Chvong l: Chat bn

dan
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


Vng dn ca Si
Vng cm
Vng ho tr ca Si

CHNG 1: CHT BN DN
1.1. S lc v lch s pht trin ca ngh nh in t
Vo nm 1947, ti phng th nghim ca Bell, John Bardeen v Walter Brattain
thnh cng trong vic pht minh Transistor l ng cc BJT(Bipolar Junction
Transistor). y l mt bc ngot nh du s bt u ca thi i bn dn. Pht
minh ny v mt chui pht trin ca cng ngh vi in t tht s lm thay i
cuc sng loi ngi.
1948 Transistor u tin ra i. y l mt cuc Cch mng ca ngnh in t.
1950 Mch in t chuyn sang dng transistor
H my tnh dng linh kin bn dn dng ri rc ra i (th h II)
1960 Mch tch hp ra i (IC:Intergrated Circuit)
H my tnh dng IC ra i(th h III)
1970 Cc mch tch hp mt cao hn ra i (MSI, LSI, VLSI)
MSI: Medium Scale Intergrated Circuit
LSI: Large Scale Intergrated Circuit
VSI:Very Large Scale Intergrated Circuit
1980 n nay in t c ng dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc nh y t, iu
khin t ng, pht thanh, truyn h nh
1.2. Linh kin in t:
Ta xt hai loi linh kin c bn sau:
e Linh kin th ng:
C cc thng s khng i di tc dng dng in: in tr, t, cun cm
e Linh kin tch cc:
C cc thng s thay i di tc dng dng in: Diod, Transistor lng cc
BJT( Bipolar Junction Transistor):
1.3. Cht bn dn:
1.3.1. Cht bn dn thun:
Nng lng

















Hnh 1.1. Gin nng lng ca Si
Chvong l: Chat bn
dan
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


Vng ho tr ca Si
Vng dn ca Si
Vng ho tr ca Si

Hai cht bn dn tiu biu l: Silicon(Si) v Ge(Germanium).
Si l cht bn dn m ti nhit phng c rt t e vng dn trong mng tinh
th. V dng in t l vi s lng e nn dng in trong tinh th rt nh. nhit
phng, e vng ho tr nhy ln vng dn li l trng ti v tr cha n
mang in tch dng. Hin tng ny gi l s pht sinh in t-l trng.

Nng lng







Hnh 1.2. S di chuyn ca in t v l trng trong Si khi c ngun in
Nu t ngun in nh hnh v th e di chuyn v cc dng ca ngun. E
vng ho tr cng c th di chuyn v cc d ng ca ngun nu n c nng
lng t mc nng lng ca n ln mc nng lng ca l trng. Khi e ny
nhp vo l trng th n li mt l trng pha sau. V th lm l trng di
chuyn v cc m ca ngun. Dng in trong cht bn dn l tng 2 thnh phn:
dng do e trong vng dn v dng do l trng trong vng ho tr. E di chuyn v
cc dng nhanh hn l trng di chuyn v cc m v kh nng e c nng
lng cn thit nhy ln vng dn ln hn kh nng e c nng lng
nhy n v tr trng trong vng ha tr. V vy dng e ln hn dng l trng trong
Si. Tuy nhin dng ny vn nh nn Si l cch in.
1.3.2 Cht bn dn tp:
1.3.2.1. Cht bn dn tp loi N

Nng lng

Vng dn ca Si

Mc nng lng ca
tp cht donor







Hnh 1.3. Gin nng lng ca cht bn dn tp loi N
S
i
E
V
Chvong l: Chat bn
dan
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t



Cht bn dn tp loi N l cht bn dn c c khi pha thm mt cht
thuc nhm V trong bng h thng tun ho n Mendeleep vo cht bn dn thun.
Ta xt trng hp pha tp P vo cht bn dn thun Si. iu ny tng ng lm
xut hin mc nng lng ca tp cht donor st y v ng dn. V th nhit
phng cc e ca nguyn t P nhy ln vng dn ca Si. V vy nguyn t tp cht
d b ion ho thnh ion dng. Ngoi ra c ch pht sinh cp ht dn in t l
trng xy ra ging nh c ch cht bn dn thun vi mc yu h n v mc
nng lng ca tp cht donor st yv ng dn.
Gi n
n
: mt in t trong vng dn, p
n
: mt l trng trong vng ho
tr, th n
n
>>p
n
.Vy dng in trong cht bn dn loi N ch yu do in t to n n
gi l ht dn a s, cn l trng gi l ht thiu s.

1.3.2.2. Cht bn dn tp loi P:

Cht bn dn tp loi P l cht bn dn c c khi pha thm mt cht
thuc nhm III trong bng h thng tun ho n Mendeleep vo cht bn dn thun.
Ta xt trng hp pha tp cc nguyn t As vo cht bn dn thun Si. iu ny
tng ng lm xut hin mc nng lng gi l mc tp cht acceptor st nh
vng ho tr. V vy nguyn t tp cht d b ion ho thnh ion m . Ngoi ra c
ch pht sinh cp ht dn in t l trng xy ra ging nh c ch cht bn dn
thun vi mc yu hn v mc tp cht loi P st nh v ng ho tr.
Gi n
p
: mt in t trong vng dn.
Gi p
p
: mt l trng trong vng ho tr., th n
p
>>p
p

Vy dng in trong cht bn dn loi P ch yu do l trng to n n gi l
ht dn a s, cn in t gi l ht thiu s.

Nng lng


Vng dn ca Si





Mc tp cht acceptor


Vng ho tr ca Si



Hnh 1.4. Gin nng lng ca cht bn dn tp loi P

1.4. Tip xc p-n:
Chvong l: Chat bn
dan
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t



Cho lp bn dn p, n tip xc nhau, ta c tip xc p -n.
1.4.1. Nguyn l lm vic:

1.4.1.1. Khi tip xc p-n cha c phn cc:

in trng




p
-
-
-
+
+
+


n


Vng ngho
Do c s chnh lch ln v nng (n
n
>>n
p
, p
p
>>p
n
) nn c hin tng
khuch tn cc ht dn a s qua n i tip xc, to nn dng khuch tn I
kt
hng
t min P sang min N.
Ti vng ln cn hai bn mt tip xc xut hin in tr ng ni E
tx
hng
t vng N sang vng P (do ion t p cht to ra). N cn tr chuyn ng ca dng
khuch tn v gy ra dng tri I
tr
ca cc ht thiu s c chiu t N sang P qua
mt tip xc lm I
tr
tng, I
kt
gim.
Qu trnh ny tip din cho n khi t n trng thi cn bng ng. Lc
I
kt
=I
tr.
, dng qua tip xc bng 0, hiu th tip xc l 0.1V i vi Ge v 0.4 V
i vi Si

1.4.1.2. Khi tip xc p-n c phn cc nghch :
E
ng



A
P N
K





E
tx



V
Hnh 1.5. Tip xc p-n b phn cc nghch

in trng ni cng chiu vi in trng ngoi nn tng in trng ti
vng tip xc tng lm cho vng tip xc m rng ra, dng khuch tn gim v 0,
Chvong l: Chat bn
dan
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t




P


N





E
tx



dng tri do E
tx
gy ra tng n mt gi tr gi l dng ngc bo ho I
S
. Dng
ny rt nh.
Vy khi phn cc nghch tip xc th khng c dng chy qua (xem dng
bo ho ngc bng khng).

1.4.1.3. Khi tip xc c phn cc thun :

E
ng





A K















V
Hnh 1.6. Tip xc p-n c phn cc nghch

in trng ni ngc chiu vi in trng ngoi nn tng in trng ti
vng tip xc gim lm cho vng tip xc b thu hp li, cc ht a s d dng di
chuyn qua vng tip xc ny, dng khuch tn c chiu t A n K tng mnh,
dng tri do E
tx
gy ra khng ng k.
Vy khi phn cc thun tip xc th c dng chy qua tip xc p-n, n quan
h vi in p gia hai u tip xc nh sau:
{
q
v | {
v
D
|
i =I
,
e
kT
1
,
=I
,
e
T
1
,

,
D
,
V
D S S
, ,

| 0
| 0


Trong :

v
D
: in p hai u tip xc.
I
S
: dng bo ho ngc.
k: hng s Boltman
k =1,38.10
-23
J/
0
K.
q : in tch ca ht dn, q=1,6.10
-19
C
V
T
: th nhit
nhit phng V
T
= 25,5mV.
Chvong l: Chat bn
dan
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


I
D


1.4.1.4. Kt lun:

Tip xc p-n ch cho dng in chy qua theo mt chiu t p n n.
chnh l tnh cht chnh lu ca tip xc p-n.

1.5. c tuyn V- A

c tuyn V-A ca tip xcp-n m t mi quan h gia dng v in p
trn hai u tip xc.
Ge
i
D
Si
Thun


V
BR



Nghch
0.2 0.7 v
D




Hnh 1.7. c tuyn V-A ca tip xc p-n.

V
BR
: in th nh thng l in p ngc ti a m tip xc p-n c th
chu ng khi phn cc ngc m khng b hng. Lc ny, tip xc p-n dn in
c theo c chiu nghch.

1.6. Hin tng nh thng:

Khi in p ngc ln, dng ln lm cc e va chm vo cc e c nh khc lm
tng s e nn dng in tng vt, ngha l tip xc p-n dn in c theo c chiu
nghch, ph v c tnh chnh lu ca n, gi l hin tng nh thng.
Nguyn nhn nh thng c th do in hoc do nhit, v vy c ba loi nh
thng c bn: nh thng v in, nh thng v nhit, v nh thng nhit -in.
Trong s nh thng v nhit do s tch lu nhit trong v ng ngho. Khi c
in p ngc ln, dng in ngc tng lm nng cht bn dn, khin nng
ht dn thiu s tng v lm dng in ngc tng. Qu trnh c nh th lm cho
nhit vng ngho v dng ngc tng nhanh, dn ti nh thng.
Chnong 2: Diod chnh lnu v cc mach ng
dcng
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


v
V

v
T

R




2.1. Cau
tao:
CHUNG 2: DIOD CHINH LUU
V CC MACH NG DUNG

Diod gom 1 tiep xc p-n v 2 din cnc dva ra t 2 mien. in cnc dva
ra t mien bn dan loai p, n lan lvot goi l cnc Anod( A), cnc Katod(K).
K hiu:


A K

c tuyen V-A ca Diod chnh lvu v nguyn l lm vic giong
nhv ca tiep xc p-n.
2.2. Cc tham so co bn ca Diod chnh lvu
e in tr 1 chieu:
in tr mt chieu tai diem phn cnc l t xo giua din p trn dng
din ca diod tai diem phn cnc.
R
DC
= U
AK
/ I
A

e in tr dng (din tr vi phn):
in tr dng tai diem kho xt l t xo giua bien thin ca din p
trn bien thin ca dng din tai diem d.
Khi Diod phn cnc thun, dc tuyen ca Diod c dang doc dng nn r
d
nh.
r
d
=v
d
/i
d
= 6 v
D
/ 6 i
D
=dV
D
/dI
D
=26mV/I
D

Q

2.3. Mach chnh lvu:
Mach chnh lvu c nhim vn bien doi din p hoc dng din xoay chieu
thnh mt chieu de cap cho ti.
2.3.1. Mach chnh lvu 1 na chu ky(1 bn ky):
e So do mach v dang xng:





t






t

Chnong 2: Diod chnh lnu v cc mach ng
dcng
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


Hnh S.l. Dang rng v ro do mach chnh lvu mt nua chu
ky.



