E2 2009 02 1

(Bipolar Junction Transistor - BJT )

E2 2009 02 1

BJT

( ),
PN-,

,

,
,
.

E2 2009 02 1

NPN
N

PNP
N

,
!

E2 2009 02 1

+ U1

+ U1
N

U2<U1

U2<U1

E2 2009 02 1

U1

U2>U1

U2>U1

U1
N

E2 2009 02 1

,

.
!

E2 2009 02 1

I1
I1
P
N
P

A2

A1
+

U1

U2

J1

J2

, ,
- OFF
, ,
- ON

 PN-,
.



PN-,
, ,
,

PN-.
.

E2 2009 02 1

+
P

+
N

P
+

E2 2009 02 1

PN- , UPE,
,
, ,
.

PN- , UPC,
.

J,
,
,
.

P
. emissio, , , .
. collector, , .

JE
+U
PE

JC
+

UPC
9

E2 2009 02 1

(
)

(
)

P
+

N
+

J1

J2

+
+

N
+

,
, ,
,
,

10

E2 2009 02 1

KA
, ,

IE IC
,

.
M

.
I C I B
()
,

.
K
rCE >>

N
P
N

C
B

P
N
P

C
B

.
11

E2 2009 02 1

RC
IC

RC
A

N
B

A
IB

P
N

TRANSfer-resISTOR

IC

I C , I E , I B ,U BE ,U CE ,U CB

-
12

E2 2009 02 1

13

E2 2009 02 1

14

E2 2009 02 1

IB B
UBE

IC
UCE

IE E

IC, IE
IB=const

|UCE|

current amplifier
(current controlled
current source - CCCS )
15

E2 2009 02 1

RC

B
IB

UPB

RB

IB

IC

UBE

UCE

UPC

IC

IB=const

N
E

IB

UBE

UCE

IC

IC
UCE=const

UCE=cons
UCE

UCE

IB

UBE

16

E2 2009 02 1

P
N

C
B

P
N
P

JC

N-

C
B

, ,
- SWITCH OFF
,
- AMPLIFIER
, ,
- SWITCH ON

.
K ()

17

E2 2009 02 1

IC

.
C

IB B

IE = IB + IC

UBE

IE

UCE

I C = I E + I CBO
.
I CBO
= IC

dI C
=
dI E

IE = 0

( = open)

<1

I C I CBO I C
=

IE
IE

18

E2 2009 02 1

IC

I C = I E + I CBO

UBE

IE = IB + IC

I B =const

IB B
IE

I C, I E

UCE

|U CE |

I C = I B + (1 + ) I CBO
.

dI C
=
dI B

+1

I C I CBO I C
=

>1
I B + I CBO I B

>1

I E = ( + 1 )(I B + I CBO )
19

E2 2009 02 1

JE ,
,

C
B

IE = IB + IC
I C = I B + (1 + ) I CBO

IB

IB

IC

(1+)IB
IE
20

E2 2009 02 1

IC = IB

IB

IB

IC

(1+)IB
IE

PN-

IE = IB + IC
21

E2 2009 02 1

IC
C
B

IB

(1-)IE

IE

E
IE

C
B

IE

IE

(1-)IE
IB

IC
=

+1
22

E2 2009 02 1

C
B

IE

IE

IC

IB

IB

IC

(1+)IB

(1-)IE

IE

IB

IE = IB + IC
I C = I B + (1 + ) I CBO

I E = ( + 1)( I B + I CBO )

23

E2 2009 02 1

IB

IC

UBE

UCE

(common emitter - CE)
IB
UBE

IC
UCE

IE

IC

UEB

IB
UCB

UEB

IC

(common collector - CC).
IB

UCB

UEC

UBC

(common base - CB)
IE

IE

UBC

IE
UEC

24

IC

E2 2009 02 1

IB B
UBE

IC(mA)

IE

UCE

UCE(V)=const IB(A)=const

(
Q(IC, UCE)
)

IB(A)

UCE(V)

(
I
(A)=const
U
(V)=const
B
CE
)

