VI NT V THC TRNG HOT NG LOGISTICS

TRONG CC DOANH NGHIP SN XUT CA VIT NAM

ThS. NGUYN TH BNH
Vin Quy hoch & Qun l GTVT
Trng i hc Giao thng Vn ti

Tm tt: Bi bo trnh by mt s kt qu kho st ch yu v hin trng hot ng
logistics trong doanh nghip sn xut ca Vit Nam thng qua mt s ch tiu chnh nh tng
chi phi logistics, thi gian d tr hng ha trong doanh nghip. Thng qua vic phn tch kt
qu kho st ny s ch ra mt s bt cp chnh v hot ng logistics trong cc doanh nghip
Vit Nam hin nay.
Summary: This paper briefly reports about some survey results on logistics sector in
manacturers of Vietnam in term of total logisitcs cost, inventory term. By means of anlysis
survey result, this paper will point out some inadequate issues on logistics in present
Vietnamese manufacturers.

I. GII THIU
Khi nim Logistics bt ngun t nhu cu qun s trong vic cung cp cho chnh h trong
qu trnh di chuyn ca cc on qun t cn c ra tin tuyn. Ngy nay, s pht trin ca
Logisitcs khng ch gii hn lnh vc qun s m cn m rng ra nhiu ngnh v lnh vc
khc trong x hi. V bn cht Logistics c hiu qu trnh ti u ha v d tr, chu chuyn
cc ti nguyn/yu t u vo t im xut pht u tin l nh cung cp, qua nh sn xut,
ngi bn bun, bn l n tay ngi tiu dng cui cng thng qua hng lot cc hot ng
kinh t (Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 2001). Logistics th hin s hp nht ca
thng tin lin lc, vn ti, tn kho, lu kho, giao nhn nguyn vt liu, bao b ng gi. Trch
nhim vn hnh ca hot ng logistics l vic ti nh v (theo mc tiu a l) ca nguyn vt
liu th, ca cng vic trong ton qu trnh v tn kho theo yu cu chi ph ti thiu c th. i
vi doanh nghip sn xut, hot ng Logsitics gip doanh nghip gii quyt c u ra v u
vo ca doanh nghip mt cch c hiu qu. Nh c th ti u ha qu trnh chu chuyn nguyn
vt liu, hng ha, dch v . Logistics gip gim chi phi, tng kh nng cnh tranh cho doanh
nghip. C nhiu doanh nghip thnh cng ln nh c c chin lc v hot ng Logistics
ng n, ngc li c khng t doanh nghip gp kh khn, thm ch tht bi do c nhng
quyt nh sai lm trong hot ng Logistics.
CT 2
Vit Nam, hot ng Logistics bt u c quan tm v pht trin trong mt vi nm
gn y. Tuy nhin thc t ch ra rng hot ng Logistics ca Vit Nam cn rt manh mn,
phn tn v km hiu qu. Nm 2008, ngn hng th gii xp hng ch s hiu qu hot ng


