Toan Cao Cap - KGVT - Ban Thu Nghiem

2011
Toan cao cp
Khng gian vector
(bn th nghim)
L Cao Nguyn
Sinh vin lp A18 CLC TCNH K50 i hc Ngoi thng
L CAO NGUYN
Sinh vin lp A18 CLC TCNH K50 i hc Ngoi thng
TON CAO CP
Khng gian vector
(Bn th nghim)
2011
Li ni u
Chc cc bn u bit mn ton cao cp l mt trong nhng mn "cng hc cng
khng hiu" trong chng trnh gio dc i hc Vit Nam, bi nhiu kin thc trong mn
ny kh phc tp, thm ch cn tru tng kh hiu. Hn na do khng c mt gio trnh
ton cao cp thng nht, cho nn chuyn "thy dy sch ny, tr hc sch kia" l iu d xy
ra, thm ch sch ca thy cn c nhng kin thc m rng, "cao cp" hn sch ca tr nn
tr khng hiu l iu ng nhin. Ngoi ra cc gio trnh ton cao cp thng khng c
phn tm tt kin thc mi chng, nn hc tr phi t tm tt kin thc, dn n kin
thc c th khng y v thiu s lin kt. l nhng vn m hu nh sinh vin no
cng gp phi. Vic tm ra mt cun sch ton cao cp m c th din gii mt cch y ,
d hiu cc kin thc, c phn tm tt kin thc sinh vin nm bt d dng l v cng kh
khn, dn n sinh vin phi trao i kin thc vi nhau, thm ch cn khng bit trao i
ci g v kin thc nm c kh ri rc v khng c h thng.
Bn thn ti tng tri qua nhng vn y, nn ti thu hiu c ni kh ca cc
bn sinh vin, c bit l cc bn sinh vin lp A18 ca ti trong vic hc mn ton cao cp.
V vy ti quyt nh vit cun sch ny din gii mt cch y , d hiu nht c th cc
kin thc ca chng "Khng gian vector" trong ton cao cp, mt chng kh tru tng,
kh hiu m cc cun sch ti c thng khng din gii ht.
Cun sch ny gm c ba phn. Phn u cun sch l phn "din gii kin thc",
trong tt c cc kin thc, t c bn n phc tp, ca chng "Khng gian vector" m
ti nm bt c u c tng hp y. Vi nhng kin thc c bn m kh tru tng
kh hiu, ti u c mt s v d minh ha. Phn th hai ca cun sch l phn "tm tt
kin thc", phn ny l ni ti tng hp mt cch c chn lc cc kin thc ni trn, c
i km hng dn cho cc dng bi tp c bn ca chng. Phn cui cng ca cun sch l
mt s bi tp c bn nhm mc ch tham kho. Cc bn khng chuyn ton cao cp nn
c phn "tm tt kin thc" v phn ny vit kh ngn gn, gip cc bn d dng nm vng
kin thc, phc v cho vic gii bi tp. Cn bn no mun hiu su hn th c th c phn
"din gii kin thc" trn, cc nh l, tnh cht, h qu u c chng minh hoc c
hng dn chng minh cho bn.
Cun sch ny do ti thu nht kin thc t nhiu ngun, mi ngun c khi lng
kin thc v cch din gii ring ca mnh, cho nn c mt s khi nim ti phi nh ngha
li cho chun xc, mt s nh l thay v tha nhn ti phi t chng minh gip cc bn
hiu su hn. Do vy mt s nh ngha, chng minh ca ti c th gp sai st, d c gng
kim tra phn tch k lng. Phong cch vit ca ti cng khng c tt nn i lc bn c
s cm thy kh hiu. Ti hi vng s nhn c nhiu ng gp, ph bnh t cc bn cun
sch ny hon thin hn.
L Cao Nguyn
Mc lc phn "Din gii kin thc"

1. Vector v khng gian vector ........................................................................................................................................... 5
1.1. Nhc li kin thc c ............................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2. nh ngha vector v khng gian vector tng qut...................................................................................... 5
1.3. Cc v d v khng gian vector ............................................................................................................................ 6
1.4. Mt s tnh cht ca khng gian vector ........................................................................................................... 7
1.5. Php tr 2 vector...................................................................................................................................................... 8
1.6. Vector s hc n chiu v khng gian vector s hc n chiu ..................................................................... 9
1.6.1. nh ngha vector s hc n chiu .............................................................................................................. 9

1.6.2. Hai vector n chiu bng nhau ..................................................................................................................... 9
1.6.3. nh ngha khng gian vector n chiu ..................................................................................................... 9
2. Cc mi lin h tuyn tnh trong khng gian vector ........................................................................................... 10
2.1. Ni v thut ng tuyn tnh .............................................................................................................................. 10
2.2. nh ngha t hp tuyn tnh ca h vector ................................................................................................ 11
2.3. Php biu din tuyn tnh .................................................................................................................................. 13
2.4. c lp tuyn tnh Ph thuc tuyn tnh .................................................................................................. 14
2.4.1. Khi nim c lp tuyn tnh ph thuc tuyn tnh .................................................................... 14

2.4.2. Cc nh l c bn v s c lp tuyn tnh ph thuc tuyn tnh ......................................... 14
2.4.3. Tnh cht ca h con c lp tuyn tnh ti i ................................................................................ 18
3. Khng gian vector con ................................................................................................................................................... 19
3.1. nh ngha v khng gian vector con............................................................................................................. 19
3.2. Cc tnh cht ca khng gian vector con ...................................................................................................... 19
3.3. V d v khng gian vector con ........................................................................................................................ 20
3.4. Khng gian con sinh bi h vector ................................................................................................................. 20
4. C s v s chiu ca khng gian vector................................................................................................................. 21
4.1. H sinh ....................................................................................................................................................................... 21
4.2. H sinh ti thiu v cc c im ca n ...................................................................................................... 23
4.3. C s v s chiu ca mt khng gian........................................................................................................... 26
4.4. Ta ca vector trong c s .......................................................................................................................... 28
5. Hng ca mt h hu hn vector ............................................................................................................................... 29
5.1. C s ca mt h vector ..................................................................................................................................... 29
5.2. Hng ca mt h vector ...................................................................................................................................... 31
5.3. Cc php bin i khng lm thay i hng ............................................................................................... 32
5.3.1. Php bin i thm bt vector................................................................................................................ 32

5.3.2. Cc php bin i s cp ........................................................................................................................... 32
Danh sch cc nh ngha, v d, tnh cht, nh l, h qu

Trong phn ny, cc nh ngha, v d, tnh cht, nh l, h qu c nh s nh sau:
nh ngha 3.4:
nh ngha s 4 trong mc 3
V d 4.3.1:
Tnh cht 2.1:
V d s 1 trong mc 4.3
nh l 4.2:
nh l s 2 trong mc 4
H qu 2.6.1:
H qu s 1 c suy ra t nh l 2.6
Tnh cht s 1 trong mc 2
nh ngha 1.1 ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
V d 1.3.1 ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
V d 1.3.2 ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
V d 1.3.3 ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
V d 1.3.4 ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Tnh cht 1.1 ...............................................................................................................................................................................7
Tnh cht 1.2 ...............................................................................................................................................................................7
Tnh cht 1.3 ...............................................................................................................................................................................7
Tnh cht 1.4 ...............................................................................................................................................................................8
Tnh cht 1.5 ...............................................................................................................................................................................8
Tnh cht 1.6 ...............................................................................................................................................................................8
nh ngha 1.2 ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
nh ngha 1.3 ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
nh ngha 1.4 ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
nh ngha 1.5 ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 10
nh ngha 2.1 ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 11
nh ngha 2.2 ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 12
Tnh cht 2.1 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 12

Tnh cht 2.2 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 13
nh l 2.1 .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
nh ngha 2.3 ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 13
V d 2.3.1 ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
V d 2.3.2 ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
nh l 2.2 .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
nh ngha 2.4 ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
nh l 2.3 .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
H qu 2.3.1................................................................................................................................................................................................ 15
H qu 2.3.2................................................................................................................................................................................................ 15
nh l 2.4 .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
H qu 2.4.1................................................................................................................................................................................................ 15
H qu 2.4.2 ................................................................................................................................................................................................16
nh l 2.5 .....................................................................................................................................................................................................16
H qu 2.5.1 ................................................................................................................................................................................................16
H qu 2.5.2 ................................................................................................................................................................................................16
nh l 2.6 .....................................................................................................................................................................................................17
H qu 2.6.1 ................................................................................................................................................................................................17
nh l 2.7 .....................................................................................................................................................................................................17
nh l 2.8 .....................................................................................................................................................................................................17
nh l 2.9 .....................................................................................................................................................................................................18
H qu 2.9.1 ................................................................................................................................................................................................18
H qu 2.9.2 ................................................................................................................................................................................................19
nh ngha 3.1 ............................................................................................................................................................................................19
Tnh cht 3.1 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 19

Tnh cht 3.2 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 19
Tnh cht 3.3 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 19
V d 3.3.1 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................20
V d 3.3.2 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................20
V d 3.3.3 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................20
nh l 3.1 .....................................................................................................................................................................................................20
nh ngha 3.2 ............................................................................................................................................................................................21
nh l 3.2 .....................................................................................................................................................................................................21
nh ngha 4.1 ............................................................................................................................................................................................21
V d 4.1.1 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................22
V d 4.1.2 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................22
V d 4.1.3 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................22
nh l 4.1 .....................................................................................................................................................................................................22
nh l 4.2 .....................................................................................................................................................................................................23
H qu 4.2.1 ................................................................................................................................................................................................24
nh l 4.3 .....................................................................................................................................................................................................24
nh l 4.4 .....................................................................................................................................................................................................24
H qu 4.4.1 ................................................................................................................................................................................................25
H qu 4.4.2 ................................................................................................................................................................................................25
nh ngha 4.2 ............................................................................................................................................................................................26
V d 4.3.1 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................26
V d 4.3.2 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................26
V d 4.3.3 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................27
nh ngha 4.3 ............................................................................................................................................................................................27
V d 4.3.4 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................27
V d 4.3.5 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................27
V d 4.3.6 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................27
nh l 4.5 .....................................................................................................................................................................................................27
nh l 4.6 .....................................................................................................................................................................................................27
H qu 4.6.1 ................................................................................................................................................................................................28
nh ngha 4.4 ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 28

nh ngha 5.1 ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 29
nh l 5.1 .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
nh l 5.2 .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
V d 5.1.1 ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
nh ngha 5.2 ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 31
nh l 5.3 .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
H qu 5.3.1................................................................................................................................................................................................ 31
H qu 5.3.2................................................................................................................................................................................................ 31
nh l 5.4 .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
nh l 5.5 .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
nh ngha 5.3 ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 32
nh l 5.6 .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
DIN GII KIN THC

1.Vector v khng gian vector
1.1.Nhc li kin thc c
Trong chng trnh THPT, cc bn c lm quen vi phng php ta
trong cc khng gian 2 chiu v 3 chiu. Trong khng gian 2 chiu (hay mt phng ta
), mi vector l mt b 2 s thc c th t (x, y), cn trong khng gian 3 chiu, mi
vector l mt b 3 s thc c th t (x, y, z). Suy rng ra, trong khng gian n chiu,
mi vector l mt b n s thc c th t (x1, x2, , xn). Trong cc khng gian ny c
cc php ton gia cc vector (tch v hng, tch c hng, cng 2 vector, ) v cc
php ton gia s v vector (nhn 1 s vi 1 vector, ), nhng c th thy hai php
ton m cc khng gian u c l php cng 2 vector v nhn 1 s vi 1 vector.
Trong khng gian 2 chiu c 2 vector n v l (1, 0) v (0, 1), trong khng
gian 3 chiu c 3 vector n v l (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) v (0, 0, 1). Suy rng ra, trong
khng gian n chiu c n vector n v l (1, 0, , 0), (0, 1, , 0), , (0, 0, , 1). Bng
hai php ton cng 2 vector v nhn 1 s vi 1 vector, ta c th biu din c mi
vector trong khng gian t cc vector n v, trong khi cc php ton khc m ta
bit nh tch v hng, tch c hng th khng th lm c.
C th thy hai php ton cng 2 vector v nhn 1 s vi 1 vector l hai php
ton c trng ca mi khng gian n chiu. T ta c th m rng nh ngha
khng gian i vi mi tp hp i tng i s m trong n tn ti 2 php ton
tng t nh 2 php ton cng 2 vector v nhn 1 s vi 1 vector trn.
1.2.nh ngha vector v khng gian vector tng qut

nh ngha 1.1
Cho tp
(mi phn t trong tp l mt i tng i s nh s thc, s
phc, a thc, b c th t, ma trn, ) v trng (
hoc
) vi 2 php
ton sau:
+:
(x, y)
(k, x)
k. x
.:
Php ton th nht ta tm gi l php cng 2 phn t, php ton th 2 ta tm gi l
php nhn 1 s vi 1 phn t, sao cho 2 php ton ny tha mn 8 tnh cht sau (cc
tnh cht ny tng t nh nhng tnh cht ca php cng v php nhn trong tp s
thc hoc s phc):
1. Tnh cht giao hon ca php cng 2 phn t:

x
x, y
2. Tnh cht kt hp ca php cng 2 phn t:

(x
y)
(y
x, y,
3. Tn ti phn t trung ha hay phn t khng:

x
4. Mi phn t u tn ti phn t i ca n:
x
( x)
( x)
( x)
5. Tch ca mt phn t bt k vi 1 bao gi cng bng chnh n:

