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COMPHRAHENSIV VIVA
TRR ENGINEERING COLLEGE RAVEE0408@GMAIL.COM





















ELECTRONIC DEVICES &
CIRCUITS

















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COMPHRAHENSIV VIVA
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1. What are Electric and Magnetic fields

Ans. Wherever there is electricity, there are also electric and magnetic fields, invisible lines of
force created by the electric charges. Electric fields result from the strength of the charge while
magnetic fields result from the motion of the charge, or the current. Electric fields are easily
shielded: they may be weakened, distorted or blocked by conducting objects such as earth, trees,
and buildings, but magnetic fields are not as readily blocked. Electric charges with opposite signs
(positive and negative) at-tract each other, while charges with the same sign repel each other.
The forces of attraction and repulsion create electric fields whose strength is related to voltage
(elec-trical pressure). These forces of attraction or repulsion are carried through space from
charge to charge by the electric field. The electric field is measured in volts per meter (V/m) or
in kilovolts per meter (kV/m).

2. What is the Fermi level for extrinsic semiconductors?
Ans. An extrinsic semiconductor is an intrinsic semiconductor doped with either electron donors
or electron acceptors which will increase the electron or hole concentrations respectively.

For an intrinsic semiconductor, the Fermi Energy level sits roughly at midpoint of the band gap,
if the effective mass of holes and electrons is the same. When the semiconductor is doped, the
Fermi level moves either towards the conduction band if the doping is an electron donor or
towards the valence band if the doping is an electron acceptor. For non-degenerate doping, the


3. What is Voltage regulator?

Ans. A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant
voltage level. A voltage regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or may include
negative feedback control loops. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic
components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC
voltages.
Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power supplies where they
stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements. In automobile alternators and
central power station generator plants, voltage regulators control the output of the plant. In an
electric power distribution system, voltage regulators may be installed at a substation or along
distribution lines so that all customers receive steady voltage independent of how much power is
drawn from the line.

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4. How Transistor works as an amplifier in common-emitter configuration?
Ans. When a transistor is connected in a common-emitter configuration, the input signal is
injected between the base and emitter, which is a low resistance, low-current circuit. As the input
signal swings positive, it also causes the base to swing positive with respect to the emitter. This
action decreases forward bias which reduces collector current (I
C
) and increases collector voltage
(making V
C
more negative). During the negative alternation of the input signal, the base is driven
more negative with respect to the emitter. This increases forward bias and allows more current
carriers to be released from the emitter, which results in an increase in collector current and a
decrease in collector voltage (making V
C
less negative or swing in a positive direction). The
collector current that flows through the high resistance reverse-biased junction also flows
through a high resistance load (not shown), resulting in a high level of amplification.

5. What is Thermal runaway in BJT?
Ans. Leakage current increases significantly in bipolar transistors (notably germanium-based
bipolar transistors) as they increase in temperature. Depending on the design of the circuit, this
increase in leakage current can increase the current flowing through the transistor and with it the
power dissipation. This causes a further increase in CE current. This is frequently seen in a
pushpull stage of a class AB amplifier. If the transistors are biased to have minimal crossover
distortion at room temperature, and the biasing is not made temperature dependent, as the
temperature rises, both transistors will be increasingly turned on, causing current and power to
further increase, eventually destroying one or both devices.
To avoid thermal runaway the operating point of BJT should be V
ce
1/2V
cc
6. What is input impedance?
Ans. The input impedance of an electrical network is the equivalent impedance "seen" by a
power source connected to that network. If the source provides known voltage and current, such
impedance can be calculated using Ohm's Law. The input impedance is the Thvenin's
equivalent circuit of the electrical network, modeled by an RL (resistor-inductor) or an RC
(resistor-capacitor) combination, with equivalent values that would result in the same response as
that of the network. It is also called Z11 in terms of Z-Parameters.
7. What is amplifier gain?
Ans. Amplifier gain stands for any of Voltage amplifier, Current amplifier, Trans resistance
Trans admittance amplifier

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Ve feed back amplifier depends on | 1 | 1 , 1

b b
A ve f ve f F "
Feed back reduces noise distortion, gain variation due to parameters, increases BW.
1 AF is called de-sensitivity factor.
8. What is Wein Bridge oscillator?
Ans. A Wien bridge oscillator is a type of electronic oscillator that generates sine waves. It can
generate a large range of frequencies. The circuit is based on an electrical network originally
developed by Max Wien in 1891. The bridge comprises four resistors and two capacitors. It can
also be viewed as a positive feedback system combined with a band pass filter. Wien did not
have a means of developing electronic gain so a workable oscillator could not be realized.


Classic Wien bridge oscillator







0
0
; ;
1
f
f
i
X
X A
A A
A X X
F
F
! ! !

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