Adsl

Ti liu ging dy ADSL Chng 3 ADSL
CHNG 3 ADSL

I. TNG QUAN V ADSL
ADSL l k thut truyn thng bng rng s dng ng cp ng in thai sn c
ti nh khch hng truy nhp internet tc cao. Khi nim ADSL xut hin t
nm 1989 ti M, ADSL bt u th nghim vo nm 1995 v pht trin n nay.
ADSL truyn d liu c tc ca lung d liu xung (downsttream) nhanh hn tc
truyn ca lung d liu ln (upstream).

1. c im ADSL
- Internet v voice/fax cng i chung trn mt i cp in thai nhng hai
lung tn hiu gm : d liu v thai truyn i ring bit khng chng ln nhau,
khng lm nh hng n cc dch v in thai c nh: hp th thai, hin th s
my gi n, ch cuc gi . . .
- ADSL cho kt ni internet nhanh gp 160 ln kiu kt ni modems analog
chun V90/56kbps.
- Kt ni theo kiu thng trc (always on), v thai v d liu truyn ring l
nhau, khi kt ni truy nhp internet thng trc nhng khng lm bn hay gin an
cuc gi n trn ng dy in thoi. Khng s dng kt ni, gii ta, b tn hiu
bn hoc b mt thi gian trong qu trnh m trnh duyt truy nhp internet.
- S dng y tc ca ng kt ni. Nu tc ca ng ADSL l
1.5Mbps th ngi dng s dng tc kt ni internet 1.5Mbps. Chia s bng
thng vi nhiu users khc nhau nhng khng lm gim tc truyn.
Dng Hong Thi. Khoa CNTT. Trng TH BCVT & CNTT III 22
Email: thaidh_bd3@vnpt.com.vn
- C tin cy cao, thm ch trong trng hp mt ngun th ta vn c th gi
in thai bnh thng.
- C tnh bo mt, an tan d liu. y l mt u im ni tri ca ADSL mi
mch in l mt kt ni ring bit. Hay ni cch khc, mi thu bao trong mng ch
dng mt kt ni ring bit.
2. Tc ADSL

ADSL cung cp tc truyn d liu tc cao so vi tc in thai thng
thng. Nhng tc ca d liu truyn theo hai hng khc nhau. Tc d liu
chiu xung c th t 1.5 n 6.1Mbps (c th n 8Mbps), tc chiu truyn d
liu ln t 16 n 640 kbps (c th t ti a 1.5Mbps). Do s gii hn ca i cp
ng nn lm hn ch tc truyn ca DSL. Cp ng b cc gii hn sau:
Bng thng (p ng tn s) ca si cp ng
i dy cp ng xon ch thch hp cho tn hiu audio tn s thp, v th cp ng
th khng thch hp vi tn hiu c tn s cao. Tn hiu anlog (tn hiu thai) th c
tn s n 3.4 kHz v cng ngh xDSL s dng tn s n 1.1 MHz.

Bi v khi tn hiu c tn s cao truyn trn cp ng s b suy hao ln. p ng tn
s ca tn hiu truyn trn i cp ng ph thuc vo cc thng s sau: ng knh
ca cp ng (gauge), mi trng xung quanh cp . . .

Nhiu xuyn knh (Crosstalk).
Nhiu xuyn knh xy ra lm suy gim nng lng tn hiu truyn trn cp ng.
Xuyn knh lm nh hng rt ln n k thut DSL trn mch vng (local loop)
thu bao.
- Xuyn knh gy ra bi cc hin tng cm ng in t bi cc ng dy
cng si cp.
- Xuyn knh ca ng cp ln sang ng cp nh.
- Cng nhiu ng dy ADSL cng tng xuyn knh.
- Xuyn knh tng theo tn s.
Xuyn knh c chia lm hai lai: xuyn knh u gn (NEXT: Near End
Crosstalk) v xuyn knh u xa (FEXT: Fax End Crosstalk).
- NEXT: xy ra khi b thu DSL b nhiu t tn hiu DSL khc trn cng u cp.
NEXT s rt trm trng nu tn hiu ca hai hng truyn c cng dy tn s. v th
trong ADSL hn ch Next ta dng tn s downstream khc tn s upstream.

- FEXT: xy ra khi b thu DSL b nhiu t tn hiu DSL khc t pha u cp xa.
NEXT s rt trm trng nu tn hiu ca hai hng truyn c dy tn s khc nhau.

- nh hng ca NEXT v FEXT
Trong mt s trng hp, modem1 nhn c mt s tn hiu t modem2 do nhiu
crosstalk gia hai i cp 1 v 2.

ng dy in thai b nh hng nhiu t cc ngun tn hiu Radio
ng dy in thai b xm nhp nhiu sng in t hay nhiu tn hiu in cc
ngun khc nh: Sng radio pht thanh, ng c in, st, n hynh quang . . . tn
hiu nhiu ny s lm suy gim tn hiu DSL truyn trn ng dy in thai.

nh hng ca cun ti (load coil): tc dng ca cun ti l kh dung khng
trn cc ng dy thu bao di. Cun ti lm tng suy hao vi tn hiu tn s cao. V
th tn hiu DSL khng truyn qua c trn ng dy thu bao c cun ti, nn
phi g b cun ti.

R nhnh (Bridge taps)

R nhnh trong ng dy in thai s lm trit tiu mt s tn hiu truyn do b
phn x t r nhnh. R nhnh s lm tng nhiu, tng suy hao.

Suy gim tn hiu do mi ni (line splice attenuation) v suy gim do in tr
ng dy in thai (line resistance attenuation).
Suy hao trn ng dy s tng theo chiu di cp v tn s tn hiu truyn, suy hao
trn ng dy s gim khi kch thc ng knh dy ln. S mi ni trn cp cng
nhiu th suy hao tn hiu cng ln. Tt c chng lm nh hng n tc truyn
ca DSL trn ng cp in thai.

3. Dy Tn S Hat ng Ca ADSL
Thit b ADSL kt ni vi mi modem ADSL bng i cp in thai theo 3 knh
truyn d liu nh sau:
- Knh truyn d liu xung tc cao t 1.5 n 6.1Mbps (ti a 8Mbps)
- Knh truyn d liu ln tc t 16 n 640 kbps (ti a 1.5Mbps)
- Knh truyn dch v in thai truyn thng (voice).
Modems ADSL chia bng thng trn ng dy in thai theo mt trong hai cch
sau:
- Theo k thut FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing)
- Theo k thut Echo Cancellation (overlapped spectrum)

Trong k thut FDM c u im hn nh sau:
- Khng cn dng n b lc Echo v echo khng lm nh hng trong lung d
liu ln ADSL do bng tn ca lung ny th tai nghe khng nhn ra c.
- Nhiu NEXT th khng nh hng, v dy tn s thu v pht ring bit nhau.
II. K THUT M HA NG DY (iu ch)-TRUYN TN HIU ADSL
1. M a Tn Ri Rc DMT (Discrete Multi-Tone).
Modems ADSL s dng k thut iu ch DMT truyn d liu vi tc bit
nhanh v n nh cao. DMT l k thut iu ch a sng mang (multi-carrier
modulation) vi vic chia ph tn s (bng tn) tn hiu gc ng vo thnh 256 knh
nh, vi mi knh 4Khz v gi l Bins hay Tones. Trong mi knh (mi tones) iu
ch mt cch ring bit dng t 0 n 15 bit/symbol/Hz, v vy cho php iu ch ti
a 60kbps trong mt knh.


