POWER FACTOR

CORRECTION
Components & Systems August 2002
What is Power Factor 1
What does Cos mean 1
Disadvantages of Low Power Factor 1
Improving Power Factor 1
Power Factor Correction using Capacitors 2
Centralised Compensation 2
Substantiating Power Factor Costs 2
Calculating Capacitor Requirements 2
Power Factor Components 3
- Capacitors 4-7
- Contactors 4-5
- Fuse Protection 5
- Isolating 6
- Reactive Control Relay 7
Series 4000 Rack System 8-10
Rack System Components 8-10
- Capacitors 9
- Contactors 9
- Fuse Protection 9
- Busbars 9
Series 5000 Power Factor Systems 10
Harmonics 11
What are Harmonics? 11
Series 6000 Harmonic Racks 11
Series 7000 Harmonic Systems 12
Table of Contents
What is power factor correction?
Power factor is simply a name given to the ratio of actual power
(active power) being used in a circuit, expressed in watts or more
commonly kilowatts (kW), to the power which is apparently being
drawn from the mains, expressed in volt-ampere or more commonly
kilo volt-ampere (kVA).
Active Power (kW)
P.F. =
Apparent Power (kVA)
All modern industries utilise electrical energy in some form or other.
Two basic categories of load are encountered in alternate current
(AC) networks.
1. Resistive Loads
Devices containing only resistance e.g. incandescent lamps, heaters,
soldering irons, ovens, etc.
The current drawn from the supply is directly converted into heat or
light. Since the voltage is assumed to be constant, the actual power
(kW) being used is identical to the apparent power (kVA) being drawn
from the line. The power factor is therefore unity or 1. In these purely
resistive circuits, the current and voltage sinewave peaks occur
simultaneously and are said to be in phase.
2. Inductive Loads
All motors and transformers depend on magnetism as the basis of
their operation. Magnetism is a force and in the physical sense is not
consumed. In AC motors and transformers, magnetic forces are only
required periodically. Consequently, a permanent magnet cannot be
used and the necessary magnetism is produced by electrical means.
The electrical current needed for this purpose is not fully utilised.
Having produced the magnetic force, the current flows back to the
power station again. This current is called the reactive current in con-
trast to the active current which performs work and is fully utilised in
so doing. Although the reactive current is not utilised, it imposes a
load on the electrical distribution system and supply authorities
demand payment for this load according to specific tariffs.
The current drawn from the supply is made up of two separate kinds
of current power producing current and magnetising current.
Therefore the current flowing in an AC circuit (unless corrected) is
generally larger than is necessary to supply the power being by the
expended point.
What does Cos mean?
Reactive power and active power flow through the motor or trans-
former. Geometrical calculation of these two powers yield the apparent
power. The ratio of the active and apparent power is denoted by
cos and indicates what fraction of apparent power flowing is actually
used by the motor.
As can be seen from Fig. 1, the apparent power is greater than the
active power and hence the power factor is a value considerably less
than unity.
Reactive Power (kW)
P.F. =
Apparent Power (kVA)
= Cos
Disadvantages of Low Power Factor
1. Increased authorities cost since more current has to be transmitted,
and this cost is directly billed to consumers on maximum demand
kVA systems.
2. Causes overloaded generators, transformers and distribution lines
within a plant, resulting in greater voltage drops and power losses, all
representing waste, inefficiency and needless wear and tear on
industrial electrical equipment.
3. Reduces load handling capability of the plants electrical system.
Most electrical supply authorities have changed to kVA demand
systems from the inefficient kW demand system. Consumers are
now billed and penalised for their inefficient systems according to the
apparent power being used. In future, consumers will be penalised
for plants with power factor below a pre-determined value.
Improving Power Factor
The most practical and economical power factor improvement device
is the capacitor. As stated previously, all inductive loads produce
inductive reactive power (lagging by a phase angle of 90).
Capacitors on the other hand produce capacitive reactive power,
which is the exact opposite of inductive reactive power. In this
instance, the current peak occurs before the voltage peak, leading by
a phase angle of 90. By careful selection of capacitance required, it
is possible totally cancel out the inductive reactive power when
placed in circuit together.
Cos1 is the kVA used before Power Factor Improvement equipment
was added to the network.
Cos2 is the kVA used after Power Factor improvement equipment
was added to the network.
To prevent the continual flow of reactive current back and forth
between the load and power station, a capacitor, which is in effect a
reactive current storage device, is connected in parallel with the load.
The reactive current supplied by the power station and used for the
magnetic force when the load is switched on does not now return to
the power station but instead flows into the capacitor and merely
circulates between the latter and the load. Consequently the distribu-
tion lines from the power station are relieved of the reactive current.
Capacitors can therefore be utilised to reduce kVA and electrical
costs. Improved power factor results in:
1. Reduced kVA charges
2. Improved plant efficiency
3. Additional loads can be added to the system
4. Reduced overloading of cables, transformers,
switchgear, etc.
