Kinh nghim hc Nht ng

V vn pht m Kanji trong ting Nht

Mc lc :

A. Khi qut v m ONKUN ca Kanji...................................................Trang 2
I. Phn loi.........................................................................................Trang 2
II. Cc iu cn nh khi bn hc Kanji ................................................Trang 3

B. Mt s quy tc ghi nh pht m ca m ON ..........................................Trang 4
I. Cch c ca mt s nguyn m ngn cui ch ...........................Trang 4
II. Cch c m cui tn cng bng ph m.........................................Trang 8
III. Bin m khi ghp 2 ch Kanji vi nhau..........................................Trang 8
IV. So snh cch c ca cc nguyn m di ........................................Trang 9
V. Onyomi cc ph m ng u trong ch Hn-Vit.........................Trang 12


2
Lin h m ON ca Kanji ting Nht
vi ngha Hn-Vit


A. Khi qut v pht m ca Kanji
Kanji C 2 cch c :

I. Phn loi :
1. Kun-yomi ( c theo m Nht )
Thng khi Kanji ng 1 mnh n / n +hiragana
Vd: ame = ma au =gp mt)
Trong sch Kanji, Kun-yomi c vit bng Hiragana

2. On-yomi ( c theo m Hn )
Thng dng trong cc t ghp (Kanji +Kanji ) .Chim khong 90%
Trong sch Kanji, On- yomi c k hiu bng ch Katakana.

3. Trng hp ngoi l :
Nu gp trng hp ngoi l sau th ch c cch l thuc lng
a) Kanji ng 1 mnh n m li c bng m Onyomi.
Vd: =sch), =cng)...

b) Kanji +Kanji m li c bng m Kunyomi +Kunyomi


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Vd: =mua sm), i- ngm hoa)..

c) Kanji +Kanji m li c bng m Kunyomi +Onyomi hoc ngc li
Vd: (


II . Cc iu cn nh khi bn hc Kanji
* a s Kanji c c 2 cch c Kun v On.
* C nhiu Kanji ch c cch c On
* i vi ngi Vit, nu ai gii t Hn Vit th vic hc v hiu Kanji s
d dng hn.Vd nh:
Ch Hn Hn Vit :
quc ca
quc gia
nhn loi
binh s
qun nhn

y, th l khng cn bit c th no, nhng nu bn bit ch Hn ny c m
Hn Vit l g th tm Ok v ngha nh....







4
B. Mt s quy tc ghi nh cch pht m ca
m ON trong ting Nht


I. Cch c ca mt s nguyn m nm cui ch (tm gi l
nguyn m ngn ) :
( hoc tn cng bng : nguyn m +M NTK )

Cc ch Kanji c m Hn Vit tn cng bng nguyn m
a) A, OA: Onyomi phn ln s tn cng bng ct trong bng Hiragana
Th d: GIA - -
BA - -
TA - -
CAN - -
BN - -
QUT - -

AI, OAI, OI: Onyomi phn ln s tn cng bng ct +m trong
bng Hiragana
Th d : KHI - -


5
HI - -
KHOI - -
TI - -

( +ph m ) : trc trong Hn vit l ph m PH, QU th Onyomi s
cha ct
Th d : PHN - -
PHT - -
QUT - -
+Cn li a s Onyomi thay bng ct (trc khng c ph m
PH, QU)
Th d : CN - -
NHN - - ,
MN - -

b) O/: Onyomi phn ln s thay bng ct trong bng Hiragana
Th d : H - -
C - -
L - -
KHN - -
: vi ch c cc ch sau :
C - -
S - -


6
SN - -
AN/ N - -



c) -trng hp I/Y
- trng hp , U (vi ph m trc n l L)
- trng hp UY khi ph m trc UY l m c nh (ngha l ph m
trc UY l D, NG, H hoc khng c ph m trc )
*Th : Onyomi s thay bng trong bng Hiragana
Th d : - -
VI - -
LY - -
NGUY - -
NGY - -
HUY - -
LUN - -
LUT - -
*Ring : SUT - -

