DGPS Work Instruction

Survey Operations
DGPS Work Instruction

GR-SRV-404
Prepared by: P.M. Evans Senior Surveyor
Approved by: P.J. Jansen Chief Surveyor
1.0 Issue for Use an.1!.0"
Ver. Reason for Issue Issue Date Prepared by Approved by
#cer$y Survey Operations an.1!.0"
GR-SRV-404 Ver. 1.0 DGPS Work Instruction Pa$e " of 1"
This is an ee!troni!ay "enerated do!u#ent$ %hi!h has been revie%ed and approved in a!!ordan!e %ith the
A!er"y Management System. An audit trai of revie% and approva is avaiabe %ithin the ee!troni! syste#. The
s!reen version of this do!u#ent is the C&'TR&((ED C&P) at a ti#es. *hen printed it is !onsidered a +&R
I'+&RMATI&' &'() !opy$ and it is the hoder,s responsibiity that he - she hods the atest vaid version. $ A!er"y
or a subsidiary thereof$ Copyri"ht .//0 and desi"n ri"ht reserved. Copyin" and-or dis!osure of the !onfidentia
infor#ation !ontained herein is prohibited %ithout %ritten per#ission of the proprietor.
%#&'( O) *O+%(+%S
1. S*OP(.............................................................................................................,
". O&(*%IV(......................................................................................................,
,. R()(R(+*(S...................................................................................................,
4. D()I+I%IO+S..................................................................................................,
-. R(SPO+SI&I'I%I(S........................................................................................4
!. PRO*(DUR(S..................................................................................................-
0.1 S)STEM &2JECTIVES.................................................................................3
0.. S)STEM DESCRIPTI&'...............................................................................3
0.4 D5PS 'ET*&R6 SERVICES.........................................................................7
0.8 SATE((ITE C&MM9'ICATI&'S 2ASED D5PS SERVICES.................................7
0.3 RADI& 2ASED D5PS SERVICES...................................................................:
0.0 S)STEM I'STA((ATI&'..............................................................................;
0.7 S)STEM CA(I2RATI&' A'D VERI+ICATI&'.................................................11
0.: S)STEM &PERATI&'.................................................................................1.
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GR-SRV-404 Ver. 1.0 DGPS Work Instruction Pa$e , of 1"
1. S*OP(
This Work Instruction covers the operation of DGPS Navigation systems.
". O&(*%IV(
The objective of this work instruction is to enabe suitaby !uaifie" personne to caibrate
an" operate DGPS Navigation systems.
,. R()(R(+*(S
G#$S#%$&'( Surface Navigation Practice
G#$S#%$)'* DGPS +, -onitoring Work Instruction
4. D()I+I%IO+S
AMSL . /bove -ean Sea 0eve.
DGPS $ Differentia Goba Positioning System1 metho" of improving the accuracy of
GPS positioning. The system uses a fi2e" reference station to compute errors in the GPS
system an" transmit them to a vesse base" mobie receiver enabing an improvement in
accuracy to 34$ &m.
Frequency is the number of cyces of a soun" wave per unit time. The unit is measure"
in 5ert6 7(56 8 (cyce per secon"9. The fre!uencies use" in GPS4DGPS systems range
between ($(.:G56.
GPS is a sateite base" navigation system operate" by the ;S Department of Defence. It
consists of a consteation of <=3 poar orbiting sateites
HDOP is 5ori6onta Diution of Precision an" is a measure of the reiabiity4confi"ence
in the <D 70at40on9 accuracy of a GPS position fi2 using the current visibe
consteation of sateites.
HF . 5igh >re!uency
IALA . Internationa /ssociation 0ighthouse /uthorities
IMCA . Internationa -arine ,ontractors /ssociation
MES . -obie ?arth Station
GR-SRV-404 Ver. 1.0 DGPS Work Instruction Pa$e 4 of 1"
PDOP is Position Diution of Precision an" is a measure of the reiabiity4confi"ence in
the &D 70at40on45eight9 accuracy of a GPS position fi2 using the current visibe
consteation of sateites.
PRC .Pseu"o #ange ,orrection
QC . +uaity ,ontro
SD . Stan"ar" Deviation
UHF . ;tra 5igh >re!uency
UKOOA . ;nite" @ing"om Affshore Aperators /ssociation.
