Giao Trinh Van Cn-Vinamain

BO TR CNG NGHIP VIT NAM
Vinamain.com
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GIO TRNH VAN CNG NGHIP

Gio trnh van Vinamain.com

2/55

NI DUNG

1. VAN CA (GATE VALVES): ............................................................................................ 3
2. VAN IU TIT (GLOBE VALVES): ............................................................................. 11
3. VAN NT (PLUG VALVES): ........................................................................................... 17
4. VAN BI (BALL VALVES): ............................................................................................... 21
5. VAN BM (BUTTERFLY VALVES): .......................................................................... 23
6. VAN MNG (DIAPHRAGM VALVES): ......................................................................... 27
7. VAN MT CHIU (CHECK VALVES): .......................................................................... 29
8. VAN AN TON: ................................................................................................................ 33
9. VN HNH VAN: ............................................................................................................. 34
10. QUY TRNH VN HNH (OPERATING PROCEDURES): .......................................... 36
11. VAN IU KHIN (CONTROL VALVES): ................................................................... 42
12. X L S C: .................................................................................................................. 54

3/55

- nh ngha: Van l mt thit b c kh c dng trong cng nghip ng ng
iu chnh dng chy ca vt cht.
- Cc v tr vn hnh ca van:
Khi van ng hon ton th s khng c dng chy ca vt cht i qua.
Nu nh van ch m mt phn th ch c mt phn ca dng chy i qua, khi
van v tr ny th n c gi l ang v tr iu tit lu lng ca dng
chy.
Khi van m hon ton th ta c dng chy i qua van l cc i.

1. VAN CA (GATE VALVES):
L mt trong nhng loi van c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip. Van ca
ng dng chy khi chng chn ngang qua ton b dng chy. Khi van c m
hon ton th ca ca chng khng nm trong dng chy ca vt cht. Lc ny
cn tr dng chy ca van l rt nh c ngha l s st p hay mt nng lng khi
vt cht i qua van c hn ch mc nh nht.


4/55

Cc phn t lin kt ca van:
Loi van ny lin kt vi ng ng bng mt bch c hai u. Van v ng
ng c ni vi nhau bng cc bulng. Giong m c chn vo gia hai
mt bch ca van v ng ng s ni c c kn cao.

Ngoi ra cn c cc dng ni khc gia ng ng v thn van. Cc phng
php ny bao gm: Mi ni lp ghp ren, ni bng then cht, ni bng phng
php hn gi u.

5/55
Trong np van pha trn c khong khng c th ko tm ca ca van ln
khi m van. C rt nhiu dng ni gia np van v thn van hnh thnh nn
mt mi lp ghp kn. Chng c th l dng lp ghp bng mt bch, bng cch
lp ghp ren, hay bng mi lp ghp ren c hn ng mp.

Cn van (stem):


6/55

Ca van c gn vi cn van. Pha trn np van c np bt kn, np ny c
chc nng lm kn khng cho vt cht r r ra ngoi. Np lm kn c nhi vt
liu bt kn. u pha trn ca cn van c ni vi tay quay.Trong hnh v l
loi ni bng ren. Khi vn tay quay th cn van s chuyn ng ln xung
ng hay m van. Nn chng ta cng c th gi y l loi van c cn chuyn
ng . Khi quan st v tr ca cn van ta c th nhn bit c van ang v tr
ng hay m.


7/55

Hnh trn l mt lai van c cn chuyn ng khc. Np van c to ren
pha trong. Phn ren ca np van v cn van n khp vi nhau. u trn ca
cn van c ni vi tay quay bng mi ni khng chuyn ng. Khi cn van
chuyn ng ln hay xung th tay quay v ca van cng chuyn ng theo.

Di y l mt loi van khc c mi lp ghp ren pha trong.

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loi ny c mi lp ghp ren gia ca van v cn van. u trn ca cn van
gn cht vi tay quay.
Thit k ca van:
Ca van l phn dng iu chnh dng chy.

Khi ca van chuyn ng xung chng s chn ng dng chy v to nn
kn gia n v hai vng tip xc. Khi ca van chuyn ng ln xung s sinh ra
lc ma st gia ca van v hai vng tip xc do s gy ra s mi mn cc
phn tip xc ny.
Mt khc dng chy ca vt cht lun c xu hng mi mn nhng phn tip
xc vi. Khi dng chy ca vt cht di p sut cao th s mi mn ngy cng
ln.
Ca van trong trng hp B s b mi mn nhiu hn trong trng hp A. Nu
ca van v cc vng tip xc b mi mn nhiu th chng s khng cn tc
dng lm kn ton b dng chy khi ang v tr ng. V van ca b mi mn
khng ng u khi v tr iu tit nn thng thng khng s dng loi van
ny vo mc ch iu tit dng chy.