Chnong 2: Diod chnh lnu v cc mach ng
dcng
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


So do mach v dang
xng:
v
V

v
Rt
DI
R
D2
v

e Tc dnng linh kin:
Bien p T: bien doi din p lvi v
v
xoay chieu thnh din p xoay
chieu v
x

theo yu cau.
D: Diod chnh lvu;
R
t
: din tr ti
e Nguyn l lm vic:
bn ky (+): D dvoc phn cnc thun, nn D dan, c dng qua ti.
bn ky (-) : D dvoc phn cnc ngh%ch, nn D tat, khng c dng qua ti.
Vy ng vi mt chu ky ca din p xoay chieu, Diod ch dan trong 1/2
chu ky. in p trung bnh trn ti:
V =
1

v
v(0 )d0 =
1
V sin 0d0 =
V
P

tb
2v
] 2v
]
P
v
0 0


2.3.2. Mach chnh lvu 2 na chu ky :
e





t



t
Hnh S.S. Dang rng va ro do mach chnh lvu hai nua chu ky

e Tc dnng linh kin:
Bien p T 3 dy: tao ra hai din p xoay chieu ngvoc pha nhau t din
p lvi. D
1
, D
2
: Diod chnh lvu.; R
T
: din tr ti
e Nguyn l lm vic:
Gi x v
1
cng pha vi v
V
, th v
2
ngvoc pha vi v
V
.
bn ky (+) ca U
V
: D
1
dvoc phn cnc thun, D
2
dvoc phn cnc
ngh%ch, nn D
1
dan, D
2
tat, xuy ra c dng qua ti.
bn ky (-) ca U
V
: D
1
dvoc phn cnc ngh%ch, D
2
dvoc phn cnc thun
nn D
1

tat, D
2
dan, xuy ra c dng qua ti.
Vy ng vi mt chu ky ca din p vo xoay chieu th Diod dan din
vi c 2 na chu ky.
in p trung bnh trn ti:
2
v
21
v
2V
V
tb
=
2v
]
v(0 )d0 =
2v

]
V
P

Chnong 2: Diod chnh lnu v cc mach ng
dcng
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


sin 0d0 =
P

v
0 0
Chnong 2: Diod chnh lnu v cc mach ng
dcng
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


v
V

v
Rt
A
D
D
1

4
D
3

R
D
2

B



2.3.3. Mach chnh lvu cau:
e So do mach v dang xng:






t






t





T







Hnh S.3. Dang rng v ro do mach chnh lvu cau chu ky

e Tc dnng linh kin:
Bien p T: bien doi din p lvi xoay chieu v
V
thnh din p xoay
chieu v
S

theo yu cau
D
1
, D
2
, D
3
, D
4
: cau Diod.
R
T
: din tr ti
e Nguyn l lm vic:
bn ky (+) ca v
V
, D
1
, D
3
dvoc phn cnc thun( D
2
, D
4
dvoc
phn cnc ngh%ch), nn D
1
, D
3
dan, c dng I
1
t diem A qua D
1
, R
T
, D
3
ve
diem B.
bn ky (-) ca U
V
, D
2
, D
4
dvoc phn cnc thun (D
1
, D
3
dvoc phn cnc
ngh%ch), D
2
, D
4
dan c dng I
2
t B qua D
2
, R
T
, D
4
.
Ta chon: D
1
, D
2
, D
3
, D
4
giong nhau nn I
1
= I
2
=I
T
.
Mach chnh lvu cau gom 2 nhnh, moi nhnh gom 2 Diod, mac noi tiep
nhau. Moi Diod ch ch%u 1/2 din p ngvoc khi phn cnc ngh%ch, tang
tuoi tho Diod. y chnh l vu diem ca mach chnh lvu cau.
Chnong 2: Diod chnh lnu v cc mach ng
dcng
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


C
R



in p trung bnh trn ti:

2
v
21
v
2V
V
tb
=
2v
]
v(0 )d0 =
2v

]
V
P

sin 0d0 =
P

v
0 0

2.4. Mach loc bin:
in p hay dng din xau chnh lvu tuy c cnc tnh khng doi
nhvng dang xng ca n van cn thay doi mt cch c chu ky
Nhim vn ca mach loc l cch loc cc xng c hi bc cao de
din p ra bang phang
Cc loai mach loc:
e Mach loc dng tn C dng cho cc b chnh lvu c dng ti b thvng
mac C xong xong vi din tr ti.
e Mach loc dng LC cho cc b chnh lvu c dng ti ln, thay doi nhieu.
Khi L c gi tr% b, C nap nhanh den gi tr% dnh V
p
. Khi tang L, dng
nap cho C tang chm, ko di thi gian nap vi bin d thap hon. Khi tang
L den 1 gi tr% ti han th 1 trong 2 diod dan lin tnc (mach chnh lvu ton
xng) nn dng ti dvoc cap lin tnc C hau nhv khng x hoc nap v giu
gi tr% khng doi l 2V
p
/pi.
Xt mach loc dng tn C trong ma ch chnh lvu mt na chu ky
bn ky dvong ca v
v
, D dvoc phn cnc thun, nn D dan, c dng
qua R v dong thi tn C dvoc nap din. en lc v
v
dat gi tr% cnc dai th
din p trn tn C cung dat gi tr% ln nhat. Sau d d in p v
v
bat dau
gim, nn cnc A ca D c din p m hon cnc K nn D b% phn cnc
ngh%ch, D tat. Tn C x din qua R. bn ky dvong tiep theo, qu trnh c
tiep dien nhv vy, ta c dang xng ra nhv hnh 2.4.



v
V



t
v
T





t


Hnh S.4. fo do mach v dang rng mach chnh lvu mt nua
chu ky c dng mach loc bang tn C
Chnong 3: Txansistox lnng ccc
BJ T
Bi ging mn Ky thut din t


I
E
I
C

N P N
I
CBO
I
B

B
V
BB
V
CC


P

N

P






N

P

N






CHUNG 3: TRANSISTOR LUeNG CUC BJT
(BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR)

L mt linh kin bn dan c ba cnc c kh nang khuech dai tn
hiu hoc hoat dng nhv mt kho dng m, rat thng dnng trong
nghnh din t. N x dnng c hai loai hat dan: din t v lo tro ng, v vy
dvoc xep vo loai hai cnc tnh.

3.1. Cau tao-Nguyn l hoat bng
Gom ba lp bn dan p-n-p hoc n-p-n tao nn. V vy c hai loai BJT


Emitte
r





Bax
e
C
Collector
B


E




Emitte
r
Hnh 3. l . Cau tao v k hiu ca BJ loai pnp
C
Collector
B

E
Baxe
Hnh 3. S . Cau tao v k hiu ca BJ loai npn

BJT c hai tiep xc p-n: tiep xc p-n giua mien B v C goi l J
C
, tiep
xc p- n giua mien B v E goi l J
E.

e Nguyn l hoat dng



E
C










Hnh 3..3 . Cch phn cnc de BJ hoat dng che d khuech dai
Chnong 3: Txansistox lnng ccc
BJ T
Bi ging mn Ky thut din t





Ban dau khi c nguon V
CC
phn cnc ngh%ch tiep xc J
C
th c dng
ngvoc I
CBO
chy t mien C xang B. Dng ny giong nhv dng I
tr
trong Diod,
c gi tr% nh.
Sau d c nguon V
BB
phn cnc thun tiep xc J
E
lm cho din t t
mien E de dng di chuyen xang mien B tao nn dng I
E
. Hau het cc din
t vvot qua vng B, bang qua J
C
(tiep xc p-n giua mien B v C goi l J
C
)
de den mien C tao nn dng oI
E
. Mt xo din t b% giu lai trong mien B
v chay ve cnc B. Lo trong trong mien B chay ve mien E tao nn dng I
B
.
Neu goi o l h xo truyen dat dng din th ta c I
C
=oI
E
+I
CBO

Ta c I
E
=I
B
+I
C
; I
C
=oI
E
+I
CBO
=o(I
C
+I
B
)+I
CBO
xuy ra (l-o)I
C
=oI
B
+I
CBO

I
C
=(o/(l-o))I
B
+(l/(l-o))I
CBO
=)I
B
+(l+))I
CBO
trong d ) dvoc goi
l h xo khuech dai dng din.
e Nguyn tac phn cnc cho BJT hoat dng che d khuech dai:
J
E
phn cnc thun v J
C
phn cnc ngh%ch, nghia l doi vi BJT loai npn
th phi tho mn V
BE
>O v V
CB
>O , doi vi BJT loai pnp th ngvoc lai.
3.2. Cc cch mac mach ca BJ T
BJT c ba cnc, tuy theo theo vic chon cnc no lm cnc chung
cho mach vo v mach ra m c ba xo do x au( ta ch xt xo do dang don gin
ho)
3.2.1. Mach CE(Common Emittex)
Tn hiu can khuech dai dvoc dva vo giua cnc B v E, tn hiu ra
dvoc lay ra giua cnc C v E, E l cnc chung.




Tn hiu
vo
Tn hiu ra





Hnh 3.4.Mach
CE

3.2.2. Mach CB (Common Base)
Tn hiu can khuech dai dvoc dva vo giua cnc B v E, tn hiu ra
dvoc lay ra giua cnc C v B, B l cnc chung.



Tn hiu
vo
E
C
B
Tn hiu ra

Chnong 3: Txansistox lnng ccc
BJ T
Bi ging mn Ky thut din t





Hnh 3.5.Mach
CB
Chnong 3: Txansistox lnng ccc
BJ T
Bi ging mn Ky thut din t



3.2.3.Mach CC(Common Collectox)
Tn hiu can khuech dai dvoc dva vo giua cnc B v C, tn hiu ra
dvoc lay ra giua cnc C v E, E l cnc chung.




Tn hiu
vo
Tn hiu ra





Hnh 3.6.Mach
CB


3.3. c tuyen tinh v cc tham so tinh ca BJ T
c tuyen tinh dien t moi quan h giua dng din v din p
mt chieu trn BJT. C bon loai dc tuyen l dc tuyen vo, ra, truyen
dat dng din, hoi tiep din p. Ta ch xt dc tuyen ra ca mach CE.

I
C


Mien dan bo ho
I
C
=f(V
CE
)
I
B
=conx
t
I
B4
I
B3
I
B2




Mien dnh thng


I
Bl



V
CE

Hnh 3.7.Ho dc tuyen tinh ng sa ca BJ mac kieu CE
e Cc tham xo gii han ca BJT
Tuy theo din tch mt tiep xc , vt liu v cng ngh che
taoMoi BJT ch cho php mt dng din toi da trn moi din cnc l I
Emax
,
I
Bmax
, I
Cmax
. Ngoi ra trn cc tiep xc J
E
, J
C
c cc din p cnc dai cho
php V
Cbmax
, V
Bemax
, V
Cemax
de khng gy dnh thng cc tiep xc.

Tan xo gii han:

Moi BJT ch lm vic hiu qu den mt tan xo nhat d%nh v do tan xo
cao, cc din dung cc tiep xc p-n tang. Mt khc chuyen dng ca
Chnong 3: Txansistox lnng ccc
BJ T
Bi ging mn Ky thut din t


ha t dan qua mien B
Chnong 3: Txansistox lnng ccc
BJ T
Bi ging mn Ky thut din t


B

khng the coi l tc thi m chiem mt thi gian dng ke xo vi chu ky tn
hiu nn o,) b% gim theo tan xo.

3.4. Cc cch phn cnc cho BJ T
Ve nguyn tac ta can hai nguon de phn cnc thun J
E
v phn cnc
ngh%ch J
C

3.4.1. Phn ccc bang dng I
B
co d%nh:
3.4.1.1. Dng mt nguonV
CC

in tr R
B
lay din p t nguon V
CC
de phn cnc thun J
E
, din
tr R
C
lay din p t nguon V
CC
phn cnc ngh%ch J
C
, nghia l V
BE
>O, V
CB
>O.