1. x
6. Tnh cht phn phi ca php nhn 1 s vi 1 phn t i vi php cng 2 phn t:
k(x
y)
kx
ky
x, y
7. Tnh cht phn phi gia php cng 2 s v php nhn 1 s vi 1 phn t:
(k
l)x
kx
lx
k, l
8. Tnh cht kt hp gia php nhn 2 s vi php nhn 1 s vi 1 phn t:

(kl)x
k(lx)
k, l
c gi l mt khng gian vector trn trng

khng gian vector.
th
, hay cn c gi l mt
Mi phn t trong c gi l mt vector, mi phn t trong c gi l mt v

hng. Php ton th nht gi l php cng 2 vector, php ton th 2 gi l php
nhn 1 v hng vi 1 vector.
Cn ch l mt khng gian vector ngoi tp v trng cn phi c 2 php ton
cng 2 vector v nhn 1 v hng vi 1 vector tha mn 8 tnh cht trn.
1.3.Cc v d v khng gian vector

V d 1.3.1
{(x , x , x ) x
} v
Ta nh ngha 2 php ton cng 2 vector v nhn 1 v hng vi 1 vector nh sau :

(x , x , x ),
(x
k
Khi
(y , y , y ), k
y ,x
y ,x
y )
(kx , kx , kx )
cng 2 php ton trn l mt -khng gian vector.
Vector khng :
(0,0,0)
Vector i ca vector
(x , x , x ) l
( x , x , x )
6
V d 1.3.2
( ) l tp cc ma trn vung cp n (n l s nguyn dng cho trc) vi cc
phn t trong ma trn l s phc v
. Ta xt php cng 2 vector l php cng 2
ma trn v php nhn 1 v hng vi 1 vector l php nhn 1 s vi 1 ma trn.
Khi
( ) cng 2 php ton trn l mt -khng gian vector.
V d 1.3.3
v
P l tp cc a thc 1 bin x
cho trc), tc l :
P
{p
c bc
a x |a
n (n l s nguyn dng
0,1,2, , n}
Ta nh ngha php cng 2 vector nh php cng 2 a thc v php nhn 1 v hng
vi 1 vector nh php nhn 1 s vi 1 a thc. Khi P cng vi 2 php ton trn l
mt -khng gian vector, trong vector khng l a thc 0.
V d 1.3.4
{(x , x , x ) x
} v
Ta nh ngha 2 php ton cng v nhn nh sau :

k
(x
y ,x
y ,x
(kx , x , x )
(x , x , x ),
(y , y , y ),
y )
cng 2 php ton trn khng phi l mt khng gian vector do tnh cht 7 khng
tha mn:
(1,2,3), k
Ly v d vi
(k
l)
(1
1. (1,2,3)
(k
l)
2). (1,2,3)
k
1, l
3. (1,2,3)
2. (1,2,3)
(3,2,3)
(1,2,3)
1.4.Mt s tnh cht ca khng gian vector

Cho
l mt -khng gian vector:
Tnh cht 1.1

Vector
l duy nht.
Tnh cht 1.2

,
l duy nht.
Tnh cht 1.3

, ,
.
7
(2,2,3)
(3,4,6)
Tnh cht 1.4

0.
k.
Tnh cht 1.5

( 1)
Tnh cht 1.6

k
0 hoc
Chng minh:
1. Gi s
l mt vector khng khc
Khi
Vy
(tri gi thit
l duy nht.
2. Gi s vector ngoi vector i
cn c mt vector i khc l
. Tc l :
v
(
Ta c
(tri vi gi thit
)
Vy
l duy nht.
3. Gi s
Ta c (
Li c (
T suy ra
4.
, (0
0)
0 , mt khc (0
0)
Theo tnh cht 1.3 ta suy ra 0

k
k(
Theo tnh cht 1.3 ta suy ra k
5.
ta c
v gi s k
k
(k )
(k
1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
Theo tnh cht 1.3 ta suy ra
6. Nu k
(1
0
0
k
k)
1.5.Php tr 2 vector
nh ngha 1.2
Hiu ca 2 vector v l mt vector k hiu l X-Y v c xc nh nh sau:

(
Php tr 2 vector theo nh ngha trn l php ton ngc ca php cng 2 vector.
8
T cc tnh cht 6 v 7, ta d dng suy ra cc tnh cht tng t i vi php tr 2

vector:
k(
k (k
l)
1.6.Vector s hc n chiu v khng gian vector s hc n chiu

1.6.1.nh ngha vector s hc n chiu
T phn 1.1, ta c nh ngha vector s hc n chiu nh sau:
nh ngha 1.3
Mt b n s thc c th t (x1, x2, , xn) c gi l mt vector s hc n chiu (gi tt
l vector n chiu).
phn bit cc vector, ta gn tn cho mi vector bng cc ch ci in hoa. gn tn
cho vector (x1, x2, , xn) l ta vit:
X = (x1, x2, , xn)
S thc xi (i 1, 2, , n) ng v tr th i trong b n s thc v phi gi l thnh
phn th i ca vector X. B n s thc xc nh vector X trn c th xp thnh 1 dng
hoc 1 ct:
x
x
( )
x
Cn ch rng vector n chiu khng ch n thun l mt b n s thc, m l b n s
thc c th t.
1.6.2.Hai vector n chiu bng nhau

nh ngha 2 vector n chiu bng nhau cng tng t nh nh ngha 2 b n s thc
c th t bng nhau:
nh ngha 1.4
(x , x , , x ) v
(y , y , , y ) c coi l bng nhau khi v
2 vector n chiu
ch khi cc thnh phn v tr tng ng ca chng i mt bng nhau:
x
1, 2, , n
Khi nim 2 vector bng nhau ch p dng cho cc vector c cng s chiu n.
1.6.3.nh ngha khng gian vector n chiu

T phn 1.1 v nh ngha khng gian vector tng qut, ta c nh ngha khng gian
vector s hc n chiu nh sau:
9
nh ngha 1.5
Khng gian vector s hc n chiu (gi tt l khng gian vector n chiu) l tp hp tt

c cc vector n chiu, trong php cng 2 vector v php nhn 1 v hng (1 s)
vi 1 vector c xc nh nh sau:
(x , x , , x ),
(y , y , , y ), k
(x
y ,x
y ,,x
y )
k
(kx , kx , , kx )
Vector khng l vector c tt c cc thnh phn bng 0 :
(x , x , , x ) l vector
Vector i ca vector
( x , x ,, x )
( 1)
(0,0, ,0)
D thy 2 php ton c nh ngha trn tha mn 8 tnh cht ca khng gian
vector, nn tp cc vector n chiu v 2 php ton trn l mt khng gian vector (c
th l mt -khng gian vector).
Khng gian vector n chiu c k hiu l
(Lu rng
cng l tch -cc n ln
ca tp s thc , hay cng chnh l tp cc b n s thc c th t).
(1,0, ,0),
Cc vector
n v ca khng gian .
(0,1, ,0), ,
(0,0, ,1) c gi l cc vector
Trong cc phn tip theo, ta ch xt khng gian vector n chiu v cc khng gian con
ca n. Cc khi nim, nh l, tnh cht, c trnh by tip theo c th c suy
rng cho khng gian vector tng qut v cc khng gian con ca khng gian vector
tng qut.
2.Cc mi lin h tuyn tnh trong khng gian vector

2.1.Ni v thut ng tuyn tnh
Trong ting Hn, t "tuyn" c ngha l ng, tia. Nh vy "tuyn tnh" hiu
mt cch nm na c ngha l "c tnh cht ca ng, tia". Do tnh cht c bn ca
ng, tia l tnh "thng", cho nn tuyn tnh cng c th hiu l "c tnh cht thng".
hiu v thut ng tuyn tnh, ta xt hai i tng "c tnh cht thng"
c hc trong chng trnh THPT l ng thng trong khng gian 2 chiu v mt
phng trong khng gian 3 chiu. Phng trnh tng qut ca 2 i tng ny nh
sau:
i tng
Phng trnh tng qut
ng thng trong ax+by+c=0

khng gian 2 chiu
Phng trnh sau khi tnh tin h

trc ta loi b h s t do
ax+by=0
10
Mt phng trong ax+by+cz+d=0

khng gian 3 chiu
ax+by+cz=0
Nhn vo 2 phng trnh ax by 0 v ax by c

phng trnh u c dng:
0, ta thy v tri ca 2
kx
trong x l mt n s bt k trong tp cc n s X ca phng trnh v k l h s
tng ng vi n s x .
So snh vi phng trnh ca mt s ng cong nh phng trnh ca cc
ng cnic, phng trnh hnh cu, phng trnh ng cong bc 3 v phng trnh
ng sin:
ax2 + bxy+cy2+dx+ey=0 ; ax2+by2+cz2+dx+ey+fz=0 ;
y=ax3+bx2+cx ax3+bx2+cx-y=0 ; y=sin(x) sin(x)-y=0
ta thy cc phng trnh u khng c dng trn.
Nh vy nhng i tng m phng trnh c dng
kx
0 u c tnh
cht thng, hay cn c gi l nhng i tng tuyn tnh. Cn tng
k x c
gi l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca tp n s X.
nh ngha 2.1
Cho m s (n s) x , x , , x
(
hoc
). Mi tng k x (k
i 1,2, , m) c gi l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca cc s (n s) x , x , , x .
2.2.nh ngha t hp tuyn tnh ca h vector

Trc khi i vo khi nim t hp tuyn tnh ca h vector, ta cn xt khi nim h
vector.
nh ngha 1
Mt tp con khc rng gm hu hn hoc v hn cc vector c cng s chiu n (tc l
mt tp con khc rng ca khng gian
) c gi l mt h vector n chiu (nu
khng quan tm n s chiu th c th gi tt l h vector hoc h).
Nh vy khi nim h vector n chiu khng i hi cc vector trong h i mt khc
nhau v khng yu cu th t ca cc vector trong h. Tuy nhin n gin, ta ch
yu xt cc h hu hn vector i mt khc nhau v c quy nh th t ca cc vector
trong h.
Khi ch vit ni dung ca mt h vector m khng vit tn ca h , ta c th b cp
ngoc nhn.
11
Khng gian vector n chiu v cc khng gian con ca n u c th coi nh mt h

vector n chiu vi s vector l v hn.
nh ngha 2
Mt h vector H' gm mt s hoc tt c cc vector ca h H c gi l mt h con
ca n.
Nu h con H' c s vector nh hn s vector ca h H th h H' l h con thc s ca
h H.
D thy khi thm 1 vector x x H, x
th ta c mt h con ca h H.
H (vector x khng c trong h H') vo h H'
T nh ngha 2.1, khi thay t "n s" bng t vector, ta c nh ngha t hp tuyn
tnh ca h vector nh sau:
nh ngha 2.2
Cho h m vector , , , . Mi tng k
mt t hp tuyn tnh ca h vector , , ,
Cc s k (i
(k
1,2, , m) c gi l
1,2, , m) c gi l cc h s ca t hp tuyn tnh.
Nhn vo cng thc ca t hp tuyn tnh, ta thy n c xy dng bi 2 php ton

cng 2 vector v nhn 1 s vi 1 vector. Nh vy c th ni
Mi t hp tuyn tnh ca h , , ,
l kt qu ca cc php ton cng 2 vector
v nhn 1 s vi 1 vector trn cc vector ca h , , , . V ngc li, kt qu
ca cc php ton cng 2 vector v nhn 1 s vi 1 vector trn cc vector ca h
, ,,
l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca h , , , .
V d: vector
3(
(4
) l kt qu ca cc php
ton cng 2 vector v nhn 1 s vi 1 vector trn 3 vector

11
,
cho nn
; li c
cng l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca 3 vector
D dng thy 2 tnh cht sau:
Tnh cht 2.1

Tng ca 2 t hp tuyn tnh bt k ca h
h :
(
)
(
,,
l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca
(
)
12
)
(
Tnh cht 2.2

Tch ca 1 t hp tuyn tnh bt k ca h
tuyn tnh ca h :
)
k(
(k )
,,
vi 1 s k bt k l mt t hp
(k
(k
Hai tnh cht trn chng t:

nh l 2.1
Tp hp cc t hp tuyn tnh ca h vector n chiu
con ca khng gian .
,,
l mt khng gian
2.3.Php biu din tuyn tnh

nh ngha 2.3
Ta ni rng vector
c th biu din tuyn tnh (gi tt l biu din tuyn tnh)
qua h vector n chiu , , ,
khi v ch khi tn ti mt t hp tuyn tnh ca h
vector , , ,
bng vector X, tc l tn ti cc s thc k , k , , k sao cho:
k
k
k
c bit nu vector X biu din tuyn tnh qua 1 vector (
k ) th ta ni rng
vector X t l vi vector Y.
Nh vy kim tra xem vector c th biu din tuyn tnh qua h , , ,
hay
khng, ta ch cn gii phng trnh
k
k
k
(thng qua vic
gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh). Mi nghim (k , k , , k ) ca phng trnh l mt
cch biu din tuyn tnh vector qua h , , , .
V d 2.3.1
Vector
(3, 3, 9) biu din tuyn tnh qua h vector
(2, 1, 2),
( 5,4,8) do
3
4
(0,1,3),
V d 2.3.2
Vector khng biu din tuyn tnh qua mi h vector:
0
0
0
T hp tuyn tnh v phi (vi tt c cc h s bng 0) c gi l t hp tuyn tnh
tm thng ca h vector.
D nhin, mi vector
, ,, :
,,
u biu din tuyn tnh qua h vector
1
0
0
Tng qut hn, mi t hp tuyn tnh ca h p vector bt k trong m vector
, ,,
(p m) u biu din tuyn tnh qua h vector , , , .
13
nh l sau y cho thy php biu din tuyn tnh c tnh cht bc cu.
nh l 2.2
Nu vector
biu din tuyn tnh qua h vector
,
(i 1,2, , m) u biu din tuyn tnh qua h vector ,
din tuyn tnh qua h vector , , , .
(Bn c t chng minh thng qua 2 tnh cht 2.1 v 2.2)
,,
,,
v mi vector
th vector biu
2.4.c lp tuyn tnh Ph thuc tuyn tnh