5. Improved starting torque of motors
6. Reduce fuel requirements to generate power due to lower losses.
A
p
p
a
re
n
t P
o
w
e
r (k
V
A
)
Inductive Reactive
Power (kVAr)
Active Power (kW)

Power Factor Correction

2
1
K
V
A
1
K
V
A
2
Capacitor
kVAr
Required
kW
1
Fig. 1
Contents are illustrative only - final details must be checked when placing orders
Motor Rating 2 Pole 4 Pole 6 Pole
kW 3000 rpm 1500 rpm 1000 rpm
0.75 0.5 kVAr 0.5 kVAr 0.5 kVAr
1.1 0.5 kVAr 0.5 kVAr 1.0 kVAr
1.5 0.5 kVAr 1.0 kVAr 1.0 kVAr
2.2 1.0 kVAr 1.0 kVAr 1.5 kVAr
4.0 1.5 kVAr 1.5 kVAr 2.0 kVAr
5.5 2.0 kVAr 2.0 kVAr 3.0 kVAr
7.5 2.0 kVAr 2.0 kVAr 3.0 kVAr
11.0 3.0 kVAr 4.0 kVAr 5.0 kVAr
15 4.0 kVAr 5.0 kVAr 6.0 kVAr
18.5 5.0 kVAr 7.0 kVAr 8.0 kVAr
22 6.0 kVAr 8.0 kVAr 9.0 kVAr
30 8.0 kVAr 10.0 kVAr 12.0 kVAr
37 10.0 kVAr 12.0 kVAr 14.0 kVAr
45 12.0 kVAr 14.0 kVAr 16.0 kVAr
55 16.0 kVAr 22.0 kVAr 25.0 kVAr
75 18.0 kVAr 25.0 kVAr 30.0 kVAr
90 20.0 kVAr 30.0 kVAr 35.0 kVAr
110 25.0 kVAr 30.0 kVAr 40.0 kVAr
132 35.0 kVAr 40.0 kVAr 40.0 kVAr
160 40.0 kVAr 45.0 kVAr 50.0 kVAr
Power Factor Correction using Capacitors
Two methods of improving power factor using capacitors are:
a) Individual motor compensation (static capacitors)
b) Centralised compensation (automatic capacitor banks)
Individual Motor Compensation
Most effective correction is obtained by connecting individual capac-
itors directly to the terminals of each motor. The motor and capaci-
tor can be controlled jointly by the motor switchgear. The capaci-
tor rating should be matched as closely as possible so that the power
factor of the entire plant can be corrected to the optimum value,
irrespective of the number of motors switched on.
The size of capacitor required may be determined from Table 3 by
taking the motor kW and speed into consideration. Table 3 is a guide
only and no guarantee of correct power factor. The correct method
of maximum capacitor rating can be determined by using the following
formula:
Qc = 0.9Io V3
where Io = motor magnetising current
Qc = capacitor power in VAr
If the magnetising current is not known, 95% of the motor no-load
current can be used as an approximate value. Care should be taken
not to exceed the value calculated to avoid dangerous overvoltages
and possible self excitation of motors at switch-off.
Over compensation can cause higher supply voltages which can
cause consequent break down of motor insulation and flashover at
motor terminals. To be safe, rather use standard capacitor sizes (as
indicated below). For this reason, individual motor compensation is
not recommended for motors which are rapidly reversed e.g. cranes,
hoists, etc.
Table 3
Individual Capacitor Rating in kVAr to improve Power Factor to 0.95
or better at all loads.
Centralised Compensation
(Automatic Power Factor Correction)
In large industrial plants where many motors are generally in use or,
when the main reason for power factor is to obtain lower electricity
bills, then centralised compensation is far more practical and eco-
nomical than individual motor compensation.
In this instance, large banks or racks of capacitors are installed at the
main incoming distribution boards of the plant and are sub-divided
into steps which are automatically switched in or out depending on
specific load requirements by means of an automatic control system,
improving the overall power factor of the network.
Utilising Table 4 for calculating capacitor kVAr size requirements for
power factor correction. The following information must be known
beforehand.
a) The average plant power factor
b) The maximum running load of the plant in kW
To avoid ferro-resistance and dangerous voltage rises, the total kVAr
required should never exceed 65% of incoming transformer kVA. In
practice, to be absolutely safe, this limit should be set at approx. 50%.
Generally an automatic power factor system consist of:
a) a main load-break isolator (or circuit breaker)
b) an automatic reactive control relay
c) power factor capacitors backed by suitable fuse protection
d) suitably rated contactors for capacitor switching
The automatic reactive control relay monitors the total network and
will switch-in the required capacitor banks at pre-determined inter-
vals compensating for capacitor discharge times and load dependant
requirements.
As capacitor switching subjects components to exceptionally high
stresses it is imperative to correctly size and rate all components
utilised in a system.
Substantiating Power Factor Correction Costs
This question can best be answered by an example. Assuming a
plant has a total load of 500 kW and a power factor (cos) of say 0.75
lagging. Supply authorities kVA demand charge is approximately
R40.00 per kVA (actually above R50.00 in most areas.
Johannesburg is currently R53.10).
kW 500 kW
PF
= kVA
0.75 PF
= 666 kVA
Total costs @ R40.00/kVA = R26,640.00/month
By installing capacitors to improve power factor (cos) to 0.98 lagging
new costs are;
500 kW
0.98 PF
= 510 kVA
Total costs @ R40.00/kVA = R20,400.00/month
therefore savings monthly = R6,240.00
A complete system required to effect power factor from 0.75 to 0.98
(as in above example) would require a system of 360 kVAr which
would currently cost approximately R43,000.00
Power factor correction usually pays for itself well within 12 months
of the initial purchase (7 months in above example ) and continues
saving indefinitely. It therefore stands to reason that more significant
savings can be anticipated with the ever increasing escalation costs
of electricity in the future.
Power Factor Correction
2
Contents are illustrative only - final details must be checked when placing orders
Calculating Capacitor Requirements
It is imperative that correct capacitor sizes be selected when calcu-
lating capacitor requirements. In the case of centralised compensa-
tion, it is recommended that the first capacitor step be equal to half
the value of the following steps, to allow a smooth overall linear cor-
rection system.
Table 4 (right) will assist in calculating capacitor values in specific
applications.