Logistics, trong Vit Nam xp th 53 trn th gii v th 5 ca khu vc ASEAN. S km
pht trin trong hot ng Logistics hin nay ca Vit Nam xut pht t nhiu nguyn nhn
khc nhau. lm r cc nguyn nhn ny, nhm nghin cu tin hnh iu tra thc trng
hot ng Logistics ca Vit Nam hin nay vi mc tiu c th nh sau:
- iu tra v m t li thc trng hot ng logistics trong cc doanh nghip sn xut ca
Vit Nam theo cc tiu ch: Chi phi trung bnh ca hot ng Logistics ca doanh nghip, thi
gian d tr trung bnh i vi nguyn vt liu u vo v sn phm chnh ca doanh nghip.
- Phn tch mt s nguyn nhn chnh ca thc trng pht trin hot ng Logistics trong
cc doanh nghip sn xut hin ny.
II. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
2.1. Cc ch tiu nghin cu
- Tng chi ph hot ng Logistics: c hnh thnh t ch phi t 3 hot ng chnh ca
doanh nghip chi ph Logistics u vo (inbound logistics), chi ph Logistics u ra (outboud
logistics), chi phi kho bi (warehousing).
Trong , chi phi Logistics u vo l chi ph pht sinh trong qu trnh dch chuyn dng
nguyn vt liu, bn thnh phm, t nh cung cp n doanh nghip.
Chi phi Logistics u ra l chi phi pht sinh trong qu dch chuyn hng ha, thnh phm
t doanh nghip n khch hng, ngi tiu dng.
CT 2
- Thi gian d tr trung bnh i vi nguyn vt liu u vo v sn phm chnh ca doanh
nghip: Thi gian ny c hiu l khong thi gian tnh t lc doanh nghip tin hnh nhp
khu hng ha, nguyn vt liu vo kho cho n khi em vo s dng trong qu trnh sn xut
hoc vn chuyn n tay ngi tiu dng.
2.2. Phng php thu thp s liu
- Nhm nghin cu tin hnh thu thp s liu bng phng php iu tra phng vn trc
tip v phng vn gin tip (gi bng hi n cho doanh nghip tr li).
- Ni dung chnh ca bng hi tp trung chnh vo cc vn lin quan n tng chi ph
Logistics, thi gian d tr nguyn vt liu u vo, sn phm chnh ca doanh nghip. Mt s
ni dung chnh ca bng hi c th hin c th nh sau (xem trang sau).
2.3. Phng php chn mu
i tng nghin cu l cc doanh nghip sn xut trong tt c cc lnh vc ngnh ngh
khu vc min Bc v min Nam. Tiu ch nhm nghin cu tin hnh chn mu l doanh
nghip phi c hot ng nhp khu nguyn vt liu u vo, tin hnh sn xut v sau phn
phi sn phm ra th trng. Cc doanh nghip hot ng trong lnh vc dch v khng thuc
i tng nghin cu.
S lng iu tra c th c th hin trong bng 1.


Bng 1. S lng cc doanh nghip tin hnh iu tra
STT V tr iu tra trc tip iu tra gin tip
1 Min Bc 10 4
2 Min Nam 10 4
Tng 20 8

Phiu kho st tnh hnh Logistics ca cc doanh nghip sn xut

Ngy.thng.nm 2008
Tn doanh nghip:
a ch :.....
Ngi i din tr li:Chc v :.......
in thoi :Fax :..email :.
Thng tin v t chc v doanh nghip
c (c phn ha) Cng ty nh nc (khng c phn ha) T Loi hnh: Cng ty nh n nhn
Nm thnh lp: ________
Qu cng ty sn xut loi mt hng no (ch r, v d: Hng in t, may mc, hp...)?
(1) ________________________________ (2) ________________________________
(3) ________________________________ (4) ________________________________
Tng doanh s sn phm bn ra hng nm ca Qu Cng ty l : ____________ (VND)
Trong s , t trng gi tr u vo v nhn cng l (tng 2 phn l 100%):
Nguyn vt liu & u vo khc: 0~20% 20~40% 40~60% 60~80% 80%~100%
Lao ng, thit b v cng ngh: 0~20% 20~40% 40~60% 60~80% 80%~100%
Tng quan v chi ph Logistics
Da vo c tnh ca Qu v, t trng chi ph logistics trong doanh s sn phm bn ra?
0~5% 10~15% 20~25% 30~35% 40~50%
5~10% 15~20% 25~30% 35~40% > 50%
Trong tng s chi ph Logistic(tng s l 100%) t trng chi ph logistics u vo (inbound log.), logistics u ra (outbound
log) v kho bi l bao nhiu?
Chi ph Inbound Logistics: 0~20% 20~40% 40~60% 60~80% 80%~100%
Chi ph Outbound Logistics: 0~20% 20~40% 40~60% 60~80% 80%~100%
Chi ph v kho bi: 0~20% 20~40% 40~60% 60~80% 80%~100%
Vi inbound logistics, ngh ch xem xt qu trnh v chi ph CIF v outbound logistics ngh ch xem xt qu trnh v chi
ph FOB (tc l khng xem xt chi ph vn ti v phn phi bn ngoi lnh th Vit Nam)
Tng gi tr d tr (c tn kho) vo cui nm 2007 ca Cng ty l khong bao nhiu : ____________ VND (theo gi hin ti)
Thi gian d tr i vi nhng mt hng chnh ca cng ty l:
Nguyn vt liu: 3 ngy 4-7 ngy 1-2 tun 2-4 tun 1~3 thng 3~6 thng >6 thng
Sn phm: 3 ngy 4-7 ngy 1-2 tun 2-4 tun 1~3 thng 3~6 thng >6 thng
CT 2
Thng tin v Inbound Logistics (i vi u vo ca qu trnh SX)
Lu lng hng ha trong inbound logistics ca Qu Cng ty __________ (tn) hng thng , hay hng nm
Xin hy cho bit thng tin theo cc ch bo di y, i vi cc dch v vn ti:
im xut
pht/ a ch
nh cung
cp
T
trng
(%)
Tn sut giao
nhn (s ln giao
hng mi thng)
cho hng ha
chnh