- Vi tn s thp, si cp ng cho suy hao (attenuation) thp nhng SNR cao.
Nhng vi c tnh ny ca si cp ng th k thut iu ch dng t 10 bps/Hz tr
ln s lm gim gi tr SNR. Hn na, nu SNR ca knh ph qu xu th knh ph
s b lai b.
- Gn Bits per second (bps) cho knh ph: theo c tnh trn th vic s dng bao
nhiu bits trong iu ch ca knh ph, l ty thuc vo c tnh ca ng cp bng
cch dng k thut m phn thng qua vic gi trc bits thng tin. Trc ht
Modems s kim tra tan b ng cp. Ty theo c tnh c c ca ng cp m
modem xc nh s bits iu ch tng ng cho mi knh ph.

u im:
- Pht trin t cng ngh V34 s dng mt s k thut tin tin cho php d
liu t c tc ti a trn ng cp in thai.
- Trit ting vng tt,
- Truyn tc bits ti a trong khang bng tn nh, cc knh con c iu
ch c lp. xc nh SNR trn mi knh con mt cch ring bit
- Thch ng tc , linh hat trong vic t ng iu chnh tc truyn
Nhc im: Do iu ch c qu nhiu knh con, qu nhiu sng mang nn
thit b phc tp.
2. CAP (Carrierless amplitude modulation/phase modulation)
Phng php iu ch pha v bin khng sng mang ny da trn phng php
iu ch bin cu phng QAM. V th phng php CAP hat ng tng t
nh phng php QAM. CAP s dng c iu ch bin v iu ch pha, Tn hiu
iu ch ca CAP l s ch khng phi l tng t.
i lp vi DMT, k thut CAP li dng nguyn mt knh ring upload v mt
knh khc download. Do , ngi lp t cn bit nh cung cp dch v ca mnh
s dng kiu truyn no chn thit b thch hp.
CAP chia thnh ba dy tn:
- Tn hiu voice s dng di tn t 0khz ti 4khz
- UpStream s dng di tn t 25khz ti 160khz.
- DownStream s dng di tn t 240KHz ti 1Mhz
Vi 3 knh truyn khc nhau nh vy s lm hn ch nhiu tn hiu gia cc knh
Hu ht cc thit b ADSL ngy nay u s dng DMT. CAP l k thut iu ch
c s dng ph bin trc kia.

DMT CAP
u im: K thut n gin d hiu, thch ng tc .
Nhc im:
- Khng dng sng mang truyn i nn nng lng suy gim nhanh trn ng
truyn
- Kh xc nh gc pha, u thu phi c b xc nh im tn hiu.
3. G.Lite.
G.Lite cng ging vi kiu iu ch DMT ca ADSL, nhng trong iu ch th
G.Lite dng s knh ph t hn DMT, G.lite dng 128 knh nn ph tn s ca G.lite
hp hn (550kHz cho G.lite, cn DMT dng 1.1MHz). Nh vy G.lite c u im l
t phc tp hn DMT.
Do in thai v ADSL s dng chung ng cp in thai nn vic nht t my
n thai s gy ra nhiu trong modem ADSL v tn hiu ca ADSL cng c th
nhiu sang nghe trong my in thai. khc phc th trong G.lite s lp thm thit
b lc tn s thp (micro-filter or low-pass-filter) pha trc my in thai khch
hng dng ADSL.
4. Cc phng php truyn dn song cng
Hu ht cc dch v DSL i hi hai chiu (song cng) trong vic truyn d liu. Cc
modem DSL s dng cc phng thc song cng tch bit cc tn hiu trn cc
hng ngc nhau.
C 4 phng thc song cng khc nhau:
- Song cng 4 dy
- Trit ting vng
- Song cng phn chia theo thi gian
- Song cng phn chia theo tn s
Trong , phng thc song cng trit ting vng v song cng phn chia tn s
c s dng trong modem ADSL
4.1. FDM: phn chia tn s
Dy tn c chia lm hai phn ng ln v ng xung khc nhau. Ghp knh
phn chia theo tn s (FDM) ln lt truyn theo cc hng khc nhau trong cc gii
tn khng trng nhau.Nu s dng cng khong bng thng th FDM lai b c
NEXT. Trong ADSL th FDM cho php dng ring bng thng 138 kHz u tin cho
ng truyn hng ln. ng ln dng bng tn thp, ng xung dng bng tn
cao v rng hn ng ln.


4.2. Phng php trit ting vng (Echo Cancellation)
S dng mt knh duy nht cho c pht v thu, nn cn c mt b kh ting vng
pha thu. Mt s h thng ADSL s dng k thut truyn dn xa ting vng ECH,
ni dy tn s pht c t trong dy tn s thu. Tuy nhin, Ech kh trng khi
xuyn nhiu v khi thc hin cn phi x l phc tp hn. Trit ting vng l dng
ph bin nht ca ghp knh trong DSL hin i.
III. C IM K THUT V CNG NGH ADSL
1. M hnh tham chiu ca h thng ADSL
ATU-C, DLL v AUT-R l cc thit b ca mng truy nhp ADSL kt ni thit b
khch hng n mng li (core network) bng rng hay mng li bng hp
(Narrowband hay Broadband).