2.4.1.Khi nim c lp tuyn tnh ph thuc tuyn tnh
nh ngha 2.4
Cho h m vector , , , . Ta ni h vector , , ,
c lp tuyn tnh khi v
ch khi vector khng ch biu din tuyn tnh qua h vector , , ,
bng t hp
tuyn tnh tm thng, tc l:
k
0 i
1,2, , m
Ngc li, nu tn ti t hp tuyn tnh khng tm thng ca h vector

bng vector khng, tc l:
(k , k , , k )
th ta ni h vector
,,
(0,0, ,0) k
ph thuc tuyn tnh.
,,
Nh vy kim tra xem mt h vector , , ,

l c lp tuyn tnh hay ph
thuc tuyn tnh, ta ch cn gii phng trnh k
k
k
(thng
qua vic gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht):
Nu phng trnh ch c nghim tm thng (k , k , , k ) (0,0, ,0) th h

vector , , ,
c lp tuyn tnh.
Nu phng trnh c v s nghim th h vector , , ,

ph thuc tuyn
tnh (do tn ti nghim khng tm thng).
2.4.2.Cc nh l c bn v s c lp tuyn tnh ph thuc tuyn tnh

nh l 2.3
Mt h vector c t 2 vector tr ln ph thuc tuyn tnh khi v ch khi t nht mt
vector ca h biu din tuyn tnh qua cc vector cn li.
Chng minh: t h vector
,,
* Gi s h vector ph thuc tuyn tnh. D dng thy rng trong h thc

k
k
k
, vector no c h s khc 0 th vector biu din
14
tuyn tnh qua cc vector cn li. Tht vy, nu k

cc vector cn li nh sau:
k
k
k
k
0 th
biu din tuyn tnh qua
k
k
* Ngc li, nu mt vector no ca h biu din tuyn tnh qua cc vector cn li

th h vector ph thuc tuyn tnh. Gi s
biu din tuyn tnh qua cc vector cn
li:
Khi ta c:
( 1)
T hp tuyn tnh v tri c h s
tnh.
0, do h vector ph thuc tuyn
H qu 2.3.1
H 2 vector ph thuc tuyn tnh khi v ch khi 2 vector t l.
Do vector khng biu din tuyn tnh qua mi h vector, nn ta c h qu sau:
H qu 2.3.2
Mi h vector cha vector khng u ph thuc tuyn tnh. Ni cch khc, mi h
vector c lp tuyn tnh u khng cha vector khng.
Trng hp c bit: H 1 vector X ph thuc tuyn tnh khi v ch khi
nh l 2.4
Nu mt h vector c mt h con ph thuc tuyn tnh th h vector ph thuc
tuyn tnh.
Chng minh: Gi s h vector

hn nh h p vector u
,,
, ,,
c mt h con ph thuc tuyn tnh, chng

(p m). Khi tn ti b s thc
(k , k , , k ) trong c t nht 1 s khc 0, sao cho:

k
T suy ra:
k
ng thc trn chng t h vector
0
,
,,
ph thuc tuyn tnh.
H qu 2.4.1
Nu mt h vector c lp tuyn tnh th mi h con ca n u c lp tuyn tnh.
15
H qu 2.4.2
Nu trong mt h vector c 2 vector no t l th h vector ph thuc tuyn tnh.
nh l 2.5
Cho 2 h vector n chiu , , ,
(H ) v , , ,
(H ). Nu m > p v mi
vector ca h (H ) biu din tuyn tnh qua h (H ) th h vector (H ) ph thuc
tuyn tnh.
Chng minh: Theo gi thit, mi vector ca h (H ) biu din tuyn tnh qua h (H ),
tc l:
t h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht m n s k , k , , k :

k
k
k
0
k
k
k
0
{
k
k
k
0
Do s phng trnh nh hn s n (p < m) nn h c v s nghim. Gi
(k , k , , k ) l mt nghim khng tm thng ca h. Ta c:
k
k
k
k (
)
k (
)
k (
)
( k
k
k )
( k
k
k )
( k
k
k )
0
0
0
iu ny chng t h vector (H ) ph thuc tuyn tnh.
H qu 2.5.1
Nu h vector (H ) c lp tuyn tnh v mi vector ca h (H ) biu din tuyn tnh
qua h (H ) th m p
Bn c t chng minh bng phn chng.
H qu 2.5.2
16
Nu c hai h vector (H ) v (H ) c lp tuyn tnh, ng thi mi vector ca h

(H ) biu din tuyn tnh qua h (H ) v ngc li, mi vector ca h (H ) biu din
tuyn tnh qua h (H ), th hai h vector c s vector bng nhau, tc l m p.
Theo h qu 2.5.1, ta c m
p v p
m, do m
p.
nh l 2.6
Mi h vector n chiu vi s vector ln hn n u ph thuc tuyn tnh.
Chng minh: Trc ht ta thy rng trong khng gian
, mi vector
,, :
(x , x , , x ) u biu din tuyn tnh qua h vector n v ,

x
x
x
Nh vy mi vector ca h vector n chiu , , ,
u biu din tuyn tnh qua
h vector n v , , , . Theo nh l 2.5, nu m > n th h vector , , ,
ph thuc tuyn tnh.
H qu 2.6.1
Trong khng gian
qu n.
, mi h vector c lp tuyn tnh u c s vector khng vt
nh l 2.7
Gi s h vector , , ,
c lp tuyn tnh. Khi nu vector X biu din tuyn
tnh qua h vector , , ,
th cch biu din l duy nht.
Chng minh: Gi s vector X biu din tuyn tnh qua h vector
,,
theo t
nht 2 cch khc nhau, tc l:

(
Do h vector
thit (
,,
,,
(
, ,,
)
( ,
,,
): {
)
(
)
(
)
c lp tuyn tnh, ta suy ra:
( , , , ) ( , , , ) (tri gi
0
( , , , )). T suy ra iu phi chng minh.
nh l 2.8
Gi s h vector , , ,
c lp tuyn tnh. Khi h vector , , , , ph
thuc tuyn tnh khi v ch khi vector U biu din tuyn tnh qua h vector
, ,,
(cch biu din l duy nht theo nh nh l 2.7)
Chng minh:
(
): Suy ra t nh l 2.3
17
(
(
): Gi s h vector , , , , ph thuc tuyn tnh, khi tn ti b s thc

, , , , ), trong c t nht mt s khc 0, sao cho:
Do h vector , , ,
tuyn tnh qua h vector
c lp tuyn tnh nn
, ,,
nh sau:
0, khi vector
biu din
T suy ra iu phi chng minh.
2.4.3.Tnh cht ca h con c lp tuyn tnh ti i

nh l 2.9
Cho H l mt h vector n chiu (H c th c hu hn hoc v hn cc vector). H con
c lp tuyn tnh H' ca h H c gi l ti i (s vector l ln nht) khi v ch khi
nu thm bt k vector no ca h H vo h H' th ta c h ph thuc tuyn tnh.
Hin nhin nu thm mt vector bt k ca H' vo H' th ta c h ph thuc tuyn tnh,
cho nn ta ch xt trng hp thm mt vector khng c trong H' vo h H'. M khi
h H'' gm vector v cc vector ca h H' l mt h con ca h H, cho nn nh l
c th c vit li nh sau:

c lp tuyn tnh H' ca h H c gi l ti i khi v ch khi mi h con ca H m
thc s cha H' u ph thuc tuyn tnh.
Chng minh: t h H' l mt h con c lp tuyn tnh ca h H.
( ): Hin nhin nu tn ti h con c lp tuyn tnh H'' ca H m thc s cha H'
th h H' khng th ti i. Cho nn nu h H' l h con c lp tuyn tnh ti i ca
h H th mi h con H'' ca H m thc s cha H' u ph thuc tuyn tnh.
( ): Gi s mi h con H'' ca H m thc s cha H' u ph thuc tuyn tnh. t
cc h con H'' gm cc vector ca h H' v mt vector khng c trong h H'. Theo
nh l 2.8, ta suy ra mi vector khng c trong h H' u biu din tuyn tnh qua
h H', do mi vector ca h H u biu din tuyn tnh qua h H'. Theo h qu
2.5.1, mi h con c lp tuyn tnh ca h H u phi c s vector nh hn hoc
bng s vector ca H'. Do H' l h con c lp tuyn tnh ti i ca h H.
H qu 2.9.1
Nu H' l h con c lp tuyn tnh ti i ca h H th mi vector ca h H u biu
din tuyn tnh qua h H' (cch biu din l duy nht theo nh nh l 2.7).
18
H qu 2.9.2
Mi h con c lp tuyn tnh ti i ca h H u c s vector bng nhau.
Gi s S v S' l hai h con c lp tuyn tnh ti i ca h H. Theo h qu 2.9.1, ta
suy ra mi vector ca h S u biu din tuyn tnh qua h S' v ngc li, cho nn h
S v S' c s vector bng nhau (theo h qu 2.5.2)
3.Khng gian vector con

3.1.nh ngha v khng gian vector con
t mt tp hp vector n chiu L
. Cc php ton c trng ca khng gian
vector n chiu
(php cng 2 vector v php nhn 1 s vi 1 vector) p dng cho
cc vector ca tp hp L s tr thnh cc php ton ca bn thn n nu tha mn 2
iu kin sau:
1. L kn i vi php cng 2 vector, tc l
2. L kn i vi php nhn 1 s vi 1 vector, tc l
L, k
Trong trng hp ny, ta c th xem L nh mt khng gian c cu trc php cng 2

vector v php nhn 1 s vi 1 vector.
nh ngha 3.1
Mt tp hp khng rng L
c gi l khng gian vector con (gi tt l khng
gian con) ca khng gian
nu n kn i vi php cng 2 vector v php nhn 1 s
vi 1 vector.
Nh vy thut ng khng gian con bao gm 2 kha cnh: th nht, L l mt tp con
khng rng ca
; th hai, cc php ton trong L chnh l cc php ton p dng
cho mi vector ca
3.2.Cc tnh cht ca khng gian vector con

Tnh cht 3.1
Mi khng gian con L u cha vector khng
Tht vy, ly 1 vector
L ta c
Tnh cht 3.2

Vi mi vector
( 1)
L, vector i ca n cng thuc L

L
Tnh cht 3.3

,
L k, l
k
l
L. Tng qut hn, mi t hp tuyn tnh ca mt h
vector bt k ca khng gian L u thuc khng gian L.
,
L k, l
, ta c k
L, l
k
19
3.3.V d v khng gian vector con

V d 3.3.1
Bn thn
l mt khng gian con ca
cng l mt khng gian con ca .
v tp hp ch cha vector khng L
{ }
V d 3.3.2
Trong khng gian
ta xt tp hp :
(x , x , x ) ax
* Vi
(x , x , x ) v
bx
cx
0} vi a, b, c l 3 s thc cho trc.
(y , y , y ) l hai vector bt k thuc tp hp L ta c:
ax
bx
cx
0 v ay
by
cy
0
Hai ng thc trn ko theo: a(x
y ) b(x
y )
cx ) (ay
by
cy ) 0
iu ny chng t
(x
y ,x
y ,x
y ) L
c(x
y )
(x , x , x ) l mt vector bt k thuc tp hp L ta c ax
* Vi
ko theo: a(kx ) b(kx ) c(kx ) k(ax
bx
cx ) 0
iu ny chng t k
(kx , kx , kx )
(ax
bx
bx
cx
0,
Nh vy tp L
kn i vi php cng 2 vector v php nhn 1 s vi 1 vector, do
L l mt khng gian con ca khng gian .
V d 3.3.3
Tp hp L {
chng minh)
(0, x, y, ) x, y,
} l mt khng gian con ca
(bn c t
3.4.Khng gian con sinh bi h vector

nh l 3.1
Giao ca cc khng gian con ca
Chng minh: Gi s (
,
(I l tp ch s) l mt h cc khng gian con ca

,
I
i
i
k
20
I
I
Nh vy
l mt khng gian con ca .
T nh l 1 suy ra rng vi mi tp con S ca

lun tn ti khng gian con
nht ca
cha S. chnh l giao ca tt c cc khng gian con ca
cha S.
nh ngha 3.2
Khng gian
b nht ca
cha S, k hiu
span(S).
cha S l giao ca tt c cc khng gian con ca
(S l mt h vector n chiu) th khng gian cn c gi l khng gian

b nht ca
sinh bi h S, v S l h sinh ca khng gian .
Nu S
Do span(S) l giao ca tt c cc khng gian con ca

khng gian con ca
th span(S) S.
D dng thy rng nu S
v { }
). Vy nu S
cho cu hi :
cha S, cho nn nu S l mt
th span(S) { } (do { } l khng gian b nht ca

th span(S) gm nhng vector no? nh l sau s tr li
nh l 3.2
span(S) bng tp cc t hp tuyn tnh ca h S.
Chng minh: Gi
' l tp cc t hp tuyn tnh ca h S {x , x , , x }. chng