9/55

Ca van cng c nhi u dng iu tit khc nhau. Loi thng dng nht l ca
lin l ch to ch c c mt tm.

Trong loi ca ny khi v tr ng th p sut ca dng chy ch tc ng ln
mt mt ca ca
Mt dng ca van khc l ca gm c hai cnh song song. Loi ca ny gm
c nhiu phn ghp li vi nhau. Khi ng hai ca c chn cht bng hai
tm kim loi.

10/55

Khi tm pha di chm im dng th n khng th tin thm c na. Khi
nu cn van tip tc chuyn ng xung n s to lc tc dng ln tm pha
di. Lc ny c hai tm s y hai cnh ra hai pha. Do trong loi van ca
ny ta c th c c kn cao. Phn cnh no tip xc vi dng chy ti s
b mi mn nhiu hn nhng v kn c to nn bi c hai cnh nn khi
mt cnh b mi mn ta vn c c kn i hi.

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Khi m van, nhng chuyn ng u tin ca tay quay s lm gim lc tc
dng ln hai ca.
Trong mt s h thng c s thay i nhit ln, s gin n ng ng s
lm on thn van to nn lc tc dng rt ln ln ca van v c th lm cho ca
van khng th chuyn ng c. Van c hai ca song song c dng trong
trng hp ny. V khi tm pha trn c ko ln s gim c lc tc dng
ln ca van lm cho ca van c th chuyn ng mt cch d dng hn. V cu
to ca loi ca van ny gm nhiu phn ghp li vi nhau nn chng thng
b trc trc nu nh cc tp cht b tc kt hay lng ng trong nn loi van
ny thng c dng cho cc ng ng dn cc sn phm c sch cao.

Mt dng ca van khc l ca c lin c rnh gia.

2. VAN IU TIT (GLOBE VALVES):
Dng chy i qua van ca l dng chy thng hng. Trong van iu tit dng
chy khi qua van b chuyn hng.


12/55


13/55
S i hng dng chy ny to nn s cun xoy v p sut ca dng chy qua
van cng b gim nhiu hn, do nng lng i hi chuyn cht lng qua
van iu tit cng l n hn. Trong van iu tit phn y ca ca van nm song
song vi hng ca dng chy. Trong van ca, lc ma st gia vng lm kn v
van ch c chm dt khi van c m hon ton. Cn trong van i u tit ca
van khng trt dc theo b mt ca vng lm kn, do vy mi tip xc gia ca
van v vng lm kn s chm dt khi bt u c dng chy.

i vi van ca khi thc hin qu trnh ng v m van s xy ra s mi mn do
lc ma st gia cc vng lm kn v ca van cn i vi van iu tit th ch to
nn s mi mn nh. Do vy trong cc cng vic i hi phi vn hnh van mt
cch thng xuyn th van iu tit l loi thch ng hn.
Khi van ca c dng trong qu trnh i u tit th s mi mn ca dng chy to
nn mn khng ng u phn y ca ca van. Cn trong van iu tit khi
v tr iu tit th ton b phn ca van nm trong dng chy do s mi mn
xy ra ng u hn. Khi vng lm kn v ca van b mi mn ng u nhau th
sau mt thi gian s dng lu di vn gi c kn ca n. V l do ny nn
chng thng c dng trong qu trnh iu tit dng chy.


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Trong hnh v m t van ang v tr iu tit. Khi dng chy t im A ti im
B th kh nng ca van ng bt thnh lnh v tc nghn khi n gn vi vng lm
kn. c c s vn hnh n nh, van iu tit phi c lp t vo h thng
theo hng dng chy vt cht i t phn di ca ca van ln.
Van iu tit i khi cng c thit k theo dng gc.

Hng dng chy qua van dng ny b thay i t hn so vi van iu tit thng
thng nn xoy ca dng chy v s st p i qua van cng t hn.
Thit k ca van:
Ca van ca van iu tit cng c nhi u dng thit k khc nhau. Loi thng
dng nht l dng nt. Loi ny c dng cn phn di.