Trong :
ATU-C: ADSL Transceiver Unit (modem) ti CO (central Office) u cui
im truy nhp ca mng.
ATU-R: ADSL Transceiver Unit (modem) ti u cui xa (remote end) pha
khch hng.
Splitter- C: Splitter ti u cui im truy nhp (central office end).
Plitter- R: Splitter ti u cui pha khch hng (remote end).
U-C: giao tip mch vng (loop interface) u cui im truy nhp (central
office end). U-C2 giao tip khng thai.
U-R: giao tip mch vng (loop interface) ti u cui pha khch hng. U-R2
l giao tip khng c thai.
SM: Service module, c th l PC, router hay data switch.
V-C: giao din in truy nhp v mng d liu.
T-R: giao tip gia AUT-R vi mng trong nh thu bao.
T-S giao tip mng trong nh thu bao vi my ch ca khch hng.
2. M hnh tham chiu ATU-x
M hnh tham chiu ATU-x ph thuc vo giao thc thc truyn (transport protocol)
c s dng l ATM hay STM, n cn ph thuc vo hng truyn (AUT-R s theo
AUT-C). AUT-C v AUT-R c cu hnh chuyn vn (transport) bits ng b
STM hoc chuyn vn cell ATM
2.1. M hnh chun truyn ti ca ATU-C
Giao tip ADSL c th thc hin nhiu hn vic h tr vng bits hai chiu cho khch
hng d y ch l mt ty chn. Cng nh hu ht cc phng tin chuyn vn khc
, ADSL l mt phng tin chuyn vn theo khung (frame transport). Dng bits trong
cc khung ADSL c th chia thnh ti a 7 knh tuyn ti cng mt lc. Cc knh
truyn ti c chia thnh hai lai:
- Bn knh truyn ti c lp, n cng (simplex) theo chiu Downstream c
k hiu l AS0, AS1, AS2, AS3.
- C ti a ba knh truyn ti song cng (duplex) dng truyn ti d liu theo
c hai chiu downstream v upstream c k hiu LS0, LS1, LS2.
Mi h thng ADSL c th c n 3 knh truyn ti song cng hat ng cng
lc trn giao tip ADSL. Mt trong cc knh truyn ti song cng ny lun lun bt
buc l knh iu khin k hiu l knh C (control channel). Knh C lun lun c
kch hat trng thi sn sng lm vic v hat ng tc 16 kbps hoc 64 kbps.
Knh C mang cc thng tin:
- Thng ip bo hiu chn dch v v thit lp cuc gi.
- Thng ip bo hiu cho cc knh truyn ti song cng.
- Cc bo hiu t ngi s dng n mng cho cc knh n cng chiu
downstream.
- Cc knh truyn ti ny u l cc knh logic v cc bits ca tt c cc knh
c truyn ng thi trn ng dy ADSL.
a. Cu hnh chuyn vn d liu STM

H thng ADSL chuyn vn STM h tr knh truyn n cng AS0 v knh truyn
song cng LS0 cho chiu downstream (ATU-C) v knh song cng LS0 cho chiu
upstream (ATU-R)
Chuyn vn cho ADSL c nh s t 1- 4, h thng ADSL bt buc phi h
tr vn chuyn lai 1 v 4 cn vn chuyn lai 2 v 3 l ty chn. Bt k knh
truyn ti no cng c th lp trnh truyn ti cc tc bit l bi s ca 32
kbps (c th dng bi s khc 32 kbps). ADSL thit lp bn knh truyn ti n
cng cho chiu downstream c tc l bi s ca 48x32 kbps = 1536 kbps. Cc
tc c th l 1536 kbps, 3072 kbps, 4608 kbps v 6144 kbps.
Cc knh truyn ti song cng c th truyn ti mt knh iu khin (control
channel). ADSL khng hn ch cc knh truyn ti, khng c tc ti a cho
cc knh truyn ti m ch c gii hn ph thuc vo dung lng ca tan b kt
ni ADSL.
Cc h thng ADSL phi h tr ti thiu l knh AS0. Hin nay cu trc v tc
ADSL vn l c nh.
b. Cu hnh chuyn vn d liu ATM

H thng ADSL chuyn vn ATM h tr hai knh ATM0 v ATM1. ATM0 lun
c h tr trong khi ATM1 l knh la chn th 2 cho php h tr kp.
Trong trng hp ATM h tr n th knh truyn n cng AS0 cho chiu
downstream (ATU-C) v knh truyn song cng LS0 cho chiu upstream (ATU-R).
Trong trng hp h tr kp th vic chn knh dch v ATM ty thuc vo lai dch
v hay loi ng dng.
Mt iu cn lu na ca chuyn vn ADSL l c ty chn h tr chuyn vn
cc cell ATM theo chiu downstream. Cc cell ATM c di c nh 53 byte (53
octet). Mi cell ATM bao gm mt header 5 octet v mt payload 48 octet. Thng tin
c truyn ti trong phn payload 48 octet theo quy tc ATM Adaption Layer 1
(AAL1). AAL xc nh dng thng tin trong vng payload ca cell ATM. Vi AAL1
h tr tc bits khng i (CBT: Constant Bit Rate) v tr n nh qua mng vi
cc kt ni gia hai u. AAL1 gm 1 octet dng cho overheaded v 47 octet cn li
chuyn thng tin ca ngi s dng. AAL1 l cch d dng v n ging nht
thc hin cc cell ATM ging nh cc knh s liu truyn thng. Khi ADSL c s
dng chuyn vn cc cell ATM theo chiu downstream th ch c AS0 c s
dng nn ch c mt cu hnh duy nht l AS0 hat ng vi mt trong 4 tc khc
nhau nh: 1760 kbps, 3488 kbps, 5216 kpbs v 6944 kbps.
2.2. Truyn ti Fast v Interleaved (slow) trong ADSL
Trong ADSL, c th chn hai ng truyn d liu dng ng nhanh Fast hay
ng xen k Interleaved.

- Truyn ng fast cn gi kiu ng nhanh, d liu s c truyn ni tip
ngay lp tc khng tr han (delay) hay tr han nh. Kiu truyn ny ph hp vi
cc lai d liu nhy cm vi tr (delay-sensitive) dng thi gian thc (real time) nh
voice, audio . . .
- Truyn kiu Interleaved cn gi kiu xen chm (low) th c mt s d liu
c a vo trong lung d liu c truyn lm nhim v chng nhiu trn ng
DSL. Kiu truyn ny th d liu s b tr han. N ph hp cho vic truyn d liu t
nhy cm vi tr (delay-sensitive) khng dng thi gian thc (non-real time) nh
truyn hnh, nh, audio, text . . .
2.3. Thi gian tham kho trong mng: NTR (Network Timing Reference)
Trong ADSL mt s dch v yu cu phi dng xung clock tham kho cho nhng
giao thc lp trn (trn lp vt l) ng b gia vic truyn v nhn. V d: nh
dch v in thai qua ATM hay truyn hnh hi ngh (Video reference). cung cp
xung thi gian tham kho trong mng, h thng ADSL phi chuyn vn tn hiu nh
thi 8 kHz cn gi l NTR.
3. Cu trc khung ca ADSL
Khung ADSL ph thuc vo hai thng s:
- Hng truyn: upstream hay downstream
- Lai overhead: full overhead hay reduced over
a. Dng khung trong mode full overhead
Khung ny cho php ng b by knh chuyn vn ASx v LSx. Vic ng b
trong ADSL vi lung d liu vo c thc hin bng b iu khin ng b.
b. Dng khung trong mode reduced overhead
Mode ny s dng khi thit b ADSL khng cn dng chc nng ng b. Mode ny
han tan ging vi full overhead ngai tr vic iu khin ng b.
c. Overhead v tc bit ca h thng ADSL
Vic xc nh tc bit ca h thng ADSL gm:
- Tc d liu truyn trn cc knh ADSL
- Overhead ca h thng ADSL
Overhead ca h thng ADSL gm c:
- Knh EOC iu hnh ADSL
- Knh AOC iu khin ADSL
- Cc Bytes kim tra li CRC
- Nhng bit ch th dng cho iu hnh bo dng OAM
- Nhng byte d phng FEC

d. Cu trc khung (Frame structure)