Cch thc giao nhn
ti kho/nh my
(20 container, 40
container, xe ti 10
tn, xe ti 2 tn) cho
nhng mt hng chnh
Thi gian t hng (t lc
t hng n khi
giao/nhn) - i vi hng
ha chnh (bao nhiu
ngy hoc gi)
T l gia - logistics t
thc hin v logistics
thu ngoi (tng s=
100%) ch tnh phn
ni a
Nc ngoi
(Nhp khu)
Thu: ____---- (%)
T lm: ____ (%)
Min Bc Thu: ____---- (%)
T lm: ____ (%)
Min Trung Thu: ____---- (%)
T lm: ____ (%)
Min Nam Thu: ____---- (%)
T lm ____ -(%)
i vi nhng vt liu nhp khu, xin hy ch r t l ca cc nh cung cp theo khu vc (tng s = 100%)
Chu khng 0~20% 20~40% 40~60% 60~80% 80%~100%
Bc M v Nam M khng 0~20% 20~40% 40~60% 60~80% 80%~100%
Chu u khng 0~20% 20~40% 40~60% 60~80% 80%~100%
Trung ng v Chu Phi khng 0~20% 20~40% 40~60% 60~80% 80%~100%
Australia khng 0~20% 20~40% 40~60% 60~80% 80%~100%
Khc, xin ch r ____________ khng 0~20% 20~40% 40~60% 60~80% 80%~100%


III. KT QU IU TRA
V tng quan chi ph logistics:
Kt qu thu c t cc doanh nghip sn xut cc khu cng nghip ca khu vc min
Bc v min Nam l:
- S lng doanh nghip c mc chi ph logistics chim 0-5% tng doanh s bn ra l 42%.
- S lung doanh nghip c tng chi ph logistics chim trn 25% tng doanh s bn ra l
50%
- Nu tnh trung bnh t l chi ph logistics trong tng doanh s bn ra ca cc doanh
nghip c iu tra th kt qu l khong trn 20%.
Vi kt qu ny chng ta thy, chi ph logistics ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam cn kh
cao so vi nhiu nc khc trong khu vc v th gii, c th nh Nht chi ph trung bnh l
5% (2006), M 8-9% (2006), Indonesia 14% (2006). Chi ph logistics cao lm gim hiu qu
sn xut kinh doanh v tnh cnh tranh ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam trn th trng khu vc
v th gii.

CT 2
Hnh 1. T trng chi ph logistics trong tng doanh thu ca doanh nghip
Trong tng chi ph logistics, t trong chi ph logstics u vo (inbound logistics cost), chi
ph logistics u ra (outbound logistics cost), chi ph kho bi cng tng i khc nhau
(warehousing cost). C th:

Hnh 2. T trng chi ph logstics u vo
trong tng chi ph logistics
Hnh 3. T trng chi ph logstics u ra
trong tng chi ph logistics



Hnh 4. T trng chi ph kho bi trong tng chi ph logistics

Theo kt qu iu tra, chi ph logistics u ra chim t trng ln nht trong tng chi ph
logistics (chim 20 - 40%). Chi ph ny cao hn rt nhiu so vi chi ph logistics u vo (0 -
20%). Chi ph kho bi chim t trng nh trong tng chi ph logistics.
Hot ng logistics u vo
Kt qu iu tra cng ch ra rng hot ng logistics u vo gia hai nhm doanh
nghip min Bc v min Nam c s khc nhau nht nh. C th:

CT 2
T trng thu mua
Hnh 5. T trng thu mua cc yu t u vo
cho qu trnh sn xut ca cc doanh nghip min Bc