Q(IB, UBE)

UBE(V)

25

E2 2009 02 1

> 100
10

240

.
180
120

T=25 C

60
0,01

0,1

10

IC (A)

26

E2 2009 02 1

IC
rCE =

U EY

IB=const
IB2

IC

IB1

UCE
-UEY

U CE
)
I C (U CE ) I C ( I B ) (1 +
U EY



( )

rCE =

U CE
U
EY
I C I B = const
IC
27

E2 2009 02 1

IC

IB=const

IB

UCE

NN>> II
28

E2 2009 02 1

UCC

RC

IC

RB

IB=const

()
UCB>0

iB

uI

iC
uCE

uBE

IB

IB=0

UCE

29

E2 2009 02 1

+UCC

RC

IB

uO
uB

UBE

U < U BET
I C < IB

UBET

IC
A

E
E

UCE

30

E2 2009 02 1
RC
RB

iB

uCE
uBE

JE UBE < UBET

.

IC

iC

uI

11

22
( )

IC < IB

.

33

UCC

IB=const

()
UBE> UBET, UCB>0

IB

IB=0

UCE

K

*

33*
.
31

E2 2009 02 1

IC

IB=const

.
IB

RC

IC

UCE

RB

iC

iB

uI

IB=const

UCC

uCE
uBE

IB

IB=0

UCE

11
22
33

ICBO

()

UCEsat

R =

F =

32

E2 2009 02 1

ICM

IC

U(BR)CE

2N 3055
UCB

max 100 V

UC

max 60 V

UB

max 7 V

IC

max 15

PD

max 115 W

R(-C)

1,5 C/W

PD = U CE I C < PMAX
UCE

UCBO
UBEO

UCEO

33

E2 2009 02 1

JC

()

JE

()

2N 3055 (NPN) TO-3

UCB

max 100 V

UC

max 60 V

UB

N > I

BC 307 (PNP) TO-92

UCB

max -50 V

UC

max -45 V

max 7 V

UB

max -5 V

IC

max 15

IC

max -100 m

PD

max 115 W

PD

max 350 mW

R(-C)

1,5 C/W

R(-C)

125 C/W

34

E2 2009 02 1

I = U/ R

UK

U=US - RI

US

US

UC
RC
IB
UK

IC

ICM

IC
A

RB

UCE

JC

35

E2 2009 02 1

UCC

RC

uI

uO

RB

uI(t)
t

IC < IB
U

uO(t)

UCEsat

RCIL

UI
RC
RB <
U CC

36

E2 2009 02 1

RC
RB
uI

UCC
uO
Cp

uI(t)
U
t
uO(t)

= RCCP
37

E2 2009 02 1

+U

UO

UOH
UOL

UOH

UO

+U

UOL
RL

RL

U OL = U CEsat
U OH

RL
=U
R + RL

()

U OL = R L I l 0
U OH = U U CEsat

()

38

E2 2009 02 1

UO

UO

RL

RL

UB

()

()

39

E2 2009 02 1

.
+UCC
RC
RB
B
A

0
1
+UCC

B
1
0

NOT

A

RC
RB
A

D1

D2
M

U A = U CC ONN U B = U CEsat

U A = 0 U M = U F 1 < U F 2 + U BET OFF U B U CC

40

E2 2009 02 1

RC

DTL

UCC

RB
B
A

B=A

UCC
RB
A
B

RC
C

A
0
0
1
1

B
0
1
0
1

C
1
1
1
0

C = A B
NAND

A

41

 TL

E2 2009 02 1

UCC

A
B

ABC

totem-pole

C = A B D
NAND

A
B

D
42

E2 2009 02 1

,
,
(.Bardeen),
(W.H.Brattain)
(W.Shockley),
1956. .

43

E2 2009 02 1

Transistors
blow up
faster than fuses!