Prior knowledge of the following is required:
a) Power factor before applying capacitors (left vertical column)
b) Required power factor (top horizontal row)
c) Total consumption in kW
The correct capacitor size can be calculated by multiplying the factor
when crossing the horizontal and vertical columns in the table below
by kW.
Example:
1. Convert the plant load to kW (kVA x PF = kW)
666 kVA x 0.75 Pf = 500 kW (useful power)
2. To correct a load of 500 kW at 0.75 PF to 0.98 PF.
Follow the 0.75 value (in left vertical column)
horizontally until below the 0.98 value (in top
horizontal row). The factor value is 0.68.
3. Capacitor required to correct from 0.75 to 0.98
(power x capacitor from the table value)
500 kW x 0.68 = 340 kVAr
savings: 500 kW @ 0.75 PF = 666 kVA
500 kW @ 0.98 Pf = 510 kVA
Reduction of 156 kVA
(23.4% less of transformer load)
Table 4
Existing PF Target Power Factor
Cos Required Cos
Before applying
capacitors
0.80 0.85 0.90 0.92 0.95 0.98 1.0
0.40 1.54 1.67 1.81 1.87 1.96 2.09 2.29
0.42 1.41 1.54 1.68 1.73 1.83 1.96 2.16
0.44 1.29 1.42 1.56 1.61 1.71 1.84 2.04
0.46 1.18 1.31 1.45 1.50 1.60 1.73 1.93
0.48 1.08 1.21 1.34 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.83
0.50 0.98 1.11 1.25 1.31 1.40 1.53 1.73
0.52 0.89 1.02 1.16 1.22 1.31 1.44 1.64
0.54 0.81 0.94 1.07 1.13 1.23 1.36 1.56
0.56 0.73 0.86 1.00 1.05 1.15 1.28 1.48
0.58 0.65 0.78 0.92 0.98 1.08 1.20 1.40
0.60 0.58 0.71 0.85 0.91 1.00 1.13 1.33
0.61 0.55 0.68 0.81 0.87 0.97 1.10 1.30
0.62 0.52 0.65 0.78 0.84 0.94 1.06 1.27
0.63 0.48 0.61 0.75 0.81 0.90 1.03 1.23
0.64 0.45 0.58 0.72 0.77 0.87 1.00 1.20
0.65 0.42 0.55 0.68 0.74 0.84 0.97 1.17
0.66 0.39 0.52 0.65 0.71 0.81 0.94 1.14
0.67 0.36 0.49 0.63 0.68 0.78 0.90 1.11
0.68 0.33 0.46 0.59 0.65 0.75 0.88 1.08
0.69 0.30 0.43 0.56 0.62 0.72 0.85 1.05
0.70 0.27 0.40 0.54 0.59 0.69 0.82 1.02
0.71 0.24 0.37 0.51 0.57 0.66 0.79 0.99
0.72 0.21 0.34 0.48 0.54 0.64 0.76 0.96
0.73 0.19 0.32 0.45 0.51 0.61 0.73 0.94
0.74 0.16 0.29 0.42 0.48 0.58 0.71 0.91
0.75 0.13 0.26 0.40 0.46 0.55 0.68 0.88
0.76 0.11 0.24 0.37 0.43 0.53 0.65 0.86
0.77 0.08 0.21 0.34 0.40 0.50 0.63 0.83
0.78 0.05 0.18 0.32 0.38 0.47 0.60 0.80
0.79 0.03 0.16 0.29 0.35 0.45 0.57 0.78
0.80 0.13 0.27 0.32 0.42 0.55 0.75
0.81 0.10 0.24 0.30 0.40 0.52 0.72
0.82 0.08 0.21 0.27 0.37 0.49 0.70
0.83 0.05 0.19 0.25 0.34 0.47 0.67
0.84 0.03 0.16 0.22 0.32 0.44 0.65
0.85 0.14 0.19 0.29 0.42 0.62
0.86 0.11 0.17 0.26 0.39 0.59
0.87 0.08 0.14 0.24 0.36 0.57
0.88 0.06 0.11 0.21 0.34 0.54
0.89 0.03 0.09 0.18 0.31 0.51
0.90 0.06 0.16 0.28 0.48
0.91 0.03 0.13 0.25 0.46
0.92 0.10 0.22 0.43
0.93 0.07 0.19 0.40
0.94 0.03 0.16 0.36
0.95 0.13 0.33
Power Factor Correction
3
Contents are illustrative only - final details must be checked when placing orders
3 Phase Monobloc Capacitors 440V
H Type 440V, 50 Hz, 3 Phase
(Maximum Voltage 520V - 50Hz)
Alpivar heavy duty capacitors are totally dry units with no impregna-
tion or insulation liquid.
Alpivar monoblock capacitors utilise windings insulated by a self-
extinguishing casing, immersed in thermosetting polyurethane resin
applied under vacuum with excellent heat dissipation qualities
(measured internal temperature is <3C of ambient).
The unique vacuum potting technique ensures that Alpivar capacitors
have excellent resistance over time and much longer service life than
conventional capacitors.
Capacitor windings incorporate the following internal protection:
Self healing dielectric (metalized s film)
Electrical fuse (per winding)
Effective overpressure disconnecting device (per winding)
In the event of element failure, only the effected element is discon-
nected from the power circuit, ensuring maximum safety conditions
and leaving unaffected capacitors still in service.
Main Factors Effecting Capacitor Life
Alpivar capacitors associated with patented vacuum potting technique
form a highly advanced unit and incorporate all of the above protec-
tions.
The capacitors comply fully with international requirements of
IEC60831-1/2, CEI-EN60831-1/2, NF C54 108/9, CSA 22-2 No.190,
UL810.
