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Content: Content:
The ideal vapor The ideal vapor- -compression refrigeration cycle compression refrigeration cycle
Actual Actual Vapor Vapor- -Compression Compression Refrigeration Refrigeration Cycle Cycle
Heat Pump System for Heating and Cooling Heat Pump System for Heating and Cooling
Innovative Innovative Vapor Vapor- -Compression Compression Refrigeration Refrigeration Cycle Cycle
Gas Gas Refrigeration Refrigeration Cycles Cycles
Absorption Absorption Refrigeration Refrigeration Systems Systems
Refrigerants Refrigerants Selection Selection
Refrigeration Cycles Refrigeration Cycles
Refrigeration affects many areas of Refrigeration affects many areas of
your life your life
The obvious: The obvious:
Refrigerator/Freezers allow food preservation Refrigerator/Freezers allow food preservation
Air conditioning Air conditioning
Refrigerated fishing boats allow preservation of Refrigerated fishing boats allow preservation of
catch catch
Refrigerated trucks are used to ship fruits/meats Refrigerated trucks are used to ship fruits/meats
Refrigeration makes possible medical procedures Refrigeration makes possible medical procedures
that call for lowering body temperatures that call for lowering body temperatures
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Refrigerator and Heat Pump Refrigerator and Heat Pump
The objective of a refrigerator is to remove heat (Q
L
) from the
cold medium; the objective of a heat pump is to supply heat
(Q
H
) to a warm medium.
Schematic diagram of the ideal vapor Schematic diagram of the ideal vapor- -
compression refrigeration cycle compression refrigeration cycle
Condenser
Evaporator
Compressor
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Simple view of household refrigerator Simple view of household refrigerator
T T- -s Diagram of the Ideal Refrigeration Cycle s Diagram of the Ideal Refrigeration Cycle
Process 1 1- -2 2 Isentropic Compression Process Isentropic Compression Process
Process 2 2- -3 3 P = const P = const. Heat Rejection Process . Heat Rejection Process
Process 3 3- -4 4 Expansion Expansion under under Throttling Process, Throttling Process, h = const h = const
Process 4 4- -1 1 P = const P = const. Heat Addition Process . Heat Addition Process
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P P- -h Diagram of the Ideal Refrigeration Cycle h Diagram of the Ideal Refrigeration Cycle
Process 1 1- -2 2 Isentropic Compression Process Isentropic Compression Process
Process 2 2- -3 3 P = const P = const. Heat Rejection Process . Heat Rejection Process
Process 3 3- -4 4 Expansion Expansion under under Throttling Process, Throttling Process, h = const h = const
Process 4 4- -1 1 P = const P = const. Heat Addition Process . Heat Addition Process
Coefficient of Performance in Refrigeration Coefficient of Performance in Refrigeration
Cycles Cycles
input Work
effect Cooling
input Required
output Desired
COP
R
= =
1 2
4 1
R
COP
h h
h h
w
q
net,in
L

= =
input Work
effect Heating
input Required
output Desired
COP
HP
= =
1 2
3 2
in net,
H
HP
COP
h h
h h
w
q

= =
For Heat Pumps: For Heat Pumps:
For Refrigerators and Air Conditioners: For Refrigerators and Air Conditioners:
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Example 10-1 A refrigerator uses refrigerant-134a as the working fluid and
operates on an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle between 0.14
and 0.8 MPa. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.05 kg/sec. Show the
cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines. Determine (a) the
rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and the power input to the
compressor, (b) the rate of heat rejection to the environment and (c) the
coefficient of performance.