44

E2 2009 02 1

45

E2 2009 02 1

uo = -RCiC

ui

iB

+ U
PE

iC

RC

UPC

IE
IB= const

|U C E |
46

E2 2009 02 1

ui

iE

+ U
PE

iB
ui

uo=Ri
iE

UPE RE

+
UPC

iC

uo=RCiC
RC

+ UPC

()
47

E2 2009 02 1

1
B

T1

C
T2
2

NPN

1 2

E
1

T1

T2
2

PNP

1 2

B
C

48

E2 2009 02 1

T1
UCE1sat
B

T2
UBE2

1
B

T1

C
T2
2
E

U CEsat = U BE 2 + U CE1sat > U CE 2 sat

UBE

2

!

49

E2 2009 02 1

IC = IC1 + IC2

T1

IB = IB1
B

T1

C
T2
2
E

T2
IE1 = IB2

I E = (1 + ) I B

IE = IE2

I E = I E 2 = (1 + 2 ) I E1 = (1 + 1 )(1 + 2 ) I B = (1 + ) I B

= 1 + 2 + 1 2 1 2

1 2

50

E2 2009 02 1

SZIKLAI

C
B

E
NPN

1
B

T1

E
T2
2

1 2

C
PNP

51

E2 2009 02 1

C
B
E

C
B

52

E2 2009 02 1

iC
uo = -RCiC

ui

iB

UPC

.
ui

ib

i E = i B + iC

ic
RC

RC

+ U
PE

uo = -RCiC

O
O

i e = ib + i c
MA

!
MA !

53

E2 2009 02 1

RC

+
UPE

iC

RB

uO

ui

11

iB

UPC

22

11

U PE + ui RB i B uB = 0
-

U PC RC i C uC = 0 22
-

i C = i B + (1 + ) I CBO 33

uB ( i B )

44

54

E2 2009 02 1

RC

U PC /R C

ui

UPE

iC
I B =const

I CQ

U PC

U uC
i C = PC
RC

uC

iC

RB

+
uO

UPC

iB

U PC RC i C uC = 0
U PE + ui RB i B uB = 0
i C = i B + (1 + ) I CBO
uB ( i B )

55

E2 2009 02 1

iC

RC

U uC
i C = PC
RC

U PC /R C

+
UPE

iC

RB
ui

+
uO

UPC

iB

I B =const

I CQ

Q
U CQ

U PC

uC

ui = 0
iB = const = I B

, .

56

E2 2009 02 1

RC

ui

UPE

iC
U PC /R C

I B =const

iC

RB

+
uO

UPC

iB

U PC RC i C uC = 0
U PE + ui RB i B uB = 0

I CQ

i C = i B + (1 + ) I CBO

Q
U CQ

iC = i c + I CQ

U PC

uB ( i B )

uC

uc = Rc i c

i B = i b + I BQ

ui = R B i B

uC = uc + U CQ

ic = i b

!
57

E2 2009 02 1

ic = i b



.(current controlled current source - CCCS)

RC

iC

RB

+
UPC

ui

UPE

iB

( )
ib B
E

C ic
ib

uce

RC
58

E2 2009 02 1

RC

iC

RB

+
UPC

ui

iB

UPE

RB

ube

ib

ib

ic

rCE

C
uce

RC

59

E2 2009 02 1

I C, I E
I B =const

C
B

ie = i b + ic
ic = ib

ib B

C
B

ube

ib B
ube

|U CE |

C ic
ib

uce
E

Ro

C ic
ib

uce
E

Ro

!
60

E2 2009 02 1

ui = hi ii + hr uo
io = hf ii + ho uo

hi

ii forward

()

h-

io

input ui

()

hruo

hfi1

ho

uo output

()

reverse

()

61

E2 2009 02 1

hi

ii

h-

ui = hi ii + hr uo

io

ui

hruo

hfi1

hO

uo

io = hf ii + ho uo
io
hf =
ii u = 0

ui
hi =
i i u =0
o

io
ho =
uo i =0
i

ui
hr =
uo i =0
i

()