Faults Cause Solution
Small Faults 15% Break down of dielectric Manufactured with self-
within capacitor windings healing metalized poly-
caused by overvoltages. propylene film which
Dielectric is perforated vapourises the metal
when overvoltage occurs. around the short circuit to
restore electrical isolation.
Medium Faults 70% Over current / voltages Gas build up within the
caused by harmonic capacitor when emitted
presence and over caused the deformation
temperature which cannot of a membrane which
be overcome by the self- effectively disconnects
healing dielectric. the defective coil from
the circuit.
High Faults 15% Short circuits. An independent internal
electrical fuse disconnects
the effected coil.
Power Factor Components, Systems and
Specifications
Electromechanica have been involved in all aspects of power factor
correction in our specific environment for some 20 years now, and it
is with this experience gained, that we can confidently recommend,
specific components required in power factor correction, and
complete ready to connect automatic power factor systems.
Electromechanica offers a complete range of components and equip-
ment for power factor correction viz.
a) Power factor capacitors 400-550 volt
b) Contactors specifically for capacitor switching
c) Fuse protection components for capacitor banks
d) Automatic reactive control relays
e) Special rack systems incorporating capacitors, contactors, fuse
protection and busbars
f) Complete power factor systems 30-1500 kVAr
Capacitors
Traditionally power factor capacitors are made up of single phase
metalized polypropylene windings, placed into a plastic cylinder
impregnated with epoxy resin. These cylinders (windings) are coupled
in a delta configuration (to offer a 3 phase system) and placed into
an enclosed sheet metal box which offers desired protection in the
event of explosion due to undue stresses placed on the capacitor
through potential exposure to overvoltage, increased frequency,
harmonic effects and over temperature.
This conventional system of capacitor manufacture in no way takes
heating into consideration, (undoubtedly the single most important
factor effecting the overall life of the capacitor). Capacitors have
power losses of 0.05% (0.5 watts per kVAr) which stands to reason
that a 60 kVAr capacitor for instance, would have to dissipate 30
watts of generated heat inside a enclosed sheet metal enclosure.
Temperatures measured inside these enclosures could reach 15-
20C higher than the ambient temperature that they are exposed to,
drastically effecting the overall life of the capacitor.
The use of 440V capacitors is highly recommended, which generally
accommodate overvoltages in systems due to the presence of har-
monics (becoming more prevalent in electrical networks today).
This, in effect, permits a permanent 20% overvoltage factor without
any negative effects on the capacitor itself. (IEC requirements
already anticipate a tolerance of +10%).
Care should be taken when calculating capacitor kVAr require-
ments in 400V systems as the kVAr rating will be slightly lower when
440V capacitors are utilised.
Selection criteria for suitable capacitors:
a) Rated at 440V (in low voltage applications)
b) All capacitors utilised within a system should comply fully with
requirements of IEC60831-1/2 and CEI-EN60831-1/2
c) Have a tolerance of -5 +10%
d) Be rated for operational temperature of at least 50C
e) Offer permanent overvoltage tolerances of at least 1.15 Un
f) Offer permanent overcurrent tolerances of at least 1.7 In
g) Capacitors should incorporate effective overpressure disconnector
h) Capacitors should be provided with discharge resistors effectively
reducing terminal voltages to less than 50V within 1 minute.
i) Incorporate internal independent fusing
The inclusion of internal fusing does not substitute the necessity of
external safety devices such as fuse cut-outs or circuit breakers.
Electromechanica offers a range of Alpivar capacitors far exceeding
all of the above requirements.
Power Factor Components
4
Contents are illustrative only - final details must be checked when placing orders
Max. operating Power at Rated Fuse
230V 400V 440V Current gG
type kVAr kVAr kVAr (A) (A)
BF25K00 11 20 22 30 40
BF40K00 17 30 33 43 63
BF65K00 26 45 50 70 100
BF80K00 34 60 65 90 125
Capacitors are rated at 440V to accommodate overvoltages in sys-
tems due to the presence of harmonics (becoming more prevalent in
electrical networks today). This accommodates a further 10% over-
voltage factor above the 10% tolerance anticipated by IEC require-
ments. Alpivar capacitors withstand overvoltages of 1.18 Un contin-
uously (24h/24) effectively offering a 30% overvoltage factor when
applied in a 400V system and can operate effectively up to 520V, 50
Hz.
Standard maximum permissible current requirements for conventional
capacitors is 1.3 In.
Alpivar capacitors are designed to withstand up to 2.0 In.
Specifications
Rated Voltage : 440V, 50 Hz three-phase
Internal Protection : - Self Healing Dielectric
- Electric Fuse (per
element)
- Overpressure disconnecting
device (per element)
Tolerance : 5% capacitance
Max. Voltage Overload : 1.18 Un continuous (24h/24)
Max. Current Overload : 2.0 In
Loss Factor : <0.3W per kVAr (including
discharge resistors)
Operating Temperature : -40 - +55C
Insulation Class : 6 kV for 1 minute at 50 Hz
(25kV 1.2/50mS shockwave)
Discharge Resistors : Incorporated (<50 within 1 min)
Standards : IEC60831-1 and 2
EN60381-1 and 2
NFC54108-9
CSA22-2No.190
UL810
(1) (2) (3)
kVAr kVAr Current (A) Dimension
Type 440V 400V per phase H x W x D
VCB1544 15 12 20 275 x 90 x 225
VCB2044 20 17 26 275 x 90 x 255
VCB2544 25 21 33 275 x 90 x 225
VCB3044 30 25 39 275 x 180 x 225
VCB4044 40 33 52 275 x 180 x 225
VCB5044 50 41 66 275 x 180 x 225
VCB6044 60 50 79 275 x 270 x 225
VCB7544 75 62 98 275 x 270 x 225
VCB8044 80 66 105 275 x 360 x 225
VCB9044 90 74 118 275 x 360 x 225
VCB10044 100 83 131 275 x 360 x 225
Contactors
The contactor during the closing transition is influenced by electrical
currents having high frequencies and high amplitudes. The frequencies
of these currents range between 1 and 10 kHz; the amplitudes must
have values lower than the maximum permissible current peak of the
contactor to be used.