-. R(SPO+SI&I'I%I(S
The Project Surveyor has the overa responsibiity for the successfu competion of the
Survey Project incu"ing "irect iaison with the ,ient.
The Party ,hief4Senior Surveyor has the responsibiity for the survey operations on
boar" the shipB incu"ing communications with the Affshore ,ients #epresentative an"
acting as an interface between ,ient an" Affice. 5e wi report to the Project Surveyor
on the status an" progress of the offshore operation.
/ survey an" personne are responsibe for compying with this proce"ure.
GR-SRV-404 Ver. 1.0 DGPS Work Instruction Pa$e - of 1"
!. PRO*(DUR(S
!.1 S.S%(/ O&(*%IV(S
Surface navigation systems provi"e the means for "etermining the position an"
movement4track of survey vesses. Tra"itionay this was achieve" using either short
range ine$of$sight reative vector positioning systems or me"ium$to$ong range ra"io
navigation systems. In recent years many of the tra"itiona positioning systems have been
repace" by GPS4DGPS sateite positioning systems which are capabe of highy
accurate vesse positioning over both short an" ong ranges.
The successfu operation of DGPS systems reies on the carefu choice an" instaation of
the e!uipment with specia emphasis on the pacement of the antenna.
!." S.S%(/ D(S*RIP%IO+
The Navstar GPS sateite navigation system provi"es wor"wi"e three$"imensiona
positioning capabiity using a consteation of <C sateites. ,iviian GPS receivers are
capabe of computing an unai"e" position fi2 in atitu"eB ongitu"eB an" height with an
accuracy of 34$ (' to (: m.
DGPS services are a metho" of improving the accuracy of GPS positioning. The system
uses a fi2e" reference station to compute the errors in the GPS sateite observations an"
transmits them to a vesse base" mobie receiver enabing an improvement in accuracy to
better than 34$ &m.
This is achieve" by measuring the sateite ranges at an onshore reference Station GPS
receiver whose co$or"inates are area"y known with a high "egree of accuracy. The
DGPS reference Station is abe to cacuate the true range to each sateite an" compares
this with the observe" range to "etermine a pseu"o$range range correction 7P#,9 for
each sateite. These DGPS P#,Ds are transmitte" to the vesse via InmarsatB 5> or ;5>
communications inks an" appie" to the sateite measurements ma"e by the onboar"
GPS receiver.
The basic system consists of a GPS receiverB Inmarsat4ra"io DGPS corrections receiverB
"emo"uator an" DGPS processor.
!.".1 GPS Receiver
The GPS receiver tracks a sateites above the hori6on an" "eco"es the navigation
messages from each sateite in view. The ranges to a in view sateites are measure" an"
the atitu"eB ongitu"e an" height of the receiver are compute" from a minimum of )
sateite measurements.
-ost GPS receivers are capabe of accepting an input from a DGPS corrections receiver
an" computing a "ifferentiay correcte" position.
GR-SRV-404 Ver. 1.0 DGPS Work Instruction Pa$e ! of 1"
-ost GPS receivers have a keypa"4contro pa" for input of configurations parameters
an" a sma 0,D "ispay for viewing system operation. Some other GPS receivers are
simpy a Eback$bo2E unit with no contro pa" or graphica user interface1 these systems
can ony be configure" using an e2terna P,.
!."." DGPS *orrections Receiver
The DGPS corrections receiver receives the signas transmitte" by the "ifferentia GPS
network an" wi vary "epen"ing on the type of communication system use" for
transmitting4receiving DGPS corrections.
Inmarsat -?S Termina
SPAT Feam Sateite #eceive Termina
5> #eceiver
-> #eceiver
;5> #eceiver
The DGPS corrections receiver wi be connecte" either "irecty to a GPS receiver or via
a DGPS "emo"uator to the GPS receiver to which it transmits DGPS corrections in the
correct format. In some instances the GPS receiver wi incorporate the DGPS
corrections receiver integrate" within the same unit.
!."., DGPS De0o1u2ator
The DGPS "emo"uator is re!uire" to "eco"e the encrypte" DGPS correction messages
transmitte" over the Inmarsat4SPAT sateite communication networks use" by the
commercia DGPS service provi"ers e.g. ThaesB >ugroB %eripos an" , G ,. Technoogy.