62

E2 2009 02 1

h-

ic
ib
ube

B
ie

uce

ube = hie ib + hre uce

ic = hfe ib + hoe uce

B
ube
E

ib

ic
hi

+
hruce

hfii

ho

uce
E

63

E2 2009 02 1

ic

.
ib

ube

h fe

ie

ube

uce

hi

hruce

hfii

ho

u
E

ube = hie ib + hre uce

ic
uce

=
ib = 0

1
rce

hfe

hoe =

hoe

ic

ic = hfe ib + hoe uce

i C
ic
=
=
=
i B uCE = const i b u ce = 0

ib

rce =

uCE
iC i B = const

64

ic

E2 2009 02 1

ib
ube

B
ie

uce

ib

ube

ube = hie ib + hre uce

ic

hi
hruce

hfii

ho

uce
E

ic = hfe ib + hoe uce

hie =

ube
hre =
uce

ube
i b u =0
ce

i b =0

( )

hie

hie = 2,7 k;
hre = 3 10-4,
hfe = 220,
hoe = 25 S.

BC307

IC = 2 m UCE = 5 V, f = 1 kHz
65

E2 2009 02 1

rb
r

C
ro

ic
ib
ube

ie

uce

E
r =

g mU

uBE

=
i B
gm

gm =

i C
uBE

gm

66

E2 2009 02 1

-
-

hh-
-

B ib
r

r
E

uBE
r =
i B

gmuBE

rCE
E

i C
gm =
uBE
,

ib

C
rCE

i C
=
= h fe
i B

= r g m

67

E2 2009 02 1

iC

u
i C = I S 1 + CE
U EY

U EY =

iB

E iE
uBE

i E = i B + iC

UBET

iC
iC
uCE

i c = g m u be

u BE
u BE
UT
U
e
ISe T

C iC

iC
gm =
u BE

iC = ic + I C
iC
gm =
UT

68

E2 2009 02 1

II

ic
ib
ube

B
ie

uce

69

E2 2009 02 1

( )

(current controlled current source - CCCS)

( )
ib B
E

C ic
ib

uce

RC

ic = ib
=

70

E2 2009 02 1

RC

uo
ui

(voltage controlled current source - VCCS)

ui

gmui

Ro

uo

gm = (transconductance)

uo = g m RO ui
uo
= g m RO
AU =
ui

71

E2 2009 02 1

RC
iB

UCC

iC

uCE

uBE

u
AU = c
ub

RO
AU = AI
RI

r =

u BE
i B

gm =

iC
uBE

rce =

uCE
i C

ic
AI =
ib

AI = = hFE

RO = rce RC RC

R I r

= r g m

72

E2 2009 02 1

ib
+
ui

ube = 0

RB

ib

uo = RO i b
RO
ui
uo =
RB

RO

uo

RC
RB

+
UPC

ui

UPE

ub
ib =
RB
uo
RO
AU =
=
ui
RB

73

E2 2009 02 1

RC
RB

iB

uI

UCC

iC

uO
uCE

uBE

RC
Au =
RB

R I = R B + R R B

RO
AU = AI
RI

AI = hFE
74

E2 2009 02 1

II
II

uC = const
ib
ub

B
ie

E
ue
75

E2 2009 02 1

UCC

uO = uI uBE

uI

uO
RE

uO
AU =
<1
uI

iE
AI =
1 + h fe
iB

Au = lim uI 0

uO duO
=
1
uI
duI

Au < 1

uBE = const

Ai h fe =
76

E2 2009 02 1

UCC

uI

AU =

(1 + h fe ) R E
r + (1 + h fe ) RE

RE

gmuBE
ro

uI

u BE hFE
r =
=
i B
gm

uO

E
RE

uO

uo ue
=
1
Au =
ui ub

ie
Ai = 1 + h fe h fe
ib

77

E2 2009 02 1

UCC

Ri =s

uI

uO
RE

Ri = 1 + h fe R E
!