Hnh 6. T trng thu mua cc yu t u vo
cho qu trnh sn xut ca cc doanh nghip min Nam


Theo kt qu iu tra, chng ta c th nhn thy:
- Thu mua ni vng chim v tr quan trng trong hot ng logistics u vo i vi cc
doanh nghip pha Nam v pha Bc. Tuy nhin, hot ng thu mua ni vng cc doanh
nghip Nam pht trin hn pha Bc.
- Cc doanh nghip pha Bc ph thuc rt nhiu vo ngun cung cp u vo t nc
ngoi (nhp khu). Trong khi s ph ny i vi cc doanh nghip pha Nam l mc trung
bnh.
Thi gian d tr hng ha
Kt qu iu tra thi gian d tr i vi cc mt hng chnh ca cc doanh nghip c th
hin biu di y:

CT 2
Hnh 7. Thi gian d tr trung bnh
i vi nguyn vt liu u vo chnh ca doanh nghip

Hnh 8. Thi gian d tr trung bnh
i vi sn phm u ra chnh ca doanh nghip


Theo kt qu kho st th 25% s doanh nghip c phng vn c thi gian d tr i vi
c nguyn vt liu u vo v sn phm u ra l hn 1 thng. Trong , s lng doanh nghip
c thi gian d tr 1-3 thng l chim ch yu.
R rng, thi gian d tr i vi cc mt hng chnh trong cc doanh nghip hin nay cn
kh cao. Thi gian d tr di lm tng thm chi ph logistics, gim vng quay ca vn, gim
hiu qu sn xut kinh doanh ca cc doanh nghip hin nay ca Vit Nam.
IV. KT LUN
Nh vy, qua kho st v nghin cu 28 doanh nghip sn xut, c th rt ra mt vi nt v
thc trng hot ng logistics trong cc doanh nghip sn xut ca Vit Nam hin nay:
- T trng chi ph logistics trong tng doanh thu ca doanh nghip (khong 20-25%) cn
kh cao so vi cc nc trong khu vc v th gii.
- Kt qu nghin cu cng ch ra mt s nt khc bit v hot ng logistics gia cc
doanh nghip min Bc v min Nam. Cc doanh nghip pha Bc ph thuc kh ln vo ngun
cung cp u vo t nc ngoi (nhp khu). Trong khi , thu mua ni vng li rt pht trin
khu vc pha Nam.
- Thi gian d tr i vi cc sn phm chnh ca doanh nghip l vo khong 1-3 thng.
Thi gian d tr di cng l nhn t quan trng gp phn lm gia tng tng chi ph logistics ca
doanh nghip.
CT 2
Qua nghin cu ny, c th khng nh rng s pht trin ca hot ng logistics hin nay
trong cc doanh nghip Vit Nam cn rt nhiu hn ch. iu ny l gii phn no tnh cnh
tranh v sn phm, dch v ca doanh nghip Vit Nam cn thp. Vi s mu kho st l 28
doanh nghip khu vc min Bc v khu vc min Nam, kt qu kho st ny cha th phn
nh y v chnh xc nht v thc trng pht trin hot ng logistics ca Vit Nam hin
nay. Tuy nhin cc kt qu thu thp c s l tin cho cc bc nghin cu tip theo nhm
nghin cu nhm tm kim cc gii php nng cao kh nng cnh tranh v hiu qu hot ng
sn xut kinh doanh ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam. Kt qu nghin cu ny cng l mt ti
liu tham kho ng tin cy v hu ch cho cc nh qun l v cc doanh nghip.

Ti liu tham kho
[1]. Nguyn Th Bnh (2008), Kho st hin trng hot ng logistics Vit Nam,Trung tm t vn pht
trin GTVT, Trng i hc GTVT.
[2]. Douga M. Lambert, Jame R.Stock, Lisa M.Ellram (2000) Fundamental of Logistics Management, Mc
Graw - Hill, Singapore.
[3]. Easwar Koovappadi (2007), Logistics cost reduction- best practice,
http://EzineArticles.com/expert Easwar_Koovappadi.
[4]. MacroSys Research and Technology (2005), Logistics cost and U.S Gross Domestic Product.
http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/freight_analysis/econ_methods/lcdp_rep/index.htm.
[5]. on Th Hng Vn (2002), Qun tr Logistics, Nh xut bn thng k, Vit Nam