If this condition cannot be verified, it is necessary to use limiting
inductances or special capacitor switching contactors.
Lovato contactors utilised in our systems
are specially designed for capacitor
switching and are equipped with early-
make contacts which introduce resistors to
limit the connecting current of capacitors
for a very brief interval, (2-3 ms) during the
contactor closing. These resistors are
then disconnected from the circuit once
the contactor closing operation is completed
and the current capacity is then conveyed
through the main contacts of the contactor,
dramatically reducing wear of contactors,
capacitors and fuses, ensuring longer life
and reliability of the system.
Lovato BF..K Contactors
Power Factor Components
5
1 3 5
A1
A2
2 4 6
T1 T2 T3
L1 L2 L3
Selection criteria for suitable contactors:
a) Contactors utilised within a system should comply fully with
requirements of IEC/EN60947-4-1
b) Should be rated for operational temperatures of 50C (ratings
higher than 50C to 70C should be reduced by a percentage
equal to the difference between the ambient temperature and
50C)
c) It is recommended to underrate the contactors by 10%
d) Contactors should be limited to 120 cycles per hour with an
electrical life of 200,000 cycles
e) Effective limiting inductances should be incorporated
f) Consideration must be made for capacitor discharge times and
reactive control relays should incorporate sufficient delay to
ensure that capacitors are sufficiently discharged before they
are reconnected.
(1) Actual Capacitor Rating
(2) Equivalent kVAr Rating
(3) Supply Voltage is 440V
Contents are illustrative only - final details must be checked when placing orders
Fuse Protection
DF DIN type (knife) fuses have been found to be particularly
suitable for protection of capacitor banks in systems.
Specific fuse protection is essential for each capacitor bank
of a system. Exposure to overvoltage, increased frequency
and t he eff ect s of harmoni cs, permi t capaci t ors t o be
cont i nuously overloaded at up to 1.35 times their nominal
rating. This overload as well as high initial switching currents
of the capacitors must be considered when calculating fuse
requirements for capacitor bank protection.
Table 5 (below) will assist in correctly specifying standard fuses as
well as recommended cable sizes for capacitor banks.
Table 5
Rating Rated Voltage 440VAC
Rated Fuse Cable
Current Rating Cross Section
kVAr A A mm
2
2 2.9 10 1.5
2.5 3.6 10 1.5
3 4.3 10 1.5
4 5.8 10 1.5
5 7.2 16 2.5
7.5 8.6 20 2.5
10 14.4 25 4
15 21.5 40 10
20 28.5 40 10
25 33.0 63 16
30 39.2 63 25
35 46.5 80 35
40 53.5 80 35
50 66.0 100 50
60 80.0 125 70
70 93.0 160 70
80 108.0 160 95
Mains Isolators
The use of a main incoming isolator is highly recommended, prefer-
ably door interlocked to prevent opening of the enclosure with power
applied to the components. As circuit breakers have been known to
cause unnecessary nuisance tripping in many instances the use of
fuses or a fuse switch should be considered if protection of the mains
supply cable is required additionally.
Fuse Bases
The df range of polyester fuse bases offer a very high insulation and
are able to withstand extremely high temperatures.
The insulation (IP) protection can be enhanced by additional fuse
and terminal covers.
Power Factor Components
6
Selection criteria for suitable fuses:
a) Should conform fully to requirements of IEC60269-1,
IEC60269-2-1
b) Should be gl-gG type high rupturing capacity
c) Offer protection for overcurrents and short circuits with
fault levels of up to 50kA
d) Fuse bases should be highly resistant to temperature
withstand up to 120C and be self-extinguishing - UL94Vo
with a creepage resistance of CTI = 600V.
Selection criteria for suitable mains isolator:
a) Must be fully compliant with requirements of IEC60947-1/3 as
well as IEC60664, 60269 and 60204
b) Control circuit should be wired through a mounted early make-
late break auxiliary, effectively allowing the making and break-
ing action of the isolator to switch off-load thus preventing
potential operation of the isolator on fully charged capacitors.
c) Should be door interlocked with enclosure, preventing opening
of enclosure door with live components exposed.
d) Must be sized correctly to accommodate total system current
carrying capacity.
Selection criteria for fuse bases:
a) Should be fully compliant with the requirements of IEC/EN
60269-1/2, VDE0636, DIN43620.
b) Should be made of self-extinguishing material UL94 VO.
c) Be rated for voltages up to 690V.
Contents are illustrative only - final details must be checked when placing orders
Reactive Control Relay
The Lovato DCRE range of reactive control relays more than meet
the above requirements. They perform the control and adjustment
functions in a totally digital manner and incorporating latest micro-
processor technology, facilitating accurate, reliable power factor
control. An appropriate algorithm ensures accurate operation even
in systems characterised by high harmonic content.