Ro

R
Ro
1 + h fe

UCC

!
RE
78

E2 2009 02 1

III
III O

iE
uE

iC
uC

79

E2 2009 02 1

iE
U>0

UO

iC

RC

iC
= <1
AI =
iE

-UCC
UCC
iE
U<0

RC

iC

UO

80

E2 2009 02 1

IV
IV

C
E

IB >

IC

UBE < UBET

81

E2 2009 02 1

uI

IC< IB

IB
B
+
UBEsat

iC

C
UBCsat

IB
B
UBEsat

iE
IC< IB
+

C
UCEsat
E

U CEsat = U BEsat U BCsat < U BEsat

uBE
UBET

iC

iB

Ge
Si

UBET = 0,1 V; UBEsat = 0,3 V; ICBO ~ 1A

UBET = 0,5 V; UBEsat = 0,8 V; ICBO ~ 1nA
82

E2 2009 02 1

B T 3

83

uI

()

R =

(OFF)

(ON)

iE

UBEUBET,, UCB>0

ICBO, ICEX,

UBE>UBET,, UCB>0

iC=NiB

UBC>UBCT,, UEB>0

UBE>UBET,, UCB0

UCEsat< UBEsat

F =

i e = ib + i c
i c = ib

IE = IB + IC
I C = I B + (1 + ) I CBO
IC

I B = const

ube
U CE

iC

iB

E2 2009 02 1

C
r

ib

rCE uce

i
= C = h fe
i B

r =

u BE
i B

rCE =

uCE
i C

gm =

i C
uBE

= r g m
84

E2 2009 02 1

UCC
RC
RB1
RB

ui

iC

iB
uB

uo
uC

RB2

(

)

iC
U PC /R C

I B =const

I CQ

U CQ

U CC

uC

U CC RC I C U C = 0

85

E2 2009 02 1

uo
ui

86

E2 2009 02 1

UCC

RC

RB1
RB

uB = ub + U B

ui

uC

uo

iB
uB

iC

RB2

i B = ib + I B

1
XC =
0
C

(
)

iC = ic + I C
uC = uc + U C

uo = uc

uo
Au =
=?
ui

87

E2 2009 02 1

UCC
RC

RB1
IB
RB2

UCC
RC
IB
UBB

RB

IC

IC

UC

UBE

RB1 RB2
RB =
RB1 + RB2

UC
U BB

U CC RB2
=
RB1 + RB2
88

E2 2009 02 1

UCC

RC

RC
RB IB

IC

UC

IB

+
UCC

UBB

IC

UC

RB

+
UBB

11

U BB RB I B U BE = 0
22

33

I B (U BB , RB ,U BE )

U BE

0 ,6 V Si
=
0 ,2 V Ge

U CC RC I C U C = 0

UC (IC )

I C = I B + ( 1 + )I CBO

IC (IB )

89

UCC

E2 2009 02 1

RC

iC = i c + I C
i B = ib + I B

II
II

RB1

uB = ub + U B

RB
ui

uC = uc + U C

C
RB2

iB

iC

uB

uo
uC

1
XC =
0
C

RC
ib
ui

RB

uo
ic

90

UCC

E2 2009 02 1

RC

RB1
RB
ui

C
RB2

iB

iC

uB

uo
uC

RC
ib
ui

uo
ic

RB

!

ub 0
ui
ib
RB

uc = Rc i c

22

ui = R B i B

11

ic = i b

33

91

E2 2009 02 1

UCC

RC
RB1

RC

ui = R B i b

uo

ib

ui
ib =
RB

ui

RB

iB

iC

ui

ic

uo
uCE = uO

RB

RB2

uBE

ic = i b

Rc
ui
uc = Rc i c = Rc i b =
RB

UCC

uo
RC
=
Au =
ui
RB

ui
Ri =
RB
ii

RC
ib
ui

RB

ic

uo

ic
Ai =
ii

RO = RC rCE

92

E2 2009 02 1

UCC

III
III

RC

iB

uC = U CC ; u I < U BET

iC

uC

uI

uC = U CC RC i C ; u I > U BET

RB

uC = U CEsat ; I C < I B
uC

=Au

UBET

uI

Rc
(u I u BE )
uC = U CC
RB
duC
RC
=
Au =
duI
RB

93

E2 2009 02 1

UCC

uC

RC
iB
uI

iC

uC

RB

UCC

UBET 0

uI

94

E2 2009 02 1

UCC

.
RC
iB
uI

iC

uC

RB

uC

UCC

UBET

UBET

uI

95

E2 2009 02 1

UCC
RB1
ui

uO

CB
RB2

RE CE

uo

RB
!