Mt siu khung (a khung) d liu dng xung c truyn trong 17msec. Mi siu
khung bao gm 68 khung d liu v 01 khung ng b .
Mi khung d liu bao gm 2 phn:
Phn d liu nhanh (Fast Data): Dng cho cc d liu cn s nhanh nhy nh hnh
nh ng, m thanh . . . .
Phn d liu xen (Interleaved data): d liu c bo v tt nhng c tr ln.
Mi khung d liu c truyn trong 250s (1/4000s).
Trong mt a khung c cc khung thc hin cc chc nng c bit nh sau:
Khung 0: Truyn ti thng tin CRC cc byte ng b nhanh - Fast Synch Bytes .
Khung 1, 34, 35 : Truyn ti cc bit ch th ib indicator bit .
Lu rng khng c kch thc c nh cho mt khung ADSL, v tc ng dy
c th thay i theo p ng phn lp chuyn vn c ci t cho thit b v cn b
thay i theo iu kin tc ng ca mi trng, ng thi vi tnh cht bt i xng
ca n. Nhng thi gian truyn cho mi khung 250s v a khung 17msec lun lun
l c nh.

Trong truyn ti ADSL, ngi ta chia dng d liu thnh cc dng hay cn gi l
knh ph n cng simplex (AS0, AS1, AS2, AS3) v cc knh ph song cng
duplex (LS0, LS1, LS2). Cc knh d liu ny s c gn vo mt trong hai b m
nhanh Fast Buffer hoc b m xen Interleaved Bufffer .
y ta thy c 2 byte m rng AEX, LEX, hai byte ny c thm vo trong cu
trc khung pht.
AEX = 0 , nu dng n cng ASx khng c d liu .
LEX = 0 , nu c hai dng n cng ASx v LSx khng c d liu .

Hnh sau M t Cu trc khung trong b m fast v b m xen , ATU C.

Nh ni trn, cc khung 0, 1, 34 v 35 c vai tr c bit trong a khung
ADSL cc khung ny mang thng tin CRC ca khung, cc bit ch th v cc thng tin
overhead. Cc khung khc gm khung 2 n khung 33 v khung 36 n khung 67
cng c truyn cc thng tin overhead ca knh EOC v iu khin ng b. Tt c
cc thng tin ny c truyn ti v tr byte fast data ca mi khung trong a khung
ADSL. Phn overhead ca fast data c cu trc khc nhau ty theo khung chn hay
khung l.
Cu trc cc bits ny trong byte d liu c minh ha nh sau:
Fast byte:
Tm bit trn a khung ADSL c dng cho CRC ca b m d liu nhanh v 24
bits ch th (ib0-ib23) c dng cho chc nng OAM. Byte fast ca b m mang
thng tin CRC, EOC hay bits ng b.

Sync byte
Tm bit trn a khung ADSL s dng cho CRC ca b m d liu xen k (interlead
date buffer) l CRC0-CRC7. sync byte byte ng b ca b m d liu xen k
cha cc bit kim tra CRC trong khung 0 ca a khung trc . Sync byte ca cc
khung cn li (khung 1- 67) dng iu khin ng b cho cc knh trong b m d
liu xen k hoc dng truyn knh iu khin AOC trong ADSL.

QUI CHUN KNH TRUYN & PHN LOI CHUYN VN TRONG ADSL
ADSL truyn ti theo khung. Dng d liu c chia thnh 2 loi knh: knh n
cng 1 chiu ASx; ( x= 0,1,2,3 ) cho hng xung downstream v knh song cng 2
chiu LSx ; ( x = 0,1,2 ) cho c hai hng downstream v upstream .
Tt c cc knh c th c truyn ng thi. Mi knh c tc nguyn ln ca
32Kbps, c th nh sau:


Cc thit b ADSL cng lc khng chuyn vn ht tt c cc knh d liu nh trn.
Ngi ta phn chia tc ADSL thnh 4 lp chuyn vn vi hai loi knh n cng
v song cng c phn loi chuyn vn nh sau:
Phn loi chuyn vn vi tc chun 1.536kbps:
Cc h thng ADSL bt buc phi h tr lp truyn ti 1 v 4; hai lp truyn ti 2, 3
l tu chn .

Phn loi chuyn vn vi tc chun 2048 kbps:
Ngoi cc tc nh trn, ADSL cn c loi tc chuyn vn 2M, (Nx2048Kbps).
Cc knh AS0, AS1, AS2 c s dng h tr cu trc 2M nh sau:


Phn loi chuyn vn 2M c 3 lp 2M-1, 2M-2, 2M-3. Phn loi chuyn vn 2M
cng tun theo cht ch ca phn loi chuyn vn 1536Kbps. Loi chuyn vn cao
nht 2M-1 cng khng vt tc 6144 Kbps. (Hin nay ngi ta t n tc
8Mbps).

4. iu Hnh v Bo Dng ADSL (OAM)

