Chuyn !

Semina ngy 21-10-2009 T" Ton tin

1
M#T PHNG PHP CH$NG MINH B%T &NG TH$C
C I'U KI(N TCH CC BI)N B*NG 1.
L XUN +I
(GV Tr!ng THPT Chuyn V"nh Phc)
C m!t s" bi ton b#t $ng th%c (BT) v&i n bi'n s" dng
1 2 n
a , a ,..., a tho( mn i)u ki*n
tch c+a chng b,ng 1 (ta th-ng g.p v&i n=3). V&i lo/i bi ton ny th-ng c kh nhi)u phng
php ch%ng minh. Chuyn ) nh0 ny xin 1c gi&i thi*u m!t k2 thu3t 4i bi'n s" d/ng
k k k
2 3 1
1 2 n
1 2 n
x x x
a , a ,..., a
x x x
! " ! " ! "
# # #
$ % $ % $ %
& ' & ' & '
, trong
1 2 n
x , x ,..., x dng (ta th-ng ch5n k=1).
Xin a ra m#t s$ v d% minh ho& cho phng php ny
Th d, 1. Cho ba s" a,b,c dng tho( mn abc=1. Ch%ng minh r,ng:
a b c 3
ab 1 bc 1 ca 1 2
( ( )
( ( (
(1)
L!i gi'i. T6n t/i x,y,z dng sao cho
x y z
a , b , c
y z x
# # # , khi BT (1) tr7 thnh
x / y y / z z / x 3
(x / z) 1 (y/ x) 1 (z / y) 1 2
xz xy yz 3
(2)
xy yz xz yz xy xz 2

( ( )
( ( (
* ( ( )
( ( (

BT (2) ng theo BT Nesbits. $ng th%c x(y ra khi v ch8 khi a=b=c=1.
Th d, 2. Cho ba s" a,b,c dng tho( mn abc=1. Ch%ng minh r,ng:
a b c 1 1 1
3 a b c
b c a a b c
( ( ( ) ( ( ( ( ( (1)
L!i gi'i. T6n t/i x,y,z dng sao cho
x y z
a , b , c
y z x
# # # , khi BT (1) tr7 thnh
2 2 2
x y z x y z y z x
3
yz xz xy y z x x y z
( ( ( ) ( ( ( ( ( (2)

pdfMachine
A pdf writer that produces quality PDF files with ease!
Produce quality PDF files in seconds and preserve the integrity of your original documents. Compatible across
nearly all Windows platforms, if you can print from a windows application you can use pdfMachine.
Get yours now!
Chuyn ! Semina ngy 21-10-2009 T" Ton tin

2
Ta c (2)
3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
x y z 3xyz x y xy y z yz x z xz * ( ( ( ) ( ( ( ( (
BT ny ng theo BT Schur. V3y bi ton 1c ch%ng minh
$ng th%c x(y ra khi v ch8 khi a=b=c=1.
Th d, 3. Cho b"n s" a,b,c,d dng tho( mn abcd=1. Ch%ng minh r,ng:
1 1 1 1
2
a(1 b) b(1 c) c(1 d) d(1 a)
( ( ( )
( ( ( (
(1)
L!i gi'i. T6n t/i x,y,z,t dng sao cho
x z t y
a , b , c , d
y x z t
# # # # . Khi BT (1) tr7 thnh:
y x z t
2
x z z t y t x y
( ( ( )
( ( ( (

p d9ng BT Cauchy-Schwarz ta 1c:
2
y x z t (x y z t)
x z z t y t x y y(x z) x(z t) z(y t) t(x y)
( ( (
( ( ( )
( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (

Ta ch%ng minh
2
(x y z t)
2
y(x z) x(z t) z(y t) t(x y)
( ( (
)
( ( ( ( ( ( (
(2)
Ta c (2)
2 2 2 2 2 2
x y z t 2(yz xt) (x t) (y z) 0 * ( ( ( ) ( * + ( + ) . Do BT (2) ng
V3y (1) 1c ch%ng minh. $ng th%c x(y ra khi v ch8 khi
1 1
b d
a c
# # # .
Th d, 4 (IMO 2000). Cho ba s" dng a,b,c tho( mn abc=1. Ch%ng minh r,ng:
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 a b c
b c a
! "! "! "
+ ( + ( + ( ,
$ %$ %$ %
& '& '& '

L!i gi'i. T6n t/i x,y,z dng sao cho
x y z
a , b , c
y z x
# # # , khi BT c:n ch%ng minh tr7 thnh
( )( )( ) x y z y z x z x y xyz + ( + ( + ( ,
BT ny qu quen thu!c v&i chng ta. Bi ton 1c ch%ng minh.
Th d, 5 (IMO 2008). Cho ba s" x,y,z khc 1 tho( mn xyz=1. Ch%ng minh r,ng:

pdfMachine
A pdf writer that produces quality PDF files with ease!
Produce quality PDF files in seconds and preserve the integrity of your original documents. Compatible across
nearly all Windows platforms, if you can print from a windows application you can use pdfMachine.
Get yours now!
Chuyn ! Semina ngy 21-10-2009 T" Ton tin