15/55

Vng lm kn cng c d ng cn n khp vi ca van. V th nu nh ca van
c khuyt tt mt phn th n vn gi c kn.
C rt nhiu dng thit k ca nt khc nhau nn trong s dng ta phi la
chn loi thch ng cho cng vic i hi.

Hnh trn m t dng ca nt thao tc nhanh khi thc hin vic ng hay m
dng chy ch cn nhng chuyn ng nh ca cn van. Loi ny thng dng
trong qu trnh ng hay m dng chy .
Cc van iu tit c ca van dng nt thng c nhiu kiu thit k khc nhau


16/55
V d nh ca dng ch V, ca cn bng ( dng thng ), ca vi ng lm kn,
ca dng cht. Vi cc dng ca van loi ny nhng chuyn ng nh ca cn
van ch to nn nhng thay i nh trong lu lng dng chy. Nhng van iu
tit thng c s dng v tr m mt phn v v tr ng v mc ch s
dng loi van ny l dng iu tit dng chy.
Hnh v di y m t mt dng khc ca van iu tit chng c gi l a
van nhiu thnh phn.

Ca van c ch to bng kim loi v lp vt liu c tnh n hi nh cao su.
Khi ng van hon ton vng lm kn s tip xc vi lp vt liu n hi.
Trong h thng ng dn i khi c cha cc tp cht rn, nhng tp cht ny c
th lng ng trn b mt vng lm kn hay ca van v chng c th lm cho
van khng th ng c hon ton. Khi s dng a nhiu thnh phn th cc
tp cht rn ny s tip xc vi phn vt liu c tnh cht n hi do ta vn
c c kn khi van v tr ng.
Hnh v di y m t mt loi ca van khc. Trong loi ny ca van v vng
lm kn u c ch to bng kim loi, khi ng van nu nh c cc tp cht
rn lng ng trn vng lm kn hay ca van th chng s b nghin nh.


17/55

3. VAN NT (PLUG VALVES):


18/55

Phn iu chnh dng chy (ca van) ca loi van ny c dng nt. Ca van c
ch to bng kim loi v c khe h xuyn sut ca van cho dng chy i qua. V
tr ca van c iu chnh bng vic vn tay quay.

Khi vn tay quay i mt gc 90
o
ta s c van v tr ng hoc m hon ton. Nu
so snh vi van ca th loi van ny c ng m nhanh hn.

19/55
Tay quay u pha trn ca cn van trong van nt chuyn ng theo cng mt
hng vi khe h ca ca van. Khi tay quay nm song song vi ng ng th van
v tr m. Khi van v tr m hon ton th dng chy i qua van l ng thng
cn khi n v tr iu tit th dng chy qua van s to xoy v xy ra s st p.
Van nt thng khng c dng cho mc ch iu chnh dng chy v khi n
v tr iu tit th ca van s b mi mn khng ng u.

Khi v tr ng th ca van v phn thn van phi to c kht cao. Mi ln
thay i v tr ca van th lc ma st s to ra gia phn thn v ca van gy ra s
mi mn thn v ca van. Khi chng b mi mn ti mt mc no th s
khng cn kh nng gi c kn khi v tr ng.
Mt vi loi van nt c thit k l du bi trn pha trn, mt loi du c bit
c s dng bi trn ca van gim ma st gia thn van v ca van v
mng du ny cng tng thm kn cho van trong qu trnh s dng.


20/55

Hnh v di y m t mt loi van nt khng cn c s bi trn.

Trong loi ny ca van c th chuyn ng ln xung cng vi mc lm kn. Khi
ko ca van ln tc l gim n khp gia ca van v thn van lm cho ca van
d chuyn ng hn v gim lc ma st gia ca van v thn van. Khi ca van
c h xung chng s to c mi lin kt kn vi thn van.

21/55

Van nt cng c th c ch to c nhiu khe h. Chng c gi l van nhiu
hng. Cc van nhiu hng thng c dng nh mt thit b phn chia dng
chy. Khi vn tay quay mt gc 90
o
th s lm thay i hng dng chy. i vi
mc ch thay i hng dng chy th van nhiu hng c th thay th cho nhiu
van ca. iu ny tit kim c chi ph v lm d dng hn trong vn hnh.

4. VAN BI (BALL VALVES):


22/55
Van bi c thit k v qu trnh vn hnh tng t nh van nt.