96

E2 2009 02 1

UCC
RB1

uB = ub + U BQ

i B = i b + I BQ

ui

uO

CB

uo

RE CE

RB2

uE = ue + U EQ
i E = i e + I EQ
1
XC =
0
C

UCC

uO = uE = uB uBE

R B1
ub
ue

-
ub = ui

u o = u e = ub

R B2

RE
97

E2 2009 02 1

UCC

II

RB1

U EQ

ui

uO

CB
RB2

UCC

uo

RE CE

RB1
UCC
IB1 RB1
UB
IB2 RB2

UB
UE
RB2

IB

RE

UE
RE I E

U B = RB2 I B2

I B1 = I B2 + I B

I E = (1 + )( I B + I CBO )

U E = U B U BE
6

I B1

U CC U B
=
RB1

U E = RE I E
98

E2 2009 02 1

UCC

RB1

UCC
RT
IB
UT

U E = U T RT I B U BE

I E = (1 + )( I B + I CBO )

UE
RB2

RT =

RB1 RB2
RB1 + RB2

UT =

U CC RB2
RB1 + RB2

UE
RE I E

UB
RE

U E = RE I E
3
99

E2 2009 02 1

UCC

II
II

ib

ui
RE

uo
RE

ib

ui

rCE
E

100

E2 2009 02 1

SIMULINK

EWB

OrCAD

DadiSP

101

E2 2009 02 1

+UCC

uB = ub + U B

ub = ui

uB

uE
RE

uO = uE = uB uBE = U B uBE + ui
uBE = const

,
,

uo = ue
Au =

u
duE
= e =1
duB uBE = const ub

Au = 1

102

E2 2009 02 1

UCC
Ri =s

uI

uO
RE

ib
B

ib

ui
RE

rCE
E

ui
Ri =
ii

Ri = (1 + )RE
103

E2 2009 02 1

uB

UCC

iB

uE

RE

iE

,
:
!