Technical Characteristics DCRE5 DCRE7/12
Supply Circuit
Supply Voltage Ue 380-415 VAC
Operating Limits -15% ... +10% Ue
Rated Frequency 50 (or) 60Hz (self configuring)
Maximum Power Consumption 5.4 VA 2.6 VA
Current Limit
Rated Current Ie 5A
Operating Limits 0.125 ... 5.5A
Overload Capacity 1.1 Ie
Overload Peak 10 x Ie 1s
Reading and Control Range
Voltage Reading Limits -15% ... +10% Ue
Current Reading Limits 2.5 ... 110% Ie
Type of Voltage/Current Reading True RMS
Power Factor Adjustment 0.85 Inductive - 0.95 Capacitive
Re-connection Time of Same Step 5-240 sec
Switching Sensitivity 5-600 sec
Relay Output
No. of Outputs
(1 x Isolated can be Alarm Relay)
5 7 or 12
Contact Arrangement 1 x NO
Rated Capacity Ith 5A-250V (AC1)
Rated Operating Voltage 250 VAC
Maximum Switching Voltage 440 VAC
Housing
Version Flush Mounting
Dimensions 96x96x62mm 144x144x32mm
Protection (IP54 with t/parent cover) IP41
Type of Termination Plug-in / screw
The capability of performing complex calculations regarding reactive
power, permits the rapid switching of capacitor banks in a timeous,
explicit manner, resulting in a drastic reduction in the number of
operations and their homogeneous use.
Besides instantaneous power factor indication, the large LED digital
display also indicates:
Voltage (True RMS)
Current (True RMS)
kVAr (Indicating the required reactive power to correct to pre-set
value)
A configurable alarm function indicates the following:
Over/Under Voltage (A.HU/A.LU)
Over/Under Current (A.HI/A.LI)
Over/Under Compensation (A.HC/A.LC)
The trend in the market place is to supply systems with separate
auto-off-man selector switches and pilot lights. This trend should be
strongly discouraged as this method of switching overrides the inherent
safety delays incorporated in the controller (which is able to perform
the same function) and exposes contactors to undue stress and a
potentially dangerous situation when operated inadvertently on fully
charged capacitors.
Note
1) Always ensure that C.T. is connected to the phase not utilised for
supply voltage to controller.
2) Ensure that C.T. is correctly rated for system requirements and
connected in the correct direction.
Power Factor Components
7
Selection criteria for suitable control relays:
a) Must be compliant with requirements of IEC/EN60255-5/6,
IEC60068-2-61/6
b) Should incorporate an accurate power factor indicator
c) Offer clear indication of steps switched-in
d) Must facilitate a suitable delay between disconnection and recon-
nection of the same step (min 60 sec) even when operated in
manual mode
e) Have a contact rating of at least Ith: 5A-250V (AC1)
f) Ensure balanced/equally distributed use of switching steps
g) Be configurable for stepping 1-1-1.../1-2-2.../1-2-4
h) Allow accurate readings and indication even in the presence of
high harmonic content or waveform distortions.
DCRE12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 C
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
14 15
O
V
3
8
0
-4
1
5
V
S1 S2
/5A
L1 L2 L3
QS1
FU13 FU14
TC1
FU1
KM1
K1
R
R
KM2
K2
R
R
KM12
K12
R
R
FU2 FU12
LOAD
Contents are illustrative only - final details must be checked when placing orders
The Series 4000 rack system is a convenient all-in-one component kit for mounting into a standard enclosure to complete a system. The
system incorporates latest developments in capacitor, contactor and fuse technology.
Series 4000 Rack
8
Discharge Resistors
Enable the capacitors to be
discharged in compliance with
applicable standards. They are
mounted externally to enable
ease of visual inspection.
Busbars
Are incorporated on
the racks by insulat-
ed supports, offering
very high fault levels
suitable for currents
of up to 630A. The
system is expanded
by merely coupling to
busbars of another
rack
Capacitors
Are potted in thermoset polyurethane
resin under vacuum offering excellent
heat dissipation qualities. They are
mounted onto the rack exposed,
permitting effective airflow from all
sides. The capacitors incorporate the
following internal protections:
Self Healing Dielectric
Electrical Fuse
Overpressure Disconnecting Device
Capacitors are rated at 55C and can
operate at voltages of up to 520V and
are designed to withstand up to 2.0 In.
Contactors
Are special capacitor switching type
equipped with early make contacts which
introduce limiting resistances during the
contactor closing operation, whereafter
they are completely disconnected from the
circuit. Drastically reducing stress and
wear of the contactors, capacitors and
fusegear, ensuring longer life and overall
reliability.
Fuseholder
Fuses utilised in the rack sys-
tem provide effective protec-
tion from short circuits and
overload conditions. They
are specially designed for
direct mounting onto busbars,
which are incorporated in the
rack.
Contents are illustrative only - final details must be checked when placing orders
As contactors are wired in the delta loop, current requirements are
lower, thereby decreasing the contacting ratings by 3.
The table below indicate contactor requirements with 6 terminal
capacitors and conventional 3 phase capacitors.
Fuses and Fuse Bases
Fuses utilised in the 4000 series rack system are DIN (blade type)
Class gl-gL-gG HRC fuses. They provide effective protection from
short circuits and overload conditions for all 3 phases of the capaci-
tor bank and conform fully to requirements of IEC60269, CEE16,
VDE0636 and DIN57363.
Fuse bases are specially designed to directly mount onto busbars
which are incorporated in the rack system. They provide independent
fuse protection of all three phases of each capacitor bank (up to two
banks per rack).
Busbars
Busbars are incorporated on the racks and supported by high
class insulated 3 phase supports, incorporating termination
at the top or bottom of the rack. Standard supplied busbars
are suitable for currents in excess of 630A. Systems are
expanded by merely coupling busbars to those of another
rack.