The DGPS "emo"uator wi be connecte" either "irecty to the GPS receiver to which it
transmits DGPS corrections in the correct format or to a separate DGPS processor.
!.".4 DGPS Processor
In some systems the DGPS processor function is performe" within the GPS receiver
itsef. Depen"ing on the GPS receiver type this may provi"e the capabiity to provi"e a
DGPS position soution from either a singe DGPS reference Station or from a network
DGPS soution.
The aternative is to input "ata from an e2terna GPS receiver an" DGPS
receiver4"emo"uator to a P, running DGPS processor software. ,onfigurations an"
"ispay of a the GPS an" DGPS functions incu"ing +, an" system performance
monitoring wi be performe" via the P, graphica user "ispay. Typica systems that
perform this function are1$
Thaes -utifi2
>ugro -# DGPS
!., DGPS +(%WOR4 S(RVI*(S
There are a wi"e variety of DGPS correction services ranging from commercia service
provi"ers to free of charge pubic services. The services avaiabe are "istinguishe" by the
metho" of transmission an" the capabiity to provi"e singe or "ua fre!uency DGPS
corrections.
!.4 S#%(''I%( *O//U+I*#%IO+S &#S(D DGPS S(RVI*(S
These DGPS correction services utiise either the Inmarsat network or SPAT Feam
sateite transmissions to "eiver the DGPS corrections from the reference Station
network to the vesse. ?2ampes of this type of service are1$
>ugro Starfi2 $ Singe >re!uency DGPS Network Soution
>ugro Starfi2 5P $Dua >re!uency DGPS Network Soution
Thaes Skyfi2 $ Singe >re!uency DGPS Network Soution
Thaes Skyfi2 Gemini $Dua >re!uency DGPS Network Soution
%eripos$i $ Singe >re!uency DGPS Network Soution
%eripos$i< $Dua >re!uency DGPS Network Soution
,G, Technoogy . ,N/% Dua >re!uency DGPS Network Soution
Inmarsat base" DGPS correction services transmit their corrections via a network of
Geo$stationary e!uatoria sateites. The corrections are receive" over a very wi"e
coverage area e2ten"ing from N=:H to S=:H using a vesse mounte" mobie earth Station
7-?S9. Within these imits DGPS corrections can be receive" anywhere on the earthEs
surface.
SPAT Feam DGPS correction services transmit their corrections either from the
Inmarsat sateites or from regiona communication sateites. The coverage of these
services is imite" to a "efine" regiona areaB for instance NW ?uropeB since the sateite
transpon"er transmits a high power signa over a imite" geographica area.
!.- R#DIO &#S(D DGPS S(RVI*(S
These DGPS correction services utiise ra"io fre!uency transmissions to "eiver the
DGPS corrections from the reference Stations to the vesse. ?2ampes of this type of
service are1$
Thaes Detafi2 $ Singe >re!uency 5> #a"io DGPS Soution
%eripos$5>4# $ Singe >re!uency 5> #a"io DGPS Soution
I/0/ Feacon Network $ Singe >re!uency -> #a"io DGPS Soution
;5> #a"io DGPS Stations
5> ra"io DGPS correction services operate from a series of in"ivi"ua DGPS reference
stations. ?ach reference Station computes its own DGPS corrections an" transmits them
"irecty to the user via a oca 5> ra"io transmitter. Some systems operate on a singe
5> fre!uency whist others use "ua 5> channes to mitigate against signa oss "uring
perio"s of high atmospheric interference. 5> systems have a ma2imum range capabiity
of appro2imatey ='' km.
The I/0/ DGPS Feacon network is a change of coasta DGPS reference stations using
-> ra"io fre!uencies to transmit the correction messages. These are operate" by
governmenta 0ighthouse authorities4coastguar" organisations as pubic free of charge
services in a number of countries an" are "esigne" to provi"e DGPS coverage to ai"
navigation in coasta areas an" in the approach to ports an" harbours. These -> systems
have a nomina range capabiity of appro2imatey <'' to <:' km but in certain areas may
be capabe of ranges as great as )'' km athough this wi be subject to oca
atmospheric interference which may imit their range.