Giao din ADSL h tr 3 phng php cho vic trao i thng tin hat ng ca
lp vt l gia ATU-C v ATU-R
- Ghi knh hat ng EOC
- iu khin mu u ADSL AOC
- Cc bit ch th.
4.1. Knh iu hnh EOC (Embedded Operations Channel)
Knh eoc (eoc1 . . . eoc13) l knh truyn ln lt trong khung ADSL thc hin
chc nng OAM. ATU-C gi lnh n ATU-R v ngc li ATU-R gi p ng lnh
li ATU-C trn knh eoc.
AUT-R ghi cc thng tin v nh sn xut, cu hnh hin ti ca ATU-R, kt qu t
test ca ATU-R, thng s ng dy, thng s nhiu . . . ATU-C c ni dung trn
thanh ghi ca ATU-R kt ni vi ATU_R qua knh EOC, ng thi qua knh
EOC thng bo cho ATU-C bit ATU-R b mt ngun.
EOC thc hin thng qua cc bit trong fast byte ca nhng khung t khung 2 n
khung 32 v t khung 36 n khung 67 trong mt siu khung. Khung EOC c 13 bit
trong 5 bit header v 8 bit mang thng tin, thng tin truyn trong knh EOC l cc
byte lnh hay cc byte phn hi lnh t ATU-R.
Knh eoc gm:
Trng a ch: dng hai gi tr nh phn sau:
- 11: a ch ca ATU-C
- 00: a ch ca AUT-R
- 01 hoc 10: dng cho tng lai
Trng d liu hoc trng opcode
- Mang gi tr l 0 : khi trng thng tin ca bn tin EOC c cha d liu
- Mang gi tr 1: Khi trng thng tin ca EOC cha m iu hnh ca ADSL
Byte kim tra chn l:
- Mang gi tr 1 khi dng kim tra chn.
- Mang gi tr 0 khi dng kim tra l.
Bn tin autonomous: l bn tin dng chung gia ATU-R v ATU-C.
- Ti ATU-C:
. Mang gi tr 1 khi ATU-C gi lnh cho ATU-R.
. Mang gi tr 0 khi truyn autonomous.
- Ti ATU-R
. Mang gi tr 1 khi ATU-R thc hin v tr li li lnh ca ATU-C.
. Mang gi tr 0 khi truyn autonomous.
Trng thng tin: c m ha t 58 opcode khc nhau hay t 8 bit d liu
4.2.Knh AOC
AOC cng c cu trc tng t EOC. N c s dng mang cc thng tin thi
gian thc cn thit cho vic khi phc li cu hnh ph hp vi s thay i ca ng
dy. N mang cc bit trong byte ng b ca phn chn trong khung ADSL. Khung
AOC c 13 bit trong 5 bit header v 8 bit mang thng tin.
4.3. Bits ch th
32 bit ch th c mang trong fast byte trong khung ADSL. Mi bit gip cho
modem bit trng thi ca ATU-C. Bit ch th cho bit cc trng thi nh: li ng
truyn, mt tn hiu t ATU-C.
Cc bn tin OAM
REQCOR (request corrupted CRC): yu cu ATU-R gi CRC cho ATU-C, n
c gi cho n khi ATU-C nhn c REQEND.
REQEND: Yu cu ATU-R ngng gi CRC v ATU-C
NOTCOR: Bn tin lu ATU-R nhn CRC t ATU-C cho n khi no nhn
c yu cu ngng t ATU-C hoc nhn c bn tin NOTEND hay tr li
bnh thng.
NOTEND: Bn tin bo lu ATU-C ngng gi CRC n ATU-R.
SLFTST: bn tin yu cu ATU-R t test. Kt qu test c ATU-R lu vo
thanh ghi. Sau ATU-C c kt qu t thanh ghi ca ATU-R.
WRITE: Yu cu ATU-R lu d liu v : trng thi ca giao thc, d liu nhn
c, ri lu d liu vo thanh ghi bi opcode.
READ: Yu cu ATU-R c d liu v : trng thi ca giao thc, d liu c
c t thanh ghi bi opcode v truyn n n ATU- C.
EOD (end of date): Cho bit ATU-C han thnh vic gi d liu n ATU-R
hay ATU-R yu cu ATU-C gi bn tin k tip.
NEXT: Bn tin c gi lin tc bi ATU-C khi ATU-C c d liu t thanh
ghi ca ATU-R.
4.4. Thc hin gim st trong ADSL
a. Gim st ng dy ADSL: Thc hin gim st bi cc b counters trong h thng
ADSL.
Gim st mt khung
Gim st mt ng truyn kt ni
Gim st mt tn hiu
Gim st mt ngun
Gim st li
Gim st khi phc li
Gim st trng thi khng sn sng lm vic.
b. Gim st knh ADSL
Nhn d liu (encode Block)
Truyn d liu
Nhn d liu c li xy ra c khi phc
Nhn d liu c li xy ra nhng cha c khi phc
Nhn bit CRC gi trong knh.
Ty thuc vo gi tr ca mi counter m h thng ADSL thc hin chc nng OAM
tng ng.

Lu : vic nhn bit mt tn hiu c thc hin bng thng s LOS ( loss-of-
signal). Trong ADSL vic xc lp gi tr cng sut tham kho bng vic ly trung
bnh theo tng 0,1 giy. Sau khi bt u truyn d liu n nh th mc ngng s
c nh sn. Vic mt tn hiu c xc nh khi mc cng sut ADSL thp hn
mc ngng.

5. So snh gia ADSL vi ISDN v ADSL vi ADSL Lite (G.lite)
ADSL vi ISDN
ADSL PSTN v ISDN
ADSL l lin tc/ always-on tc kt ni
trc tip
PSTN v ISDN l cc cng ngh quay s (dial-
up)
ADSL kt ni chng ta ti mt ISP nh
trc

PSTN v ISDN cho php chng ta s dng fax,
d liu, thoi, d liu ti Internet, d liu ti cc
thit b khc
ADSL ch chuyn ti d liu ti Internet PSTN v ISDN cho php chng ta tu chn ISP
no m ta mun kt ni
ADSL c th ti d liu v vi tc ti
8Mbps.Rt nhiu dch v ADSL s dng
tc trn di 512kbps
ISDN chy tc c s 64kbps hoc 128kbps
ADSL cho php ta lt trn Internet trong
khi vn c th thc hin cuc gi ng thi
PSTN ngt truy nhp ti Internet khi chng ta
thc hin cuc gi
ADSL khng tnh cc ni ht.
Tnh cc ni ht
ADSL l khng th o v c tnh tin
theo t l c nh

Dng bao nhiu, tr by nhiu. Cu trc
cc theo lu lng s dng (hoc theo
thi gian s dng).
Tnh cc theo thi gian
Khng hn ch s ngi s dng khi chia s
kt ni Internet trong mng


ADSL vi ADSL lite.

IV. CU TRC MNG DNG ADSL (cc thnh phn ca h thng ADSL)
Cu trc dch v ADSL end-to-end m t nh hnh trn gm:
- CPE: customer premises equipment l cc PC hoc Workstation v Remote
ADSL Terminating Units (ATU-R) hay Router (ADSL modem).
- NAP: Network access providers qun l mng li layer2 (DSLAM, BAS,
BRAS). Ti ADSL POP, NAP trin khai mt hay nhiu thit b DSLAM kt
ni cp ng local loop gia POP v CPE. Trong cu trc m rng cc
DSLAM kt ni trc tip hoc gin tip qua WAN n thit b tp trung hay
kt ni mc xch nhau ti u ha ng ATM uplink.
- NSP: Network service provider qun l mng li layer3 (ISP, internet).


Mng xDSL bao gm cc thnh phn sau:
1. Thit b pha nh cung cp dch v:
- B tp hp truy cp Aggregator hay cn gi BAS hay BRAS
- B ghp knh truy cp DSLAM (Digital Subscriber line Access Multiplexer)
- Knh truyn (VPI/VCI)
- POTS splitter v CO splitter

a. B ghp knh truy cp DSLAM

DSLAM l b ghp knh c chc nng cung cp cng kt ni trc tip n khch
hng. y l thit b tp trung cc ng thu bao ring l y ln mc trn v
ngc li. ADSL kt ni trc tip n local loop, v gii hn khang cch ca local
loop nn cc DSLAM thng c t ti cc CO. Do DSLAM khng c ngi qun
l k thut nn thit b DSLAM c kh nng chu li cao gim thiu s c mng.
DSLAM thng h tr cc tiu chun sau y:
- ANSI T1.413 Issue2 (ADSL over POTS)
- ITU G.992.1 Annex A
- ITU G992.2 (G.lite)
- ITU G994.1(G.hs)
DSLAM phi c mt s c tnh nh sau:
- H tr MPLS, IP routing QoS cho php trin khai nhiu lai ng dng qua
xDSL.
- H tr nhiu chun xDSL.
- H tr a dng cc lai giao tip uplink bng rng DS3/E3, OC3/STM-1,
FE,GE . . .
- H tr kt ni u cui ngi s dng E1, nx64 Kbps.
- Tng thch vi nhiu lai thit b u cui khch hnh DSl CPE ca nhiu
hng sn xut. Cho php khch hng c nhiu kh nng chn la thit b u
cui.
- ng dng cc k thut phn nhnh, xp chng . . . v.v. cho php linh hat
trong thay i cu trc mng.
- Cu hnh chn la nhiu khe cm.