I =
V
CC
V
BE
R
B

V C C


R B R c
I
C

V
CE
= )I
B

= V
CC
I
C
R
C

I
B
Ic


I
E R E


.
Hnh 3.8. Mach khuech dai dng BJ, phn cnc bang dng I
B
co d%nh
Ta thay dng I
B
c gi tr% khng doi tuy thuc vo V
CC
v R
B
nn
mach c tn l phn cnc bang dng I
B
co d%nh.
Cc gi tr% ca V
CE
v I
C
xc d%nh v% tr diem lm vic tinh Q trn
dc tuyen ng ra ca BJT.
Ta cung c the xc d%nh diem lm vic tinh Q theo phvong php do th%.
T bieu thc V
CE
=V
CC
-I
C
R
C
ta c I
C
=(-l/R
C
)V
CE
+(l/R
C
)V
CC
(l). Giao
diem ca dvng thang c phvong trnh nhv (l) vi dvng bieu dien moi
quan h giua I
C
v V
CE
ng vi dng I
B
=(V
BB
-V
BE
)/R
B
trn dc tuyen ng ra
mach EC xc d%nh v% tr ca diem lm vic tinh Q.
I
C


V
CC
/R
C


Q
I
B4
I
B3

I
B2
=(V
CC
-V
BE
)/R
B

I
CQ
I
Bl



V
CEQ
V
CC
V
CE


Chnong 3: Txansistox lnng ccc
BJ T
Bi ging mn Ky thut din t


Hnh 3.9. Xc d%nh diem lm vic tinh Q theo phvong php do th%
Chnong 3: Txansistox lnng ccc
BJ T


V C C
R B
.
RB 1
RB 2
.
R B B
V B B
.
B

3.4.1.2. Dng hai
nguon



V C C

R c
I =
V
BB
V
BE
R
B B
I
C

V
CE
= )I
B

= V
CC
I
C
R
C



Hnh 3.l0. Mach phn cnc bang dng I
B
co d%nh dng hai nguon
3.4.2. Phn ccc bang hoi tieg t collectox
Hoi tiep l xn dva tn hiu ng ra ca b khuech dai tr ngvoc lai
dau vo. Neu tn hiu hoi tiep dva ve lm gim din p vo b khuech dai
th goi d l hoi tiep m.
in tr R
B
dan din p t cnc C dva ngvoc ve cnc B. Khi nhit
d tang dng I
C
, I
E
tang lm V
C
gim, thng qua din tr R
B
lm din p
phn cnc cho cnc B l V
BE
gim, lm BJT dan yeu lai lm gim dng I
C
.
in tr R
B
goi l din tr hoi tiep m.
I
B
=
V
CC
V
BE

R
B
+ (1 + ) )R
C
R c
I
C

V
CE
= )I
B

= V
CC
I
C
R
C







Hnh 3.lS. Mach phn cnc bang hoi tiep t collectos


3.4.3. Phn ccc bang dng Emittex
Mach dng hai din tr R
Bl
, R
B2
tao thnh cau phn p de phn cnc
thun J
E
,
R
C
lay din p t nguon V
CC
phn cnc cho J
C
. R
E
l din tr on
d%nh nhit p dnng d%nh l Thevenin, ta c xo do mach tvong
dvong


VC C

Rc




(a)
RE


Chnong 3: Txansistox lnng ccc
BJ T


Bi ging mn Ky thut din t
Chnong 3: Txansistox lnng ccc
BJ T
Bi ging mn Ky thut din t



VCC

Rc


(b)
RBB



RE
VBB




Hnh 3.l3.

(a) Mach phn cnc bang dng Emittes
(b) Mach tvong dvong theo d%nh l hevenin


Trongd
V
BB
=

V
CC
R
B 2
R
B1
+ R
B 2


; R
BB
= R
B1



// R
B 2

I
B
=
V
BB
V
B
E

; I
C
= )I
B
;V
CE

= V
CC
I
C
R
C
I
E
R
E

R
BB + (1 + ) )R
E

Ta biet khi nhit d tang, ba tham xo ca BJT xe thay doi , d l V
BE
,
), I
C
. Trong ba kieu phn cnc trn , kieu phn cnc bang d%nh dng Emitter
cho ta dng I
C
on d%nh nhat v dng I
C
hau nhv khng phn thuc vo
) v I
C
=V
BB
/R
E
neu chon V
BB
>>V
BE


Bi tp :
Cho xo do mach nhv hnh 3.l3a. Biet rang R
Bl
=32k|i; R
B2
=6,8k|i;
Rc=3k|i; R
E
=l,Sk|i; R; )=lOO;Vcc=lSV. Xc d%nh diem lm vic tinh v
bieu dien n trn dc tuyen ng ra.
Gii:
R
BB
= R
B1
// R
B 2
= 32k // 6.8k = 5.6k
V
BB
=
V
CC
R
B 2
=
15 * 6,8
= 2,6V
R
B1
+ R
B 2
32 + 6,8
I
B
=
V
BB
V
B
E

=
2,6 0,7
= 0,012mA
R
BB
+ (1 + )
)R
E

5,6 + 101*1,5
I
C
= )I
B
= 100.0,012mA = 1,2mA
V
CE
= V
CC
I
C
R
C
I
E
R
e
= V
CC
I
C
(R
C
+ R
E
) = 15 0,012 * 4,5 = 9,6V
Chnong 3: Txansistox lnng ccc
BJ T
Bi ging mn Ky thut din t







I
C
(mA)

lS/4,S

Q
l,2
I
B4
I
B3
I
B2
=O,Ol2mA

I
Bl





9,6


lSV
V
CE
(V)
Hnh 3.l4. Xc d%nh diem lm vic tinh Q theo phvong php do
th%
Chnong 4: Mach khuech dai dng
BJ T
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


Mach
khuec
h dai



CHUNG 4: MACH KHUECH AI DNG BJT

Mach khuech dai l mach din t trong d vi mt xn bien doi
nh ca dai lvong din dau vo xe gy ra xn bien doi ln ca dai
lvong din ca dau ra. Cc phan t co bn ca mach din l BJT c
the mac theo xo do B, E, C
Ni dung ca chvong ny trnh by cc kieu mach khuech dai tn
hiu nh co bn dng BJT nhv mach EC, BC, CC v cc mach khuech
dai cng xuat (khuech dai tn hiu ln). T d ta tnh ton cc thng xo
ca mach nhv h xo khuech dai din p, h xo khuech dai dng din,
dang xng tai cc v% tr trong mach...
Mnc dch ca chvong ny gip xinh vin nam dvoc nguyn l lm
vic ca cc mach khuech dai, cc thng xo co bn de ng dnng trong
vic thiet ke mach.
Cc ch tiu co bn ca mt mach khuech dai:



r
S

R
t

v
S




Hnh 4.l. Mang bon cnc dai din cho mach khuech dai.

Nguon tn hiu v
S
dvoc dva den ng vo ca linh kin din t,
nhv BJT... Nh vai tr hoat dng ca BJT, trn din tr ti R
t
xe
nhn dvoc tn hiu d dvoc khuech dai nghia l tn hiu ny bien thi n
cng quy lut vi tn hiu v
S
nhvng c bin d ln hon nhieu.
Tuy theo dang ca tn hiu can khuech dai m chia thnh cc loai
mach khuech dai co bn xau:
e Mach khuech dai tn hiu bien thin chm (khuech dai DC).
e Mach khuech dai tn hiu xoay chieu bao g om mach khuech dai tan
xo thap, trung bnh v tan xo cao.
Trong chvong ny, ta xt cc mach khuech dai tan xo trung bnh.
e don gin, gi thiet rang nguon tn hiu v
S
can khuech dai
c dang hnh xin, tn hiu ra trn ti van c dang hnh xin (mach khuech
dai l tvng). Trong dieu kin d, cc dai lvong xoay chieu trong mach
nhv din p vo, dng din vo, din p ra trn ti, dng din ra trn ti
l nhung dai lvong hnh xin.
Tn hiu nh l cc dai lvong dau vo, dau ra bien thin trong
pham vi hep. Mach khuech dai tn hiu nh thvng dvoc dt dau tin
ca mt thiet b% khuech dai de khuech dai tn hiu cn chva ln. Dvi
dy ta kho xt cc mach khuech dai tn hiu nh theo phvong php gii
tch nghia l thay the cc mach cn the bang xo do tvong dvong xo ay
chieu, xau d tnh ton cc thng xo dc trvng ca mach: h xo
Chnong 4: Mach khuech dai dng
BJ T
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


khuech dai din p, h xo khuech dai dng din , pha ca din p vo
v din p ra ...
Chnong 4: Mach khuech dai dng
BJ T
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


4.1. So bo tvong bvong ca BJ T boi vi tn hiu nh zoay chieu
theo tham so chuan:

4.1.1. Mach CE (Common Emittter):
B C

in p vo

rbe
in p
ra



)ib
rce


E
Hnh 4.S. fo do tvong dvong ca BJ doi vi mach CE
Trong d r
be
=r
b
+ (l+ ))r
e
(4.la)
r
e
: din tr vi phn ca tiep xc J
E
.
r
e
=26mV/ I
E
. (4.lb)
r
b
: din tr khoi vng Baze.
r
c
: din tr vi phn ca tiep gip J
C
.
)i
b
: nguon dng din dvoc dieu khien bi dng
i
b
.

4.1.2. Mach BC ( Common Base ):

E C

in p vo
reb

in p
ra



oie

rcb




B
Hnh 4.3. fo do tvong dvong ca BJ doi vi mach CB

Trong d r
eb
= r
e
+ r
b
/(l+ )) (4.2)
r
e
: din tr vi phn ca tiep xc
J
E
. r
e
=26mV/ I
E
.
r
b
: din tr khoi vng Baze.
r
c
: din tr vi phn ca tiep gip J
C
.
oi
e
: nguon dng din dvoc dieu khien bi
dng i
e

Chnong 4: Mach khuech dai dng
BJ T
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


Vcc
R1 Rc C2
C1
CE
R2 Re
4.1.3. Mach CC: (Common Collector)


B

in p vo
C

rbe

rce

)ib


E
in p ra




Hnh 4.4. fo do tvong dvong ca BJ doi vi m ach CC
Trong d r
be
=r
b
+ (l+ ))r
e

r
e
: din tr vi phn ca tiep xc
J
E
. r
e
=26mV/ I
E
.
r
b
: din tr khoi vng Baze.
r
c
: din tr vi phn ca tiep gip J
C
.
)i
b
: nguon dng din dvoc dieu khien bi dng i
b

4.1.4. Nguyn tac ve so bo tvong bvong boi vi tn hiu zoay chieu;
Cc tn coi nhv noi tat v cc tn ny c dung khng rat nh (gan nhv
bang khng tan xo lm vic ca mach)
Nguon mt chieu Vcc coi nhv noi tat v gi thiet l nguon l
tvng c ni tr bang 0.

4.2. Mach khuech bai CE
4.2.1. So bo mach:






v
t


vS Rt



Hnh 4.5. fo do mach khuech dai CE

4.2.2. Tc dnng linh kin:
R
l
,R
2
: in tr phn
cnc; R
C
: in tr ti
cnc C. Vcc: nguon mt
chieu;
Chnong 4: Mach khuech dai dng
BJ T
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


v
S
: nguon xoay chieu.
Chnong 4: Mach khuech dai dng
BJ T
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


r
S
: ni tr nguon xoay chieu;
C
E
: noi tat thnh phan xoay chieu cnc
E. Re : in tr on d%nh nhit; R
t
:
din tr ti.
C
l
: tn lin lac ng vo, ngan thnh phan lchieu ve v
S
.
C
2
: tn lin lac ng ra, ngan thnh phan l chieu ve pha ti.
e Nguyn l hoat dng:
in p vo v
S
dva den dau vo ca mach lm th ay doi trang thi
hoat dng ca BTJ, cc dng din baxe i
b
, i
c
c the tang hay gim theo
din p vo v
x
. in p bien thin trn din tr R
C
tao nn din p
xoay chieu trn cnc Collector. in p ny qua tn C
2
dvoc dva den
din tr R
t
ca mach khuech dai.
v
S

t
v
C



t
v
Rt


t

Hnh 4.6. Dang rng ca nguon tn hiu, tai cnc C, v tai ng sa.




4.2.3. So bo tvong bvong:
B C

rS i
V
i
c

i
b


R1//R2
vS

rbe





)i
b
i
t

rce
Rt
Rc



E
Hnh 4.7. fo do tvong dvong ca mach CE.