Standard 6 Terminal
kVAr 415V 3ph Capacitor Capacitor
12.5 BF12K10 BF9K10
25 BF40K10 BF20K10
30 BF40K BF25K10
40 BF65K BF40K
50 BF65K BF40K
60 BF80K BF65K
75 BF65K
100 BF80K
Power Factor Components
9
Series 4000 Rack System
The Series 4000 rack system has recently been developed as a
convenient all-in-one component for inclusion into a standard
enclosure or as a complete system. The design combines many
years experience gained in power factor and its application in very
harsh local conditions. Incorporating latest up-to-date technology in
capacitor, contactor and reactive control relay developments.
Racks are supplied with capacitor sizes from 25 to 100 kVAr in various
configurations. They incorporate capacitors, special capacitor
switching contactors and fuse protection.
Fuse bases are directly mounted onto a suitably rated, incorporated
busbar system suitable for capacities up to 500 kVAr, offering simple
expansion capabilities by merely coupling to busbars of another rack.
Capacitors
Capacitors utilised in the Series 4000 rack system are the Alpivar
heavy duty types. They are self-healing and incorporate independent
internal fusing, overpressure protection facilities and are able to with-
stand permanent overvoltages up to 520V and over current at 2.0 x
In (see pages 4 and 5 for detailed technical specifications).
Capacitors are designed to withstand undue stresses caused by
potential exposure to overvoltage, increased frequency and limited
harmonic effects.
Capacitors are mounted, exposed, offering all-round ventilation with
excellent heat dissipation, ensuring longer life.
The specially designed 6 terminal capacitors utilised in the rack sys-
tem allow contactors to be wired in the delta loop, reducing current
carrying by 30% on contactors.
Contactors
Contactors utilised on the 4000 Series rack system are specifically
designed for capacitor switching. They are equipped with early-
make auxiliary contacts which temporarily introduce limiting
resistances (effectively absorbing peak in-rush currents) during the
contactor closing operation. These resistors are disconnected from
the circuit once the contactor closing operation has been completed
and the capacitor current capacity is then conveyed through the main
contacts of the contactor. This method of operation drastically
reduces wear of contactors, capacitors and fuses, ensuring longer
life and overall reliability of the entire system.
Fuse-link Capacitor Breaking
Type In (A) Size (kVAr) Capacity
300063 63A 25 kVAr 80 kA
300100 100A 50 kVAr 80 kA
300160 160A 75 kVAr 80 kA
300160 160A 100 kVAr 80 kA
5 6
3 4
1 2
T1 L1
T2 L2
T3 L3
L1
L2
L3
T
S
R
Contents are illustrative only - final details must be checked when placing orders
kVAr kVAr Steps Dimension
Type 440V 400V (kVAr) H x W x D
50150 150 124 25-25-50-50 1500 x 600 x 500
50175 175 145 25-50-100 1500 x 600 x 500
50200 200 165 25-25-50-100 1500 x 600 x 500
50250 250 207 25-25-50-50-100 1500 x 600 x 500
50275 275 227 25-50-100-100 1500 x 600 x 500
50300 300 248 50-50-100-100 1500 x 600 x 500
50350 350 289 50-3 x 100 2100 x 600 x 500
50375 375 310 25-50-3 x 100 2100 x 600 x 500
50400 400 331 50-50-3 x 100 2100 x 600 x 500
50450 450 372 50-4 x 100 2100 x 600 x 500
50475 475 393 25-50-4 x 100 2100 x 600 x 500
50500 500 413 50-50-4 x 100 2100 x 600 x 500
Series 4000 Rack System
Dimensions
Advantages of the 4000 Series Rack
a) The rack offers good, effective ventilation for capacitors
b) Capaci tor wi ndi ngs (cel l s) are i ncased i n thermosetti ng
resi n, housi ng formi ng (better heat di ssipation) longer life
c) Windings independently
1) Internally fused
2) Equipped with an effective internal overpressure device
effectively disconnecting only a damaged cell from the
system leaving remaining good cells still operational
(minimum reduction in overall capacitance)
d) Alpivar heavy duty capacitors are rated at 55C.
1.18 Un (30% overrating in 400V systems)
2.0 In
e) Special capacitor switching contactors incorporating initial
limiting resistances increase contactor and capacitor life
f) Busbar syst em i ncorporat ed ont o rack conveni ent
expansion capabilities by simply coupling to busbars of
another rack
g) Easy access to all components for maintenance and repair
purposes
Series 5000 Complete Power Factor Systems
The Series 5000 Power Factor Correct System encompasses
all the advantages of the 4000 Series rack system in a pur-
pose built, floor standing enclosure. The racks are securely
mounted i nto the encl osure (measuri ng 550mm wi de x
400mm deep) and coupled together via the incorporated bus-
bars of the racks. A mains isolator is included (for top or
bottom entry) and the reactive control relay, door mounted
and connected to the circuit.
The panel is supplied as a complete floor standing ready to
connect system providing effective ventilation and dissipa-
tion of heat build-up within the panel. An additional fan
cool ing facility can be included for applications where the
environment provides very low airflow.
Series 5000 Floor Standing Complete Systems
* Larger sizes available on request
Sizes above 540 kVAr are readily available but in this case
two standard systems with their independent isolators are
utilised, with only one reactive control relay to maintain the
current ratings of incorporated busbars on the racks.
kVAr Configurable
Type 440V 400V (kVAr)
40025 25 21 1 x 25
40050 50 41 1 x 50
42050 50 41 1 x 25 + 1 x 25
40075 75 62 1 x 75
42075 75 62 1 x 25 + 1 x 50
40100 100 83 1 x 100
42100 100 83 1 x 50 + 1 x 50
Power Factor Components
10
248
550
500
525
150 200
160 240
400
Contents are illustrative only - final details must be checked when placing orders
HARMONICS
What are harmonics?