DSLAM l thit b tp trung truy cp ng dy thu bao s pha tng i ATU-C,
cha rt nhiu modul v cung cp y cc tnh nng ADSL. DSLAM cha cc
bng mch ADSL v Splitter, n thc hin vic tp trung v chuyn ti lu lng qua
mng trc IP n ISP. DSLAM ph (Sub-DSLAM) l mt phn t mng ging
DSLAM ph, u ra ca n c kt ni v cc DSLAM chnh. Sub-DSLAM chu s
qun l ca DSLAM chnh (Main DSLAM). Kt ni gia gia Main_DSLAM vi
Sub_DSLAM, hoc Main_DSLAM SubDSLAM vi mng IP bng cc loi giao
tip sau :
n x Ethernet 100/1000 (cho lu lng IP).
155Mbps SDH.
34Mbps PDH.
n X 2Mbps.
Cc tnh nng ca DSLAM
1- DSLAM s tnh nng nh mt b nh hng IP IP router v h tr cc giao
thc kt hp sau:
RFC1483/RFC2684 (bc cu Bridged, nh hng router).
PPPoA RFC2364.
PPPoE RFC2516.
L2TP.
Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS.
Nh cung cp phi cho bit s lng session PPPoE ln nht c th x l v kt thc
ng thi (cng lc) ca IP DSLAM v s lng gi IP ln nht c chuyn ti
trong mi giy.
2- DSLAM s c tnh nng nh mt b nh hng IP IP router v h tr cc giao
thc nh hng sau:
RIP, RIPv2.
OSPFv2.
BGP4.
B nh hng tnh - Static router.
3- DSLAM phi h tr cc c ch qun l cht lng qua nn IP.
DiffServ (RFC2474).
IP Proceduce/TOS Support (RFC1349).
4- DSLAM phi h tr Multicast Protocol :
IGMP v2.0.
ATM point to point controlled by IGMP.
5- DSLAM phi cung cp cc chc nng v an ton d liu :
B lc a ch MAC, b lc truy cp a ch IP, Tunel Policies, PAP/CHAP v kim
tra thm quyn t RADIUS.
6- DSLAM phi p ng chc nng tnh ton mi session qua RADIUS. DSLAM
phi h tr tch hp cc tnh nng la chn WEB vi mt SSG (Service Selection
Gateway).
7- DSLAM phi h tr tnh nng Netflow Packet Export ti Netflow Packet
Collectors (o lng lu lng thu bao).
8- DSLAM phi t c y chc nng chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS.
N c chc nng nh mt IP DSLAM y , v nh vy n c th kt thc mt kt
ni; n cn c chc nng nh mt thit b PE hng ti mng MPLS. Vic ny
cho php thit lp mng ring p MPLS khng cn phi cng bc tp trung n trong
mt cu hnh hnh sao (star) trn mt thit b tp trung.

b. B tp hp truy cp Aggregator (BAS hay BRAS)
L thit b c nhim v tp trung cc kt ni v trung tm theo phng thc gim
thiu kt ni logic. Aggregator tp trung cc kt ni logic (cc PVC) n t cc
DSLAM ri tp trung li thnh mt hoc vi PVC truyn ti qua mng trc (core
network) v n ISP . . . Khi khng dng Aggregator th vi nxPVC n t n thit
b u cui s chim nxPVC ng kt ni trn mng trc.
Thng qua Aggregator nh cung cp dch v s cung cp cho khch hng cc dch v
DSL nh truy cp internet tc cao, kt ni mng ring o, Video on demand,
Video Broadcast, e-learning, . . .
Yu cu chc nng ca BRAS hay BAS (Aggregator):
- H tr a dng cc lai giao tip LAN/WAN thun li cho vic kt ni vi cc
Router, DSLAM: FE, GE, serial, HSSI, ISDN, T3/E3, OC3/STM-1, OC-12/STM-4.
- Kh nng x l cao tng xng vi vai tr l b tp trung, chp nhn cho hng
ngn kt ni n t pha khch hng .
- H tr ATM, MPLS, IP, QoS, CoS, L2TP
- H tr kh nng xp chng phn nhnh cho php trin khai linh hat cu hnh
mng khi cn thit.
- Kh nng tng thch vi cc dng sn phm ca cc hng khc nhau.
Nhim v ca BRAS hay BAS (Aggregator):
Tp hp tt c cc kt ni logic o vo trong mt im logic, iu ny cng ng
ngha vi vic tp hp tt c cc giao thc kt ni PPP vo mt thi im sau mi
a ln Up-link ti mng trc (core). V nguyn l th mi thu bao dng mt kt ni
PPP, tuy nhin s lng kt ni PPP l khng gii hn trn mi kt ni DSL, cho
php nhiu khch hng khc nhau trong cng mt vn phng chia s cng mt ng
DSL ra ngai mng internet.
PPP c xc thc (authentification) v kt thc ti BAS hay BRAS (Aggregator).
Aggregator c th thc hin vic xc thc Authentification, cp php (authorization)
cho mt thu bao thng qua mt ti khang (accounting) ca thu bao c to ra v
lu ti RADIUS Server t trong mng ca nh cung cp dch v. Sau khi xc thc
t kt qu th BRAS (Aggregator) s thit lp mt kt ni nh hng t nh khch
hng n nh cung cp dch v internet. Cc BRAS (Aggregator) kt hp vi Radius
t ti trung tm iu hnh ca ISP qun l khch hng DSL truy cp vo internet.
Thit b BRAS (Aggregator) c th l mt thit b nh tuyn a chc nng (Router)
hoc l mt thit b mng chuyn dng cho bng rng. Cc thit b ny c t bn
cnh DSLAM ngay ti cc POP cung cp dch v hay c th t ti khu vc trung
tm vng v kt ni n cc DSLAM lp di thng qua giao tip WAN.

Kt ni gia DSLAM v BRAS hay BBAS (Aggregator) thng thng phi l ATM
qua STM-1 (STM-4) hoc CO-3 do nn tng truyn dn ca xDSL l ATM. Tuy
nhin ngy nay c th dng kt ni bng rng FE hay GE
c. CO-Splitter (POTS Splitter)
Dch v ADSL cho php s dng dch v truyn d liu tc cao cng vi dch v
thai truyn thng trn cng i dy cp ng in thoi. ADSL v dch v thai
truyn thng s dng cc gii tn s khc nhau, m bo cc gii tn s ny khng
gy nhiu nhau th cn dng b phn chia c gi l Splitter. B POTS Splitter
c t ti CO bn trong DSLAM hay i km bn ngai DSLAM.