4.2.4. Tnh ton tham so ca mach:
4.2.4.1. in tr vo ca mach:
Chnong 4: Mach khuech dai dng
BJ T
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


Vcc
R1 Rc C2
C1
CE
Re
i
i
u

R
V
= (R
1
// R
2
) // r
be

r
be
=
u
be
i
b

=
i
b
r
b
+ r
e
i
e
i
b



(4.3)
=
i
b
r
b
+ (1 + )
)r
e
i
b
i
b

= r
b
+ (1 + ) )r
e

Neu R
l
//R
2
>>r
be
th R
V
=r
be

4.2.4.2. H so khuech bai dng bin K
i

H xo khuech dai dng din K
i
l t xo ca dng din ra v
dng din vo ca mach.
K =
i
t

=
i
b
.
i
c
.
i
t

i
v
i
v
i
b
i
c

i
t
.R
t
= i
C
.(R
C
// R
t
)
Ta c:
i
V
R
V
= i
b
r
V

Vy
i
C
= ) i
b

K =
R
V
.) .
R
C
//
R
t

(4.4)
r
V
R
t

H xo khuech dai dng din K
i
phn thuc vo ) ca BJT, gi tr%
din tr ca b phn p, din tr Rc, R
t
. Neu ta chon R
l
//R
2
>>r
V
,
Rc>>R
t
th K
i
_). Mach EC c h xo khuech dai dng din ln.

4.2.4.3. H so khuech bai bin p K
u

H xo khuech dai din p K
u
l t xo ca din p trn ti v din
p vo ca mach.
K =
v
T
v
V

=
v
T
v
s

=
i
t
R
t

i
V
(r
s
+ R
V
)

(4.5)
R
t

= K
i

= ) .
R
V
.
R
C
// R
t

r
s
+ R
t
r
V
r
s
+ R
V

Neu R
l
//R
2
>>r
V
, r
x
rat nh, ) ln th h xo khuech dai din p K
u
ln.
e Dau tr bieu th% din p ra vi din p vo ngvoc pha nhau.

Bi tp 1:
Cho xo do mach nhv hnh ve xau.






v
t


vS Rt


Chnong 4: Mach khuech dai dng
BJ T
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t



Hnh 4.8. Mach khuech dai CE
Chnong 4: Mach khuech dai dng
BJ T
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


I
i
b

e
u

R
l
=280 k|i; Rc=l k|i; Re=0,S k|i; Rt=l k|i;
)=l00; r
S
=0 ; V
CC
=lSV. Tnh h xo khuech dai din p
ca mach. Trvc het tnh che d tinh ca mach


=
V V
cc BE
B
R
1
+ (1 + ) )R
e

=
(15 0.7)V
= 0.043mA
(280 + 51)k|i
I
C
= )I
B
= 100.0,043mA =
4,3mA V
CE
= V
CC
I
C
R
C
I
E
R
e

= V
CC
I
C
(R
C
+ R
e
) = 15V (4,3mA)(1,5k|i) = 8,55V
B C

rS i
V
i
c


rbe



R1
vS
)ib
i
t

rce
Rt
Rc



E
Hnh 4.9. fo do tvong dvong ca mach hnh 4.8

r =
V
T
I
E

= )
V
T

I
C

=
26mV
4,3mA
= 6|i
_ r
be

= 600|i
R
V
= R
1
// r
be
= 280k|i // 600|i = 600|i
K =
R
C
// R
t

r
e

=
0.5
= 83

0.006
Cu hi m rng:
Vi xo do mach nhv hnh 4.8, neu khng c tn CE th h xo
khuech dai din p ca mach nhv the no? Nhn xt v gii thch tai xao.
Tr li:
Neu khng c tn C
E
th trong xo do tvong dvong ca mach xe c
Re noi giua cnc E v diem dat. Nhv vy din p xoay chieu v
S
xe b% roi
mt phan trn Re nn lm cho din p dt ln tiep xc J
E
ca BJT b%
gim. Nn din p ra trn ti xe b% gim theo, v vy h xo khuech dai
din p ca mach gi m. Ta ch can nhn xt v gii thch nhv vy ch
khng can phi tnh lai h xo khuech dai din p v cu hi khng yu
cau.
Bi tp 2
Chnong 4: Mach khuech dai dng
BJ T
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


VCC
Rc
R1
C2
C1
R2 Re rS
VS
i
C

rcb
i
V
i
e

reb
Re
Rc
oi
e
i
Tnh h xo khuech dai ca mach (hnh 4.8) trong trvng hop
khng c tn CE. T d gii thch tc dnng ca tn CE v cch t nh chon tn
CE nhv the no?
H thong lai cc van de co bn va hoc.

4.3. Mach khuech bai CB
4.3.1. So bo mach:








Cb Rt






Hnh 4.l0 . fo do mach khuech dai CB

4.3.2. Tc dnng linh kin:
R
l
,R
2
,R
C
: in tr phn cnc.
Vcc: nguon mt chieu.
v
x
: nguon xoay chieu.
r
x
: ni tr nguon xoay
chieu; Re : in tr on
d%nh nhit.
C
l
: tn lin lac ng vo, ngan thnh phan lc ve E
n
.
C
2
: tn lin lac ng ra, cn thnh phan l chieu ve
pha ti. C
b
: noi tat thnh phan xoay chieu;
R
t
: din tr ti.

4.3.3. So bo tvong bvong:


rS
t

Rt
vS







Hnh 4.ll. fo do tvong dvong ca mach CE.

4.3.4. Tnh ton tham so ca mach:
4.3.4.1. in tr vo ca mach:

Chnong 4: Mach khuech dai dng
BJ T
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


Ta c: R
v
= Re //r
eb
(4.6)
Chnong 4: Mach khuech dai dng
BJ T
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


VCC
R1
C1
Q
C2
rS
R2 Re
i
i
u

trong
d

r
eb
=
v
eb
i
e

=
i
b
r
b
+ r
e
i
e
i
e


= r
e
+
r
b

1 +
)

(4.7)
4.3.4.2. H so khuech bai K
i

H xo khuech dai K
i
l t xo ca dng din ra ti v dng
din vo ca mach
K =
i
t

=
i
e
.
i
c
.
i
t

i
V
i
V
i
e
i
C

i
T
.R
T
= i
C
.(R
C
// R
t
)
Ta c:
i
V
R
V
= i
e
r
V

Vy
i
C
= o i
e

R R // R
K =
V
.o.
C t

(4.8)
r
V
R
t

e H xo khuech dai dng din K
i
ca mach BC <l.

III.4.3. H so khuech bai bin p K
u

H xo khuech dai din p K
u
l t xo ca din p trn ti v din
p vo ca mach.
K =
v
t
v
V

=
v
t
v
s

=
i
t
R
t

i
V
(r
s
+ R
V
)


(4.9)
R
t

= K
i

= o
R
V
.
R
C
// R
t

r
s
+ R
t
r
V
r
s
+ R
V

e in p ra vi din p vo cng pha nhau.
e H xo khuech dai din p K
u
ca mach
BC >>l. K
u
cng ln khi R
n
cng nh.
Bi tp 3:
Cho xo do mach nhv hnh 4.ll. R
l
=68 k|i; R
2
=22 k|i; Rc=l
k|i; Re=l k|i; Rt=l k|i; )=l00; r
S
=l00|i; V
CC
=lSV

Tnh h xo khuech dai din p ca mach.

4.4. Mach khuech bai CC
4.4.1. So bo mach:









vS Rt



Hnh 4.lS. fo do mach khuech dai kieu CC
Chnong 4: Mach khuech dai dng
BJ T
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


Rt
i
b

rbe
rce
)
i
b

R1//R2
i
e

Re
i
t

Rt
v
i
4.4.2. Tc dnng linh kin:
R
l
,R
2
, : in tr phn
cnc. V
CC
: nguon mt
chieu.
v
x
: nguon xoay chieu.
r
S
: ni tr nguon xoay
chieu. Re : in tr on
d%nh nhit.
C
l
: tn lin lac ng vo, ngan thnh phan lchieu ve
E
n
. C
2
: tn lin lac ng ra, cn thnh phan l chieu
ve pha ti. Rt : din tr ti.

4.4.3. So bo tvong bvong:

rS



vS










Hnh 4.l4. fo do tvong dvong ca mach khuech dai CC

4.4.4. Tnh ton tham so ca mach:

4.4.4.1. in tr vo ca mach:
R
v
= (R
l
//R
2
) //r
v
(4.1)

r =
u
b

i
b

=
i
b
r
b
+ (r
e
+ Re// R
t
)i
e

i
b



(4.11)
= r
b
+ (1 + ) )(r
e
+ Re// R
t
)
Neu chon R
l
//R
2
>>r
V
th R
V
ln.

4.4.4.2. H so khuech bai K
i

H xo khuech dai K
i
l t xo ca dng din ra ti v dng din
vo ca mach

K =
i
y
=
i
b
.
i
e
.
i
T

i
V
i
V
i
b
i
e

i
T
.R
T
= i
e
.(R
E
// R
t
)
Ta c:
i
V
R
V
= i
b
r
V

i
e
= (1 + ) )i
b

Chnong 4: Mach khuech dai dng
BJ T


i
u


Vy
K =
R
V
.(1 + ) ).
Re//
R
t


(4.12)
r
V
R
t

H xo khuech dai dng din ln.

4.4.4.3. H so khuech bai bin p K
u

H xo khuech dai din p K
u
l t xo ca din p ra ti v vo ca
mach

K =
v
T
v
V

=
v
T
v
s

=
i
t
R
t

i
V
(r
s
+ R
V
)


(4.13)
R
t

= K
i

= (1 + ) )
R
V
.
R
E
// R
t

r
s
+ R
T
r
V
r
s
+ R
V

e in p ra vi din p vo cng pha nhau.

Bi tp 4
Cho xo do mach nhv trn. R
l
=68k|i; R
2
=22k|i;Re=lk|i;
Rt=lk|i;
)=l00; Rn=l00|i; Vcc=lSV. Tnh h xo khuech dai din p ca mach.
Bi tp 5: So xnh 3 loai trn v rt ra vu nhvoc diem ca
tng loai mach v ng dnng.

4.5. Mach khuech bai cng suat:
Mach khuech dai cng xuat l mach khuech dai tn hiu ln (tn
hiu m khong bien thin bin d ln )
Ta xt mach khuech dai m tan dng khuech dai cng xuat lm
vic di tan xo thap, BW: 20 Hz 20 KHz. Tn hiu din lay t datric
(phan t bien doi dai lvong phi din _ dai lvong din ) _ qua
tang khuech dai xo b th bin d din p tn hiu d ln ( vi V )
nhvng chva d cng xuat de ko ti. V vy phi c mt tang cuoi lm
nhim vn nng cng xuat tn hiu de cap cho ti, d chnh l tang khuech
dai cng xuat.
Cc che d lm vic co bn ca mach khuech dai cng xuat:
4.5.1. Che bA:
Dng din ra i
C
xuat hin c hai na chu ky ca tn hiu vo.

v
v




i
c
ot
I
C


ot
Hnh 4.l5. Dang rng ca din p vo v dng sa i
C


4.5.2. Che bB:
Dng din ra i
C
xuat hin mt na chu ky ca tn hiu vo.

Chnong 4: Mach khuech dai dng
BJ T



u
v

Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t
o
t
Chnong 4: Mach khuech dai dng
BJ T
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t
















Hnh 4.l6. Dang rng ca din p vo v dng sa i
C

Tn hiu ra b% mo dang tram trong, de khac phnc ta dng hai
BJT thay phin nhau dan trong hai na chu ky th xe khi phnc dvoc
dang goc ca tn hiu. tuy nhin van cn mo xuyn tm do dc tuyen
vo ca BJT xinh ra.
4.5.3. Che bAB:
Ta cap phn cnc ban dau cho BJT de khac phnc mo xuyn
tm.
Cc mach khuech dai cng suat co bn:
4.5.4. Mach khuech bai cng suat che bA
4.5.4.1. Mach khuech bai cng suat che bA ti ghp trnc tiep:

I
c
V
cc
R
B
R
c



V
CE


H nh 4.17. Mach khuech dai cng ruat che d A





I
cma
x
I
cQ
I
cmin
I
c
(mA)


Q






V
c
c
i
c

I
Lp



ot
V
CEmin


V
CE
p
V
CEma
x
V
CE
v
CE



o
Chnong 4: Mach khuech dai dng
BJ T
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