' l khng gian con b nht ca
cha S, ta cn chng minh 3 sau:
minh
(i) W' cha S: Vi mi x

(ii)
S (i
' l khng gian con ca

, ta c u
W'' cha S nn x
tnh cht 3.3)
Do
span(S)
x
i
hay
1. x
, vy S
: iu ny ng theo nh l 2.1
(iii) W' nh nht cha S: Gi s

Vi mi u
1,2, , m), ta c x
'' l khng gian con bt k ca

x
1,2, , m
cha S.
x
u
' l khng gian con nh nht ca
x
cha S. Vy
4.C s v s chiu ca khng gian vector

4.1.H sinh
nh ngha 4.1
Cho L l mt khng gian con ca khng gian
21
(L c th bng
(Theo
Mt h vector , , ,
ca khng gian L c gi l mt h sinh ca n nu mi
vector trong L u biu din tuyn tnh qua h vector , , , .
Nu khng gian L c t nht mt h sinh hu hn vector th L c gi l khng gian
hu hn sinh.
R rng mi vector trong h sinh , , ,
u biu din tuyn tnh qua h sinh
. Nh vy, khi xt mt h vector , , ,
c phi l h sinh hay khng, ta ch
cn kim tra xem cc vector khng c trong h c biu din tuyn tnh qua h hay
khng.
V d 4.1.1
H cc vector n v E1, E2, , n l mt h sinh ca khng gian
(x , x , , x )
u biu din tuyn tnh qua h , , , :
x
x
x
v mi vector
V d 4.1.2
Khng gian L { } ch c mt h sinh duy nht l S { }. V ch c khng gian
L { } mi c h sinh S { } (do ch c vector khng l t hp tuyn tnh ca vector
khng). Tc l L { }
S { }
V d 4.1.3
(1, 1,2),
H
(2,3,5),
(1, 6,1)
l h sinh ca khng gian
span(S) vi S
}.
Chng minh:
trong
ca W).
span(S) l tp cc t hp tuyn tnh ca X1, X2, X3 nn mi vector

u biu din tuyn tnh qua h X1, X2, X3 (hay h vector X1, X2, X3 l h sinh
Li c
3
nn cc vector ca h X1, X2, X3 u biu din tuyn tnh qua h
X1, X2. T suy ra cc vector ca W u biu din tuyn tnh qua h X1, X2, hay h
vector X1, X2 l h sinh ca W.
Qua v d trn, ta thy h vector X1, X2, X3 v h vector X1, X2 u l h sinh ca khng
gian W = span(S).
nh l 4.1
Nu h vector ,
cha h , , ,
,,
l mt h sinh ca khng gian L th mi h vector ca L
u l h sinh ca khng gian L.
22
Chng minh: Gi h vector cha h sinh
, ,,
l h , , , , , , , .
trong khng gian L u c th biu din tuyn tnh qua h
Do mi vector
, ,, :
nn chng cng c th biu din tuyn tnh qua h

k
,,
0
,,

Trong cc phn tip theo, ta ch xt cc khng gian vector hu hn sinh v cc h sinh
hu hn ca n.
4.2.H sinh ti thiu v cc c im ca n

Ta thy khng gian L { } c duy nht mt h sinh l S { }, h sinh ny va l h
sinh ti thiu va l h sinh ti i ca khng gian L. Vy trong cc khng gian
L { } th cc h sinh ti thiu v khng ti thiu ca n c c im g?
Trc khi xem xt h sinh ti thiu, ta s chng minh mt s c im ca h sinh
khng ti thiu:
nh l 4.2
H sinh S l mt h sinh khng ti thiu ca khng gian L
S l h vector ph thuc tuyn tnh.
{ } khi v ch khi h sinh
Chng minh:
( ): Gi s h sinh S { , , , } khng phi l h sinh ti thiu, tc l tn ti t
nht mt h sinh S
{ , , , } c p < m. Do cc vector ca h S u biu din
tuyn tnh qua h S' nn theo nh l 2.5 ta c h sinh S ph thuc tuyn tnh.
(
): Gi s S
,,
} l mt h sinh ph thuc tuyn tnh ca khng gian L.
Do L { }
S { }, ta suy ra L { }
S { }, m S ph thuc tuyn tnh cho
nn S phi c t nht 2 vector, ng thi trong h S phi c t nht mt vector biu
din tuyn tnh qua cc vector cn li. Gi s l vector , suy ra mi vector trong
h S u c th biu din tuyn tnh qua h S
{ , , }.
Do mi vector trong khng gian L u biu din tuyn tnh qua h S, nn chng u
biu din tuyn tnh qua h S', hay h S' l mt h sinh ca khng gian L. T suy ra
h S khng phi l h sinh ti thiu ca khng gian L.
23
Theo chng minh (

c h qu sau:
) ca nh l 4.2, do S' l mt h con thc s ca h sinh S nn ta
H qu 4.2.1
Mi h sinh khng ti thiu ca khng gian L
thc s ca n l h sinh.
{ } u tn ti t nht mt h con
T h qu 4.2.1, ta rt ra c im c bn ca h sinh ti thiu di y:

nh l 4.3
H sinh , , ,
l h sinh ti thiu (s vector t nht) ca khng gian L khi v
ch khi mi h con thc s ca , , ,
u khng phi l h sinh.
Chng minh:
( ): iu ny hin nhin ng bi v mt h sinh m tn ti t nht mt h con thc
s ca n l h sinh th n khng phi l mt h sinh ti thiu.
(
): Theo h qu 4.2.1, ta suy ra iu phi chng minh.
xc nh h sinh ti thiu ca mt khng gian vector theo nh l 4.3 l rt kh.

nh l di y s m t cc c im ca h sinh ti thiu, qua cho chng ta
phng php tm h sinh ti thiu ca mt khng gian vector.
nh l 4.4
Gi s S l mt h sinh ca khng gian L
ng:
{ }. Khi cc mnh sau l tng
(i) S l mt h sinh ti thiu ca L.

(ii) S l mt h sinh c lp tuyn tnh ca L.
(iii) S l mt h vector c lp tuyn tnh ti i ca L.
(iv) S l mt h sinh m mi vector ca L biu din tuyn tnh qua S theo cch duy
nht.
Chng minh:
t S
()
,,
} l mt h sinh ca khng gian L
{ }.
( ): Theo nh l 4.2, ta c iu phi chng minh.
( )
( ): t mi h vector c lp tuyn tnh ca khng gian L. Do mi vector
ca
u c th biu din tuyn tnh qua h sinh S, nn theo h qu 2.5.1, ta c s
vector ca W phi nh hn hoc bng s vector ca S. Do S l mt h vector c
lp tuyn tnh ti i ca L.
24
( )
( ): S { , , , } l h vector c lp tuyn tnh ti i nn theo h
qu 2.9.1, mi vector ca khng gian L u biu din tuyn tnh qua h S theo cch
duy nht. T suy ra iu phi chng minh.
( )
( ): Ta chng minh thng qua b sau: "Vi mi h sinh S ph thuc tuyn
tnh ca khng gian L { }, tn ti t nht mt vector
L biu din tuyn tnh qua
h S theo nhiu hn 1 cch".
Gi s S { , , , } l mt h sinh ph thuc tuyn tnh ca khng gian L { },
suy ra S phi c t nht 2 vector, ng thi trong h S phi c t nht mt vector
biu din tuyn tnh qua cc vector cn li. Gi s l vector , tc l:
k
Khi vector
c t nht 2 cch biu din tuyn tnh qua h S:

0
k
1
k
0
k
0
H qu 4.4.1
Mi h sinh ti thiu u c s vector bng nhau.
t S v S' l 2 h sinh ti thiu bt k ca khng gian L { }. Theo nh l 4.4, S v S'
l 2 h vector c lp tuyn tnh ti i ca khng gian L, do hai h S v S' phi c
s vector bng nhau (theo h qu 2.9.2).
H qu 4.4.2
Mi h n vector n chiu c lp tuyn tnh u l h sinh ti thiu ca khng gian
Suy ra mi h sinh ti thiu ca khng gian
u c s vector ng bng n.
Theo nh l 2.6, mi h vector n chiu c s vector ln hn n u ph thuc tuyn

tnh, cho nn mi h n vector n chiu c lp tuyn tnh u l cc h vector c lp
tuyn tnh ti i ca
. Theo nh l 4.4, chng u l h sinh ti thiu ca khng
gian
, t suy ra mi h sinh ti thiu ca khng gian
u c s vector ng
bng n.
Theo nh l 4.4, nu S l mt h sinh ti thiu ca khng gian L th mi vector ca L
biu din tuyn tnh qua S theo cch duy nht. Tnh "sinh" v tnh "duy nht" ny l
nhng c im ca mt c s ca khng gian L.
25
4.3.C s v s chiu ca mt khng gian

nh ngha 4.2
Cho L l mt khng gian con ca
(L c th bng
).
Mt h vector C {P , P , , P } ca khng gian L c gi l mt c s ca n nu

mi vector ca L u biu din tuyn tnh qua C theo cch duy nht.
Theo nh ngha, ta suy ra khng gian L
{ } khng c c s.
Nh vy, kim tra xem mt h vector C {P , P , , P } c l c s ca khng gian

L { } hay khng, ta ch cn kim tra xem h C c tha mn t nht 1 trong 4 c
im di y hay khng:
(i) C l mt h sinh ti thiu ca L.
(ii) C l mt h sinh c lp tuyn tnh ca L.
(iii) C l mt h vector c lp tuyn tnh ti i ca L.
(iv) C l mt h sinh m mi vector ca L biu din tuyn tnh qua S theo cch duy
nht.
Trong c im d chng minh nht l (ii), tc l chng minh C l mt h sinh c
lp tuyn tnh ca khng gian L.
D thy 2 c s ca cng mt khng gian c s vector bng nhau (suy ra t h qu
4.4.1)
V d 4.3.1
H vector n v , , , l mt c s ca khng gian
(do h vector n v l
mt h sinh c lp tuyn tnh ca
). Ta gi h vector ny l c s n v ca
khng gian .
V d 4.3.2
L {
vector P
(0, x, y)} l mt khng gian con ca

(bn c t chng minh). H 2
(0,1,0), P
(0,2, 1) l mt c s ca khng gian L.
Chng minh: R rng 2 vector P
(0,1,0), P
(0,2, 1) u thuc khng gian L.
H vector P , P c lp tuyn tnh do 2 vector khng t l.

Ta chng minh h vector P , P l h sinh ca khng gian L.
Vi mt vector
(0, x, y) bt k ca L, ta xt phng trnh:

0k
0k
0
2k
x
k P k P
{ k
k
y
26
H phng trnh lun c nghim (k , k ) (x 2y, y), do mi vector ca khng

gian L u biu din tuyn tnh qua h vector P , P , hay h vector P , P l mt h sinh
ca khng gian L.
Do h vector P , P l h sinh c lp tuyn tnh ca khng gian L nn h cng l mt
c s ca khng gian L.
V d 4.3.3
(1, 1,2),
(2,3,5),
khng gian
span(S) vi S
, khng t l), cho nn h
(1, 6,1). Theo v d 4.1.3, h , l h sinh ca

{ , , }. H , c lp tuyn tnh (do 2 vector
, l mt c s ca khng gian
span(S).
Ta c nh ngha s chiu ca mt khng gian nh sau:

nh ngha 4.3
Cho L l mt khng gian con ca
(L c th bng
). S vector ca c s ca
khng gian L c gi l s chiu ca khng gian L, k hiu dim L. Quy c
dim{ } 0.
V d 4.3.4
H vector n v
,,
l mt c s ca
, do
V d 4.3.5
(0, x, y)} l mt khng gian con ca .
L {
(0,1,0), P
(0,2, 1) l mt c s ca L, cho nn
H 2 vector P
2.
V d 4.3.6
(1, 1,2),
(2,3,5),
span(S), cho nn
2
(1, 6,1). H
nh l 4.5
Mi khng gian con ca khng gian
Chng minh: D thy khng gian L
l mt c s ca khng gian
u c s chiu nh hn hoc bng n.

{ } c
0 < n.
Vi L { }, theo nh l 2.6 ta suy ra mi h vector c lp tuyn tnh ca khng gian

L c s vector nh hn hoc bng n. Do mi c s ca khng gian L u c s
vector nh hn hoc bng n, t suy ra iu phi chng minh.
nh l 4.6
Gi s
L
r v H
,,
} l mt h m vector ca L. Khi :
27
(i): Nu h H c lp tuyn tnh th m

(ii): Nu h H l h sinh ca L th m
(iii): Nu m
r
r
r th h H c lp tuyn tnh khi v ch khi h H l h sinh ca L.
Chng minh: t H' l mt h sinh ti thiu ca L, khi s vector ca H' l r.

