkdifiH
rsm;jzpfonf? TEkdifiH 4 ck pkpkaygif;v#if z&ef@ 479000000000? qkdvdkonfrSm urBmhbm
t&if;. 80 &mckdifE_ef;eD;yg; ykdifqkdif=uonf? TurBmwckvHk;rSm urBmhbmt&if;. rdKif}uD; 4
ck[k qkd&rnfh TEkdifiHwum b%fEkdifiHrsm;. tenf;ESifhtrsm;qkdovkd +rDpm; okd@r[kwf wkd@tm;
tcGefqufae&olrsm;jzpfavonf? EkdifiHwumrSDcdkr_ykdufuGef}uD;ESifh bmt&if;. tquftoG,f
rsm; zefwD;&mwGif t&if;wifykd@r_yg0ifaom tcef;uukd avhvm&ef txl;ta&;}uD;vSayonf?
52
4? t&if;wifykd@r_
vGwfvyfpGm+ydKifqkdifr_u twkr&Sdpkd;rkd;aeaom t&if;&Sifpepfa[mif;. pHusaomtcsufrSm
ukefypPnf;wifykd@r_yif jzpfonf? vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzGJ@tpnf;rsm; rif;rlcsdefjzpfonfh t&if;&Sifpepf.
aemufqHk;tqifhwGif pHusaomtcsufrSm t&if; wifykd@r_jzpfonf?
t&if;&SifpepfqkdonfrSm jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_ tjrifhqHk;tqifhokd@ a&muf&Sdaeaom ukefpnfxkwf
vkyfr_ jzpfonf? TtqifhwGif vkyftm;onfyifv#if ukefpnfjzpfaeonf? t&if;&Sifpepftm; tjcm;
t&mwdk@ESifhcGJjcm;aom xl;jcm;csufrSm jynfwGif;zvS,fr_ESifh (txl;ojzifh)EkdifiHwumzvS,fr_ }uD;xGm;
vmjcif;jzpfonf? t&if;&Sif;pepfatmufwGif wOD;csif;vkyfief;ukdifief;rsm;/ pufr_vkyfief;cGJrsm;ESifh EkdifiH
wckpDwkd@. jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_ rnDr#jcif;ESifh jywfawmif;jywfawmif;jzpfr_wkd@rSm ra&Smifrv$Jomacs? t*F
vefEkdifiHonf olrsm;t&if t&if;&SifEkdifiHwEkdifiH jzpfvmcJhonf? 19 &mpk tv,fykdif;ta&mufwGif
vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fr_ukd csrSwfusifhoHk;+yD; urBmh0yfa&Smhtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ EkdifiHtm;vHk;okd@ t
acsmukdif+yD;ypPnf;rsm; wifykd@oltjzpfvnf;aumif; a=unmcJh+yD; xkdEkdifiHrsm;u ol@tm; ukef=urf;rsm;
zvS,fay;oGif;cJh=uonf? okd@aomf 19 &mpkESpf. aemufqHk; tESpftpdwfwGif Tvuf0g;}uD;tkyf tzGJ@
tpnf;}uD;rSm ysufpD;pjyKaeav+yD? ta=umif;rSm tjcm;aomEkdifiHrsm;onf rdrdukd,frdrd ukd,fusdK;pD;
yGm; umuG,fa&;tcGeftaumufrsm;jzifh umuG,f&if; vGwfvyfaom t&if;&SifEkdifiHrsm;tjzpfokd@
jzpfay:wkd;yGm;vm=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf? 20 &mpkESpfokd@ ta&mufwGif yHkpHopf vuf0g;}uD;tkyf w
&yf jzpfay:vmonfukd awG@=u&onf? OD;pGmtm;jzifh t&if;&Sifpepft& zGH@+zdK;+yD;aom EkdifiHtm;vHk;
wGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&SifuGefbkdif;rsm;/ 'kwd,tm;jzifh t&if;tESD;pkpnf;r_rSm tifrwef}uD;rm;
aom twkdif;twmokd@ a&muf&Sdvmonfh tvGeftrif;csrf;omonfh EkdifiHtenf;i,f. vuf0g;}uD;
tkyfr_taetxm;wkd@ukd awG@=u&onf? a&S@wef;a&mufaomEkdifiHrsm;wGif t&if; tvGefw&m ayg
rsm;r_ }uD; ay:aygufcJhonf?