H nh 4.18. Dng sng ca in p v dng ra.
Chnong 4: Mach khuech dai dng
BJ T
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


C
p
C
Khi tn hiu vo c dng sng sin, cng sut ra ca tn hiu c xc nh
theo biu thc :

Pr = V
CE
.I
C
=
V
CEp
I
Cp
=
2
V
2
CEp
I
2R
C


(4.14)
Cn c vo hnh v ta xc nh c bin Icp v V
CEP

Ta c : Icp=
I
C max
I
C min

2
V
CE max
V
CE min
V
CEP
=

Cng sut ra :
P
2


=
1 (V
CE max
V
CEmin



)
(I
Cp max
I
Cp min
)

r
2 2
2
(4.15)
=
1
(V
8
CE max
V
CE min
)(I
Cp max
I
Cp min
)

Vy cn c vo hnh v khi ta v ng ti trn h c tuyn ra ta hon
ton xc nh c cng sut ra .
Ta nhn c cng sut ra ln nht khi c iu kin sau:
V
CE max
V
CE min
V
CC
= V
CC

V
CEp
=

2
Lc cng sut ra cc i :
1
P
rmax
= V

V
C
C
1 V
2
CC
= =
V
CC
I
CQ

(4.16)
8
CC
R

8 R
C
4
Cng sut cung cp cho mch :
1
T V
2
CC
P
CC
= ] V
CC
(I
CQ
+ I
Cp
sin ot)dt = V
CC
I
CQ
=
T
0

2R
C

(4.17)
Ta thy khi tn hiu vo hnh sin th tr trung bnh i s ca in p C - E v
dng collector khng i v vy cng sut cung cp mt chiu khng ph thuc
vo tn hiu vo v ra .
Hiu sut cc i ca mch in c xc nh :
P
V
2
CC
V
2
CC

max
=
r max
0 0
100
P
0

0
=
8R
C
2R
C

100
0
= 25%
Vy hiu sut ca mch khuch i ch A rt thp, do m n t c s
dng .
4.5.3.2. Mach khuech bai cng suat che bA ti ghp bien p:
Chnong 4: Mach khuech dai dng
BJ T
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


So do mach tvong tn nhv hnh 4.l7. Tuy nhin ti R
c
khng dvoc
ghp trnc tiep vo cnc C ca BJT m dvoc ghp qua bien p. Nh d
hiu xuat dvoc tang ln gap di l S0%.
Chnong 4: Mach khuech dai dng
BJ T
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


Trong tang khuech dai che d A, diem lm vic thay doi xung
quanh diem tinh. So vi tang khuech dai tn hiu nh n ch khc l
bin d ca n ln, tang khuech dai che d A hay dng xo do CE .
Mach ny c vu diem l tn hiu ra trung thnc, tuy nhin hiu
xuat thap do bin d dng din v din p xoay chieu cnc dai ch bang
dng din v din p tinh.

4.5. 5. Cc mch khuch i ch B

Mch in khuch i ch B phi d ng t nht l 2 transistor c cng
cc tnh hay khc cc tnh (P hoc N). Khi cn tng cng sut ra, mi tng
cng sut cui thng hay dng 2 transistor mi nhnh, mc kiu Darlingt n.
Nu tng cng sut dng 2 transistor cng cc tnh th tng kch phi l tng
o pha cp 2 tn hiu ngc pha ca vo.

4.5.6. Mch y ko bin p

u im ca mch ny l ch tnh s khng tiu th dng do ngun
cung cp nu khng c tn hao tr n transistor. Mt khc, v khng c dng mt
chiu chy qua bin p nn khng gy mo do bo ha t . Hiu sut ca mch
t ln nht, khong 78,5%.
Nhc im ca n l mo xuyn tm ln khi tn hiu vo nh, khi c 2
v khuch i khng c cn bng.

Nh mch hnh trn ch r, na chu k dng ca tn hiu u vo, T
1
phn cc nghch nn khng dn, T
2
phn cc thun nn dn. na chu k m
th qa trnh xy ra ngc li. Lc cha c tn hiu (Uv = 0) th T
1
, T
2
u tt,
s khng c dng ngun V
CC
chy qua bin p m ch c dng ngc I
CE
rt
nh chy qua.
Ti thi im chuyn tip gia qu tr nh dn, ngt ca T
1
v T
2
s gy nn
hin tng mo dng sng, gi l mo dng xuyn tm.


4.5.7. Mach khuech bai cng suat che bAB bay ko khng dng
bien p:
Chnong 4: Mach khuech dai dng
BJ T
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


+Ec
+Vcc
4.5.7.1. Mach OTL(Output Transformer Less)
Ta xt xo do mach don gin xau (khng xt den mach phn cnc)








vth




H nh 4.l9. Mach khuech dai cng ruat OL
2 BJT trn l 2 BJT bo phn c cc tham xo doi xng n hau.
che d tinh, tn C dvoc nap din den gi tr% Ec/2. bn
ky m ca uth, BTT dvi dan, tn C dng vai tr l nguon cung cap
cho n v ti loa, cn BJT trn tat. Gii thch tvong tn, bn ky
dvong ca uth, BTT trn dan, nguon Vcc v tn C cung cap cho
n v ti loa. Dng xoay chieu ic lan lvot chy qua ti trong tng
bn ky tvong ng, tao nn din p xoay chieu trn ti.

4.5.7.2. Mach OCL (Output Capacitor Less)
Ta xt xo do mach don gin xau (khng xt den mach phn cnc)








vs




-Vcc


H nh 4.l9. Mach khuech dai cng ruat OL

2 BJT trn l 2 BJT bo phn c cc tham xo doi xng nhau.
bn ky dvong ca v
th
, BTT trn dan, cn BJT trn tat. bn ky
m ca din p vo, BTT dvi dan, BJT trn tat. Dng xoay
chieu i
c
lan lvot chy qua ti trong tng bn k y tvong ng, tao
nn din p xoay chieu trn ti.

v
0

V
CC
-V
S

V
S
-V
CC



CHUNG 5: KHUECH AI THUT TON OPAMP
(OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER)
5.1. Khi nim:
Mach khuech dai thut ton l mach dvoc che tao dvi dang tch hop c
h xo khuech dai ln dng de x l cc tn hiu tvong tn hoc xung. Mach
thnc hin cc php tnh co bn: cng, tr, tch phn vi phn, lay logarit, hoc
thnc hin cc chc nang nhv tao dao dng hnh xin, on p, on dng, xo xnh.
e K hiu



Hnh 5.l. K hiu ca OPAMP

OPAMP thvng dvoc cap nguon doi xng, c 2 ng vo: v
i
-
: ng vo do,
v
i
+
: ng vo khng do. v c 1 ng ra v
o

Trang thi ng ra v
0
khng c mach hoi tiep ve ng vo goi l trang thi
vng h. H xo khuech dai din p lc d goi l h xo khuech dai vng h
ca OPAMP, k hiu A
0
. Lc d v
0
= A
0
(v
i
+
- v
i
-
).
e Cc thng so ky thut: in tr ng vo r
i
rat ln, din tr ng ra rat
nh, h xo khuech dai din p A
0
rat ln.
5.2 c tnh truyen bat:
Ta c dc tnh truyen dat vng h v
o
=f(v
i
+
- v
i
-
)=f(v
d
)











v
d










Hnh 5. S. c tnh tsuyen dat vng h ca OPAMP
Vi

Vi
+
Vo
-
Hnh 5.3. Mach khuech dai do dng
OPAMP




c tuyen c ba vng lm vic:
e Vng khuech dai v
0
=A
0
v
d

e Vng bo ho dvong v
0
=V
cc

e Vng bo ho m v
0
=-V
cc

V
S
l cc mc ngvng ca din p vo, gii han pham vi m quan h
ng ra v ng vo cn l tuyen tnh. Cc OPAMP thvng c V
S
khong t vi
chnc V den vi tram V
Trong thnc te, ngvi ta rat t x dnng OPAMP trang thi vng h v A
0
rat ln nhvng tam din p vo b% gii han qu b( trong khong V
S
). Ch
can tri nhit, hoc nguon khng on d%nh, hoc nhieu bin d rat b
cung d tao dvoc v
d
vvot ra ngoi tam V
S
lm ng ra bo ho dvong hoc
bo ho m. Mach khuech dai vng h thvng x dnng trong che d xung.
Trong che d khuech dai tuyen tnh, ngvi ta phi dng hoi tiep m de tao xn
lm vic on d%nh ca b khuech dai.

5.3. Mt so ng dnng ca OPAMP:

Trong thnc te, trang thi vng h ch thvng dvoc x dnng trong che d
xung. che d khuech dai tuyen tnh, ngvi ta phi dng hoi tiep m de tao
xn lm vic on d%nh cho b khuech dai, dong thi m rng vng lm vic
ca tn hiu vo. Trang thi nhv vy goi l trang thi vng kn.
Gi x OPAMP l l tvng c r
i
= nn dng chy vo OPAMP l i
v
=0 v
A
0
= nn v
i
+
- v
i
-
=v
0
/A
0
=0 nn v
i
+
= v
i
-
.

5.3.1. Mach khuech bai bo:

Mach khuech dai do c ng vo khng do noi dat, tn hiu vo v
i
dva
vo ng vo do thng qua din tr R
1
. in tr R
f
dva din p ng ra v
0
tr lai ng vo do.


Rf



R1
N

vi
P
v 0

Hnh 5..5. Mach cng do dng
OPAMP




Ta c v
i
+
= 0 nn ngvi ta goi diem N l diem dat
gi. Ta c
V
i
V
N

+
V
0

V
N

V V
f

= 0 c
0
=
R
1
R
f
V
i
R
1

Dau tr bieu th% din p ra ngvoc pha xo vi din
p vo. Khi R
1
=R
f
th V
0
= - V
i
, ta c mach lp lai
din p do.
5.3.2. Mach khuech bai khng bo:

Mach khuech dai khng do c tn hiu dva vo trnc tiep vo ng vo
khng do, cn ng vo do dvoc noi dat thng qua R
1


Rf



Hnh 5.4. Mach khuech dai khng do dng OPAMP

0 V
N

R
1

+
V
0
V
N

R
f

V
= 0 c
i

R
1

+
V
0
V
i
R
f

V
= 0 c
0

V
i

R
f

= 1 +
R
1

Khi R
1
= , R
f
= 0 th V
0
= V
i
, ta c mach lp din p khng do.

5.3.3. Mach cng bo:
Mach cng do gom cc nguon tn hiu dvoc dva den dong thi ng v o
do. Xt mach gom c hai nguon din p v
1
, v
2
nhv hnh ve.

Rf

R2
V2

V
1
R1
V
0

R1
V0
V
i

R
V0
R3
R2


V
0
=
R
f

R
f

V
1
V
2

V
i
R
1
R
2

Cng thc trn c the m rng den n ng vo tuy .

5.3.4. Mach tr:

Mach tr gom cc nguon tn hiu dvoc dva den don g thi vo ng vo
do v ng vo khng do
Rf



V2
V1



Hnh 5..6. Mach ts dng OPAMP

p dnng nguyn l xep chong ta c V
0
=V
01
+V
02
trong d V
01
l din p
ng ra khi ch c nguon tn hiu vo l V
1
, V
2
=0. Lc d mach tr thnh mach
khuech dai khng do. V vy ta c
R
f

V
01
= (1 +
R
R
f

)V
P
= (1 +
R
)
V
1
R
2
R
2
+ R
3

Tvong tn , ta c V
02
l din p ng ra khi ch c nguon tn hiu vo l V
2
,
V
1
=0.
Lc d mach tr thnh mach khuech dai do.
V vy ta c
R
f

V
02
=
R
R
f

Vy ta c V
0
=V
01
+V
02
= (1 +
V
2


)
V
1
R
2




R
f

V
2


5.3.5. Mach cng khng
bo:
R R
2
+ R
3
R
Mach cng khng do gom cc nguon tn hiu dvoc dva den dong thi
ng vo khng do.
Xt mach gom hai nguon din p v
1
, v
2
dva den ng vo khng do nhv
hnh ve.