kW 93 . 8 Q
) 42 . 93 05 . 272 ( 05 . 0 Q ,
0 w and SSSF law 1st 3, - 2 Condenser
: reject heat of rate The (b)
H
H 2 3
=
= = =
=
&
&
&
H H
q m h h q
Property of R-134a : Table A-11 A-13
State 1 Sat. vapor @ P
1
= 0.14 MPa h
1
= h
g@0.14MPa
= 236.04 kJ/kg,
s
1
= s
g@0.14MPa
= 0.9322 kJ/kg-K
State 2 Superheated@ P
2
= 0.8 MPa and s
2
= s
1
= 0.9322 kJ/kg-K, h
2
= 272.05 kJ/kg
State 3 Sat.liquid @P
3
= P
2
= 0.8 MPa, h
3
= h
f@0.8MPa
= 93.42 kJ/kg
State 4 Throttling, h
4
= h
3
= 93.42 kJ/kg
kW 13 . 7 Q
) 42 . 93 04 . 236 ( 05 . 0 Q ,
0 w and SSSF law st 1 1, - 4 Evaporator
: input power and space ed refrigerat from remove Heat (a)
L
L 4 1
=
= = =
=
&
&
&
L L
q m h h q
kW 80 . 1 W
) 04 . 236 05 . 272 ( 05 . 0 W ,
0 q and SSSF law 1st 2, - 1 Compressor
in
in 2 1
=
= = =
=
&
&
&
in in
w m h h w
96 . 3
80 . 1
13 . 7
W
Q
COP
: e performanc of t coefficien The (c)
in
L
= = =
kW
kW
&
&
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Actual Actual Vapor Vapor- -c compression ompression Refrigeration Refrigeration
Cycle Cycle
Example 10-2 Refrigerant-134a enter the compressor of a refrigerator as
superheated vapor at 0.14 MPa and -10
o
C at rate of 0.05 kg/sec and leave
at 0.8 MPa and 50
o
C. The refrigerant is cooled in the condenser to 26
o
C
and 0.72MPa and is throttled to 0.15MPa. Determine (a) the rate of heat
removal from the refrigerated space and the power input to the compressor,
(b) the isentropic efficiency of the compressor and (c) the coefficient of
performance.
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1 2
1 2
c
: compressor of efficiency isentropic The (b)
h h
h h
s

Property of R-134a : Table A-11 A-13
State 1 Superheated@P
1
= 0.14 MPa and T
1
=-10
o
C h
1
= 243.40 kJ/kg,
State 2 Superheated@ P
2
= 0.8 MPa and T
2
=50
o
C h
2
= 284.39 kJ/kg
State 3 Sat.liquid @= 0.72 MPa and T
3
=26
o
C h
3
= h
f@26C
= 85.75 kJ/kg
State 4 Throttling, h
4
= h
3
= 85.75 kJ/kg
kW 88 . 7 Q
) 75 . 85 40 . 243 ( 05 . 0 Q ,
0 w and SSSF law st 1 1, - 4 Evaporator
: input power and space ed refrigerat from remove Heat (a)
L
L 4 1
=
= = =
=
&
&
&
L L
q m h h q
kW 05 . 2 W
) 40 . 243 39 . 284 ( 05 . 0 W ,
0 q and SSSF law 1st 2, - 1 Compressor
in
in 2 1
=
= = =
=
&
&
&
in in
w m h h w 84 . 3
05 . 2
88 . 7
W
Q
COP
: e performanc of t coefficien The (c)
in
L
= = =
kW
kW
&
&
State 2s Superheated@ P2 = 0.8 MPa and s
2s
=s
1
=0.9606kJ/kgKh
2s
= 281.05 kJ/kg
91.9%
919 . 0
40 . 243 39 . 284
40 . 243 05 . 281
c
=
=

Heat Pump System for Heating and Cooling Heat Pump System for Heating and Cooling
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Cascade Cascade Refrigeration Refrigeration Systems Systems
Two cycles
connected
through HX.
Application:
Moderately low temperature (T
L
)
Large pressure range in cycle
Improve COP
of the system
M Multistage ultistage Compression Compression Refrigeration Refrigeration
Systems Systems
Application:
Moderately low temperature (T
L
)
Large pressure range in cycle
Better heat
transfer
than HX.
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Multipurpose Multipurpose Refrigeration Refrigeration Systems Systems with with
a a Single Single Compressor Compressor
Application:
Refrigeration at more than
one temperature
Liquefaction Liquefaction of of Gases Gases
Application:
Operate at cryogenic temperatures
(below -100
o
C)
Desire product
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Gas Gas Refrigeration Refrigeration Cycles Cycles
Application:
Simple and lighter components
Refrigerate in the aircraft
Process 1 1- -2 2 Isentropic Compression Process Isentropic Compression Process
Process 2 2- -3 3 P = const P = const. Heat Rejection Process . Heat Rejection Process
Process 3 3- -4 4 Isentropic Expansion Isentropic Expansion, , s = const s = const
Process 4 4- -1 1 P = const P = const. Heat Addition Process . Heat Addition Process
An An Open Open- -C Cycle ycle Aircraft Aircraft Cooling Cooling System System
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Absorption Absorption Refrigeration Refrigeration Systems Systems
Heat-driven
system
A refrigerant is a fluid used for heat transfer in a A refrigerant is a fluid used for heat transfer in a
refrigeration system. Most refrigerants absorb heat during refrigeration system. Most refrigerants absorb heat during
evaporation at low temperature and low pressure and reject evaporation at low temperature and low pressure and reject
heat during condensation at a higher temperature and heat during condensation at a higher temperature and
higher pressure. higher pressure.