tu,fI t&if;&Sifpepfonf tHh=ozG,f&m enf;ynmwkd;wufr_rsm;t=um;0,f ,ae@tcg
ae&mwumY pufr_vkyfief;.aemufwGif a=umufrufzG,f&m aemufususef&pfaom v,f,mvkyf
ief;tm; zGH@+zdK;apEkdifv#if/ xrif;r0w0ESifh qif;&JwGif;eufaom vlxkrsm;. aexkdifr_tqifhukd jrifhwif
Ekdifv#if t&if; tvGefw&maygrsm;jcif;qkdaomjy\em r&SdEkdifawmhacs? t&if;&Sifpepf. "e&Sifaygufp
a0zefa&;orsm;u Tacs ycsufukd r=umc%yif azmfxkwfvm=uonf? xkdt&if;&Sifpepfonf
Ttcsufrsm;ukd pGrf;aqmifEkdifygu t&if;&Sifpepfyif rjzpfEkdifawmhacs? ta=umif;rSm rnDr#aom
jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_ESifh jynfolvlxk. riwfwiwf aexkdifr_tqifhqkdonfrSm Txkwfvkyfr_enf;em. t
ajccHESifh rv$Jra&Smifomaom tajctaersm;/ twkdif;twmabmifrsm; jzpfayonf? t&if;&Sifpepf
onf t&if;&Sifpepfjzpfaeao;or#umvywfvHk; ykdv#Haomt&if;ukd wkdif;jynfwjynf. jynfolvlxk
aexkdifr_tqifhtwef; wkd;wufa&;twGuf toHk;csrnfr[kwfay? ta=umif;rSm xkdokd@toHk;csv#if
t&if;&Sifrsm;twGuf tjrwfusqif;aprnfjzpf+yD; acwfaemufusaomEkdifiHrsm;okd@ t&if;wifydk@jcif;
jzifh tjrwfwkd;rsm;ap&eftwGufom toHk;jyKayvdrfhrnf? ,if;acwfaemufusaomEkdifiHrsm;wGif t
&if;u &Sm;/ ajraps;u E_dif;pmjcif;tm;jzifhayg/ vkyfcu enf;/ ukef=urf;rsm;u aps;aygojzifh tjrwfrSm
rsm;avh&Sdonf? aemufusaomEkdifiHtajrmuftjrm; urBmht&if;&Sif tjyeftvSefqufoG,fr_xJ yg0if
vmjcif;qkdonfhtcsufu t&if;wifykd@r_jzpfEkdif&ef tajctae zefwD;ay;ayonf? t"du rD;&xm;
vrf; azmufvkyf+yD; okd@r[kwf azmufvkyfaejcif;/ pufr_jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_twGuf tajccHtcsuftvuf
53
ckESpf
1862
1872
1882
1893
1912
1914
+Adwdef
3 6
15 0
22 0
42 0
62 0
75-100 0
jyifopf
*smr%D
10(1869) 15(1880)
20(1890)
27-37
12 5
60
44 0
a[mhbfqif/ e,fcsJ@pepf/ vef'ef/ 1902 ck/ pmrsufESm 58? kdufqm/ txufwGif ukd;um;+yD; pmtkyf/ pmrsufESm 395
ESifh 404? urBmhpD;yGm;a&;rSwfwrf;rsm;wG
wiG f
;wGif yg&SdaomyD/tef@ (P.Arndt) . aqmif;yg;/ 1916 ck? owif
owif;pOfwG
ygaomae;rwfpf. aqmif;yg;? [Dvfzm'if;a&; bmt&if; pmrsufESm 492? 1915 ck/ arvxkwf
a';vD;w,fvD*&yfzfwG
wiG f yg&Sdonfh vGKdufa*smh (Lloyd George) . atmufv$wfawmfrde@f cGef;? bD/ [rfpf
(B.Harms)/ urBmhpD;yGm;a&;jy\
;a&;jy\emrsm;? *sifem (Jena)/ 1912ck/ a'gufwmqkdufref&SDvf'g (Dr.Siegmund
Schildar)/
urBmh pD;yGm;a&;zGH@+zdK;r_vrf;a=umif;rsm;/;/ bmvif 1912 ck? a*smhydkuf&fS (George Paish)/
awmf0ifpm&if;tif;tzGJ@*sme,fwG
wiG fygaom +Adwdef. &if;ESD; jrKyfEHSr_ponfhaqmif;yg;/ 19101910-11/ pmrsufESm 167?