+UY cn li (ngha l ph m trc UY khng phi l D, NG,
H , T): Onyomi s c (ct +ch )
Th d : XUY - -
SUY - -


7
TY - -

d) , U: Onyomi +s tn cng bng khi ngha Hn-Vit c PH,
TH trc n
+a s cn li Onyomi s tn cng bng ct +m
Th d : - -
M - -
TH - -
Ngoi l : L - -

e) U/: ui ny kh lung tung, c nhiu ngoi l
Onyomi phn ln s tn cng bng ct trong Hiragana
+ thnh khi ph m u trc n c th ghp vi
+ thnh khi ph m u trc n khng th ghp vi
+Trng hp Onyomi tn cng l : Nu m Hn Vit c ph m l
T, S th Onyomi chn chn s l
Nu m Hn Vit c ph m l TH th Onyomi mt s s l , mt
s s l
Th d: L - -
N - -
TH - -
T - -
S - -


8
TH - -
TH - -

II. Cch c m cui tn cng bng ph m :
Cc ch Kanji c m Hn Vit tn cng bng ph m :

a) N/M: Onyomi chc chn s tn cng bng
Th d : HON - -
TN - -
NAM - -
THAM - -

b) T: Onyomi chc chn s tn cng bng
Th d : ST - -
THUY T - -

c) C, CH: Onyomi phn ln s tn cng bng , ring ngha Hn-Vit tn
cng bng ICH th s bin thnh ct +m
Th d : QUC - -
BC - -
TCH - -
XCH - -
DCH - -



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III. Bin m khi ghp 2 ch Kanji vi nhau :
Bin m xc m (tsu nh) : khi ghp 2 ch Kanji li vi nhau, nu ch trc c
m tit th 2 l hoc v ch Kanji sau pht m bt u vi cc ph m bt mi
mnh l : p, t, k, ch, s, sh th m tit th 2 ca ch trc khng c pht m v bin
thnh xc m (tsu nh)
V d:
- p :
- t :
- k :
- s :
- ch :

-> Suy ra 1 yu t quan trng trong phn bin m gia b v p nn ghi
nh ch ny l: sau (tsu nh) chc chn l bin m maru p

IV. Tip theo ta so snh cch c ca cc nguyn m di
trn phn I ta tm hiu cch c 1 s nguyn m ngn n gin, phn di y ta
s tm hiu nhng nguyn m di c cch c tng i phc tp hn :

a) INH, UYNH, ENH, ANH : thng Onyomi chuyn thnh ct +m
* Ring trng hp trc INH, UYNH, ENH c B, H, S, T, TH th ch c 2 m
On, ngoi m On ct +m cn c 1 m On khc . m On th 2 ny thng
c phn nguyn m cha
Th d : SINH - -


10
BINH - -
HUYNH - -
HUNH - -
INH - -

Th d : ANH - -
DANH - -
LNH - -

Ngoi l : BNH - - MANH - -
NGNH - - CANH - , -

b) YE, IE, UYE : Phn ln Onyomi chuyn thnh ct
Th d : THIN - -
XUYN - -
NGUYT - - ,

c) U : Phn ln Onyomi c phn nguyn cha (nh) + m
Th d : NGU - -
LU - -
TU - -
HU - -
SU - -
TU - -


11

U : thng Onyomi c phn nguyn m cha (nh) . Nu trc U l
ph m QU hoc c ph m H th Onyomi c phn nguyn m cha ct
Th d : TUN - -
THUN - -
XUN - -
HUN - -
QUT - -

d) YEU, IEU, IEP, UONG : hu ht Onyomi c nguyn m cha
Th d : YU - -
LIU - -
DIP - -
CHIU, TRIU - -

e) AU, AP, UNG : gm 2 trng hp :
Onyomi s c phn nguyn m cha nu trc AU, AP n c ph m :
K, C, CH, TR, TH, NG (thm trng hp trc AP c ph m t), v trc
UNG c D, H, CH, TR, S hoc UNG khng c ph m pha trc
Th d : CU - -
NHP - -
HP - -



