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Prediction of Tool Wear From Machining Parameters by Response Surface Methodology in End Milling
Prediction of Tool Wear From Machining Parameters by Response Surface Methodology in End Milling
(2)
ISSN: 0975-5462 1781
P.S.Sivasakthivel et. al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology
Vol. 2(6), 2010, 1780-1789
Where,
X
i
The required coded value of a variable X,
X Is any value of the variable from X
min
to X
max
X
min
Is the lower limit of the variable.
X
max
Is the upper limit of the variable.
The intermediate values coded as -1, 0 and1.
Table 1 Parameters and levels in milling
Parameter
Units Factor levels
-2 -1 0 1 2
Helix angle ()
Degree (
0
) 30 35 40 45 50
Spindle speed (N)
Rpm 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Feed rate (Z)
mm/rev 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Axial depth of cut (X)
mm 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Radial depth of cut (Y)
mm 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
3. Experimental setup
The experiments were conducted on a HASS vertical machining center: model tool room mill with high speed steel
end mill cutter under dry condition. The work piece material was Aluminium alloy (Al 6063) commonly available
machinable metal which finds application in automobile and valve industries. The dimension of the work piece
specimen was 32mmX32mm in cross section and 40 mm in length. The tool wear was measured by using Metzer
tool makers microscope on the flank surface of the end mill cutter specimen and the observations are tabulated to
obtain the mathematical model (table 3)
4. Development of mathematical model
The general form of a quadratic polynomial which gives the relation between response surface y and the process
variable x under investigation is given by
y = b
0
+
i
x
i
+
ii
x
i
2
+
ij
x
i
(3)
Where b
0
= constant, b
i
= linear term coefficient, b
ii
= quadratic term coefficient and b
ij
= interaction term
coefficient.
The values of the coefficients of the polynomials were calculated by multiple regression method. A statistical
software QA Six Sigma DOEPC IV was used to calculate the values of these coefficients. The second order
mathematical model was developed by neglecting the insignificant coefficients of the tool wear (T).
Tool wear (T) = 0.266 - 0.077 - 0.018 N - 0.023 X + 0.022 Y + 0.045
2
- 0.004 Z
2
+ 0.01 Y
2
+ 0.016 N + 0.021
Z + 0.044 X 0.014 Y + 0.022 NZ +0.014 NX - 0.021NY - 0.009ZX 0.004ZY 0.016
XY (4)
Where = Helix angle in (
0
) N= cutting speed in RPM
ISSN: 0975-5462 1782
P.S.Sivasakthivel et. al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology
Vol. 2(6), 2010, 1780-1789
Z= Feed rate in mm/rev X= Axial depth of cut in mm
Y= Radial depth of cut in mm
Table 2 Adequacy of the model
Response Factors
df
Lack of
Fit -df
Pure
Error
F-ratio R- ratio Whether Model
is adequate
model standard model standard
Tool Wear 17 8 6 3.584 6.37 70.185 4.56 Adequate
The adequacy of the model was tested using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique (table 2). The calculated
F-ratio of the model does not exceed the standard value and the calculated R-ratio of the model is above the standard
value for a desired 95% level of confidence. It is evident from the table 3 that the error between the experimental
value and predicted value is less than 5%.
Table 3 Experimental design - Central composite design matrix
Specimen
No
Control Factors Tool wear (mm)
N Z X Y
Observed
Value
Predicted
Value
%
Error
01 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 0.62 0.62 0.0
02 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 0.185 0.178 3.8
03 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 0.375 0.368 1.9
04 1 1 -1 -1 1 0.165 0.158 4.2
05 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 0.405 0.406 -0.2
06 1 -1 1 -1 1 0.285 0.284 0.4
07 -1 1 1 -1 1 0.45 0.45 0.0
08 1 1 1 -1 -1 0.265 0.256 3.4
09 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 0.35 0.354 -1.1
10 1 -1 -1 1 1 0.275 0.276 -0.4
11 -1 1 -1 1 1 0.315 0.318 -1.0
12 1 1 -1 1 -1 0.27 0.264 2.2
13 -1 -1 1 1 1 0.32 0.332 -3.8
14 1 -1 1 1 -1 0.23 0.23 0.0
15 -1 1 1 1 -1 0.305 0.304 0.3
16 1 1 1 1 1 0.275 0.274 0.4
17 -2 0 0 0 0 0.615 0.6 2.4
18 2 0 0 0 0 0.28 0.292 -4.3
19 0 -2 0 0 0 0.315 0.302 4.1
20 0 2 0 0 0 0.22 0.23 -4.5
21 0 0 -2 0 0 0.25 0.25 0.0
22 0 0 2 0 0 0.255 0.25 2.0
23 0 0 0 -2 0 0.3 0.312 -4.0
24 0 0 0 2 0 0.23 0.22 4.3
25 0 0 0 0 -2 0.255 0.262 -2.7
26 0 0 0 0 2 0.36 0.35 2.8
27 0 0 0 0 0 0.275 0.266 3.3
28 0 0 0 0 0 0.265 0.266 -0.4
29 0 0 0 0 0 0.275 0.266 3.3
30 0 0 0 0 0 0.265 0.266 -0.4
31 0 0 0 0 0 0.255 0.266 -4.3
32 0 0 0 0 0 0.265 0.266 -0.4
ISSN: 0975-5462 1783
P.S.Sivasakthivel et. al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology
Vol. 2(6), 2010, 1780-1789
5. Results and discussion
A mathematical model was developed to predict the tool wear by relating it with process parameters such as helix
angle, spindle speed, feed rate, axial depth of cut and radial depth of cut. The direct and the interaction effects of
these process parameters on tool wear were calculated plotted are shown in figs. 1-8 and the cause and effect were
analyzed. The trends of the potted direct and the interaction effect of these process parameters help to determine
which parameter and parameter interactions are statistically significant in decreasing the tool wear. For tool wear,
most of the parameters are found to be apparently significant because the levels of significance of each parameter
and interaction parameter factors are almost the same.