Protection
Circuitly
Low Pass
Filter
Option
High Pass
Filter
Tip/Ring
Line
(Local loop)
POTS
DSLAM
POTS Splitter

Mi POTS Splitter c ba nhm giao tip: Mt giao tip kt ni n local loop v pha
nh khch hng, mt giao tip kt ni vi DSLAM v BRAS ra internet, giao tip cn
li kt ni vi h thng chuyn mch thai truyn thng thuc mng PSTN.
2. Pha khch hng
a. Thit b u cui khch hng DSL CPE

Thit b u cui khch hng bao gm cc thit b ADSL modem, ADSL Router, card
giao tip thc hin chuyn i d liu ca cc ng dng ngi dng thnh dng tn
hiu ADSL v ngc li. DSL CPE tiu biu l: PC NIC, DSL modem, DSL Bridge,
DSL Router . . .
Thit b ADSL hot ng bng cch vn hnh cng lc nhiu modem, trong mi
modem s dng phn bng thng ring c th.

Thit b ADSL s dng rt nhiu modem ring l hot ng song song khai thc
bng thng ti a v cung cp mt tc rt cao.
Mi ng k sc en trn th hin mt modem v chng hot ng ti cc tn s
hon ton khc nhau. Trn thc t c th ti 256 modem hot ng trn mt ng
ADSL. im c bit ch ADSL s dng di tn s t 26kHz ti 1.1MHz hay
2MHz (ADSL 2+). Tt c 256 modems ny c vn hnh ch trn mt con chp n.
b. CPE-Splitter
Kt ni ADSL s dng hai b splitter khc nhau, mt ti DSLAM v mt ti nh pha
khch hng chia tch thng tin ca tn hiu thai truyn thng v dch v ADSL.
Cu trc ca hai b ny khng ging nhau. B thit b CPE Splitter cn gi l
Remote POTS splitter (ti nh khch hng). CPE Splitter c ba giao tip RJ-11: Mt
dnh cho kt ni vi local loop, mt cho kt ni DSL CPE, mt cho kt ni vi my
in thai.

B chia tch voice
v data (Spliter)

V. KT NI MNG TRONG ADSL
Khi thit b DSL CPE kt ni vi thit b DSL POTS s c thc hin thng qua
qu trnh khi to thit lp thng tin gia ATU-C v ATU-R. Tin trnh ny cho
php hai modem c nhn dng vi nhau, xc nh trng thi ng dy, cc thng
tin ng dy, trao i tham s phc v cho vic kt ni, ch nh ti nguyn v cc
thng tin khc. Qu trnh chia lm 4 giai an:
Kch hat v chp nhn: ATU-R bt u tin trnh bng vic gi cc tn hiu
n ATU-C trao i v phng php iu khin, nhn dng thit b, khi kt thc
th trng thi ng dy c phn tch xong.
Thu th: ATU-C v ATU-R trao i thng tin xc nh trng thi ng dy v
iu chnh mc thu gia chng. Vic thu th c thc hin ty theo kiu ghp
knh FDM hay ECH.
Phn tch knh: Trao i thng tin v knh upstream v downstream, thng tin
kt ni, thi gian thit lp kt ni, bng thng trn mi knh. Sau modem thc
hin kim tra xc nh cht lng mch vng v SNR cho mi m DNT 4 kHz.
Trao i: Tp hp cc thng tin v: cht lng kt ni, cu hnh ca modem.
Ch nh bng thng cho knh truyn, xc nh cc tn hiu DMT c th v cho
bit s bit dng m ha trong DMT. Vic kt ni c thc hin theo c hai hng
, cc modem phi thng bo trng thi vi u bn kia sn sng nhn thng tin.

1. Cc giao thc kt ni mng trong ADSL v vai tr ATM

Kt ni ADSL c thit lp gia modem v tng i . Trong s sp t cho truy cp
Internet tc cao, cc ng truyn dn kt ni t DSLAM BRAS (BAS) - ti
nh cung cp dch v ISP cng phi c cung cp cc kt ni tc cao nh STM ,
ATM hoc chuyn mch IP . Kt ni ny phi uyn chuyn, cho php ISP c th
bt c u, khng nht thit phi gn tng i. Vic to hng Routing v bng thng
phi c cu hnh ng. ATM c th hot ng tc 2Gbps vi tr nh hn
1ms. ATM c th c truyn ti trn cp quang hay cp ng. Trong ATM, cc cell
(t bo) lun i theo ng dn sut dc mng li.
Ngoi ra, giao thc internet IP (Internet Protocol) l nn ca internet, IP s c
chuyn ch bi cc cell ca ATM trn ng dn sut dc mng li (qua giao thc
PPP s c cp phn sau). Cc cell t bo ATM c truyn trn ng truyn
khng nht thit phi theo th t cell, nhng cn to li ng th t cell ni n.
thc hin ngi ta dng cc b m xp xp chng tr li to th t cell nh
nguyn gc. ATM thch hp vi cc ng dng thi gian thc hn IP.
Cc Lp p ng Ca ATM

ATM c kch c cell c nh, c th mang 48 bytes d liu ca ngi dng trong
tng cng 53bytes/cell. Mt lp p ng c dng cho php cc giao thc cp
cao hn nh l PPP (Point to Point Protocol - Giao thc internet im ti im) c
ti trn ATM. C 4 lp p ng l loi 1(AAL1), loi 2(AAL2) , loi 3 / 4(AAL3/4)
v loi 5(AAL5).
- AAL1 cn cho cc ng dng tc khng i nh Video Broadcast Quality.
- AAL2 dng cho cc dch v video conference, Voice over IP (VoIP).
- AAL3/4 cung cp tc bit bin i nhanh nhng khng cn sa li.
- AAL5 c trng c dng cho LAN To LAN hay cc ng dng internet. Nhng
dch v ny khng nhy cm v thi gian v cc giao thc internet qun l vic nhn
bit li v sa li. Tt c cc mu - form AAL hnh thnh 2 lp con - sub-layer gi l
lp con hi t CS (Convergence Sub-layer) v lp con phn mnh & ti to
SAR (Segmentation and Reassembly Sublayer). Trong trng hp AAL5, SAR rt
nh (c 1 bit ch th rng Cell ny cha l cui ca segment ) v CS bao gm m
thm cell cui cng trong 1 segment .