3
2 2 2
2 2 2
1
( 1) ( 1) ( 1)
x y z
x y z
( ( )
+ + +
(1)
L!i gi'i. T6n t/i a,b,c dng sao cho
a b c
x , y , z
b c a
# # # , khi BT (1) tr7 thnh
2 2 2
1
a b c
a b b c c a
! " ! " ! "
( ( )
$ % $ % $ %
+ + +
& ' & ' & '

2 2 2
1
1 1 1 1
4
a b b c c a
a b b c c a
- .
( ( ( ! " ! " ! "
* ( ( ( ( ( )
/ 0
$ % $ % $ %
+ + +
& ' & ' & '
/ 0
1 2
(2)
; ch%ng minh BT (2) ta .t
a b b c c a
u , v , t
a b b c c a
( ( (
# # #
+ + +
, ta c ngay
(u 1)(v 1)(t 1) (u 1)(v 1)(t 1) uv vt ut 1 ( ( ( # + + + 3 ( ( # + .
Khi BT (2) tng ng v&i

2 2 2
2
2
2
2( ) 1
( ) 2( ) 2( ) 1
( ) 2( ) 1 0
( 1) 0
u v t u v t
u v t u v t uv vt ut
u v t u v t
u v t
( ( ( ( ( )
* ( ( ( ( ( + ( ( )
* ( ( ( ( ( ( )
* ( ( ( )

V3y bi ton 1c ch%ng minh hon ton.
Th d, 6. Cho ba s" x,y,z dng tho( mn xyz=1. Ch%ng minh r,ng:
2 2 2
1 1 1 3
2 x xy y yz z zx
( ( )
( ( (
(1)
L!i gi'i. T6n t/i a,b,c dng sao cho
b c a
x , y , z
a b c
# # # , khi BT (1) tr7 thnh
3
2
a b c
b ac c ab a bc
( ( )
( ( (

Ta c ; ;
2 2 2
a c a b b c
ac ab bc
( ( (
, , , . Do
2 2 2
2 2 2
a b c a b c
a b c a b c a b c b ac c ab a bc
( ( ) ( (
( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (

Ta s< ch%ng minh:
3
2 2 2 4
a b c
a b c a b c a b c
( ( )
( ( ( ( ( (
(2)
p d9ng BT Cauchy-schwar ta 1c:

pdfMachine
A pdf writer that produces quality PDF files with ease!
Produce quality PDF files in seconds and preserve the integrity of your original documents. Compatible across
nearly all Windows platforms, if you can print from a windows application you can use pdfMachine.
Get yours now!
Chuyn ! Semina ngy 21-10-2009 T" Ton tin

4
2
2 2
2
2 2
( )
2 2 2 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) (2 )
( ) ( ) 3
1
( ) ( ) 4
( ) ( )
3
a b c a b c
a b c a b c a b c a a b c b a b c c a b c
a b c a b c
a b c ab bc ca
a b c a b c
( (
( ( )
( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (
( ( ( (
# ) #
( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( (

V3y BT (2) 1c ch%ng minh. $ng th%c x(y ra khi v ch8 khi x=y=z=1.

Cu$i cng l m#t s$ bi t(p tng t)
Bi 1. Cho b"n s" x,y,z,t dng tho( mn xyzt=1. Ch%ng minh r,ng:
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
2
x xy y yz z zt t tx
( ( ( )
( ( ( (

Bi 2. Cho nm s" a,b,c,d,e dng tho( mn abcde=1. Ch%ng minh r,ng:
10
1 1 1 1 1 3
a abc b bcd c cde d dea e eab
ab abcd bc bcde cd cdea de deab ea eabc
( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( )
( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (

Bi 3. Cho n s" dng
1 2 n
x , x ,..., x (n 3) 4 tho( mn
1 2 n
x x ...x 1 # . Ch%ng minh r,ng:
1 1 2 2 2 3 n n 1
1 1 1
... 1
1 x x x 1 x x x 1 x x x
( ( ( 4
( ( ( ( ( (

Bi 4. Cho a,b,c dng tho( mn abc=1. Ch%ng minh r,ng:
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
1
(a 1) b 1 (b 1) c 1 (c 1) a 1
( ( ,
( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (








pdfMachine
A pdf writer that produces quality PDF files with ease!
Produce quality PDF files in seconds and preserve the integrity of your original documents. Compatible across
nearly all Windows platforms, if you can print from a windows application you can use pdfMachine.
Get yours now!