(i): Theo h qu 2.5.1, ta c s vector ca H phi nh hn hoc bng s vector ca H',
tc l m r.
(ii): H c th l h sinh ti thiu hoc khng, do s vector ca H ln hn hoc bng
s vector ca H', tc l m r
(iii):
( ): Do m r nn theo (i), H l h vector c lp tuyn tnh ti i ca L nn H l
mt h sinh ca L.
( ): Do m r nn theo (ii), H l h sinh ti thiu ca L, do H l mt h vector c
lp tuyn tnh ca L.
H qu 4.6.1
Trong mt khng gian con r chiu ca khng gian
hn r u ph thuc tuyn tnh.
, mi h vector c s vector ln
4.4.Ta ca vector trong c s

Cho C {P , P , , P } l mt c s ca khng gian L. Mi vector
duy nht mt b m s thc c th t ( , , , ) tha mn:
P
nh ngha 4.4
B m s thc c th t (
vector trong c s C.
,,
L cho tng ng
P ( )
) tha mn h thc (*) c gi l ta ca
Theo nh ngha, ta thy ta ca vector X ph thuc vo c s ca khng gian L m

ta chn. D dng thy rng ta ca mt vector trong c s n v chnh l vector
.
Nh vy, tm ta ca mt vector trong c s C {P , P , , P }, ta gii phng
trnh
P
P
P (thng qua vic gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh).
Nghim duy nht ca n chnh l ta ca vector X trong c s C.
28
5.Hng ca mt h hu hn vector
5.1.C s ca mt h vector
nh ngha 5.1
Cho mt h m vector H { , , , }. C s ca h H l mt h con H' sao cho mi
vector ca h H u biu din tuyn tnh qua h H' theo cch duy nht.
Theo nh ngha, ta d dng chng minh c h H { } khng c c s, ng thi
khng c h con c lp tuyn tnh. Ta cng chng minh c rng H
{ } khng l
c s ca mt h vector no c. Vy vi h H { }, c s ca n c c im g? nh
l sau y s tr li cho cu hi :
nh l 5.1
Cho H' l h con ca h H
{ }. Khi cc mnh sau l tng ng:
(i) H' l c s ca h H.
(ii) H' l h con c lp tuyn tnh ti i ca h H.
(iii) H' l h con c lp tuyn tnh m mi vector ca H u biu din tuyn tnh qua
h H'.
Chng minh:
(i)
(ii): Ta chng minh minh b sau: "Mi h con ph thuc tuyn tnh ca h
vector H u khng phi l c s ca n".
Hin nhin nu H
{ } th H' khng l c s ca h H.
{ }) l mt h con ph thuc tuyn tnh ca h

Gi s H
{ , , , } (H
vector H, suy ra H' phi c t nht 2 vector, ng thi trong h H' phi c t nht mt
vector biu din tuyn tnh qua cc vector cn li. Gi s l vector , tc l:
k
Khi vector
c t nht 2 cch biu din tuyn tnh qua h H':

0
k
1
do H' khng phi l c s ca h vector H.

Nh vy nu H' l c s ca h H th H' phi l mt h vector c lp tuyn tnh.
t h H'' l mt h con c lp tuyn tnh bt k ca h H. Do mi vector ca h H''
u biu din tuyn tnh qua h H' nn theo h qu 2.5.1, s vector ca h H'' nh hn
29
hoc bng s vector ca h H'. Do h H' l mt h con c lp tuyn tnh ti i ca

h H.
(ii)
(iii) v (iii)
(i) l ni dung ca h qu 2.9.1 nn ng.
nh l 5.2
Mi c s ca h H u c s vector bng nhau.
Chng minh: Gi s H' v H'' u l c s ca h H, suy ra H' v H'' l hai h con c

lp tuyn tnh ti i ca h H. Theo h qu 2.9.2, h H' v h H'' c s vector bng
nhau.
Nh vy kim tra xem H' c phi l c s ca h H hay khng, ta ch cn kim tra
xem H' c tha mn t nht 1 trong 3 c im di y hay khng:
(i) H' l mt h con m mi vector ca h H u biu din tuyn tnh qua h H' theo
cch duy nht (nh ngha).
h H'.
Trong c im d chng minh nht l (iii), tc l chng minh H' l h con c lp
tuyn tnh m mi vector ca H u biu din tuyn tnh qua h H' (thc t ta ch cn
xt cc vector ca H m khng c trong h H' c biu din tuyn tnh qua h H' hay
khng).
V d 5.1.1
Cho h vector 4 chiu
(1,2,0,1)
(1,3,2,0)
(2,3, 2,3)
(1,4,4, 1)
H con gm 2 vector
l c s ca h vector cho v:
X1, X2 c lp tuyn tnh (2 vector khng t l)

Mi vector cn li ca h cho biu din tuyn tnh qua h X1, X2:
3
Chng minh tng t, h con gm 2 vector
30
2
,
l c s ca h vector cho.
5.2.Hng ca mt h vector
nh ngha 5.2
S vector ca c s ca h vector H c gi l hng ca h vector H, k hiu l r(H).
Quy c r({ }) 0.
Hng ca mt h vector l mt s t nhin r. Hin nhin l r khng th vt qu s
vector ca h. Mc khc, c s ca mt h vector n chiu l mt h vector c lp
tuyn tnh, do r
n. Nh vy hng ca mt h vector khng vt qu s vector
ca h v khng vt qu s chiu ca khng gian.
Theo nh l 5.1, ta suy ra
nh l 5.3
S vector c lp tuyn tnh ti i trong h vector H cng chnh l hng ca h
vector .
T ta d dng suy ra cc h qu sau:
H qu 5.3.1
Mt h vector n chiu ph thuc tuyn tnh khi v ch khi hng ca h vector nh
hn s vector ca n. Ni cch khc, mt h vector n chiu c lp tuyn tnh khi v
ch khi hng ca h vector ng bng s vector ca n.
H vector H c lp tuyn tnh khi v ch khi H l h con c lp tuyn tnh ti i ca
chnh n. iu tng ng vi hng ca h H ng bng s vector ca n, nn ta
c iu phi chng minh.
H qu 5.3.2
Nu hng ca h vector bng r th mi h con gm r vector c lp tuyn tnh ca h
vector u l c s ca n.
nh l 5.4
Cho 2 h vector n chiu , , ,
(H ) v , , , (H ). Nu mi vector ca h
(H ) biu din tuyn tnh qua h (H ) th hng ca h (H ) khng ln hn hng ca
h (H ).
Chng minh: Gi P l mt c s ca h (H ) v Q l mt c s ca h (H ). V P l mt
h con ca h (H ) nn mi vector ca c s P u biu din tuyn tnh qua h (H ).
Li c mi vector ca (H ) u biu din tuyn tnh qua c s Q, cho nn mi vector
ca c s P u biu din tuyn tnh qua c s Q. V P l mt h vector c lp tuyn
31
tnh nn theo h qu 2.5.1, s vector ca P khng ln hn s vector ca Q, suy ra hng

ca h (H ) khng ln hn hng ca h (H ). nh l c chng minh.
5.3.Cc php bin i khng lm thay i hng

5.3.1.Php bin i thm bt vector
Cho h vector n chiu H { , , , }.
Nu thm vo h H mt vector
, ta c h vector H
Ngc li, nu bt i vector ca h H' th ta c h H.
,,
, }.
nh l 5.5
Nu vector X biu din tuyn tnh qua cc vector ca h H th hai h vector H v H' c
hng bng nhau. Ni cch khc, hng ca mt h vector khng thay i nu ta thm
vo 1 vector biu din tuyn tnh qua h , hoc bt i 1 vector biu din tuyn tnh
qua cc vector cn li ca h .
Chng minh: Gi P l mt c s ca h H. V vector biu din tuyn tnh qua h H v

mi vector ca h H biu din tuyn tnh qua h P, cho nn vector biu din tuyn
tnh qua h P. Nh vy mi vector ca H' biu din tuyn tnh qua h P, m h P l
mt h con c lp tuyn tnh ca h H', cho nn h P cng l c s ca h H'. Do
hng ca H v H' bng nhau.
5.3.2.Cc php bin i s cp

nh ngha 5.3
Cc php bin i sau y i vi h vector c gi l cc php bin i s cp:
1. i ch 2 vector ca h.
2. Nhn 1 vector ca h vi mt s k 0.
3. Cng vo mt vector ca h tch ca mt vector khc trong cng h vi mt s
bt k.
nh l 5.6
Cc php bin i s cp ca h vector khng lm thay i hng ca n.
Chng minh:
1. nh l hin nhin ng i vi php bin i s cp th nht.
2. t mt h vector n chiu bt k H { , , , }. Nhn vector ca h vi mt
s k 0 ta c h vector H
{k , , , }.
p dng nh l 5.5, ta thy 2 h H v H' u c hng bng hng ca h vector sau:
H
{k , , , , }
Tht vy:
32
- Vector k
biu din tuyn tnh qua h H:

k
- Vector
biu din tuyn tnh qua h H':

1
(k ) 0
0
k
Vy 2 h H v H' c hng bng nhau, do php bin i th 2 khng lm thay i
hng ca h vector.
2. t mt h vector n chiu bt k H { , , , }. Cng vo vector
tch ca
vector vi mt s k, ta c h vector H
{
k , , , }.
p dng nh l 5.5, ta thy 2 h H v H' u c hng v bng hng ca h vector sau:
H
{
k , , ,, }
Tht vy:
- Vector
biu din tuyn tnh qua h H:

k
- Vector
biu din tuyn tnh qua h H':

(
Vy 2 h H v H' c hng bng nhau, do php bin i th 3 khng lm thay i

hng ca h vector.
33
34
Mc lc phn "Tm tt kin thc"

1. Vector v khng gian vector ........................................................................................................................................ 38
1.1. nh ngha vector v khng gian vector tng qut................................................................................... 38
1.2. Cc v d v khng gian vector ......................................................................................................................... 39
1.3. Mt s tnh cht ca khng gian vector ........................................................................................................ 40
1.4. Php tr 2 vector................................................................................................................................................... 40
1.5. Vector s hc n chiu v khng gian vector s hc n chiu .................................................................. 40
1.5.1. nh ngha vector s hc n chiu ........................................................................................................... 40

1.5.2. Hai vector n chiu bng nhau .................................................................................................................. 41
1.5.3. nh ngha khng gian vector n chiu .................................................................................................. 41
2. Cc mi lin h tuyn tnh trong khng gian vector ........................................................................................... 42
2.1. nh ngha t hp tuyn tnh ca h vector ................................................................................................ 42
2.2. Php biu din tuyn tnh .................................................................................................................................. 43
2.3. c lp tuyn tnh Ph thuc tuyn tnh .................................................................................................. 43
2.3.1. Khi nim c lp tuyn tnh ph thuc tuyn tnh .................................................................... 43

2.3.2. Cc nh l c bn v s c lp tuyn tnh ph thuc tuyn tnh ......................................... 45
2.3.3. Tnh cht ca h con c lp tuyn tnh ti i ................................................................................ 46
3. Khng gian vector con ................................................................................................................................................... 46
3.1. nh ngha v khng gian vector con............................................................................................................. 46
3.2. Cc tnh cht ca khng gian vector con ...................................................................................................... 47
3.3. V d v khng gian vector con ........................................................................................................................ 47
3.4. Khng gian con sinh bi h vector ................................................................................................................. 47
4. C s v s chiu ca khng gian vector................................................................................................................. 48
4.1. H sinh ....................................................................................................................................................................... 48
4.2. H sinh ti thiu v cc c im ca n ...................................................................................................... 49
4.3. C s v s chiu ca mt khng gian........................................................................................................... 50
4.4. Ta ca vector trong c s .......................................................................................................................... 51
5. Hng ca mt h hu hn vector ............................................................................................................................... 52
5.1. C s ca mt h vector ..................................................................................................................................... 52
5.2. Hng ca mt h vector ...................................................................................................................................... 53
5.3. Cc php bin i khng lm thay i hng ............................................................................................... 53
5.3.1. Php bin i thm bt vector................................................................................................................ 53