Harmonics are undesired signals which are present in electrical
networks that have a frequency multiple of the fundamental:
as they overlap they create a new distorted wave shape
which is no longer sinusoidal.
Most modern factories are making increasing use of modern
power electronics. A feature of semi-conductor controlled
devices and drives is to generate a high content of harmonics
in the mains. The result is that resonance occur which leads
to dangerous excess currents which overload capacitors,
cables, fuses and especially contactors.
Harmonics do not originate from power generators but are
produced by non-linear loads which can be divided into three
main groups:
Loads with variable impedance i.e. arc furnaces, fluorescent
lighting, etc.
Loads with saturated magnetic circuits i.e. reactors, satura-
tion transformers, induction furnaces, etc.
Loads that make use of semi-conductor devices i.e. static
rectifiers, static frequency converters, static uninterruptible
power supplies, static induction regulators.
Non-linear loads are therefore typical harmonic generators.
Harmonic currents are load independent and are caused by
the harmonic generator which is dependent on the phase
angle of the power supply. The frequencies occurring form
multiples of the mains rated frequency, since impedance of
the line system rises during increased frequency (whereas te
impedance of capacitors falls). The harmonic current flow
through capacitors installed in the vicinity of the harmonic
generator.
As a remedy each capacitor can be in series with a reactance.
The i nduct ance i s so desi gned t hat seri es resonance f re-
quency below the 5th harmonic results. Usual values are 189
Hz or 205 Hz.
The capacitor / reactance combination is inductive at any
frequency above the series resonance. Consequently, a
resonance between mains reactance and capacitor can no
longer occur at a higher mains harmonic.
Fig. 3 above indicates the reactance
x
c in relation to fre-
quency f. From this it can be seen that in the range of the 5th
harmonic (=250 Hz) the reactance of the capacitor and filter
ci rcui t i s l ower than that of a capaci tor wi thout fi l ter ci rcui t
(curve
x
c). For the 5th harmonic there is an absorption effect
which is more intense at a resonance frequency of 204 Hz
than at 189 Hz.
For the 7th harmonic (=350 Hz) and even more for higher fre-
quencies there is a block effect caused by the filter circuit as
can be seen on the diagram.
Electromechanica offer combined solutions for harmonics in
our Series 6000 racks which incorporate capacitors with high
overvoltage and overcurrent capabilities allowing application
into networks, with a degree of interference up to 25%, with-
out the need for reactance. Should the interference be high-
er, racks incorporating inductances are also offered.
Series 6000 Rack incorporate:
capacitors 25-50-100 kVAr
capacitor switching contactors
anti-harmonic reactor with thermal protection
fuses and fuse holders
suitably rated busbars
The Series 6000 racks slide into position and are designed
with metallic shielding of the reactor from the capacitors.
The racks can be simply mounted into standard enclosures of
800mm width to be included into systems to be manufactured
or added to existing systems and can be expanded by mere-
ly coupling to busbars of another rack.
Power Factor Systems
11
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
X
C
(%)
Reactance X
C
in Relation to Frequency f
Z

1
8
9

H
z
Z

2
0
4

H
z
X
C
(%)
Z
(%)
f (Hz)
Fig. 3
SH (kVA) The weighted total of the harmonic generators present
at the transformer secondary.
ST (kVA) The power rating of the HV / LV transformer
Degree of
Interference
SH
ST
25% > 25%
H SAH
kVAr Dimensions
Type 440V 400V H x W x D
60025 25 21 325 x 700 x 460
60050 50 41 325 x 700 x 460
60100 100 83 325 x 700 x 460
Contents are illustrative only - final details must be checked when placing orders
The Series 7000 Floor Standing Complete
Systems (incorporating anti-harmonic reactors)
Is a complete ready-to-connect enclosed system control
relay, mains isolator all mounted into a suitably ventilated
enclosure ready for installation.
Series 7000 Complete System
Larger sizes available on request
kVAr Dimensions
Type 440V 400V H x W x D
7125 125 103 2100 x 800 x 600
7150 150 124 2100 x 800 x 600
7175 175 145 2100 x 800 x 600
7200 200 165 2100 x 800 x 600
7250 250 207 2100 x 800 x 600
7275 275 227 2100 x 800 x 600
7300 300 248 2100 x 800 x 600
7350 350 289 2100 x 800 x 600
7400 400 331 2100 x 800 x 600
Power Factor Systems
12
Contents are illustrative only - final details must be checked when placing orders
(Gauteng)
9/11 Data Crescent,
Ormonde Ext 8
P O Box 38980, Booysens 2016
Telephone: (011) 249-5000 / 496-2773
Telefax: (011) 496-2779
E-mail: info@em.co.za
(Cape Province)
2 Woodbridge Business Park
Koeberg Road, Montague Gardens
P O Box 200, Milnerton 7435
Telephone: (021) 529-7000
Telefax: (021) 552-0331
E-mail: info@em.co.za
(Kwazulu Natal)
17 Mc Donald Rd,
Congella
P O Box 17317, Congella 4013
Telephone: (031) 205-1571
Telefax: (031) 205-1625
E-mail: info@em.co.za
Power Factor Equipment
Low Voltage Equipment
Capacitor Switching Contacts
Fusegear
Reactive Control Relays
Load-break Switches
Capacitor Rack Systems
Anti-harmonic Reactors
Capacitor Rack Systems incorporating Harmonic Reactors
Complete Power Factor Systems
Complete Power Factor Systems incorporating Harmonic Reactors
(www.em.co.za)