;5> ra"io DGPS stations may sometimes be instae" to provi"e oca DGPS coverage
out to :' km from the reference Station. They may we be temporary portabe
instaations to provi"e a""itiona DGPS coverage in a oca project work area.
!.! S.S%(/ I+S%#''#%IO+
!.!.1 #ntenna Insta22ation
#eiabe GPS performance "epen"s significanty on the antenna instaation being in a
suitabe ocation. GPS signas arriving at the antenna are !uite weak an" can be subject
to significant interference as a resut of refection from nearby meta surfaces an"4or
other sources of oca ra"io transmission in the ( to(.: G56 fre!uency ban".
I"eay the GPS antenna wi be ocate" at the highest point on the vesse main mast with
an uninterrupte" view to the hori6on. If this is not possibe then the ocation shou" be as
high as possibe cear of any a"jacent mastsB cranesB superstructure etc. This wi
avoi"4minimise the effects of GPS of signa -utipath1 an effect where GPS signas are
refecte"4baance" off oca meta surfaces.
When panning GPS antenna instaation it is essentia to know the ength of the cabe
run from the antenna to the GPS receiver ocation. >or short cabe runs of ess than &' m
stan"ar"s #G :I4#G <() cabe can be use" but for significanty onger cabe runs it wi
be necessary to use a ow oss cabe type such as /n"rews >SJ )$:'F.
In summary the simpe rues for GPS antenna instaation are1$
DO:
-ount antenna at or cose to the highest point on the vesse
-ount in"ivi"ua antennae separate" by at east ( m an" preferaby as far apart as
possibe
Fe aware that transmissions from ra"ar systemsB Inmarsat "omes an" /rtemis can
seriousy interfere with GPS signas. Note that since Inmarsat transmits with a
very narrow beamwi"th interference may ony occur on certain vesse hea"ings.
;ni!uey abe each GPS antenna cabe at the top an" bottom en"s of the cabe
run.
DONT:
-ount antennae cose to mastsB cranes or superstructure.
-ount antennae at "eck eve.
-ount antennae cose to other transmitting ra"io antennae.
-ount antennae cose to4in front of4at the same height as ra"ar antennae.
-ount antennae cose to Inmarsat transmitting "omes.
-ount antennae cose to ce$phone transmitters4boosters.
!.!." Syste0 Offsets
During instaation of the system onboar" the vesse carefu measurements of a offsets
between the GPS antenna ocations an" the vesse reference point sha be carrie" out
prior to any other testing. The ocation of the vesse reference point sha be obtaine"
from the ships pans. ,are sha be taken with manufacturers sign convention for 2 an" y
co$or"inate system. / check shou" be ma"e of the offset parameters that are entere"
into the onine navigation software an" a printout of the offsets sha be printe" stae".
These checks sha be carrie" out prior to the sea trias.
!.!., GPS Receiver Setup
When instaing a new DGPS system on boar" a vesse it is highy recommen"e" that the
set$up parameters are correcty input an" checke". If these vaues are incorrect then the
receiver may not operate as we as it shou" an" may become unpre"ictabe un"er
certain operating con"itions.
Suggeste" vauesB which shou" be checke" are given in Tabe ( beow1
Tabe !: GPS Rece"#er Se$$"n%&
Para'e$er GPS Rece"#er Se$$"n%
Initia Position #eaistic estimate of e2pecte" work area position
Datum4Projection Defaut 8 WGS C)
?evation -ask Defaut 8 =H
5DAP -ask Defaut 8 :
/ge Af ,orrections -ask Defaut 8 <' secon"s
>i2 -o"e Defaut 8 /uto
5eight /i"ing -o"e Defaut 8 Aff
(
5eight of GPS /ntenna Defaut 8 5eight of /ntenna /-S04above vesse "raught
mark
DGPS Stations Seection Suitabe stations shou" be seecte" for the work areaB
i"eay within (:'' km an" surroun"ing the work area.
(
Note that even though 5eight /i"ing may not be enabe" if the >i2 -o"e is set to /utomatic then if the number
of sateites fas to & then >at wi be automaticay enabe". If the correct GPS antenna height has not been
entere" into the system then position errors are ikey to occur.