Phn iu chnh dng chy c cu to trn v c l cho vt cht i qua. Bi c
gi cht gia hai vng lm kn. Tay quay c lp u trn ca cn van. Khi vn
tay quay mt gc 90
o
th van s v tr ng hoc v tr m. Do van bi cng l
loi ng m nhanh. V hnh dng ca chng nn van bi c trn v vn hnh
c d dng hn van nt. V th nn gim c lc ma st gia bi v cc vng
lm kn khi vn hnh do chng khng cn ti s bi trn. Tay quay ca van bi
cng ging nh van nt n s nm song song vi dng chy khi van v tr m.
Cn khi tay quay nm vung gc vi ng ng th n v tr ng. Van bi c ng
c th c ch to dn dng chy theo nhiu hng.

Loi ny ngoi vic ng v m n cn c th i hng i ca dng chy. Van
ny ch c cn tr dng chy nh nn s st p v hin tng to xoy khi dng
chy qua van cng r t nh. Van bi thng khng dng cho mc ch iu chnh
dng chy v khi chng v tr iu tit th phn ca van nm trong dng chy s
b mi mn nhiu hn.


23/55

phc v cho vic iu tit dng chy th van bi phi c thit k c bit. Ca
van thuc loi ny l tm kim loi lin, ca van ch tip xc vi vng lm kn khi
n v tr ng hon ton. iu ny cho php dng chy i qua ton b din tch
ca ca van khi n ch m mt phn. V th nn n c th dng iu tit dng
chy m khng xy ra s mi mn khng ng u.

5. VAN BM (BUTTERFLY VALVES):


24/55


25/55

Van bm c ca l mt tm kim loi lin v c th xoay 90
o
trong chu vi vng
lm kn. T l dng chy c iu chnh bng vic thay i gc ca ca van.


26/55

T l dng chy t mc ti a khi ca van nm song song vi ng ng. Van
bm cng thuc loi ng m nhanh. Khi v tr m th cn tr dng chy
ca ca van l nh nht do s to xoy v st p khi dng chy i qua van l rt
nh. Khi van bm ch c m mt phn th dng chy c phn chia ng u
qua ca van v vng lm kn. Do van b m cng c th c dng cho qu
trnh iu tit dng chy. Khi van bm v tr iu tit th phi cht n li ti v
tr v p sut ca dng chy c xu hng a ca van v v tr ng hay m
hon ton.


27/55

Van bm c th c vn hnh bng tay quay hay tay vn. Trong c hai trng
hp ny u cn c thang ch v tr ca ca van trong vn hnh.

6. VAN MNG (DIAPHRAGM VALVES):


28/55

Loi van ny dng mt mng ngn bng cht do c tnh n hi iu chnh
dng chy vt cht. Mng ngn ny c cht ni vi cht y. Cht y ny chuyn
ng ln xung nh cn van. Khi cht y c h xung th n s nn mng ngn
cht vo vng lm kn. Khi dng chy qua van s chm dt. Nu cht y c
ko ln th mng ngn s chuyn ng theo v bt u c dng chy cht lng i
qua van. Loi van ny c th dng cho c hai mc ch l ng v m dng chy
cng nh iu tit dng chy. Mng ngn hat ng nh mt mng lm kn
iu chnh dng chy do s tip xc ca n vi phn chuyn ng ca van. Loi
van ny c dng i vi cc vt cht c tnh n mn hay i vi cc cht cn c
sch cao. Khi vn hnh loi van ny khng nn tc ng nhng lc qu mnh
lc ng van v iu ny c th lm kt mng ngn trong vng lm kn v gy h
hi mng ngn.


29/55

7. VAN MT CHIU (CHECK VALVES):
Hnh v di y m t mt kiu van mt chiu.


30/55

Trong loi van ny ch c mt phn chuyn ng l ca van c gn lin vi thn
van bi mt trc bn l. Ca van t do di chuyn. Khi khng c dng chy i qua
van, th ca van v tr ng do khi lng ca n. Gi s ta c dng chy theo
hng t A sang B, v ca van c th t do di chuyn nn lc ca dng chy s
nng ca van ln v tr m. Khi ngt dng chy th ca van s tr li trng thi
ng. iu ny ngn cn c cht lng chy ngc tr li.
Van mt chiu c dng iu chnh hng dng chy.

Hnh v di y m t mt dng khc ca van mt chiu.