Rf



Hnh 5. 7. Mach cng do dng OPAMP

p dnng nguyn l xep chong ta c V
0
=V
01
+V
02
trong d V
01
l din p
ng ra khi ch c nguon tn hiu vo l V
1
, V
2
=0. Lc d mach tr thnh mach
khuech dai khng do. V vy ta c
R
f
R
f
V
1
R
2

V
01
= (1+
)V
P
= (1+
R
)
R R
1

+ R
2

Tvong tn , ta c V
02
l din p ng ra khi ch c nguon tn hiu vo l V
2
,
V
1
= 0.
Lc d mach tr thnh mach khuech dai khng do. V vy ta c
R
f

V
01
= (1 +
R
R
f

)V
P
= (1 +
R
)
V
2
R
1
R
2
+ R
1

R
f
V
1
R
2
R
f
V
2
R
1

Vy ta c V
0
=V
01
+V
02
= (1
+
)
R R
2

+ R
1

+ (1 +
)
R
2
R
2

+ R
1

Mach c the gom c n nguon tn hiu vo.
5.3.6. Mach vi phn:
Mach vi phn gom c nguon din p v
i
dvoc dt vo ng vo do thng
qua tn C

Rf



C N
vi
P
v
0







Hnh 5.8. Mach vi phn dng OPAMP
R
V0
V2
V1
R2
R1

V
i


Ta c
C
dv
v
+
v
0

V
= 0 c
0
= CR
dv
i


5.3.7. Mach tch
phn:
dt R
f

f
dt
Mach vi phn gom c tn C dvoc dt ngay trn dvng hoi ti ep ve.
C



R N
vi
P
v
0







Hnh 5.9. Mach tch phn dng OPAMP

C
dv
0

dt
+ v
i

R
= 0 c v
0
=

1
RC
]

v
i
dt
Chnong 6: Mach on g mt
chieu
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


I




CHUNG 6: MACH ON P MT CHIEU
Mach on p mt chieu c nhim vn on d%nh din p mt chieu
dau ra ca mach khi din p mt chieu dau vo mach thay doi trong mt
pham vi cho php.
Mach on p mt chieu thvng dt xau b chnh lvu v loc.

6.1. c tuyen V-A. Tnh chat on p ca diod Zener :
D2
K hiu ca Diod Zener
DIODE ZENER


I
D



Thun






Ngh%ch
-V
Z


V

V
D

Zmin


I
Zmax


Hnh 6.l. c tuyen V-A ca Diod Zenes
Cc tham xo co bn ca Diod Zener:
in p on d%nh V
Z
: l din p ngvoc do dvoc trn hai dau D
Z
khi
D
Z
dvoc phn cnc ngh%ch vi dng chy qua D
Z
l I
Z
xao cho I
Zmin
<I
Z
<I
Zmax
.
Neu I
Z
<I
Zmin
th D
Z
khng c tnh on p, neu I
Zmax
<I
Z
th D
Z
xe b% hng.
Tnh chat on p ca diod Zener l khi din p tren D
Z
dat den gi tr%
dnh thng V
Z
, dng qua D
Z
bien thin t I
Zmin
den I
Zmax
th din p trn
D
Z
van khng doi v bang V
Z
.

6.2. Cc loai mach on p:

Nguon on p DC dvoc phn thnh hai loai l on p tuyen tnh v on p
xung. on p tuyen tnh c hiu xuat thap, tam bien thin din p vo hep,
d on d%nh din p ng ra khng cao, nhvng mach thiet ke don gin.
Chnong 6: Mach on g mt
chieu
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


Lay
din
p mau
in p
vo chva on
d%nh
in p
ra on
d%nh V
o

Phan t
dieu
chnh
Tao
din
p
chuan
Kh. dai
xai
lch
I
V

6.2.1. On p tuyen tnh :
I
i

R
i

Z

D2 R
t

i I
t

V
o


Hnh 6.S.Mach on p rong rong dng Diod Zenes

e Tc dnng linh kin:
D
Z
: Diod Zener lm nhim vn on p.
R
i
: din tr dng de dieu chnh xn thay doi ca din p dau
vo R
t
: din tr ti
e Nguyn l lm vic:
Ta c I
i
=I
Z
+I
t
( d%nh lut Kirchhop I)
V
V
=V
Ri
+V
Z
( d%nh lut Kirchhop II)
Neu V
V
thay doi th dng I
Z
cung thay doi nhvng neu thiet ke xao
cho I
Zmin
I
Z
I
Zmax
th V
Z
=conxt
Khi ti tiu thn dng thap I
L
=I
Lmin
, dng I
i
ch yeu chy qua D
Z
. Ngvoc
lai, khi ti tiu thn dng cnc dai I
L
=I
Lmax
, dng qua D
Z
xe toi thieu.
Nhv vy khi chon R
i
phi dm bo hai dieu kin xau:
Khi dng ti cnc dai I
L
=I
Lmax
, dng qua D
Z
l I
Z
>I
min
de D
Z
van on d%nh
din
p
V
Z


Khi dng ti cnc tieu I
L
=I
Lmin
, dng qua D
Z
l I
Z
<I
max
de D
Z
khng b%
ph
hng v vvot qu cng xuat tiu tn cho php.
Khi h ti, I
L
=O, I
L
=I
i
, nghia l lc d D
Z
tiu thn dng cnc dai. Do d
linh kin on p D
Z
phi gnh hau nhv ton b dng vo trong trvng hop ny.

6.2.2. Mach on p thnc hin theo nguy n l b:

Mach on p thnc hin theo nguyn l b l mach on p c hoi tiep
nh lay din p mau ng ra dva ve xo vi din p chuan bang linh
kin khuech dai xai bit.
e So do khoi:





Chnong 6: Mach on g mt
chieu
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


Lay din
p mau
V
S

Chnong 6: Mach on g mt
chieu
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


Vcc
I
B1
+I
Z

R
1


I
B1
Q
1

Vi
I
C2

Q
2

R
3

R
2

I
Z

D2

Mach tao din p chuan:
C nhim vn tao ra mt mc din p khng doi V
R
(Reference), n
chnh l co x cho vic on p, din p ng ra Vo xe b% dieu khien bi
din p chuan.
Mach lay din p mau:
C nhim vn lay mt phan din p ng ra, din p ny
goi l V
S
(xample) bang hay gan bang mc din p chuan.
Mach khuech dai xai lch:
C nhim vn xo xnh mc din p mau V
S
vi mc din p chuan
V
R
. in p ra xau mach khuech dai xai lch dng de thay doi trang
thi dan din ca phan t dieu chnh.
Phan t dieu chnh:
Phan t dieu chnh thvng l linh kin din t cng xuat.
e Tuy theo cch thiet ke phan t dieu chnh m c cc loai mach on p
xau:
Mach on p tuyen tnh noi tiep: c phan t dieu chnh mac noi tiep
vi ti ngoi.
Mach on p tuyen tnh xong xong: mach ny c phan t dieu chnh
mac xong xong vi ti ngoi.
Mach on p xung:
Trong mach ny, phan t dieu chnh lm vic theo che d dng
m. Ta xt mach on p tuyen tnh c phan t dieu chnh mac noi
tiep vi ti:
e So do mach:









V
o

R
t






Hnh 6.3.Mach on p tuyen tnh theo nguyn l b dng Diod Zenes
e Tc dnng linh kin:
D
Z
: tao din p chuan.
R
2
, R
3
: lay din p t V
o
phn cnc cho Q
1.

Q
2
: phan t dieu khien dng de xo xnh din p hoi tiep vi din
p chuan v khuech dai xai lch d.
Q
1
: BJT cng xuat dng de dieu ch nh din p ra theo din p vo.

Chnong 6: Mach on g mt
chieu
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t









Chnong 6: Mach on g mt
chieu
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t



e Nguyn l hoat dng:
Khi dng mach, Q
1
dan nn Q
2
dan. Ta c
V
O
=V
i
-V
CE1


V
S
=
V
0
.R
2


R
2
+ R
3

Gi x V
i
tang, V
O
tang tc thi, nn din p lay mau V
S
tang. in p
V
S
cung chnh l din p dva vo cnc nen B ca Q
2
nn Q
2
dan manh,
nn V
CE2
gim, Q
1
dan yeu nn V
CE1
tang, nn V
O
gim theo.
Gii thch tvong tn khi U
V
gim.
Ta tnh dvoc din p ra

V
o
=

( V
Z


+ V
BE

)
R
2
+ R
3

R
2

6.3. Cc vi mach on p DC tuyen tnh:

Chng dvoc x dnng rat rng ri do cc vu diem nhv tch hop ton
b linh kin trong mt kch thvc b, c the x dnng thm mt vi
linh kin ngoi Mt trong nhung vi mach on p DC tuyen tnh l
ho vi mach 78OO(on p dvong) v 79OO(on p m) c ba chn. Tuy
theo hnh dang v ngoi, cc vi mach ny c the cung cap dng t
1OOmA den 1A v cho din p ra co d%nh nhieu gi tr% khc nhau
tvong ng vi m xo theo bng dvi dy:

M xo in p ra(V) M xo in p ra(V)
78OS S 79OS -S
78O8 8 79O8 -8
78O9 9 79O9 -9
7812 12 7912 -12
781S 1S 791S -1S
7824 24 7924 -24

Hnh 6.4. Bng thng ro ca vi mach on p DC
Dang mach din dng vi mach on p ba chn nhv hnh dvi, trong
d C
i
dvoc thm vo khi vi mach dt xa nguon chnh lvu v loc de on
d%nh din p ng ra; C
O
khong vi nF de loc nhieu cao tan. in p
ng vo toi thieu phi cao hon din p ng ra 3V de vi mach van hoat
dng tot

78XX
V
i
(79XX)

C
i


V
O

C
O

Chnong 8: Linh kin nhieu tieg
xc g -n
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t




P
N
P


(a)
N




CHUNG 7: LINH KIfiN NHIEU TIEP XC P -N

8.1. SCR(Silicon controlled Rectifier)
8.1.1. Cau tao

Gom bon lp bn dan p-n-p-n ghp lin tiep nhau, tao thnh ba tiep xc p -
n. Lp bn dan P ngoi cng dng vai tr Anod, lp bn dan n ngoi cng
dng vai tr l Katod, lp bn dan P nam giua dng vai tr cnc ca dieu khien
G.
A



A

G

G
K

(b)





A
A


P
T
2

N N

I
B2
=I
C1

P P I
B1
=I
C2
G
N

G T
1

K
K
Hnh 8.S.Cau tsc tvong dvong ca fCR
K
Hnh 8.l. (a) Cau tao ca
fCR.
(b) K hiu ca
fCR
Chnong 8: Linh kin nhieu tieg
xc g -n
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t





Hnh 8.2 cho thay SCR tvong dvong vi hai BJT pnp v np n lin ket vi
nhau qua cnc B v cnc C. Mach ny gip thay xn kch khi ca cnc G trong SCR.
Neu c mt dng I
G
rat nh dvoc dva den chn B caT
1
th dng I
G
tao dng I
C1
ln hon, m I
C1
=I
B2
nn dng I
C2
ln hon I
C1
. Dng I
C2
=I
B1
nn dng I
C1
lai ln hon
trvc dan den I
C2
ln hon trvc Hin tvong khuech dai vng ny tiep tnc nn
c hai BJT nhanh chng bo ho. Sn joat dng trn cho thay dng ca I
G
khng can ln v ch can ton tai trong thi gian ngan roi hai BJT tn kho vo
nhau de dan v duy tr dng bo h o. ong thi khi cho tat dng cnc ca, tham
ch cho dng cnc ca chay ngvoc tr lai th SCR van dan, nghia l SCR cho
php m bang cnc ca nhvng khng cho php tat bang cnc ca.