5.3.2. Cc php bin i s cp ........................................................................................................................... 54
35
Danh sch cc nh ngha, v d, tnh cht, nh l, h qu

nh ngha khng gian vector tng qut ......................................................................................... 38
Cch chng minh mt khng gian vector tng qut .................................................................. 39
Cc v d v khng gian vector tng qut ....................................................................................... 39
6 tnh cht ca khng gian vector tng qut ................................................................................. 40
nh ngha php tr 2 vector ............................................................................................................... 40
nh ngha vector s hc n chiu........................................................................................................ 40
nh ngha 2 vector bng nhau ........................................................................................................... 41
nh ngha khng gian vector s hc n chiu................................................................................ 41
nh ngha t hp tuyn tnh ca mt h vector ......................................................................... 42
Cc v d v t hp tuyn tnh ............................................................................................................. 42
2 tnh cht ca t hp tuyn tnh ....................................................................................................... 42
nh ngha biu din tuyn tnh ......................................................................................................... 43
Cc v d v biu din tuyn tnh ....................................................................................................... 43
Cc trng hp c bit ca biu din tuyn tnh ...................................................................... 43
nh l m t tnh cht bc cu ca biu din tuyn tnh ......................................................... 43
nh ngha c lp tuyn tnh ph thuc tuyn tnh .............................................................. 43
Cch kim tra s ph thuc tuyn tnh ca h vector ............................................................... 44
Cc v d v c lp tuyn tnh-ph thuc tuyn tnh ............................................................... 44
6 nh l c bn v s ph thuc tuyn tnh v cc h qu ca chng ................................ 45
nh l m t h con c lp tuyn tnh ti i v h qu ca n.......................................... 46
nh ngha khng gian vector con ..................................................................................................... 46
3 tnh cht ca khng gian con ............................................................................................................ 47
Cc v d v khng gian con .................................................................................................................. 47
nh l v giao ca cc khng gian con ............................................................................................. 47
36
nh ngha khng gian con nh nht sinh bi h vector .......................................................... 47

nh l m t khng gian con nh nht sinh bi h vector ...................................................... 48
nh ngha h sinh .................................................................................................................................... 48
Cc v d v h sinh .................................................................................................................................. 48
nh l c bn v h sinh ti thiu ...................................................................................................... 49
nh l m t cc c im ca h sinh ti thiu v cc h qu ca n ............................... 49
nh ngha c s ca mt khng gian vector ................................................................................ 50
Cch chng minh mt c s ca khng gian vector ................................................................... 50
V d v c s ca khng gian vector................................................................................................ 50
nh ngha s chiu ca khng gian vector .................................................................................... 51
V d v s chiu ca khng gian vector .......................................................................................... 51
Cc nh l v s chiu ca khng gian vector ............................................................................... 51
nh ngha ta ca vector trong c s ....................................................................................... 51
nh ngha c s ca h vector ........................................................................................................... 52
nh l m t c s ca h vector v h qu ca n .................................................................... 52
V d v c s ca h vector ................................................................................................................. 52
nh ngha hng ca h vector ............................................................................................................ 53
Cc nh l v hng ca h vector v h qu ca chng ............................................................. 53
nh ngha v nh l v php bin i thm bt vector .......................................................... 53
nh ngha v nh l v cc php bin i c s ......................................................................... 54
37
TM TT KIN THC
1.Vector v khng gian vector
1.1.nh ngha vector v khng gian vector tng qut
nh ngha: Cho tp
(mi phn t trong tp l mt i tng i s nh s
thc, s phc, a thc, b c th t, ma trn, ) v trng (
hoc
) vi
2 php ton sau:
+:
( , y)
y
.:
(k, )
k.
Php ton th nht ta tm gi l php cng 2 phn t, php ton th 2 ta tm gi l
php nhn 1 s vi 1 phn t, sao cho 2 php ton ny tha mn 8 tnh cht sau (cc
tnh cht ny tng t nh nhng tnh cht ca php cng v php nhn trong tp s
thc hoc s phc):
1. Tnh cht giao hon ca php cng 2 phn t:
y y
,y
2. Tnh cht kt hp ca php cng 2 phn t:
(
(y
)
y)
, y,
3. Tn ti phn t trung ha hay phn t khng:
4. Mi phn t u tn ti phn t i ca n:
( ) ( )
, ( )
5. Tch ca mt phn t bt k vi 1 bao gi cng bng chnh n:
1.
6. Tnh cht phn phi ca php nhn 1 s vi 1 phn t i vi php cng 2 phn t:
k(
y) k
ky
,y
k
7. Tnh cht phn phi gia php cng 2 s v php nhn 1 s vi 1 phn t:
(k l)
k
l
k, l
8. Tnh cht kt hp gia php nhn 2 s vi php nhn 1 s vi 1 phn t:
(kl)
k(l )
k, l
c gi l mt khng gian vector trn trng
khng gian vector.
th
, hay cn c gi l mt
Mi phn t trong c gi l mt vector, mi phn t trong c gi l mt v

hng. Php ton th nht gi l php cng 2 vector, php ton th 2 gi l php
nhn 1 v hng vi 1 vector.
38
Nh vy chng minh mt tp
vi 1 phn t trn tp v trng
nhng iu sau:
v 2 php ton cng 2 phn t v nhn 1 s

l mt -khng gian vector, ta cn chng minh
1.
kn i vi php cng 2 phn t, tc l , y
y
2.
kn i vi php nhn 1 s vi 1 phn t, tc l
k
k
3. 2 php ton cng 2 phn t v nhn 1 s vi 1 phn t tha mn 8 tnh cht
trn.
trong mc 3 l mc quan trng nht.
1.2.Cc v d v khng gian vector

V d 1:
{( ,
} v
Ta nh ngha 2 php ton cng 2 vector v nhn 1 v hng vi 1 vector nh sau :

( ,
),
(
k
Khi
(y , y , y ), k
y ,
y ,
y )
(k , k , k )
cng 2 php ton trn l mt -khng gian vector.
Vector khng :
( , , )
Vector i ca vector
( ,
) l
V d 2:
( ) l tp cc ma trn vung cp n (n l s nguyn dng cho trc)

vi cc phn t trong ma trn l s phc v
. Ta t php cng 2 vector l php
cng 2 ma trn v php nhn 1 v hng vi 1 vector l php nhn 1 s vi 1 ma
trn.
Khi
( ) cng 2 php ton trn l mt -khng gian vector.
V d 3:
v
P l tp cc a thc 1 bin
dng cho trc), tc l :
P
{p
|a
c bc
n (n l s nguyn
,1,2, , n}
Ta nh ngha php cng 2 vector nh php cng 2 a thc v php nhn 1 v hng
vi 1 vector nh php nhn 1 s vi 1 a thc. Khi P cng vi 2 php ton trn l
mt -khng gian vector, trong vector khng l a thc 0.
V d 4:
{( ,
} v
39
Ta nh ngha 2 php ton cng v nhn nh sau :

k
(
y ,
(k ,
( ,
y ,
,
),
(y , y , y ),
y )
cng 2 php ton trn khng phi l mt khng gian vector do tnh cht 7 khng
tha mn:
(1,2,3), k
Ly v d vi
(k
l)
(1
1. (1,2,3)
(k
l)
2). (1,2,3)
k
1, l
3. (1,2,3)
2. (1,2,3)
(3,2,3)
(1,2,3)
(2,2,3)
(3,4,6)
1.3.Mt s tnh cht ca khng gian vector

Cho
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
l mt -khng gian vector.
Vector
,
l duy nht.
l duy nht.
, ,
k
k.
( 1)
k
hoc
1.4.Php tr 2 vector
nh ngha: Hiu ca 2 vector
sau:
v l mt vector k hiu l X-Y v c c nh nh

(
Php tr 2 vector theo nh ngha trn l php ton ngc ca php cng 2 vector.
T cc tnh cht 6 v 7, ta d dng suy ra cc tnh cht tng t i vi php tr 2
vector:
k(
k (k
l)
1.5.Vector s hc n chiu v khng gian vector s hc n chiu

1.5.1.nh ngha vector s hc n chiu
nh ngha: Mt b n s thc c th t (x1, x2, ,
chiu (gi tt l vector n chiu).
n)
c gi l mt vector s hc n
phn bit cc vector, ta gn tn cho mi vector bng cc ch ci in hoa. gn tn

cho vector (x1, x2, , n) l ta vit:
X = (x1, x2, ,
40
n)
S thc xi (i 1, 2, , n) ng v tr th i trong b n s thc v phi gi l thnh

phn th i ca vector X. B n s thc c nh vector X trn c th xp thnh 1 dng
hoc 1 ct:
( )
Cn ch rng vector n chiu khng ch n thun l mt b n s thc, m l b n s
thc c th t.
1.5.2.Hai vector n chiu bng nhau

nh ngha 2 vector n chiu bng nhau cng tng t nh nh ngha 2 b n s thc
c th t bng nhau:
( , , , ) v
(y , y , , y ) c coi l bng
nh ngha: 2 vector n chiu
nhau khi v ch khi cc thnh phn v tr tng ng ca chng i mt bng nhau:
y
i 1, 2, , n
Khi nim 2 vector bng nhau ch p dng cho cc vector c cng s chiu n.
1.5.3.nh ngha khng gian vector n chiu

T nh ngha khng gian vector tng qut, ta c nh ngha khng gian vector s hc
n chiu nh sau:
nh ngha: Khng gian vector s hc n chiu (gi tt l khng gian vector n chiu) l
tp hp tt c cc vector n chiu, trong php cng 2 vector v php nhn 1 v
hng (1 s) vi 1 vector c c nh nh sau:
( ,
(y , y , , y ), k
, , ),
(
y ,
y ,,
y )
k
(k , k , , k )
Vector khng l vector c tt c cc thnh phn bng 0 :
( , , , ) l vector
Vector i ca vector
(
)
( 1)
,
,,
Khng gian vector n chiu c k hiu l

(1, , , ),
Cc vector
n v ca khng gian .
( , ,, )
( ,1, , ), ,
( , , ,1) c gi l cc vector
Trong cc phn tip theo, ta ch t khng gian vector n chiu v cc khng gian con
ca n. Cc khi nim, nh l, tnh cht, c trnh by tip theo c th c suy
41
rng cho khng gian vector tng qut v cc khng gian con ca khng gian vector
tng qut.
2.Cc mi lin h tuyn tnh trong khng gian vector

2.1.nh ngha t hp tuyn tnh ca h vector
nh ngha: Cho h m vector , , , . Mi tng k
(k
c gi l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca h vector , , ,
Cc s k (i 1,2, , m) c gi l cc h s ca t hp tuyn tnh.
1,2, , m)
Nhn vo cng thc ca t hp tuyn tnh, ta thy n c y dng bi 2 php ton

cng 2 vector v nhn 1 s vi 1 vector. Nh vy c th ni:
Mi t hp tuyn tnh ca h , , ,
l kt qu ca cc php ton cng 2 vector
v nhn 1 s vi 1 vector trn cc vector ca h , , , . V ngc li, kt qu
ca cc php ton cng 2 vector v nhn 1 s vi 1 vector trn cc vector ca h
, ,,
l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca h , , , .
V d: vector
3(
(4
) l kt qu ca cc php
ton cng 2 vector v nhn 1 s vi 1 vector trn 3 vector

11
,
cho nn
; li c
cng l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca 3 vector
D dng thy 2 tnh cht sau:

Tng ca 2 t hp tuyn tnh bt k ca h ,
h .
(
) (
(
)
(
)
,,
l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca
Tch ca 1 t hp tuyn tnh bt k ca h , , ,

vi 1 s k bt k l mt t hp
tuyn tnh ca h .
) (k )
(k )
(k )
k(
Hai tnh cht trn chng t:

nh l: Tp hp cc t hp tuyn tnh ca h vector n chiu
khng gian con ca khng gian .
42
,,
l mt
2.2.Php biu din tuyn tnh

nh ngha: Ta ni rng vector
c th biu din tuyn tnh (gi tt l biu din
tuyn tnh) qua h vector n chiu , , ,
khi v ch khi tn ti mt t hp tuyn
tnh ca h vector , , ,
bng vector X, tc l tn ti cc s thc k , k , , k
sao cho:
k
k
k
c bit nu vector X biu din tuyn tnh qua 1 vector
vector X t l vi vector Y.
k ) th ta ni rng
Nh vy kim tra xem vector c th biu din tuyn tnh qua h , , ,

hay
khng, ta ch cn gii phng trnh
k
k
k
(thng qua vic
gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh). Mi nghim (k , k , , k ) ca phng trnh l mt
cch biu din tuyn tnh vector qua h , , , .
V d 1: Vector
(2, 1, 2),
(3, 3, ) biu din tuyn tnh qua h vector

( 5,4,8) do
3
4
( ,1,3),
V d 2: Vector khng biu din tuyn tnh qua mi h vector:

T hp tuyn tnh v phi (vi tt c cc h s bng ) c gi l t hp tuyn tnh
tm thng.
D nhin, mi vector
, ,, :
,,
u biu din tuyn tnh qua h vector
1
Tng qut hn, mi t hp tuyn tnh ca p vector bt k trong m vector
, ,,
(p m) u biu din tuyn tnh qua h vector , , , .
nh l sau y cho thy php biu din tuyn tnh c tnh cht bc cu.
nh l: Nu vector biu din tuyn tnh qua cc vector , , ,
v mi vector
(i 1,2, , m) u biu din tuyn tnh qua cc vector , , ,
th vector
biu din tuyn tnh qua cc vector , , , .
2.3.c lp tuyn tnh Ph thuc tuyn tnh