104

E2 2009 02 1

uB

UCC

iB

uE

RE

uB uE = uB

iE

uB i B i E = (1 + )i B

uE = RE i E

u E uB
i E =
=
RE
RE

u B = R E i E

i E
u B
Ri =
= RE
i B
i B

Ri = (1 + )RE
105

E2 2009 02 1

UCC

U OO
RO =
I OS

UI

RO

U OO = U I U BE

I BO = 0

I OS = I ES = (1 + ) I BS

U I U BE
= (1 + )
r

r
RO =
1+

RE

106

E2 2009 02 1

UCC

uI

r
ui

B
ib

r
ib

RO

RE

E
rCE

RO
C

RE

r + r
RO
1+
107

E2 2009 02 1

UCC

uI

RO

iO

i O

uO
RL

RE

uO = RO i O

uO
RO =
i O
108

E2 2009 02 1

uO
RO =
i O

uO = uE uB

UCC

uI

RE

2
iB

uB = ri B

iO
iE
iB =
=
1+ 1+
uO
RO =
i O

UCC
iE = iO

iE
r iB
1+
=
=r
iE
iE

uO

uI

r
RO
1+

RL

109

E2 2009 02 1

III
III
+UCC
uI

uO
RE

110

E2 2009 02 1

UCC

iB
uI
iE

i E = (1 + ) (i B + I CBO )
iE
1+
iB

UBET=0

U BET

uB
UBET

RE

uO = uI uBE

uO
<1
uI

()
UBET
=1

uO = u
UBE< UBET

uO

uO = uI

111

E2 2009 02 1

+UCC

UCC

uI

r
uO

UCEsat

RE

uB
UBET

UCC

112

E2 2009 02 1

uO

RE

uI
uI

u
-UCC

-UCC

113

E2 2009 02 1

UCC
RB1

UE

UB
UE

u=1

RB2

RE

UEQ = UCC/2
UB
UBQ

uE
Au =
1
uB

114

E2 2009 02 1

+U

T1
u

uo
T2

RL

-U

uO

+U
UEB2

u
UBE1
-U

crossover distortion

115

E2 2009 02 1

uO

+U

T1
u

uo
T2

RL

-U

crossover distortion
+U
uO

T1
u

uo
T2
-U

+U
u

RL
+U
116

E2 2009 02 1

1
XC =
0
C

uo uE
=
1
Au =
ui
uB

UCC

RB1

ui
CB

uB
RB2

uE

uo

RE CE

RB1RB2
Ri
RB1 + RB2
r
RO
1+

117

E2 2009 02 1

UL
US

(
)

RL

(
)

IO

RZ
UZ

B
R

U/I

IE

UB = UZ

U B U BE
RE

U Z U BE
IO IE =
RE

Current sink

118

E2 2009 02 1

US
RE

UZ

RZ

RL

U Z U BE
IO
RE

IO

Current source

119

E2 2009 02 1

U
Current sink

UL
US
RZ

RL

RL

IO

RZ

IO

UZ
UZ

B
R

UB = UZ +UF

U E = U B U BE
UE
IE =
RE

IO = IC I E

120

E2 2009 02 1

Current source

US
RE

UZ
T1
RZ

T2
RL

IO = IC I E

T1 = T2 U E1 = U E 2

IO

U Z = RE I E
UZ
IO
RE
121

E2 2009 02 1

Current source

US
RE

UZ
T1
RZ

T2
RL

IO

IO = IC I E
U S U E2
IE =
RE

U E2 = U B + U EB 2

U B = U S U Z U EB1
U Z + U EB1 U EB2
IO
RE

122

E2 2009 02 1

Current source

US
RE

UZ

RZ

RL

IO

U Z R E I E U EB 2 + U EB1 = 0
U Z + U EB1 U EB2
IO
RE

123

E2 2009 02 1

I1

T1

I2

T2

124

E2 2009 02 1

I2

I1
IB1+ IB2

T1 T2
I B 2 = I B1 = I B

IC1
T1

I 2 = I C 2 = I C1

I C1 1 I B1 = I B
I 1 = I C1 + I B1 + I B 2

IB

I 2 = I C 2 = I C1

+2

Current mirror

I1

IB1 IB2

I C1

+2
I C1
= I C1 + 2 I B

T2

I C1

+2

I1

I 2 I1
125

Current sink

E2 2009 02 1

U U BE
I=
R

IO

+2

IO

2IB
IC

IC

U U BE
IO
2
R
1+
1

IB IB

I O = I C I B

I = I C + 2 I B = ( + 2 )I B
IO

+2

I
126

Current sink

E2 2009 02 1

T1 T2

U
R

Current mirror
127

E2 2009 02 1

Current sink
T1 T2

IO

IC

IO

I=

U U BE
R

I O = I C = I B

I = I C + 2 I B = ( + 2 )I B =

U U EB
IO
+2
R

IO

U U BE
+2
R

Current
source

2IB

U
IB

IO

+2

IO

I
128

E2 2009 02 1

,
je
,

,

I2, R2.

ZD
1

R1

R3

R4
2

R2

I2

I 2 = IC 2 I E 2
IE2 =
US
RE

UZ
T1
RZ

U UE2
R4

U E 2 = U U Z U EB1 + U EB 2

T2
RL

IO

U Z + U EB1 U EB 2
I2 =
R4

129

E2 2009 02 1

+U1
T1

,
,
,

,

I2,
R2,

,
.

T3

T2

R2

R1

I2

-U2

I 2 = 2I C = 2

+3

I1 = 2

U 1 U EB
+3
R1
130