!.!.4 In0arsat DGPS *orrections Receiver
Note that on some vesses the position of the Inmarsat receiver "ome may be maske" by
superstructure on certain hea"ings. This wi sometimes resut in oss of DGPS
corrections reception. It is recommen"e" that with a new DGPS instaation that a test is
performe" to check the operation of DGPS reception on "ifferent vesse hea"ings by
rotating the vesse through &*'H whist on DP.
It is aso preferabe to have < or more sources of DGPS corrections receiver onboar"
e.g. Inmarsat45>B Inmarsat4SPAT etc.
!.3 S.S%(/ *#'I&R#%IO+ #+D V(RI)I*#%IO+
!.3.1 *a2i7ration8 Verification
Typicay DGPS systems are not caibrate" in the tra"itiona sense. Instea" it is stan"ar"
practice to perform a system verification to ensure the system is working within the
e2pecte" performance specifications.
%erification is normay performe" whist the vesse is stationary aongsi"e a !uaysi"e in
Port. This is achieve" by instaing a prism refector aongsi"e the GPS antenna on the
masts an" making "istance an" ange observations to it from a known onshore contro
Station using a Tota Station at one minute intervas for a perio" of at east one hour
whist simutaneousy ogging DGPS position fi2es. /n accurate position for the GPS
antenna is "erive" from the Tota Station observations an" this is compare" with the
positions cacuate" by the DGPS positioning system.
/n anaysis of the comparative "ata wi in"icate both the accuracy of the DGPS system
an" the stabiity of the positioning soution. Note that whist the vesse is in Port there
may be oca sources of mutipath refections which may cause the system to appear
EnoisyE compare" to the system performance which can be e2pecte" in a typica offshore
environment.
In norma DGPS operation the "ifference in position between the ,ompute" GPS
antenna ocation an" the Abserve" DGPS position soution shou" be K&m an" the SD of
the Abserve" DGPS position soution shou" be K&m.
GR-SRV-404 Ver. 1.0 DGPS Work Instruction Pa$e 1" of 1"
!.5 S.S%(/ OP(R#%IO+
The DGPS "ispay an" contro unit sha ony be operate" by traine" personne when on$
ine to prevent the possibe oss of positioning "uring survey operations1 this is
particuary important where the DGPS system is provi"ing a navigation input to the DP
system. In this atter case note changes shou" be ma"e to the DGPS system uness the
bri"ge DP operators have been informe" an" have authorise" any changes to the system.
T5? GPS4DGPS settings shou" be checke" perio"icay an" prior to commencement of
a new project to ensure that the system configuration is correct see Tabe ( above.
The on$ine surveyor wi monitor the DGPS system performance1 fu "etais are given in
G#$S#%$)'* $ DGPS +, -onitoring Work Instructions. Shou" there be any obvious
probems i.e. erratic returns or variation in the compute" vesse position checks wi be
ma"e in the probems rectifie" before recommencing survey operations.
It shou" be note" that DGPS system performance is ikey to be significanty affecte" by
the presence of arge structures a"jacent to the vesse such as fi2e" patformsB "riing
rigsB pipeay barges or crane barges. This is "ue to the effect of mutipath refections on
the GPS sateites signas which wi be particuary significant when the vesse is cose
aongsi"e 7within :' to ('' m9 of arge metaic structures. This effect can aso be seen if
arge cranes operating on boar" the vesse are operate" above or cose to the GPS
antenna ocations. ;n"er these con"itions particuar care must be e2ercise" with the use
of DGPS an" system accuracy4stabiity shou" be assesse" cosey at a times.
Note aso that if the vesse is aongsi"e a arge structure that it is ikey that fewer GPS
sateites wi be in view "ue to masking behin" the obstruction1 it is wise to use GPS
panning software 7incorporating variabe eevation mask anges9 to see the effect of
obstruction masking wi have on sateite avaiabiity an" the sateite geometry 75DAP9.
In a""ition to masking of GPS sateites arge structure can obstruct reception of sateite
base" DGPS corrections services . Inmarsat4SPAT . for instance in the N Sea Inmarsat
signas wi probaby be bocke" when working to the north of patforms4rigs since the L
Inmarsat sateites are ocate" over the e!uator to the south at an eevation of
appro2imatey <'H.
If any particuar part of the system is foun" to be at fautB reme"ia action wi be taken.

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