12
Onyomi c phn nguyn m cha Ct +m trong cc trng hp cn
li
Th d : PHP - -
HU - -
TU - -


e) AO, OANH : hu ht Onyomi c phn nguyn m cha Ct +m
Th d : CAO - -
AO - -
HONH - -


V. Onyomi cc ph m ng u trong ch Hn-Vit:
phn trn chng ta tm hiu cch c ca a s nguyn m, d nhin trong
cng c mt s trng hp ngoi l nhng vn c th ni kh nng quy lut c
ca nguyn m l rt ln.
Phn V ny ta tm hiu v cch c ph m u ca ch Hn-Vit nh th no.
Lu rng nu so vi nhng quy lut c ca nguyn m th phn c ph m u
ny c 1 s quy lut khng r rng lm.

a) C, K, KH, GI, H, QU : Phn ln Onyomi c phn ph m u l K
( d nh th C, K, KH, GI, H, QU l nhng m m trong ting vit hu ht khi
pht m nhng m ny th chng ta h ming nhng khng bt mi )


13
+*QU ( nu sau QU c m ) : Onyomi c ph m u l G v phn nguyn m
s thuc ct
Th d : CAI - -
KHM - -
GII - -
H - -
QU - -

*QUN - -
*QUT - -
*QUN - -

b) B, PH : Phn ln Onyomi c ph m u l H
*c bit *B, PH : thng Onyomi s c ph m u l F, khi nguyn
m On khng c trng m v thuc ct
Th d : BC - -
BI - -
BCH - -
PHIU - -

Th d : * B - -
* BT - -
*PH - -
*PHC - -


14
*PHT - -

c) D, V : Phn ln Onyomi thng b lc b ph m u,
(ring VONG ->)
Th d : DT - -
DCH - -
D - -
VIN - -

d) : Thng Onyomi c ph m T mt s nh thnh D
( ring DIEU ->)
Th d : AO - -
U - -
I - -
ON - -
C - -

e) L : Hu ht Onyomi s c ph m u l R
Th d : L - -
LIU - -
LONG - -



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f) M: Thng Onyomi c ph m B s khc thnh M ( trng hp sau n
i km vi trng m thng l c thnh B, cn li c th B hoc M kh
phn bit )
Th d : MCH - -
MIN - -
MI - -
MIU - -

g) N : Onyomi thng c ph m u l N
nhng nu sau N c ch O( O, , OA) v khng c trng m th
Onyomi c ph m u l D
Th d : NIM - -
NIU - -
N - -
NAN - -

h) NG : Phn ln Onyomi c ph m u l G, 1 s nh c ph m K
Th d : NGH - -
NGH - -
NGHIM - -

i) NH : Hi phc tp, c th chia n thnh 3 trng hp sau :
+ Thng ph Onyomi l G khi phn nguyn m sau n thuc ct
Th d : NHAN - -


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NH - -
NHC - -
+ Thng Onyomi l N khi phn nguyn m sau n thuc ct
Th d : NHIN - -
NHIT - -
NHIM - -
+ Thng Onyomi l J khi phn nguyn m sau n thuc ct
Th d : NHO - -
NH - -
NHNG - -

j) CH, T, TH, S, X : phn ln Onyomi c ph m u l SSH, mt s
nh n c th bin m sang ZJ
(trng hp ph m u l SH : khi nguyn m On cha hoc trng m ,)
( d nh th CH, T, TH, S, X l nhng m m trong ting vit khi pht m th hm
rng ban u phi cn li sau mi c th bt hi pht ra )
+Mt s trng hp ca TH c nguyn m On cha ( nh) th ph m
On l J
Th d : CHNG - -
TON - -
TNG - -
THUN - -
XUN - -


17

k) TR : Mt s Onyomi c ph m u l CH, mt s Onyomi khc c ph
m u l T, S, J rt kh phn bit
( Thng Onyomi c m ON cha th chc chn ph m u phi l T )
Th d : TR - -
TRC - -
TRI, TR - -
TRINH - -




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Bin son : V Minh Vng
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