2.3.1.Khi nim c lp tuyn tnh ph thuc tuyn tnh
nh ngha: Cho h m vector , , , . Ta ni h vector , , ,
c lp
tuyn tnh khi v ch khi vector khng ch biu din tuyn tnh qua h vector
, ,,
bng t hp tuyn tnh tm thng, tc l:
43
1,2, , m
Ngc li, nu tn ti t hp tuyn tnh khng tm thng ca h vector

bng vector khng, tc l:
(k , k , , k )
th ta ni h vector
,,
( , ,, ) k
ph thuc tuyn tnh.
,,
Nh vy kim tra xem mt h vector , , ,

l c lp tuyn tnh hay ph
thuc tuyn tnh, ta ch cn gii phng trnh k
k
k
(thng
qua vic gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht):
Nu phng trnh ch c nghim tm thng (k , k , , k ) ( , , , ) th h

vector , , ,
c lp tuyn tnh.
Nu phng trnh c v s nghim th h vector , , ,

ph thuc tuyn
tnh (do tn ti nghim khng tm thng).
V d 1: t s ph thuc tuyn tnh ca h vector n v
, , , . Ta gii phng
trnh k
k
k
thng qua h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht:
1k
k
k
k
1k
k
{
k
k
1k
k
k
{
k
H c nghim duy nht (k , k , , k ) ( , , , ), cho nn h cc vector n v
, , , c lp tuyn tnh.
V d 2: t h vector:
Ta gii phng trnh k

thun nht:
k
k
3k
{
2k
5k
(1,3, 2,5)
(3, 2,1,4)
( 1,8, 5,6)
k
thng qua h phng trnh tuyn tnh
3k
2k
k
4k
44
k
8k
5k
6k
k
{
3k
k
k
k
H phng trnh c v s nghim, cho nn h vector
ph thuc tuyn tnh.
2.3.2.Cc nh l c bn v s c lp tuyn tnh ph thuc tuyn tnh

nh l 1: Mt h vector c t 2 vector tr ln ph thuc tuyn tnh khi v ch khi t
nht mt vector ca h biu din tuyn tnh qua cc vector cn li.
H qu:
1. H 2 vector ph thuc tuyn tnh khi v ch khi 2 vector t l.
Do vector khng biu din tuyn tnh qua mi h vector, nn ta c h qu sau:
2. Mi h vector cha vector khng u ph thuc tuyn tnh. Ni cch khc, mi h

vector c lp tuyn tnh u khng cha vector khng.
Trng hp c bit: H 1 vector X ph thuc tuyn tnh khi v ch khi
nh l 2: Nu mt h vector c mt h con ph thuc tuyn tnh th h vector ph
thuc tuyn tnh.
H qu:
1. Nu mt h vector c lp tuyn tnh th mi h con ca n u c lp tuyn tnh.
2. Nu trong mt h vector c 2 vector no t l th h vector ph thuc tuyn
tnh.
nh l 3: Cho 2 h vector n chiu , , ,
(H ) v , , , (H ). Nu m > p
v mi vector ca h (H ) biu din tuyn tnh qua h (H ) th h vector (H ) ph
thuc tuyn tnh.
H qu:
1. Nu h vector (H ) c lp tuyn tnh v mi vector ca h (H ) biu din tuyn
tnh qua h (H ) th m p
2. Nu c hai h vector (H ) v (H ) c lp tuyn tnh, ng thi mi vector ca h
(H ) biu din tuyn tnh qua h (H ) v ngc li, mi vector ca h (H ) biu din
tuyn tnh qua h (H ), th hai h vector c s vector bng nhau, tc l m p
nh l 4: Mi h vector n chiu vi s vector ln hn n u ph thuc tuyn tnh.
H qu: Trong khng gian
, mi h vector c lp tuyn tnh u c s vector
khng vt qu n.
nh l 5: Gi s h vector , , ,
c lp tuyn tnh. Khi nu vector X biu
din tuyn tnh qua h vector , , ,
th cch biu din l duy nht.
45
nh l 6: Gi s h vector
, ,,
c lp tuyn tnh. Khi h vector
, , , , ph thuc tuyn tnh khi v ch khi vector U biu din tuyn tnh qua
h vector , , ,
(cch biu din l duy nht theo nh nh l 2.7)
2.3.3.Tnh cht ca h con c lp tuyn tnh ti i

nh l: Cho H l mt h vector n chiu (H c th c hu hn hoc v hn cc vector).
H con c lp tuyn tnh H' ca h H c gi l ti i (s vector l ln nht) khi v
ch khi nu thm bt k vector no ca h H vo h H' th ta c h ph thuc tuyn
tnh.
nh l c th c pht biu li nh sau:

c lp tuyn tnh H' ca h H c gi l ti i khi v ch khi mi h con ca H m
thc s cha H' u ph thuc tuyn tnh.
H qu: Nu H' l h con c lp tuyn tnh ti i ca h H th mi vector ca h H
u biu din tuyn tnh qua h H' (cch biu din l duy nht).
3.Khng gian vector con

3.1.nh ngha v khng gian vector con
t mt tp hp vector n chiu
. Cc php ton c trng ca khng gian
vector n chiu
(php cng 2 vector v php nhn 1 s vi 1 vector) p dng cho
cc vector ca tp hp L s tr thnh cc php ton ca bn thn n nu tha mn 2
iu kin sau:
1. kn i vi php cng 2 vector, tc l
2. kn i vi php nhn 1 s vi 1 vector, tc l
,k
Trong trng hp ny, ta c th em nh mt khng gian c cu trc php cng 2

vector v php nhn 1 s vi 1 vector.
nh ngha: Mt tp hp khng rng
tt l khng gian con) ca khng gian
php nhn 1 s vi 1 vector.
c gi l khng gian vector con (gi

nu n kn i vi php cng 2 vector v
Nh vy thut ng khng gian con bao gm 2 kha cnh: th nht, l mt tp con

khng rng ca
; th hai, cc php ton trong chnh l cc php ton p dng
cho mi vector ca
46
3.2.Cc tnh cht ca khng gian vector con

1.
2.
3.
Mi khng gian con u cha vector khng

Vi mi vector
, vector i ca n cng thuc L
,
k, l
k
l
. Tng qut hn, mi t hp tuyn tnh ca mt
h vector bt k ca khng gian u thuc khng gian .
3.3.V d v khng gian vector con

V d 1: Bn thn

{ } cng l mt khng gian con ca .
V d 2: Trong khng gian
v tp hp ch cha vector khng
ta t tp hp :
( ,
) a
} vi a, b, c l 3 s thc cho trc.
* Vi
( ,
) v
(y , y , y ) l hai vector bt k thuc tp hp ta c:
a
b
c
v ay
by
cy
Hai ng thc trn ko theo: a(
y ) b(
y )
c ) (ay
by
cy )
iu ny chng t
(
y ,
y ,
y )
c(
( , , ) l mt vector bt k thuc tp hp ta c a
* Vi
ko theo: a(k ) b(k ) c(k ) k(a
b
c )
(k , k , k )
iu ny chng t k
y )
(a
Nh vy tp
l mt khng gian con ca khng gian .
V d 3: Tp hp
( , , y, )
, y,
} l mt khng gian con ca
(bn
c t chng minh)
3.4.Khng gian con sinh bi h vector

nh l 1: Giao ca cc khng gian con ca
T nh l suy ra rng vi mi tp con S ca

lun tn ti khng gian con W b nht
ca
cha S. W chnh l giao ca tt c cc khng gian con ca
cha S.
nh ngha: Khng gian W b nht ca
cha S l giao ca tt c cc khng gian con
ca
cha S, k hiu W span(S).
Nu S
(S l mt h vector n chiu) th khng gian W cn c gi l khng gian
b nht ca
sinh bi h S, v S l h sinh ca khng gian W.
47
Do span(S) l giao ca tt c cc khng gian con ca

khng gian con ca
th span(S) S.
D dng thy rng nu S
v { }
). Vy nu S
cho cu hi :
nh l 2: W
cha S, cho nn nu S l mt
th span(S) { } (do { } l khng gian b nht ca

th span(S) gm nhng vector no? nh l sau s tr li
span(S) bng tp cc t hp tuyn tnh ca S.
4.C s v s chiu ca khng gian vector

4.1.H sinh
nh ngha: Cho l mt khng gian con ca khng gian
( c th bng )
Mt h vector , , ,
ca khng gian c gi l mt h sinh ca n nu mi
vector trong u biu din tuyn tnh qua h vector , , , .
Nu khng gian c t nht mt h sinh hu hn th c gi l khng gian hu hn
sinh.
R rng mi vector trong h sinh , , ,
u biu din tuyn tnh qua h sinh
. Nh vy, khi t mt h vector , , ,
c phi l h sinh hay khng, ta ch
cn kim tra em cc vector khng c trong h c biu din tuyn tnh qua h hay
khng.
V d 1: H cc vector n v E1, E2, ,

vector
( ,
,,
l mt h sinh ca khng gian

u biu din tuyn tnh qua h , , , :
n
v mi
V d 2: Khng gian
{ } ch c mt h sinh duy nht l S { }. V ch c khng

gian
{ } mi c h sinh S { } (do ch c vector khng l t hp tuyn tnh ca
vector khng). Tc l
{ }
S { }
V d 3:
H
(1, 1,2),
(2,3,5),
l h sinh ca khng gian W
(1, 6,1)
span(S) vi S
}.
Chng minh: W
span(S) l tp cc t hp tuyn tnh ca X1, X2, X3 nn mi vector

trong W u biu din tuyn tnh qua h X1, X2, X3 (hay h vector X1, X2, X3 l h sinh
ca W).
Li c
3
nn cc vector ca h X1, X2, X3 u biu din tuyn tnh qua h
X1, X2. T suy ra cc vector ca W u c th biu din tuyn tnh qua h X1, X2, hay
h vector X1, X2 l h sinh ca W.
48
Qua v d 2, ta thy h vector X1, X2, X3 v h vector X1, X2 u l h sinh ca khng

gian W = span(S).
nh l: Nu h vector , , ,
l mt h sinh ca khng gian
ca L cha h , , ,
u l h sinh ca khng gian .
th mi h vector
Trong cc phn tip theo, ta ch t cc khng gian vector hu hn sinh v cc h sinh

hu hn ca n.
4.2.H sinh ti thiu v cc c im ca n

{ } c duy nht mt h sinh l S { }, h sinh ny va l h
Ta thy khng gian
sinh ti thiu va l h sinh ti i ca khng gian . Vy trong cc khng gian
{ } th cc h sinh ti thiu ca n c c im g?
nh l 1: H sinh , , ,
l h sinh ti thiu (s vector t nht) ca khng gian
khi v ch khi mi h con thc s ca , , ,
u khng phi l h sinh.
c nh h sinh ti thiu ca mt khng gian vector theo nh l trn l rt kh.
nh l di y s m t cc c im ca h sinh ti thiu, qua cho chng ta
phng php tm h sinh ti thiu ca mt khng gian vector.
nh l 2: Gi s S l mt h sinh ca khng gian
{ }. Khi cc mnh sau l
tng ng:
(i) S l mt h sinh ti thiu ca L.
(ii) S l mt h sinh c lp tuyn tnh ca L.
(iii) S l mt h vector c lp tuyn tnh ti i ca L.
(iv) S l mt h sinh m mi vector ca L biu din tuyn tnh qua S theo cch duy
nht.
H qu:
1. Mi h sinh ti thiu u c s vector bng nhau.
2. Mi h n vector n chiu c lp tuyn tnh u l h sinh ti thiu ca khng gian
. Suy ra mi h sinh ti thiu ca khng gian
u c s vector ng bng n.
Theo nh l trn, nu S l mt h sinh ti thiu ca khng gian th mi vector ca L

biu din tuyn tnh qua S theo cch duy nht. Tnh "sinh" v tnh "duy nht" ny l
nhng c im ca mt c s ca khng gian .
49
4.3.C s v s chiu ca mt khng gian

nh ngha: Cho l mt khng gian con ca
( c th bng ).
Mt h vector C {P , P , , P } ca khng gian c gi l mt c s ca n nu
mi vector ca u biu din tuyn tnh qua C theo cch duy nht.
Theo nh ngha, ta suy ra khng gian
{ } khng c c s.
Nh vy, kim tra xem mt h vector C {P , P , , P } c l c s ca khng gian

{ } hay khng, ta ch cn kim tra xem h C c tha mn t nht 1 trong 4 c
im di y hay khng:
(i) C l mt h sinh ti thiu ca L.
(ii) C l mt h sinh c lp tuyn tnh ca L.
(iii) C l mt h vector c lp tuyn tnh ti i ca L.
(iv) C l mt h sinh m mi vector ca L biu din tuyn tnh qua S theo cch duy
nht.
Trong c im d chng minh nht l (ii), tc l chng minh C l mt h sinh c
lp tuyn tnh ca khng gian .
V d 1: H vector n v
, ,,
l mt c s ca khng gian
(do h vector
n v l mt h sinh c lp tuyn tnh ca ). Ta gi h vector ny l c s n v
ca khng gian .
V d 2:
{
H 2 vector P
( , , y)} l mt khng gian con ca

(bn c t chng minh).
( ,1, ), P
( ,2, 1) l mt c s ca khng gian .
Chng minh: R rng 2 vector P
( ,1, ), P
( ,2, 1) u thuc khng gian .
H vector P , P c lp tuyn tnh do 2 vector khng t l.