31/55
Trong loi ny hng i ca dng chy tng t nh trong van iu tit. Khi c
dng chy t A sang B th lc ca dng chy s nng ca van ln. Khi khng c
dng chy i qua th ca van s t ng h xung v tr ng n khp vi vng lm
kn do t trng ca n. Trong loi van ny hng ca dng chy lun i t pha
di ca van i ln. Do loi van ny ch s dng khi n c lp v tr nm
ngang.
Gi s nh loi van ny c lp v tr thng ng nh hnh v di y:

Khi xut hin dng chy t A sang B, lc ca dng chy s nng ca van khi v
tr ng. Nu nh khng c dng ch y t A qua B na th t trng ca ca van
khng th ko n vo v tr ng c na v lc ny ca van v tr nm ngang.
Do vy loi van mt chiu ny ch hot ng mt cch chnh xc khi n c lp
t v tr nm ngang. Nn loi van ny cn c gi l van mt chiu ngang.
Hnh v di y m t van mt chiu ng.


32/55

Khi xut hin dng chy t im A sang B, lc ca dng chy s nng van ny ln
khi v tr ng. Khi khng c dng chy na th t trng ca ca van s ko n li
v tr ng. Loi van ny c lp t hot ng v tr ng.
Di y l mt loi van mt chiu khc.

Trong loi van ny ca van c dng vin bi, n l phn iu chnh dng chy vt
cht. Khi xut hin dng chy th p sut hay lc ca dng chy s nng vin bi ln
khi vng lm kn. Khi khng c dng chy na th n s li v tr ng nh t
trng. Van mt chiu loi ny cng c hai ki u thit k hot ng v tr nm
ngang v v tr thng ng.


33/55

8. VAN AN TON:
Van an ton l mt c cu van dng t ng x kh, hi t trong l hi, bn
cha p sut hoc nhng h thng khc khi p sut hoc nhit vt qa gii hn
cho php ci t trc . Chng thng c gi mt tn thng dng l van x
p sut (pressure relief valves), van x p sut v nhit (T&P valves or
temperature and pressure relief valves).


34/55

9. VN HNH VAN:
Cc van ln thng rt kh vn hnh bng tay. Do vy ngi ta lp motor pha
trn, motor ny c ni vi cn van vn hnh mt cch d dng.

35/55

i khi van c lp t nhng khu vc m khng th vi ti c. Nu nh lp
motor vo van th ta cng rt kh vn hnh c motor trong qu trnh ng m
do khong cch qu xa cng nh v l do an ton m khng th lp motor c
v tr ny. khc phc vn ny tay quay c thit k nh mt bnh xe truyn
ng.

Tay quay ca van c thit k c rng n khp vi dy xch. Khi ko dy xch th
tay quay ca van cng chuyn ng theo. iu ny khc phc c kh khn khi
van c lp t nhng v tr qu cao m ta khng th vi ti c.
Di y l mt tnh hung khc.

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Mt ng ni c lp vo cn van. Mc ch ca vic s dng ng ni l d
dng trong vic vn hnh khi van c lp t nhng v tr thp hay kh thao tc
trong vn hnh.

Mt tnh hung khc l van v tr vn hnh thun li nhng vic vn hnh i hi
phi dng mt lc ln, m khng dng ti motor. Khi ta c th dng h thng
bnh rng d dng hn trong vn hnh van. Kiu vn hnh ny cn c gi l
vn hnh bnh rng.

10. QUY TRNH VN HNH (OPERATING PROCEDURES):
Cc loi van cng nghip thng c ch to s dng trong nhiu nm m
khng c trc trc xy ra.
Qu trnh ng v m van phi thc hin mt cch t t. Nu thay i v tr ca
van qu nhanh th s xy ra s thay i t ngt v nhit v p sut trong ng
ng . V d nh van iu chnh dng chy ca hi nc c nhit cao m ta m
van t ngt th nhit u ra ca ng s tng ln nhanh chng dn ti s gin
n t ngt ca ng ng v cc ng lc gin n mi ni gia van v ng
ng cng tng ln nhanh chng. iu ny s lm gim tui th ca cc phn ny.
Gi s nh trng hp di y.


37/55

Khi ng van nhanh chng, dng chy trong ng ng bt thnh lnh b chn li,
p sut tng ln t ngt, nu nh p sut ny ln n s gy h hi cho van v
ng dn. Hin tng ny c gi l s va chm thy lc.
Khi van b tc ng ca p sut cao thng rt kh m.

Trong hnh v trn p sut cao ca vt cht s y ca van v pha vng lm kn B,
lm cho kh khn trong vic m van v lc ma st tng ln gia hai phn ny.
Gi s p sut c cn bng gia hai ca van.