Refrigerants most commonly used refrigeration systems can Refrigerants most commonly used refrigeration systems can
be classified into four groups: be classified into four groups:
Classification of Refrigerants Classification of Refrigerants
halocarbons, halocarbons,
azeotropes azeotropes, ,
hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbons, and
inorganic compounds inorganic compounds
Definitions of Refrigerants Definitions of Refrigerants
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Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons
Refrigerants belonging to the hydrocarbon group are ethane, Refrigerants belonging to the hydrocarbon group are ethane,
propane, butane and propane, butane and isobutane isobutane. .
They are produced from petroleum in an oil refinery. They are produced from petroleum in an oil refinery.
This group of refrigerants is used in the refrigeration systems This group of refrigerants is used in the refrigeration systems in oil in oil
refineries and the petrochemical industry due to their low cost refineries and the petrochemical industry due to their low cost and and
ready ready availablility availablility. .
Hydrocarbons are flammable and so safety precautions are of Hydrocarbons are flammable and so safety precautions are of
utmost importance in the petrochemical industry. utmost importance in the petrochemical industry.
Inorganic compounds Inorganic compounds
Inorganic compounds were refrigerants used in refrigerant this g Inorganic compounds were refrigerants used in refrigerant this group roup
are ammonia NH are ammonia NH
3 3
Halocarbons Halocarbons
Refrigerants belonging to the halocarbon group are derivatives Refrigerants belonging to the halocarbon group are derivatives
of the hydrocarbons obtained by substituting chlorine or fluorin of the hydrocarbons obtained by substituting chlorine or fluorine e
for the hydrogen atoms in methane and ethane. for the hydrogen atoms in methane and ethane.
As chlorine and fluorine are both halogens, this group of As chlorine and fluorine are both halogens, this group of
refrigerants is called the halogenated hydrocarbons or refrigerants is called the halogenated hydrocarbons or
halocarbons. halocarbons.
They are sometimes referred to They are sometimes referred to freons freons which are colourless, which are colourless,
non non- -inflammable, non inflammable, non- -corrodent corrodent to most metals and generally to most metals and generally
non non- -toxic toxic
Common refrigerants in this group are R Common refrigerants in this group are R- -11, R 11, R- -12, R 12, R- -13 and 13 and
R R- -22. 22.
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Azeotropes Azeotropes
An An azeotrope azeotrope is a mixture of two substances which cannot be is a mixture of two substances which cannot be
separated into its components by distillation. separated into its components by distillation.
It evaporates and condenses as a single substance and Its It evaporates and condenses as a single substance and Its
properties are completely different from its constituents. properties are completely different from its constituents.
For example, For example, azeotrope azeotrope R R- -500 is a mixture composed of 73.8 500 is a mixture composed of 73.8
per cent R per cent R- -12 and 26.2 per cent R 12 and 26.2 per cent R- -152. 152.
Terminology of Refrigerants Terminology of Refrigerants
In the early days of refrigeration, refrigerants were called by In the early days of refrigeration, refrigerants were called by their their
chemical names. chemical names.
However, a numbering system has been developed. However, a numbering system has been developed.
Each kind of refrigerant is represented by a number, and in fron Each kind of refrigerant is represented by a number, and in front t
of this number is a prefix `R of this number is a prefix `R which represent 'Refrigerant'. which represent 'Refrigerant'.
Before 'R' is used as the prefix, 'Freon' & ' Before 'R' is used as the prefix, 'Freon' & 'Genetron Genetron', the trade ', the trade
names of refrigerants produced by two companies. names of refrigerants produced by two companies.
For example, the R For example, the R- -12 they produced is called Freon 12 they produced is called Freon- -12 and 12 and
Genetron Genetron- -12. 12.
The digits related to number of fluorine, hydrogen and carbon The digits related to number of fluorine, hydrogen and carbon
atoms in the molecule. atoms in the molecule.
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Selection of a suitable refrigerant Selection of a suitable refrigerant
It depends on many factors, such as the evaporating temperature It depends on many factors, such as the evaporating temperature
required during operation, the coefficient of performance COP, s required during operation, the coefficient of performance COP, safety afety
requirements, and the size and location of the refrigeration pla requirements, and the size and location of the refrigeration plant. nt.
In order to select a suitable refrigerant for a refrigeration sy In order to select a suitable refrigerant for a refrigeration system of stem of
known size and evaporating temperature, the following factors mu known size and evaporating temperature, the following factors must be st be
considered: considered:
The volume flow rate required per kW of refrigeration capacity The volume flow rate required per kW of refrigeration capacity
The coefficient of performance COP The coefficient of performance COP
Safety requirements Safety requirements
Physical properties Physical properties
Operating properties Operating properties
Cost. Cost.