Ta chng minh h vector P , P l h sinh ca khng gian .
Vi mt vector
( , , y) bt k ca , ta t phng trnh:
k
k
2k
k P k P
{ k
k
y
H phng trnh lun c nghim (k , k ) (

2y, y), do mi vector ca khng
gian u biu din tuyn tnh qua h vector P , P , hay h vector P , P l mt h sinh
ca khng gian .
Do h vector P , P l h sinh c lp tuyn tnh ca khng gian
c s ca khng gian .
50
nn h cng l mt
V d 3:
(1, 1,2),
gian W = span(S) vi S {
khng t l), cho nn h ,
(2,3,5),
(1, 6,1). H ,
l h sinh ca khng
, , }. H , c lp tuyn tnh (do 2 vector ,
l mt c s ca khng gian W span(S).
Ta c nh ngha s chiu ca mt khng gian nh sau:

nh ngha: Cho l mt khng gian con ca
( c th bng ). S vector ca c
s ca khng gian c gi l s chiu ca khng gian , k hiu dim . Quy c
dim{ }
.
V d 1: H vector n v , , , l mt c s ca , do
{
( , , y)} l mt khng gian con ca .
V d 2:
( ,1, ), P
( ,2, 1) l mt c s ca , cho nn
V d 3:
(1, 1,2),
(2,3,5),
(1, 6,1).
H ,
l mt c s ca khng gian W
span(S) vi S { ,
W 2
2.
H 2 vector P
nh l 1: Mi khng gian con ca khng gian
}, cho nn
u c s chiu nh hn hoc bng n.
nh l 2: Gi s
r v H { , , , } l mt h m vector ca . Khi :
(i): Nu h H c lp tuyn tnh th m r
(ii): Nu h H l h sinh ca th m r
(iii): Nu m r th h H c lp tuyn tnh khi v ch khi h H l h sinh ca L.
H qu: Trong mt khng gian con r chiu ca khng gian
, mi h vector c s
vector ln hn r u ph thuc tuyn tnh.
4.4.Ta ca vector trong c s

Cho C {P , P , , P } l mt c s ca khng gian . Mi vector
duy nht mt b m s thc c th t ( , , , ) tha mn:
P
nh ngha: B m s thc c th t (
ta ca vector trong c s C.
P
,
cho tng ng
P ( )
,,
) tha mn h thc (*) c gi l
Theo nh ngha, ta thy ta ca vector X ph thuc vo c s ca khng gian m

ta chn. D dng thy rng ta ca mt vector trong c s n v chnh l vector
.
Nh vy, tm ta ca mt vector trong c s C {P , P , , P }, ta gii phng
trnh
P
P
P (thng qua vic gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh).
Nghim duy nht ca n chnh l ta ca vector X trong c s C.
51
5.Hng ca mt h hu hn vector
5.1.C s ca mt h vector
nh ngha: Cho mt h m vector H { , , , }. C s ca h H l mt h con H'
sao cho mi vector ca h H u biu din tuyn tnh qua h H' theo cch duy nht.
Theo nh ngha, ta d dng chng minh c h H { } khng c c s, ng thi
khng c h con c lp tuyn tnh. Ta cng chng minh c rng H
{ } khng l
c s ca mt h vector no c. Vy vi h H { }, c s ca n c c im g? nh
l sau y s tr li cho cu hi :
nh l: Cho H' l h con ca h H { }. Khi cc mnh sau l tng ng:
(i) H' l c s ca h H.
h H'.
H qu: Mi c s ca h H u c s vector bng nhau.

Nh vy kim tra em H' c phi l c s ca h H hay khng, ta ch cn kim tra
xem H' c tha mn t nht 1 trong 3 c im di y hay khng:
(i) H' l mt h con m mi vector ca h H u biu din tuyn tnh qua h H' theo
cch duy nht (nh ngha).
h H'.
Trong c im d chng minh nht l (iii), tc l chng minh H' l h con c lp
tuyn tnh m mi vector ca H u biu din tuyn tnh qua h H' (thc t ta ch cn
t cc vector ca H m khng c trong h H' c biu din tuyn tnh qua h H' hay
khng).
V d: Cho h vector 4 chiu

(1,2, ,1)
(1,3,2, )
(2,3, 2,3)
(1,4,4, 1)
H con gm 2 vector
l c s ca h vector cho v:
X1, X2 c lp tuyn tnh (2 vector khng t l)

52
Mi vector cn li ca h cho biu din tuyn tnh qua h X1, X2:

3
Chng minh tng t, h con gm 2 vector
2
,
l c s ca h vector cho.
5.2.Hng ca mt h vector
nh ngha: S vector ca c s ca h vector H c gi l hng ca h vector H, k
hiu l r(H). Quy c r({ })
.
Hng ca mt h vector l mt s t nhin r. Hin nhin l r khng th vt qu s
vector ca h. Mc khc, c s ca mt h vector n chiu l mt h vector c lp
tuyn tnh, do r
n. Nh vy hng ca mt h vector khng vt qu s vector
ca h v khng vt qu s chiu ca khng gian.
Theo nh l v c s trn, ta c:
nh l 1: S vector c lp tuyn tnh ti i trong h vector H cng chnh l hng ca
h vector .
H qu:
1. Mt h vector n chiu ph thuc tuyn tnh khi v ch khi hng ca h vector
nh hn s vector ca n. Ni cch khc, mt h vector n chiu c lp tuyn tnh khi
v ch khi hng ca h vector ng bng s vector ca n.
2. Nu hng ca h vector bng r th mi h con gm r vector c lp tuyn tnh ca

h vector u l c s ca n.
nh l 2: Cho 2 h vector n chiu , , ,
(H ) v , , ,
(H ). Nu mi
vector ca h (H ) biu din tuyn tnh qua h (H ) th hng ca h (H ) khng ln
hn hng ca h (H ).
5.3.Cc php bin i khng lm thay i hng

5.3.1.Php bin i thm bt vector
Cho h vector n chiu H { , , , }.
Nu thm vo h H mt vector
, ta c h vector H
Ngc li, nu bt i vector ca h H' th ta c h H.
,,
, }.
nh l: Nu vector X biu din tuyn tnh qua cc vector ca h H th hai h vector H

v H' c hng bng nhau. Ni cch khc, hng ca mt h vector khng thay i nu ta
thm vo 1 vector biu din tuyn tnh qua h , hoc bt i 1 vector biu din
tuyn tnh qua cc vector cn li ca h .
53
5.3.2.Cc php bin i s cp

nh ngha: Cc php bin i sau y i vi h vector c gi l cc php bin i
s cp:
1. i ch 2 vector ca h.
2. Nhn 1 vector ca h vi mt s k
.
3. Cng vo mt vector ca h tch ca mt vector khc trong cng h vi mt s
bt k.
nh l: Cc php bin i s cp ca h vector khng lm thay i hng ca n.
54
MT S BI TP C BN
Tp cc b 2 s thc c th t
v 2 php ton:
) (
) (
Cng 2 phn t: (
Nhn 1 s thc vi 1 phn t: ( ) (2 2
C l mt - hng gian vector ha hng?
)
)
v 2 php ton c nh ngha trn hng phi l mt - hng gian vector v

tnh cht 5 hng tha mn:
(1 2) c 1
L v d vi
1 (1 2) (2 ) do 1
.
Chng minh rng mt phng 3x-2
ca hng gian
5z 0 l mt hng gian con ca

{(
1. Mt phng 3x-2 5z 0 l tp cc vector 3 chiu

D thy rng
.
* Vi
z ) v B
2
5z
0 v
2
Hai ng thc trn o theo:
5z ) (
2
5z ) 0
iu n chng t
B (
(
* Vi
o theo: (
5z
0}.
z ) l hai vector bt thuc tp hp ta c:

5z
(
0
) 2(
z
5(z
z )
z )
z ) l mt vector bt thuc tp hp ta c
) 2( ) 5( z )
(
2
5z ) 0
iu n chng t
z)|
. Tm s chiu
5z
0,
z )
Nh vy tp
n i vi php cng 2 vector v php nhn 1 s vi 1 vector, do
l mt hng gian con ca hng gian .
{(
2. tm s chiu ca hng gian
z)|
2
mt phng 3x-2y+5z=0, ta cn phi tm mt c s ca n
5z
0} hay s chiu ca
Nhn li nhng kin thc v phng php ta trong hng gian ta thy mt phng
3x-2y+5z=0 l mt mt phng i qua gc ta O(0 0 0) c nh mt phng n
ta ch cn c nh thm 2 im phn bit A, B trn mt phng sao cho im O, A, B
hng thng hng iu cng tng ng vi vic c nh 2 vector hng cng
phng
O v
OB trn mt phng. Quay v bi ton tm c s trn nh hng ca
ta l phi tm 2 vector hng t l ha 2 vector c lp tuyn tnh trong hng gian
(1 1 1) v B ( 2 1) u thuc hng gian Ta chng minh
t 2 vector
h 2 vector n l c s ca hng gian tc l chng minh mi vector C (
z)
thuc hng gian biu din tuyn tnh qua h B theo cch du nht.
55
t phng trnh :
a
bB C
a
b
{ a 2b
a b z
a
b
a 2b
{
a
a
{
b
Phng trnh lun c nghim duy nht do mi vector C (
z) thuc hng
gian L biu din tuyn tnh qua h B theo cch du nht. Vy h 2 vector B l c
s ca hng gian Su ra
2.
Tm ta ca a thc ( )
a) 1
b) 1 (
)(
)
(
i vi cc c s sau:
a) tm ta ca ( ) a
a
a
a
trn c s 1
, ta
gii phng trnh n 1 n s (
):
a
a
a
a
) (a a a
Phng trnh c nghim duy nht (
a ) do ta
ca ( ) a
a
a
a
trn c s 1
l (a a a
a ).
b) tm ta ca ( ) a
a
a
a
)(
)
(
) , ta gii phng trnh n 1 n s (
a
(
(
)
(
(
)
trn c s 1 (
):
)
(
(
Do :
a
a
a
a
=a
(
)]
a [
) (
) ]
a [
2 (
(
)
(
)
a [
) ]
a [
) ]
a [
) ]
56
) (*)
(
Ci ai
012
0 i
Phng trnh (*) c nghim duy nht:

C a
Do ta ca ( )
)
(
) l
( a
C a
C a
57
trn c s 1 (
na
a )
)(
TI LIU THAM KHO

L nh Thy, Ton cao cp cho cc nh kinh t - Phn I: i s tuyn tnh, Nh xut
bn i hc Kinh t quc dn, 2008.
Ts. L B Long, Ths. Phi Nga, Bi ging ton cao cp (A2), Hc vin cng ngh bu
chnh vin thng, 2006.
Trn Ngc Hi, Bi ging tm tt Mn ton C2, 2009.
58
TON CAO CP
Khng gian vector
(Bn th nghim)
TC GI: L CAO NGUYN

Sinh vin lp A18 CLC TCNH K50 i hc Ngoi Thng
Mi kin ng gp xin gi v:
Hm th in t: nguyenlc1993@gmail.com
a ch: Lp A18 Khoa Ti chnh Ngn hng Trng i Hc Ngoi Thng
91 Cha Lng, ng a, H Ni
H Ni, 2011

Toan Cao Cap - KGVT - Ban Thu Nghiem

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2011

Mc lc phn "Din gii kin thc"

1.6.1. nh ngha vector s hc n chiu .............................................................................................................. 9

2.4.1. Khi nim c lp tuyn tnh ph thuc tuyn tnh .................................................................... 14

5.3.1. Php bin i thm bt vector................................................................................................................ 32

Danh sch cc nh ngha, v d, tnh cht, nh l, h qu

Tnh cht s 1 trong mc 2

nh ngha 1.1 ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

Tnh cht 2.1 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 12

Tnh cht 3.1 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 19

nh ngha 4.4 ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 28

DIN GII KIN THC

1.2.nh ngha vector v khng gian vector tng qut

1. Tnh cht giao hon ca php cng 2 phn t:

2. Tnh cht kt hp ca php cng 2 phn t:

3. Tn ti phn t trung ha hay phn t khng:

5. Tch ca mt phn t bt k vi 1 bao gi cng bng chnh n:

8. Tnh cht kt hp gia php nhn 2 s vi php nhn 1 s vi 1 phn t:

c gi l mt khng gian vector trn trng

Mi phn t trong c gi l mt vector, mi phn t trong c gi l mt v

1.3.Cc v d v khng gian vector

Ta nh ngha 2 php ton cng 2 vector v nhn 1 v hng vi 1 vector nh sau :

cng 2 php ton trn l mt -khng gian vector.

( ) cng 2 php ton trn l mt -khng gian vector.

Ta nh ngha 2 php ton cng v nhn nh sau :

1.4.Mt s tnh cht ca khng gian vector

l mt -khng gian vector:

Tnh cht 1.1

Tnh cht 1.2

Tnh cht 1.3

Tnh cht 1.4

Tnh cht 1.5

Tnh cht 1.6

2. Gi s vector ngoi vector i

Theo tnh cht 1.3 ta suy ra 0

Theo tnh cht 1.3 ta suy ra k

Theo tnh cht 1.3 ta suy ra

Hiu ca 2 vector v l mt vector k hiu l X-Y v c xc nh nh sau:

T cc tnh cht 6 v 7, ta d dng suy ra cc tnh cht tng t i vi php tr 2

1.6.Vector s hc n chiu v khng gian vector s hc n chiu

1.6.2.Hai vector n chiu bng nhau

1.6.3.nh ngha khng gian vector n chiu

Khng gian vector s hc n chiu (gi tt l khng gian vector n chiu) l tp hp tt

(0,0, ,1) c gi l cc vector

2.Cc mi lin h tuyn tnh trong khng gian vector

Phng trnh tng qut

ng thng trong ax+by+c=0

Phng trnh sau khi tnh tin h

Mt phng trong ax+by+cz+d=0

Nhn vo 2 phng trnh ax by 0 v ax by c

2.2.nh ngha t hp tuyn tnh ca h vector

Khng gian vector n chiu v cc khng gian con ca n u c th coi nh mt h

H (vector x khng c trong h H') vo h H'

1,2, , m) c gi l cc h s ca t hp tuyn tnh.

Nhn vo cng thc ca t hp tuyn tnh, ta thy n c xy dng bi 2 php ton

ton cng 2 vector v nhn 1 s vi 1 vector trn 3 vector

cng l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca 3 vector

D dng thy 2 tnh cht sau:

Tnh cht 2.1

Tnh cht 2.2

Hai tnh cht trn chng t:

2.3.Php biu din tuyn tnh

u biu din tuyn tnh qua h vector

2.4.c lp tuyn tnh Ph thuc tuyn tnh