8.1.2. Nguyn l hoat bng

Khi SCR b% phn cnc ngh%ch th giong nhv trvng hop ca Diod nghia l
c mt dng r rat nh chay qua, tuy nhin khi din p ngh%ch dat den din p
dnh thng V
BR
th SCR tr nn dan din theo chieu ngh%ch.
Ban du chva cap dng vo ca G, khi SCR dvoc phn cnc thun th dc
tnh cung giong nhv phn cnc ngh%ch nhvng khi V
AK
dat den gi tr% din p quay
ve V
BO
th lp tc V
AK
gim cho den khi V
AK
bang V
H
c 0.7 V tvong ng vi dng
din l I
H
. Lc bay gi SCR d chuyen xang trang thi m hay dan. xau d n
hoat dng nhv Diod.
Khi cap dng vo ca G th din the quay ve nh hon tc l SCR de
chuyen xang trang thi dan hon
I
A














I
H


V
B
V
A







Hnh 8.3. c tuyen V-A ca fCR
Chnong 8: Linh kin nhieu tieg
xc g -n
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


G
R



8.1.3.ng dnng
SCR thvng dvoc dng de chnh lvu c dieu khien
v
x








t
v
R


t

i
G





t

Hnh 8.4. fo do mach v dang rng ca mach ch
nh lvu c dieu khien mt nua chu ky
dng fCR.

8.2. Triac(Triod AC Semiconductor
Switch) 8.2.1.K hiu




MT
1


G


MT
2



Hnh 8. 5. K hiu ca siac
Chnong 8: Linh kin nhieu tieg
xc g -n
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t





Triac l linh kin dan din xoay chieu v c cau trc rvong tn nhv
hai con SCR ghp ngvoc dau nhau. Do khng cn phn bit chieu
dng din nn ngvi ta khng x dnng k hiu Anod v Katod nua m t
hay bang cc k hiu lan lvot l MT
2
, MT
1
.

I
A













-V
B0

I
G
o0 I
G
=0
I
H


V
B
V
A








Hnh 8.6. c tuyen V-A ca siac
T dc tuyen ca Triac, ngvi ta phn ra bon kieu kch khi
cong: Mode I
+
: V
MT2
>V
MT1
, V
GMT1
>0
Mode I
-
: V
MT2
>V
MT1
, V
GMT1
<0
Mode III
+
: V
MT2
<V
MT1
, V
GMT1
>0
Mode III
-
: V
MT2
<V
MT1
, V
GMT1
<0
Trong d mode I
+
,III
-
dvoc x dnng nhieu nhat.
Triac dvoc ng dnng trong cc mach kiem xot pha AC

8.3. Diac
C cau trc tvong dvong nhv Triac nhvng khng c cnc ca dieu
khien G, thvng dng de kch khi Triac
Chnong 8: Linh kin nhieu tieg
xc g -n
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


I
I
H

-V
B
0
V
B

V












MT
2




MT
1










Hnh 8.7. K hiu v dc tuyen V-A ca Diac
Mach kiem xot pha AC dng Triac dvoc ng dnng trong c b nguon AC cng
xuat ln dieu khien dvoc nhv: on p AC, dieu khien nhit d, dieu khien toc
d dng co AC



Ti



v
AC







Hnh 8.8. Mach kiem rot pha AC
Mach R, C v Diac tao thnh mach di pha kch Triac. Khi din p trn tn
C dat den gi tr% din p quay ve (hay V
BO
), Diac dvoc kch dan, din p trn
Diac gim xuong, tao dng kch cong cho Triac.

Hnh 8.4. n hiu xung
vung


CHUNG 8: KY THUT XUNG
8.1. Khi nim:
Xung din l 1 dang din p hoc dng din m thi gian ton
tai ca n rat nh, c the xo xnh dvoc vi qu trnh qu d ca
mach din m n tc dnng.
e Mt so dang zung thvng gp:

Xung vung: ( zung chu nht)
v





Hnh 8.l. n hiu xung vung
t


Xung hnh thang
v



t
Hnh 8..S. n hiu xung hnh thang

Xung tam gic ( zung rang cva )
v





t
Hnh 8.3. n hiu xung tam gic

Xung hm mu
v




t

v
0.9V
m

0.9V
m

0.1V
m

t
1
t
2
t
3

t
4

Hnh 8.5. n hiu xung vung
thnc te
t
x

t
ng


e Cc tham so co bn ca zung

Xt 1 xung vung thnc te








t





Trong d:
V
m
: bin d xung ( gi tr% cnc dai ca tn hiu xung )
0-t
1
: thi gian tre ca tn hiu xung, d l khong thi gian
can thiet de tn hiu tang t 0 0,1 V
m

t
1
- t
2
: thi gian ln hay cn goi l d di xvn trvc ca xung,
d l khong thi gian can thiet de tn hiu tang t 0,1 V
m
0,9 V
m

t
2
- t
3
: thi gian ton tai dnh xung.
t
3
- t
4
: thi gian gim hay cn goi l d di xvn xau ca
xung. t
S
= t
1
+t
2
+t
3
+t
4
: thi gian ton tai ca xung
oi vi dy xung tuan hon ta c thm cc thng xo xau:

v





T
t

Hnh 8.6. n hiu xung vung tuan hon


e Chu ky xung T=t
x
+t
ng

e rng xung t
x

e t
ng
: thi gian ngh ca xung
e Tan xo xung f=1/T
Trong ky thut xung xo, ngvi ta thvng d ng phvong php xo
doi vi tn hiu xung khi bin d xung V
m
> mc ngvng V
H
th xung
d trang

VCC
Rc
Rb


thi mc 1 hay mc cao. Khi V
m
< mc ngvng V
L
th xung trang
thi mc thap hay mc 0.
Khi V
l
<V
m
<V
H
xung trang thi cam.

8.2. Cc che blm vic ca BJ T
Tuy theo din p phn cnc, BJT c the lm vic trang thi ngvng dan,
khuech dai hay dan bo ho.
e Che d ngvng dan: tiep xuc J
E
v J
C
deu phn cnc ngvoc
e Che d khuech dai: J
E
phn cnc thun, J
C
phn cnc ngvoc
e Che d bo ho: J
E
v J
E
deu phn cnc thun
e dng ngat cc mach din t, ngvi ta thvng
dng BJT. Ta xt mac mach xau:




v
0








Hnh 8.7.Mach tao tn hiu xung vung

Khi din p v
i
m hoc nh hon din p ngvng, BJT xe roi vo trang
thi ngvng dan (hoc tat). Dng I
C
c gi tr% rat b, I
C
=I
Cbo

Khi ng vo v
i
dvong , BJT dan, tuy theo gi tr% ca dng ng vo I
B
, BJT c the dan khuech dai hoc bo ho.
Khi BJT dan bo ho, din p trn cnc C v E rat nh V
CES
=0.2V,
dng I
C
lc d c gi tr% l I
CS
=(V
CC
-V
CES
)/R
C
. Vy dieu kin de BJT hoat
dn g che d bo ho th dng I
B
>I
CS
/)
Neu v
i
< din p ngvng th BJT tat, v
0
=V
CC

Neu (v
i
- V
BE
)/R
b
> I
CS
/), BJT dan bo ho, ngvoc lai BJT dan khuech
dai.
9.3. Cc mach tao zung co bn.



8.3.1. Mach khng trang thai bn (astable)
Mach con c goi la mach dao ng a hai dung
tao xung vung
8.3.1.1 S mach va dang song :

t
T
1
T
2

t
2

t
1


t
t
t




VCC

Rc1 Rb2 Rb1

Rc2
Rc2

Vo1


C2 C1
Vo2


Q1 Q2







v
01
v
02

v
b1




v
b2





Hnh 8.8. S mach va dang song cua mach khng trang
thai bn

8.3.1.1 Nguyn ly lam vic :
e
Trang thai khng bn ban u
: 0 t t
1
Q
1
tt , Q
2
dn bao
hoa _ V
01
= Vcc
V
02
= V
ces
= 0.2
V
= 0
Vb/Q
2
= V
bes
= 0.8
V
= 0
Tu C
2
nap in t Vcc R
c1
J
E
/Q
2
at n gia tr
Vcc. Tu C
1
xa va nap in theo chiu ngc lai t Vcc
R
b1
BJT Q
2
dn bao hoa. Qua trnh nap in cua tu C
1
lam V
b1
tng Vc
1
tng _ cho n khi Vc
1
= Vb
1
V _ J
E
/Q
1
phn cc thun _ Q
1
dn _ i
c1
tng _ v
01
giam _
thng qua C
2
lam V
b2


V
1 b1
1


giam _ J
E
/Q
2
phn cc yu hn _ Q
2
dn khuch ai
_ i
c2
giam _ v
02
tng thng qua C
1
Vb
1
cang tng _ Q
1
nhanh chong dn bao hoa _ V
01
= 0 , do tnh cht in ap
trn tu C
2
khng t bin _ nn no t toan b in ap
m ln cc B/Q
2
lam Q
2
nhanh chong tt _ mach chuyn
sang trang thai khng bn th hai.
e Trang thai khng bn th 2 :
Q
1
dn bao hoa , Q
2
tt _ V
01
= 0 ,Vb
1
= V
bes
= 0.8 = 0
V
02
= Vcc
Tu C
1
xa va nap in theo chiu ngc lai t Vcc
Rc
2
J
E
/Q
1
at n gia tr Vcc - i
c02
.Rc
2
vi chiu cc
tnh nh hnh ve. Trong khi o tu C
2
cung nap t Vcc R
b2
Q
1
dn bao hoa vi chiu cc tnh nh hnh ve tin n
Vcc Tu C
2
cang nap _ Vc
2
tng cho n khi Vc
2
= Vb
2
V _ Q
2
n _ i
b2
tng _ i
c2
tng _ V
02
giam _ thng
qua C
1
lam Vb
1
giam _ Q
1
dn khuch ai
_ i
c1
giam _ V
01
tng thng qua C
2
Vb
2
tng _ Q
2
dn bao
hoa _ V
02
= 0. do tnh cht in ap trn tu C
1
khng t
bin _ t toan b in ap m vao cc B/Q
1
_ Q
1
nhanh chong tt _ mach chuyn v trang thai khng
bn ban u ng vi Q
1
tt , Q
2
dn bao hoa. Qua trnh c
tip tuc nh vy , trong mach lun lun t ng chuyn
trang thai ma khng cn xung kch khi t bn ngoai vao. Do
o mach se lun lun tao dai xung ra.
e
Chu ky dao ng : T = T
1
+ T
2

. Xac nh T
1
: Q
1
tt , Q
2
dn bao hoa
Vc
1
(t) = [ Vc
1
() - Vc
1
(0) ](1 - exp (- t/`
1
)) + Vc
1
(0)
Vc
1
() = Vcc ; Vc
1
(0) =
- Vcc Khi t = T
1
_ Vc
1
(T
1
) =
V = 0

_ T
1
=
`
1
ln
2V
cc
; ` = R . C
cc
. Xac nh T
2
: Q
1
dn bao hoa , Q
2
tt Tng t ta co :
_ T
2
= `
2
ln2

_ T = T
1
+ T
1
= (`
1
+ `
2
). Ln 2
= 0,7 ( C
1
.R
b1
+ C
2.
R
b2
)
Chon C
1
= C
2
= C _ T = 0,7 C ( R
b1
+ R
b2
)

t
t
0

T
0

Vcc
t


T khng i nhng T
1
,T
2
thay i c _ dung
bin tr thay i. Nu R
b1
= R
b2
= R
b
_ T = 1,4 C
R
b
.
8.3.2 Mach monostable dung BJT :
8.3.2.1 S mach va dang song :
v
i