a*smh'D,kd&pf (George Diouritch)/ *smr%DEkdifiH pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_ESihf qufpyf vsuf&dSaom*smref
b%frsm;. wkd;csJ@r_/ yJ&pf/ 1909 ck/ pmrsufESm 84?
54
4
37
29
70
rwf bDvD,Haygif;
jyifopf
*smr%D
23
18
4
10
8
7
35
35
pkpkaygif;
45
51
44
140
56
57
5? urBm}uD;tm;
;rsm; cGJa0,l=ujcif;
tm; t&if;&SifuGefbkdif;rs
58
1900
jynfhESpf z,fvwefESifh vmar,m attD;*sD(taxGaxG qD;ref;pfESifh
rwkdifrD
v#yfppfukr`%D
[mhvfpf&SL;uwf
1900jynfh
ESpfwGif
&SLH;oGm;onf
qD;ref;pfESifh [mvfpf_;uwf
1912 ckESpf
attD;*sD
wGif
(taxGaxG v#yfppf ukr`%D)
ref;
t,f'Dqifukr`%Du
Oa&mywGif
taxGaxG v#yfppfukr`%D(attD;*sD)
59
tjrwf
1907
1910
252
298
28000
32000
(rwfoef;aygif;)
35 4
45 6
1907
1911
216
362
30800
60800
14 5
21 7
kdufqm/ txufwGifukd;um;cJhaompmtk
aompmtkyf? 'Dtkd&pfcsf/ twufwGifukd;um;cJhaompmtkyf pmrsufESm 239?
uwfa[;epf/ (Kurt Heinig)txufwGifukd;um;cJhaompmtkyf?
60
61
b%f*s*sme,f/ 1912 ck/ trSwf 1/ pmrsufESm 1036/ trSwf 2/ pmrsufESm 629/ 1913 ck/ trSwf 1/ pmrsufESm 388?
62
63
64
65
tmz&duwkduf
ykdvDeD;&Sm;u|ef;pk
tm&Swkduf
opa=w;vsm;wkduf
tar&duwkduf
1876
108
568
515
1000
275
19000
904
989
566
1000
272
wkd;jcif;(okd@)avsmhjcif;
796
421
51
- 03
atat-plyef
yef/ txufygacgif;pOfygpmtkyf / 1906b ck/ pmrsufESm 253
66
+Adwdef
{&d,m(pwk&ef;rkdif
oef;aygif;)
jyifopf
*smr%D
vlOD;a&
(oef;aygif;)
{&d,m
(pwk&ef;rkdif
oef;aygif;)
vlOD;a&
(oef;aygif;)
{&d,m
(pwk&ef;rkdifoef;
aygif;)
vlOD;a&
(oef;
aygif;)
1264
002
181530
1860
25
1451
02
34
1880
77
2679
07
75
67
68
vlOD;a&
2519
159
60
2738
1914
{&d,m
335
174
106
29
03
03
650
vlOD;&
3935
332
555
123
97
192
5234
+rdK@jyEkdifiHrsm;
1914
{&d,m vlOD;a&
03
465
14
1362
05
396
05
649
94
970
04
530
165
4372
pkpkaygif;
1914
{&d,m
338
228
111
34
97
07
815
vlOD;a&
4440
1694
951
772
1067
722
9606
9 9
14 5
28 0
45 3
3612
289 9
wurBmvkH;pkpkayg
aygif;
1339
16570
71
72
&_vfZf *Am;eZ
*Am;eZ? 20 &mpkESpf tpykdif; +Adwdo# e,fcsJ@pepfESEifSiht
f *Fvdyf vGwfvyfpGm ukefoG,fr_? vkdufyfZpf 1906 ck
pmrsufESm 381?