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Khi p sut cn bng th c ngha l lc ma st hai pha cng c cn bng do
vic m van c d dng hn. Nhiu van c thit k ng cn bng d
dng hn trong vic m van. Mt van nh c lp ng cn bng thc hin
qu trnh cn bng p sut hai pha ca van chnh, lm cho qu trnh vn hnh
van c thun tin v gim lc ma st gia ca van v cc vng lm kn. Khi van
c thit k ng cn bng ta phi m van cn bng ng p sut trc khi m
van chnh.

Trong mt vi trng hp nu nh van kh vn hnh th ta phi dng ti chong
m van. Cc chong ny c nhiu loi v kch c khc nhau.

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Loi chong trn c hai u gn vo tay quay, cn loi kia ch c mt u v
gn vo phn khung ca tay quay. Tuy rng c cc thit k khc nhau nhng cc
chong van u c chung mt c tnh l tng cng lc thun tin cho qu
trnh vn hnh van. Ngoi ra cn c cc h ng dn chung khi s dng cc chong
van:
u tin ta phi chn ng kch c chong van, m bo rng chong van
gn chc vo tay quay trnh chong van b trt ra ngoi trc khi tc
dng lc.
Tip theo ta phi c c th cn bng khi tc dng lc vo chong van. Nu
khng phn phi trng lng c th mt cch cn bng c th ta s b ng khi
van m ra mt cch qu nhanh.
Sau ta phi ng theo hng ko chong van v pha bn thn ch khng
y n ra pha ngoi, vic ny trnh cho bn thn b ng khi m van qa
nhanh v trnh nh hng ti nhng ngi xung quanh.
Khng c p dng lc qu ln khi vn hnh van bng chong van nu
khng ta c th lm gy tay quay hoc cn van ngoi ra n cn nh hng ti
cc vng lm kn v ca van.

Ngoi ra cn c nhiu loi van i hi phi c s bi trn nh k.

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loi van c cn van chuyn ng, bi hay cc vt cht khc c th bm vo phn
ren ca cn van l ra ngoi lm cho kh khn trong vic vn hnh v mi mn cn
van. Do vy phi gi sch v bi trn phn ren ca cn van l ra ngoi. Trong mt
s loi van i hi phi bi trn c pha trong.
Cc van loi ny thng c l np du hoc m bi trn. i vi cc van nt cht
bi trn cn c tc dng nh mt mng lm kn gia ca van v thn van. Nhng
loi van ny i hi phi bi trn thng xuyn. Mt s loi van cn phi c loi
du m bi trn ring bit.
Tt c cc van thit k c cn van u c khoang lm kn, vt liu bt kn c
nhi y trong khoang ny. Mi khoang lm kn u c vt liu bt kn theo kch
c ring ca n.


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Vt liu bt kn c lp t theo dng hnh trn bao quanh cn van. Vt liu bt
kn c nn li bi np ca khoang lm kn. Mc ch ca vic s dng vt liu
lm kn l ngn nga r r quanh cn van. S r r c iu chnh bng vic
sit cht np khoang lm kn tng nn trn vt liu bt kn. Nu nh s r r
vn xy ra th ta phi tin hnh thay vt liu bt kn. Ngoi ra van cn c th b r
r nhng v tr khc trong khi vn hnh nh: R r gia mi ni ca thn van v
np trn ca van, r mi ni gia thn van v ng ng. Thng thung nhng
r r ny c bng vic sit cht cc bu lng nu l mi ni bng mt bch. Nu
vn tip tc b r r th ta phi tin hnh thay giong m hoc kim tra li mt
bch.

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11. VAN IU KHIN (CONTROL VALVES):

L loi van t ng iu chnh v tr ca van thng qua thit b iu khin. Nhiu
loi van iu khin bng tay c th lp t thm c cu dn ng vo thn van
tr thnh van iu khin.


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C cu dn ng: l mt thit b dng trong van iu khin dn ng cn van
ng vi tn hiu pht ra t thit b iu khin.
Thit b iu khin: l thit b t ng iu chnh v tr ca van iu khin. Thit b
iu khin s dng nng lng khng kh nn, p sut thy lc hay nng lng
in truyn tn hiu ti c cu dn ng.
C cu nh v: l thit b tr gip cho c cu dn ng di chuyn cn van vo
ng v tr.
Van iu khin c s dng ti nhng v tr i hi phi c s iu khin t ng.
Phn thn van ca loi van iu khin ny tng t nh van bm, nhng cn van
chuyn ng nh c cu dn ng thay cho tay quay v thang ch v tr. C cu
dn ng nhn cc tn hiu iu khin t thit b iu khin. Nhng tn hiu ny s
t ng lm thay i v tr ca van.
Cc kiu thn van
Thn ca van iu khin c th c thit k theo kiu c mt hoc hai ca
dn vt cht i qua.