Direct effect of variables
In this work, the effects of helix angle, spindle speed, feed rate, axial depth of cut and radial depth of cut were
experimentally investigated. From figs. 1-4 it is clear that the helix angle, spindle speed, axial depth of cut and radial
depth of cut have a significant effect on tool wear.
Direct effect of helix angle
Fig. 1 shows the direct effect of helix angle on tool wear. From the figure it is understandable that the increase in
helix angle resulted in reduced tool wear and it is minimal at the helix angle range of 40
0
45
0
. The cutting action of
the tooth formed by a straight flute is intermittent [15]. When the tooth enters the work piece, the whole length of
the tooth takes the full load and the cutting forces increase rapidly. These cutting forces continue to increase which
results in propagation of tool wear. It is evident the cutting tool with helix angle in between 40
0
45
0
were
advantages to reduce tool wear.
Direct effect of spindle speed
From Fig 2 it is understandable that increase in spindle speed reduces the tool wear. Increase in spindle speed results
in reduced cutting time [16], which in turn reduces the propagation of flank wear.
Direct effect of axial depth of cut
Fig 3 depicts the direct effect of axial depth of cut on tool wear. It is evident from the figure the tool wear decreases
with the increase in axial depth of cut. Increase in axial depth of cut makes end mill cutter and work piece to be
stable which resulted in reduced chatter vibration. These reductions in vibration in turn cause the propagation of
flank wear within the steady region.
Direct effect of radial depth of cut
Fig 4 shows the direct effect of radial depth of cut on tool wear. From the figure it is understandable that the increase
in radial depth of cut resulted in reduced tool wear. Increasing the width of the cut the adhering tendency of the
aluminium Al 6063 gets increased which in turn propagates the too wear.
Fig 1. Direct effect of helix angle
ISSN: 0975-5462 1784
P.S.Sivasakthivel et. al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology
Vol. 2(6), 2010, 1780-1789
Fig 2. Direct effect of spindle speed
Fig 3. Direct effect of axial depth of cut
Fig 4. Direct effect of radial depth of cut
ISSN: 0975-5462 1785
P.S.Sivasakthivel et. al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology
Vol. 2(6), 2010, 1780-1789
Interaction effect of variables
Strong interaction was observed between various process parameters for tool wear. The most significant interaction
effect was found between helix angle and axial depth of cut; spindle speed and feed rate; helix angle and feed rate;
and spindle speed and radial depth of cut. The contour graph between these most significant process parameter
interactions are shown in figs 5-8. The following conclusion can be made from these interaction plots.
Interaction effect of helix angle and axial depth of cut
The interaction effect of helix angle and axial depth of cut on tool wear is shown in the contour graph (fig. 5) reveals
that as helix angle increases the tool wear decreases. The same trend continues for the change of level of axial depth
of cut from 1.5 mm to 3 mm. The trend gets reversed for 3.5 mm axial depth of the cut, increase in helix angle
increases the tool wear. For all the change of levels of axial depth of cut the tool wear is minimal in between 40
0
45
0
helix angles.
Interaction effect of spindle speed and feed rate
Fig 6 shows the interaction effect of spindle speed and feed rate on tool wear. From the figure it is clear that the tool
wear decreases with increase in spindle feed for the feed rate in between 0.02 mm/rev 0.04 mm/rev. The trend gets
reversed for feed rate in between 0.5 mm/rev 0.6 mm/rev, where tool wear increases with increases in spindle
speed.
Interaction effect of helix angle and feed rate
Fig 7 shows the interaction effect of helix angle and feed rate on tool wear. From the figure it is understandable that
the increase in helix angle resulted in reduced tool wear for all the levels of feed rate.
Interaction effect of spindle speed and radial depth of cut
Fig 8 shows the interaction effect of spindle speed and radial depth of cut on tool wear. From the figure it is clear
that tool wear decreases with increase in spindle speed for the radial depth of cut in between 3.5 mm 2mm. The
trend gets reversed for radial depth of cut in between 2mm 3mm, where tool wear increases with increase in
spindle speed.
Fig 5.Contour graph of interaction effect of helix angle and axial depth of cut
ISSN: 0975-5462 1786
P.S.Sivasakthivel et. al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology
Vol. 2(6), 2010, 1780-1789
Fig 6.Contour graph of interaction effect of spindle speed and feed rate
Fig 7.Contour graph of interaction effect of helix angle and feed rate
ISSN: 0975-5462 1787
P.S.Sivasakthivel et. al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology
Vol. 2(6), 2010, 1780-1789
Fig 8.Contour graph of interaction effect of spindle speed and radial depth of cut
6. Conclusion
The following conclusions were arrived from the results of the present investigation.
The investigation presented a central composite rotatable second order response surface methodology to
develop a mathematical model to predict tool wear in terms of helix angle, spindle speed, feed rate, axial
and radial depth of cut.
The helix angle is the most significant parameter which reduces tool wear. The tool wear is minimal in
between 40
0
45
0
helix angles.
The increase in spindle speed and axial depth of cut reduces the tool wear. The decrease in radial depth of
cut reduces tool wear.
The interactions between the process parameters were analyzed and strong interactions were observed
between helix angle and axial depth of cut; spindle speed and feed rate; helix angle and feed rate; and
spindle speed and radial depth of cut.
Acknowledgment
The author would like to extend his gratitude for the financial support rendered by All India Council for Technical
Education, New Delhi and Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore. The author also wishes to thank Mr.
Sethupathy for technical assistance in machining.
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