a0:wma&Smfqif (Sartorius v. Waltershausen) uvnf
381? pmwkd;&D;,m;
uvnf; jyify
t&if;tESD;jr
KyfESHr_rsm;. trsdL;om; pD;yGm;a&;pepfxJwGif tvm;wl a&;xm;onf? bmvif/ 1907? pmrsufESm 46?
jrKyf
73
74
75
77
78
79
80
1?
tv,f
Oa&my
2?+Adwdef
3 3? k&Sm;
4? ta&S@
tm&S
5?
tar&du
wkduf
vlOD;
a&
oef;
aygif;
28 9
(286)
22
12
388
(146
)
398
355
131
389
31
148
27 6
(236)
o,f,ly@dk
aqmifa&;
rD;&xm;
ukefo
vrf;
abFm
uDvkdrDwm wefcsdef
axmifaygif; oef;aygif;
ukefoG,fa&;
oGif;ukefxkwfuk
ef
rwfaiG
ukaaygif;
pufr_vkyfief;
txGuf
txGuf
oHdkif;
wefcsdef
oef;
aygif;
15
csnf
r#if
&pfwdkif
oef;
aygif;
26
204
4101
ausmufrD;
aoG;
wefcsdef
oef;
aygif;
251
140
11
2500
249
51
63
8
1
0
300
200
16
8
3
002
7
2
379
1400
245
14
19
81
1890
224
260
82
43
607
1913
346
410
210
137
1104
122
143
128
94
*smref tifyg,m. pm&if;Z,m; ESpfcsKyf /1915 ckESpf / rD;&xm; vrf;pm&if; / 1892 ? 1890 ckESpftwGufEkdifiH
wuav;rs
fuav;rsm;ukd t=urf;zsi
toD;oD; &Sd ukdvdkeD rsm;. rD;&xm; vrf;&Sdr_ tao;pd
tao;pdwf
zsif; cef@rSef; &ygonf?
82
1890
268
107
32
43
41
491
1913
413
208
78
68
63
830
140
101
46
25
22
339
awmf0ifpm&if;Z,m; toif;}uD
}uD. *smek,f / 1914 ck/ Zlvdkif v/ pmrsufESm 777wGifyg&dSonfh t*~gc&ifrGef (Edgar
a&;om;aom +Adwdef ESifh *smreftifyg, rsm;. pD;yGm;a&;qufqHr_?
Crammond)
83
(8) t&if;&Sif;pepf
pepf. uyfyg;vuQ%mES
mESifh aqG;ajr@ ysufpD;r_
,cku|Ekfyfwkd@taejzifh e,fcsJ@pepf. tifrwefta&;ygaom aemufxyfwzufudk qef;ppf&
ayOD;rnf? Tpepfta=umif;ukd aqG;aEG;=uwkdif; Tta=umif;t&mESifhywfouf+yD; tav;xm;r_rSm
vkHavmufavhr&Sdacs? rmhufpf0g'D [Dvfzm&if;. tm;enf;csufrsm;teuf wckrSm olonf rmhufpf0g'D
r[kwfol a[mhbfqifxuf aemufokd@ wvSrf;qkwfjcif;yif jzpfonf? u|EkfyfqdkvkdonfrSm e,fcsJ@pepf.