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Hnh v trn m t loi thn c mt ca. Loi ny thng c s dng
nhiu v chng r tin, t phi bo dng v mc r r thp hn. Nhng
loi ny cng c nhc im l p sut ca dng ch tc ng vo mt mt
ca van gy kh khn cho nh v. Van hai ca c u im l lu lng
dng chy qua van ln hn loi mt ca nu nh c cng kch c. Loi van
hai ca cn bng c p sut tc dng ln hai hng do vic nh v n
d dng hn loi mt ca. V c tnh ny nn van hai ca rt ph hp cho
vic iu tit dng chy.
C cu dn ng bng kh ( Hnh v di y m t mt van iu khin c
c cu dn ng bng kh ):


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Trong c cu dn ng c mt mng ngn kn kh v mt l xo. C cu dn
ng nhn kh nn hay tn hiu t thit b iu khin. Trong loi van ny c
c cu dn ng s dng kh nn di chuyn cn van iu khin. Khng
kh nn c a vo pha trn mng ngn, v th p lc ca kh nn s y
mng ngn xung v ngc li l xo lun c xu h ng y mng ngn ln.
Khi p sut ca khng kh thng lc y ln ca l xo th cn van s b y
xung v van ng li. Loi van ny cn c gi l van m bng khng
kh nn (Air-to-close) v khi tng p sut khng kh nn trn mng ngn s
lm cho van ng li.
Hnh v di y m t lai van iu khin dng kh nn m van (Air-
to-open):


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Khi tng p sut khng kh trn mng ngn th c c u dn ng s di
chuyn cn van xung v tr m.
Di y l mt dng thit k khc ca van iu khin

ng dn khng kh vo c b tr pha di mng ngn. Kiu thit k
ny s dng kh nn ng van. iu quan trng i vi cng nhn vn
hnh l phi bit c khi tng p sut ca khng kh trn mng ngn s

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lm cho van di chuyn v v tr m hay v tr ng v iu cng c ngha
l phi bit c khi hng van s v tr ng hay m. Nu van s dng kh
nn di chuyn v v tr m th khi tng p su t khng kh trong c cu
dn ng s lm cho van dch chuyn v v tr m, cn nu nh mt ngun
cung cp kh nn vo c cu dn ng th van s v tr ng. i vi van
dng p sut ca kh nn ng th khi mt ngun kh nn n s v tr
m.
C cu nh v ca van (Valve Positioner):

i khi tn hiu khng kh nn t thit b iu khin khng vn hnh
van mt cch nhanh chng hoc gi van v tr mong mun. Trong nhng
trng hp ny, van c ni vi c cu nh v tr gip cho c cu dn
ng di chuyn hay gi cn van ng v tr.
C cu nh v gi vai tr nh mt b khuch i trung gian tr gip cho
c cu dn ng khi nhn c tn hiu kh t thit b iu khin.
C cu dn ng bng in (Electrical Actuator):
Hnh v di y m t mt van c iu khin bng dng in.


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Mt vi c cu dn ng s dng nng lng in nh v cho van iu
khin. C cu dn ng ca loi van ny hot ng nh mt van in. Van
in bao gm mt li st trt trong qun dy hnh ng. Khi c dng in i
qua qun dy th mt t trng in c thit lp nn pha trong qun
dy. T trng in ny s ko li st vo pha trong qun dy hnh ng.
Khi ngt dng i n th t trng in s bin mt v li st b y li v tr
c bng lc ca l xo.
Li st ca van in c ni vi cn van. Tn hiu in t thit b iu
khin s thit lp nn t trng in trong qun dy ko li st ln v
van c ng li. Khi khng c dng i n i qua th li st b y v v tr
c bng lc ca l xo v van m ra. V vy thit k ca van theo loi ny
ch s dng ng hoc m dng chy ch khng dng c vo mc ch
iu tit.
Nu nh mun iu tit dng chy th c th dng c cu dn ng c
vn hnh bng motor. Motor c ni vi cn van qua h thng gim tc
bng bnh rng. Motor ny l loi c th chuyn ng ngc c, do
n c th di chuyn van theo mi v tr mong mun. Nu nh van b hng v
bt k l do no n cng u c th c nh v li bng tay quay.