VCC
RC1 Rb2
C1
RC2
Q1 Rb1

R1
VO
v
o

Q2


V i -Vbb





Hnh 8.9. S mach va dang song cua mach mt trang
thai bn

8.3.2.2 Nguyn ly lam vic :
* 0 t < t
0
: Trang thai bn : Q
1
tt ,Q
2
dn bao hoa
_ V
0
= V
ces
= 0.2
v
= 0 ; V
b
/Q
2
= V
bes
= 0.8
v
= 0.
Tu C
1
nap t Vcc qua Rc
1
va tip xuc J
E
cua BJT Q
2
ang
dn bao hoa vi chiu cc tnh nh hnh ve at n gia
tr Vc
2
=Vcc
* trang thai khng bn :
t = t
0
: Mach c kch khi bi xung V i co cc tnh dng
co gia tr u ln a vao cc nn cua BJT Q
1
_ V
b
/Q
1
> V.
_ J
E
phn cc thun _ Q
1
dn _ i
b1
tng _ i
C1
tng
_ V
c
/Q
1
giam _ V
b
/Q
2
giam _ Q
2
t dn bao hoa chuyn
sang dn khuch ai _ dong i
c2
giam _
V
c
/Q
2
= V
0
tng thng qua R
1
lam cho V
b
/Q
1
tng _ Q
1
dn
bao hoa _ V
c
/Q
1
= 0
v
, do tnh cht in ap trn tu C
2
khng
t bin, luc nay toan b in ap m t vao cc B/ Q
2
_ lam cho Q
2
nhanh chong tt. Mach chuyn sang trang thai
khng bn Q
1
dn bao hoa Q
2
tt. trang thai khng bn nay
tu C
2
xa va nap in theo chiu ngc lai t Vcc _ R
b2
_ Q
1
dn bao hoa _ tin n gia tr V
c
= Vcc Qua trnh


nap in cho C
2
lam cho V
b
/Q
2
thay i, tu C
2
cang nap _ V
b
/Q
2
cang tng ln (bt m hn) va tng cho n khi V
c2
= V
b
/Q
2
V. Tip xuc J
E
cua Q
2
phn cc thn tr lai _ Q
2
dn
_ dong i
b2
tng _ i
c2
tng _ V
c
/Q
2
giam

t
t
t
2
1
t
t
t
Rc1 Rc2
R2 R1
Q1 Q2
Rb1 Rb2
v
i1
v
i2


_ thng qua R
1
lam cho V
b
/Q
1
giam _ Q
1
t dn bao hoa sang
dn khuch ai
_ i
b1
gam _ i
c1
giam _ V
c
/Q
1
tng thng qua C
2
_ V
b
/Q
2
tng _ thuc y BJT Q
2
nhanh chong dn bao hoa _ V
c
/Q
2
= 0 _ Q
1
tt. Mach chuyn sang giai oan phuc hi, kt thuc
trang thai khng bn.
8.3.2.3.Tnh dai xung ra T
0
:
Thi gian mach tn tai trang thai khng bn _ mach
tao dai xung ra , sau o mach t ng tr v trang thai
bn ban u.
T
0
phu thuc vao tr s linh kin trong mach :
Vc
1
(t) = [ Vc
1
() - Vc
1
(0) ].(1 - exp (-(t - t
0
)/`)) + Vc
1
(0).
Vc
1
(0) = - Vcc ; Vc
1
() = Vcc
_ Vc
1
(t) = (2.Vcc ).(1 - exp (-(t - t
0
)/
`)) -Vcc Khi t = t
0
+ T
0
_ Vc
1
(t
0
+ T
0
)
= V = 0.
Thay vao ta co :
T
0
= `. ln
2.Vcc
Vcc
=0.7` vi ` = C
2.
R
b2




8.3.3. Mach hai trang thi ben dung BJT(bistable) :
8.3.3.1 S mach va dang song :

v
cc
v
01



v
0
1


v
0
2
v
02

v
i1



v
i2





Hnh 8.10. S mach va dang song cua mach hai trang
thai bn














8.3.3.2. Mguyn l hoat dng
Ngi ta chon 2 thanh phn i xng nhau, nhng trong
thc t, 2 BJT co cac thng s khac nhau. Khi ong in ap
ngun, BJT nay dn manh th BJT kia n yu hn. Nhng
mach la hi tip dng khep kn nn lam cho BJ T dn manh tr
thanh dn bao hoa, con BJT kia se dn dn tt hn. ( Khi BJT
lam vic ch ngng dn hay dn bao hoa th t chu anh
hng cua nhiu so vi khi BJT lam vic ch khuch ai).
e 0< t < t
1
: Trang thai bn ban u : Q
1
tt, Q
2
dn bao hoa.

e t
1
t < t
2
:
Tai t = t
1
: v
b
/Q
1
> in ap ngng, dn n tip xuc J
E
cua
BJT Q
1
c phn cc thun, BJT Q
1
dn _ i
b1
tng _ i
c1
tng _ v
c
/Q
1
giam, thng qua R
2
dn n v
b
/Q
2
giam _ tip
xuc J
E
/Q
2
phn cc yu hn _ Q
2
ra khoi ch bao hoa va
i vao dn khuch ai : luc nay dong i
c2
giam _ v
c
/Q
2
tng
ln thng qua R
1
lam cho v
b
/Q
1
tng theo _ Q
1
nhanh chong
dn bao hoa _ v
c
/Q
1
= 0
v
_ Q
2
tt. Nh vy mach
chuyn sang trang thai bn th hai ng vi Q
1
dn bao hoa,
Q
2
tt. Mach se lun lun trang thai bn nay nu khng co
xung kch khi.
e t
2
t < t
3
:
t = t
2
: Mach c kch khi bi xung cc tnh dng
vi bin u ln a vao cc nn Q
2
. Tai thi im nay,
V
b
/Q
2
> V

_ Q
2
dn _ i
b2
tng _ i
c2
tng _ V
c
/Q
2
giam
thng qua R
1
lam cho V
b
/Q
1
giam _ Q
1
phn cc yu, t dn
bao hoa chuyn sang dn khch ai _ i
c1
giam _ V
c
/Q
1
tng thng qua R
2
lam cho V
b
/Q
2
tng _ Q
2
dn bao hoa _ V
c
/Q
2
= 0 _ Q
1
tt. Mach chuyn v trang thai bn ban u.
Chnong 9: Ky
thut so
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t



CHUNG 9: KY THUT SO

Ky thut xo dvoc dna trn co x dai xo Boole do nh bc hoc
ngvi Anh George Boole pht minh vo nam 18S4
ai xo Boole nghin cu moi lin h (cc php tnh co bn) giua
cc bien trang thi (bien logic) ch nhn mt trong hai gi tr% ''0''
hoc''1'' v ket qu nghin cu l mt hm trang thi (hm logic) cung ch
nhn gi tr% ''0'' hoc''1''.

9.1. Cc php ton co bn giua cc bien logic



e Php ph d%nh X
e Php cng : X+Y
e Php nhn(php hi): X.Y


(
x
)
= x ;
x + 0 = x
x +1 = x
;
x + x = x
x + x = 1
x.1 = x
x.2 = x
x.x = x
x.x = 0



9.2. Cc d%nh lut:
e %nh lut hon v%:

x + y = y + x
x.y = y.x
e %nh lut ket hop
x + y + z = (x + y )+ z = x + (y + z )
x.y.z = (x.y ).z = x. ( y.z )
e %nh lut phn phoi:
x.( y + z ) = x.y + x.z
x+(y.z)=(x+y)(x+z)
9.3. %nh l Demorgan
Neu F l mt hm logic c
dang
F = x + y + z + ...+ m + n th F = x.y.z...m.n
Chnong 9: Ky
thut so
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


Neu F l mt hm logic c dang F =
x.y.z...m.n
th F = x + y + z + ...m + n

Bi tp:
Chnong 9: Ky
thut so
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t



Chng minh cc dang thc xau:
a / x.y + x.y = x
b / x + x.y = x
c / x.( x + y ) = x
d / x.
(
x + y
)
= x.y
e / ( x + y ).(x + z ) = x + y.z
f / x.y + y = x + y
Gii:
a / x.y + x.y = x.()y.1+ y = x = x
b / x + x.y = x(1+ y ) = x
c / x.( x + y ) = x.x + x.y = x + x.y = x
d / x.
(
x + y
)
= x.x + x.y = x.y
e / ( x + y ).(x + z ) = x. (x + y )+ z. (x + y )= x + z.x + y.z = x + y.z
f / x.y + y = x.y + y + y.y
=x+y

9.4. Cc phvong php bieu dien hm Boole

Dang chnh tac th nhat l tong cc tch ca bien trong d lit k cc
to hop bien m d hm c gi tr% bang 1, neu bien c gi tr% bang 0 th viet
dvi dang b cn bien c gi tr% bang 1 th viet dvi dang thnc.
Dang chnh tac th hai l tch cc tong ca bien trong d lit k cc to
hop bien m d hm c gi tr% bang 0, neu bien c gi tr% bang 0 th
viet dvi dang thnc cn bien c gi tr% bang 1 th viet dvi dang b.

9.S. Cc cong logic co bn:

9.5. 1. Khi nim :

y l mt trong cc thnh phn co bn de xy dnng mach xo.
N dvoc thiet ke trn co x cc phan t linh kin bn dan nhv Diode,
BJT, FET de hoat dng theo bn trang thi cho trvc.

9.5. 2. Phn loai :
Chnong 9: Ky
thut so
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


VCC
Rb

C ba cch phn loai cong logic: phn loai cong theo chc nang,
phn loai cong theo phvong php che tao, phn loai cong theo ng ra.
Ta xt cc cong dvoc phn loai theo chc nang:

9.5.3. Cong logic MOT
e

x y



Hnh 9.l. K hiu cong NO

Cong NOT cn dvoc goi l cong do, cong gom mt dau vo x v mt
dau ra F. Cong NOT thnc hin php tnh F
NOT
= x
e Bng trang thi
x
F
NOT
0 1
1 0
e Gin do din p minh hoa
x



t
F
NOT




t







F
OR
x


Hnh 9.S. Mach din tu thnc hin cong NO

9.5.4. Cong OR(hoc)
Chnong 9: Ky
thut so
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


oa


D2




Ta xt mt cong OR gom hai dau vo th


x
1

F
OR
x
2



Hnh 9.3. K hiu cong OR hai ng vo


F
OR
=x
1
+x
2

e Bng trang thi
x
1
x
2

F
OR
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

e Gin do din p minh h
x
1





t
x2




t
F
OR




t

D1
x1
F


R
x2






Hnh 9.4. Mach din t thnc hin cong OR
Chnong 9: Ky
thut so
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t






9.5.5. Cong logic AND (V):


Ta xt cong AND c hai dau vo

x
1 F
AND


x2


Hnh 9.5. K hiu cong AND hai ng vo

F
AND
=x
1.
x
2

e Bng trang thi



x
1
x
2

F
AND
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

e Gin do din p minh hoa



x1



t
x2



t
F
OR



t
Chnong 9: Ky
thut so
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t








Vcc

D1
R1

x1
F

D2
R2

x2





Hnh 9. 6. Mach din tu thnc hin cong AND

9.5.6. Cong NOR

Ta xt cong NOR gom hai dau vo th F
NOR
= x
1
+ x
2



x1
F
NOR

x2
Hnh 9.7. K hiu cong NOR hai ng vo


e Bng trang thi




x
1
x
2

F
NOR
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0





e Gin do din p minh hoa
Chnong 9: Ky
thut so
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


X1
X2



x1



t
x2


t
F
NOR


t
Vcc

R1 Rc
x1
F


R2 Q
x2




Hnh 9.8. Mach din tu thnc hin cong NOR

9.5.7. Cong NAND



Ta xt cong NAND gom c hai ng vo th F
NAND
= x
1
.x
2




F



Hnh 9.9. K hiu cong NAND



e Bng trang thi
Chnong 9: Ky
thut so
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t



x
1
x
2

F
NAND
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

e Gin do din p minh hoa
x1




t
x2




t
F
NAND




t

Vcc


D1
Rc Rc
x1
D3 D4
F

D2
Q

x2
Rc




Hnh 9.l0. Mach din tu thnc hin cong NAND








9.5.8. Cong XOR(ezclusive- OR)
Chnong 9: Ky
thut so
Bi ging mn Ky thut
din t


x1
F
x2




Cong gom hai dau vo, mt dau ra

Cong thnc hin php
tnh F
XOR
= x
1
.x
2
+ x
2
.x
1
= x
1
v x
2


Hnh 9.ll. K hiu cong XOR

9.5.9. Cong XNOR(ezclusive-NOR)




Hnh 9.ll. K hiu cong X
NOR Cong gom hai dau vo, mt dau ra
Cong thnc hin php
tnh F
XNOR
= x1 .x
2
+ x
2
.x
1
= x
1
v x
2

x1
F
x2