xl;jcm;csufjzpfaom uyfyg;vuQ%myif jzpfonf?
u|Efkyfwkd@awG@cJh=uonfhtwkdif;yif e,fcsJ@pepf. pD;yGm;a&;t& teuf_dif;qkH;tkwfjrpfrSm vuf
0g;}uD;tkyfpepf jzpfonf? Tonf t&if;&Sifvuf0g;}uD;tkyfpepfyif jzpfonf? qkdvkdonfrSm t&if;
&SifpepfxJrS aygufzGm;vm+yD; t&if;&Sifpepf/ ukefpnfxkwfvkyfr_ESifh +ydKifqkdifr_qkdaom taxGaxG
ywf0ef;usifwGif wnf&Sdum TtaxGaxGywf0ef;usifESifh wav#mufvkH; rajyvnfwrf; ydyuQ jzpf
aeaom vuf0g;}uD;tkyfpepfyif? rnfokd@yifjzpfap vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_tm;vkH;uJhokd@yif onfvnf;
rpD;qif;r_ESifh aqG;ajr@ysufpD;r_ wdrf;!$wfr_ukd ay:aygufapayonf? vuf0g;}uD;tkyfaps;E_ef;rsm;ukd
(,m,DyifjzpfapOD;awmh)owfrSwf+yD;jzpfav&m enf;ynmwkd;wufr_ESifh aemufqufwGJtm;jzihf wkd;
wufr_tm;vkH;rSm twkdif;twmwcktxd aysmufuG,foGm;onf? aemuf+yD; xkdrSwzef enf;ynm
wkd;wufr_tm; wrif aemufjyefqGJaom pD;yGm;a&;jzpfEkdifacsvnf; ay:vmawmhonf? Oyrmtm;jzihf
tar&duefwGif tkd0ifqkdolwOD;u ykvif;xkwfvkyfenf;ukd awmfvSefvkdufaom pufwck wDxGifvkduf
onf? *smr%DrS ykvif;xkwfvkyfonfhumw,fwcku tkd0if.wDxGifcsuf ykdifqkdifcGifhukd 0,f,lvkduf
onf? okd@aomf acsmifxkd;xm;vkduf+yD; rokH;bJxm;vkdufonf? trSefyif t&if;&SifpepfatmufwGif
vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_onf +ydKifqkdifr_udk vkH;0aomfvnf;aumif;/ umv=umjrihfpGmjzpfap z,f&Sm; rypfEkdif
acs? (aemuf+yD; Tonf r=umrDrSmyif e,fcsJ@vGef0g' tb,fa=umifh t"dy`m,fr&Sdjzpf&onf qkdjcif;
. ta=umif;&if;wck jzpfvmonf?) trSefyif ykdrkdaumif;rGefatmifvkyfxm;onfh enf;ynmrsm; t
okH;jyK+yD; xkwfvkyfa&;p&dwf av#mhcs+yD; tjrwfydk&atmifvkyfjcif;rSm tajymif;tvJbufqDokd@ OD;
wnfjcif;jzpfonf/ okd@aomf vuf0g;}uD;tkyfpepf.xl;jcm;csufjzpfaom rpD;qif;r_ESifh aqG;ajrhysufpD;r_
wdrf;!$wfr_rSm quffvufI wnf&Sdaeonf? aemuf+yD; tcsdK@aompufr_vkyfief;cGJrsm;/ tcsdK@aomEdkifiH
rsm;/ tcsdK@aomtcsdefrsm;wGif T wdrf;!$wfr_rSm tay:pD;yif&onf?