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C cu dn ng bng thy lc (Hydraulic Actuator):
p sut ca cht lng i khi cng c dng vn hnh van. V cht
lng khng gim th tch khi b nn nn n khng th di chuyn v tr ca
van nhanh bng kh nn. Hy xem hnh v ca mt c cu dn ng bng
thy lc n gin di y.
Dng cht lng c th c dn vo mt trong hai khoang. Gi s nh n
c dn vo khoang th nht. Khi p sut thy lc s di chuyn v tr
ca ca van sang v tr bn phi c ngha l vo v tr ng. Cn khi cht
lng c dn vo khoang th hai th s c chuyn ng ngc li c ngha
l ca van di chuyn v pha tri v van v tr m. Van c iu khin
bng h thng thy lc c th c thit k vo mc ch iu tit nhng
thng thng i vi cc van ln ch dng vo mc ch ng m dng
chy v n i hi mt lc ln ng v m van.


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12. X L S C:
a s cc cng nhn vn hnh khng c kh nng sa cha cc h hng ca van nhng
h phi xc nh c nguyn nhn h hng bo cho i sa cha bit. iu ny i
hi h phi c k nng trong vic pht hin ra cc nguyn nhn gy ra h hng.
Cc hng hc van vn hnh bng tay thng d dng xc nh c nh gy tay quay,
trt khp ren. Nu nh cc c cu ny vn hat ng tt m ta vn khng th ng hay
m van c th c ngha l h hng phn trong van.
i vi van mt chiu thng khng c cc h hng pha ngai. Do vy khi van mt
chiu khng ngn c dng chy ngc tr li c ngha l van hc pha trong.
i vi cc van iu khin th thng kh khn hn trong vic xc nh cc nguyn nhn
h hng. Nu nh van iu khin b h hng th vic u tin l phi kim tra tn hiu t
thit b iu khin truyn ti c cu dn ng, nu nh tn hiu vn ng th nguyn nhn
gy ra h hng c th thit b iu khin. i khi cc tn hiu t thit b iu khin ti
c cu dn ng b ri lan do r r, tc gia ng ni gia hai thnh phn ny. V vy
ta ni rng van iu khin c th b h hng trong h thng truyn tn hiu.
Hu ht cc van iu khin c gn b phn xc nh v tr ca van.

Khi nhn vo b phn xc nh v tr van ta c th bit c v tr ca van. Gi s nh
thit b iu khin ang truyn tn hiu ng van nhng ta vn nghe thy ting ca
dng chy i qua van, nu b phn xc nh v tr ch van v tr ng th ta c th bit
c l h hng xy ra pha trong thn van. iu ny cng c th xc nh c l van
b tc hay vng lm kn b mi mi qa nhiu. Nhng nu b phn xc nh v tr ch
van v tr m th h hng c th nhng b phn khc nhau v d nh cn van c th b
kt np khoang bt kn nn van khng th ng li c. Mt kh nng na l c cu
dn ng khng l vic mt cch hon ho, nu nh mng ngn trong c cu dn ng
bng kh b rch hay b thng th n s khng hot ng khi c s thay i p sut kh nn.
Trong c cu dn ng bng in v bng motor th vic qun dy b chy cng l mt

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nguyn nhn gy h hng c cu dn ng. Cc trc trc i vi c cu dn ng bng
thy lc thng l cht lng b r r, piston b kt trong xilanh hay piston b thng.
Nu nh van c c cu nh v tr gip cho s di chuyn ca cn van th ta phi kim
tra c thit b ny. iu ny c thc hin bng cch kim tra cc tn hiu u vo v
u ra ca c cu nh v.
i vi van iu khin khi b h hng ta thng bt u kim tra thit b iu khin ri
sau xung nhng phn pha di ca van.
Tm li:
- Tt c cc van iu khin u c c cu dn ng ni vi thn van.
- C cu dn ng s di chuyn cn van ph hp vi cc tn hiu pht ra t thit b
iu khin.
- Thit b tr gip cho c cu dn ng di chuyn hay gi van ng v tr c gi
l c cu nh v.
- Cc c cu dn ng bng kh s dng kh nn iu khin van.
- C cu dn ng bng dng in c hai lai l van in v motor.
- Cc c cu dn ng bng thy lc thng c s dng i vi cc van ln.

Giao Trinh Van Cn-Vinamain

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