Khung ATM

Cc cell ATM c chiu di 53 byte trong 48 byte dng mang d liu cho ngi
dng. Cc giao thc dng AAL5, dng cc khung di hn. Trong AAL5, vai tr
chnh ca lp con SAR ch cell cho l cui cng ca nhm ti hay cha, lin
kt t mt khung n ca lp cao hn. Lp con hi t CS lin quan chnh vi s m
thm (pading) khi khung ca lp cao hn vt qua kch thc khung ATM 48byte.
Mch in o ATM (ATM Virtual Circuits)
Nhn t c ngha nht trong s lin h gia ADSL v ATM l a ch v to hng.
ng dn kt ni qua mng ATM gi l mch in o (VC). Tt c cc kt ni phi
c xc nh trc.
Mt kt ni ATM c xc nh bi 2 gi tr: B nhn dng ng dn o VPI
(Virtual Path Indentifier) v B nhn dng knh o VCI (Vitual Chanel Indentifier);
gi l cp VPI/VCI. VCI l kt ni c tnh n tr trong mt VPI. Cc VCI c
nhm trong cc VPI to s thun tin cho cc nh khai thc, cc nhm VCI ch c th
chuyn mch trong nn c s VPI. Trong mt mng li, mi chuyn mch xp t
mt cp VPI/VCI incoming trn mt cng incoming ti mt cp VPI/VCI trn mt
cng outgoing.

Routing trong mng ATM
V d sau: mt mch in o c gn cho ngi dng bi mt cp gi tr VPI = 5,
VCI = 37, v cn c chuyn mch kt ni vi mt ISP mt kt ni c xc nh
bi mt cp VPI = 7, VCI = 43. Kt ni ny phi thng qua nhiu chuyn mch ti
im n. Ti mi chuyn mch cc cp gi tr VPI/VCI s c gn thay i gi tr
t knh ny sang knh khc. Mch o end to end l kt qu ca s xp t tun t cc
kt ni o trong mng. V vy, u cui ngi dng cng cn xc nh mt cp gi
tr VPI / VCI xc nh kt ni khi dng chuyn mch ATM.

2. Vai Tr Ca Giao Thc PPP
ng dng lp cao trong internet thc hin qua giao thc TCP/IP, chuyn ti cc
gi IP qua mng ATM (lp vt l) cn c mt giao thc trung gian, l giao thc
PPP (point to point protocol). Thng qua giao thc ny cc ISP thc hin iu khin,
kim tra gim st lu lng, thm quyn truy cp v tnh cc. Thc t cc gi d
liu trc khi chuyn ti ATM, n phi c chuyn trung gian qua PPP v Ethernet
trc.

C 4 cch t TCP/IP vo trong ATM:
Cch 1 : TCP/IP - PPP - ATM. ( cn gi PPP over ATM)
Cch 2 : TCP/IP - PPP - Ethernet - ATM. (cn gi PPP over Ethernet)
Cch 3 : TCP/IP - ATM. ( cn gi IP over ATM)
Cch 4 : TCP/IP - Ethernet - ATM. (cn gi Ethernet over ATM)

(Nh cung cp dch v phi cung cp cho khch hng bit cch no trong 4 cch trn)
a Giao Thc Kt Hp (MultiProtocol Encapsulation)
Trong cc h thng ang c xem xt y, tt c dng truyn ti TCP/IP qua
ATM (hay TCP/IP bn trong PPP), nhiu tiu chun dng trong ADSL cho php
truyn dn vi giao thc khc nhau qua ATM.
C 2 cch thc hin:
- Dng a mch VC Multiplexed: Trng hp ny giao thc thc hin bi ATM VC
(Virtual Circuit). Hai u cui phi thng nht. Nu hai u cn x l giao thc khc
th h cn cn phi cu hnh nhn cng trn mt ATM VC khc.
- Dng LLC Multiplexed: Trng hp ny giao thc thc hin bi ATM VC c
m t nh trong LLC (Logical Link Control) v mt header c thm khi bt u
mt lung d liu.
Nu hai u cn x l giao thc khc th h c th thc hin trn cng ATM VC bi
s thay i giao thc xc nh trong LLC header. Nh cung cp dch v s xc
nh 1 trong 4 cch chuyn ti TCP/IP qua ATM tng ng RFC1483R, RFC14873B
hay PPP qua ATM; v nh cung cp dch v phi xc nh dng VC Multiplexing
hay LLC Multiplexing.
2.1. PPP over ATM dng a knh o (VC Multiplexed)
PPP over ATM (PPPoA) c xc nh trong RFC2364 (PPP over AAL5). Trong c
tnh ny c 2 ty chn VC-Multiplexed v LLC Multiplexed .

2.2. PPP over ETHERNET
PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE) c xc nh bi RFC2516 (Phng php truyn PPP
qua Ethernet), n khng phi l tiu chun quc t. Cch gi ng nht l PPP qua
Ethernet hay qua ATM PPP Over Ethernet hay Over ATM). PPPoE n phc tp
hn cc phng php m t, v n phi xc nh 2 tng hot ng (discovery v
PPP); cc th tc hot ng cho tng discovery v cc th tc cho s chuyn dch
gia hai tng. Tng Discovery cn trong vic xp t server (gi l HOST) c th hi
Client PC trong a ch MAC Ethernet ca n, thit lp mt ID session PPPoE v
chuyn tin tc ny ti mt server khc c gi l b tp trung truy cp - Acess
Concentrator. Khi discovery hon thnh, cc khung PPP c th chuyn sang trng
thi bnh thng.
3. IP over ATM
C 2 bin th l RFC1483R v RFC1577.
RFC1483 (Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaption Layer 5) ngy nay thay
cho RFC2684. Tiu chun ny bao gm h tr giao thc nh hng (ging IP) v
giao thc khng nh hng (ging Ethernet). N cng c kt hp cc ty chn cho
VC Multiplexing v LLC Multiplexing. RFC1577 (Classical IP and ARP over ATM)
ngy nay thay cho RFC2225 - l mt trin khai tng qut cho php a im-
multipoint mng IP c trin khai trong mng ATM. N kt hp mt version c
bit ATM ca giao thc ARP. RFC1577/2225 xut hin rt ph bin IP over ATM
dng LLC Multiplexed trong RFC1483/2684 -
S khi y m t cho c hai , nhng c cc khc nhau trong cc th tc ci t
to phn lp IP qua ATM (Classical IP over ATM ) nhn bit s khc bit t to
hng IP qua ATM (Routed IP over ATM)

IP over ATM - VC Multiplexed: VC trn c s ghp (mutiplexing) cc giao thc nh
hng t RFC 1483/2684.
IP over ATM - LLC Multiplexed: LLC trn c s ghp (Multiplexing) IP t
RFC1483/2684.
4. Ethernet over ATM
Ethernet Over ATM c bit chung nh tiu chun RFC1484B. Tiu chun a
giao thc kt hp qua ATM mc p ng AAL5 RFC 1483 (Multiprotocol
Encapsulation Over ATM Adaption Layer 5) ngy nay c thay cho RFC2684. Tiu
chun ny h tr cc giao thc nh hng (ging IP) v cc giao thc khng nh
hng (nh Ethernet). N cng kt hp vic s dng tu chn VC Multiplexing v
LLC Multiplexing .

Ethernet over ATM Dng VC Multiplexed: trn c s ghp Ethernet t tiu chun
RFC1483/2684 .
Ethernet over ATM dng LLC Multiplexed: trn c s ghp ethernet t tiu chun
RFC1483/2684 .

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