tifrwef us,fjyef@u,f0+yD; wnfae&maumif;rGefaom ukdvkdeDrsm;wGifvnf; Tvrf;
a=umif; twkdif;yif jzpfayonf?
wqifhxyfajym&v#if e,fcJs@pepfqkdonfrSm u|Efkyfwkd@awG@cJh&ovkd EkdifiHtenf;i,f. vuf
xJwGif tmrcHpmcsKyf z&ef@aiG uka10000 rS 15000 txd wefzkd;&Sdonfh aiGt&if;tEDS; tajrmuf
tjrm; pkykHaejcif;jzpfonf? okd@jzihf twkd;tjrwfpm;onfh vlwef;pm;w&yf/ vlr_tv$mw&yf [kqkdv#if
ykdrSefrnfxifonf? qkdvkdonfrSm ulyGefjzwfjcif;jzifhom b0&yfwnfonfh rnfokd@aom vkyfief;ukdif
ief;wGifrS yg0ifjcif;rjyKonfh/ bmtvkyfrS r&Sdjcif;onfomv#if toufarG;0rf;a=umif;r_jzpfaomol
84
&_vfZf *Am;
/+Adwdo# e,fcsJ@pepf /pmrsufESm 320?
Am;eZ
eZ/+Ad
pmwkd;&D;,yfpf AGefa0:vfwma&Smfqif jynfy t&if;jr
KyfESHr_ trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;pepf? bmvif/1907? twGJ 4?
jrKyf
4?
85
&_vfZf *AmeZ
/+Adwdo# e,fcsJ@pepf /pmrsufESm 122
AmeZ/+Ad
b%f *sme,f? 1911 ck? 'kwd,wGJ /pmrsufESm 1010-11
86
87
vlOD;a&oef;aygif;
1851
1901
179
325
tajccHpufr_vkyfief;rsm;&Sdtvkyform;OD;a&(oef;aygif;
)
41
49
pkpkaygif;vlOD;a&
23
15
88
tar&duefEkdifiHwGif O
rsdK;/ tDwvDvlrsdK;/ pydefvlrsdK;rsm; pojzihf EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm; jzpf=uonf?
a&myta&S@ykdif;ESifh awmifykdif;rS ul;ajymif;vmolrsm;rSm vpmtenf;qkH;tvkyfrsm;ukd vkyfae=u+yD;
tar&dueftvkyform;rsm;rSm tvkyform;acgif; okd@r[kwf vcaumif;aom tvkyform;rsm;xJ
&_vfZf *Am;
Am;eZ
eZ/ +Adwdo# e,fcsJ@pepf/ pmrsufESm 301?
301?
*smr%D{u&mZfEdkifiH. pm&if;Z,m;rsm;?
89
90
91
93
EkdifiHwumpm&if
umpm&if;Z,m; ody`H .xkwfjyefcsuf/ twGJ 29 / tkyf 2/ pmrsufESm 225?
aumufpuD/ trsdK;om;Ek
;om;EkdifiHawmf /e,fcsJ@pepfEdkifiHawmfESihf EkdifiHrsm;.jynfaxmifpk/ Ek&ifbwf/ 1915ck/ pmrsufESm 72
ESifh 70?
70?
94
95
96
1889
482
190
607
487
283
299
2348
1900
708
328
1470
845
524
640
4505
wkd;vmonfh &mckdifE_ef;
47
73
143
73
85
114
92
6518
2102
1372
1774
212
88
9974
4376
3228
4011
645
407
53
108
135
127
205
363
pkpkaygif;
1206
2066 2264
2644 87
87
98
99
a';Apf
a';Apf *sdef;[D;vf (Davaid Jayne Hill)Oa&mywk
Oa&mywkduf EkdifiHwumjzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_. oHwrefqufqHa&;orkdif;twGJ
1? ESm10?
10?
101
102
105
ukd bmomjyefxm;jcif;jzpfygonf?
107
108
109