.

, , (2013/14)

6.

6.1
.
. , , .

:
rotE = B t ,

( )

rotH = J + D t ,

( )
( )
( )

divD = s ,
divB = 0 ,

B
dS ,
t
D

C H dl = S J + t dS,

E dl =
c

D dS =
S

dV ,

(6.1.1)
(6.1.2)
(6.1.3)
(6.1.4)
(6.1.5)
(6.1.6)
(6.1.7)

B dS = 0.

(6.1.8)

:
237

. , , (2013/14)

J = J (E) ,

D = D( E) ,

B = B(H) .

Ja divJ = t

(6.1.9)

J dS = ( t ) dv
v

.

.
( B t )
,
,
divE = ( s + v ) / o .
J + D t
. , B
( )
, rotB = o ( J + J a + J p + o E t ) .
, ,
,
D t .
D t .
divB = 0
.

,
E B .


.

.
n 1,
:
n E1 n E 2 = 0,
n H1 n H 2 = J s ,
n D1 n D2 = s ,
n B1 n B 2 = 0,
n J1 n J 2 = s t , ( !)
n P2 n P1 = v
n M1 n M 2 = J as .

(6.1.10)
(6.1.11)
(6.1.12)
(6.1.13)
(6.1.14)
(6.1.15)
(6.1.16)
238

. , , (2013/14)

s - ,
J s -
,
v - ,
J as - .

.

6.1
, [001].

, .
, E B :
rotE = B t ,
rotB = o J + o o E t ,
divE = o ,
divB = 0 .

.
.
:
P

J = J ind . + J kond . =
+ rotM + J kond . ,
t

= v + s = divP + s .

:
rotB = o J + o o E t = o P t + o rotM + o J kond + o o E t ,
rot B o = P t + rotM + J kond + o E t ,
rot B o rotM = J kond + o E t + P t ,

M = J kond + ( o E + P ) ,
t
o

D
rotH = J kond +
.
t
:
B

rot

239

. , , (2013/14)

divE = ( divP + s ) o ,
div ( o E + P ) = s ,
divD = s .

, :
rotE = B t , rotH = J kond +

D
, divD = s , divB = 0 .
t

6.2



J iz .
Eiz ?
? ? [002].

:
B
D
, rotH = J + J iz +
, divD = s ,
t
t
:
rotE =

D = o E + P,

H=

divB = 0.

M,

P = P ( E) ,

M = M (B)

J = J ( E ).

div ( J + J iz ) =

s
.
t

,
:

D
rotH = J +
, J = J ( E + Eiz ) , divJ = s .
t
t

- . ,
, ,
.
240

. , , (2013/14)

.
.

6.3

, ,
, ,
J iz , [003].

,
.
:
B

H dl = J + J

E dl = t dS ,

D dS = dV ,

B dS = 0.

iz

D
dS ,
t

,
:
D = E, B = H

J = E.

( J + J ) dS = t dV .
s

iz

6.4
E = Em sin ( wt z ) y .
D, B H , [004].

D = o E = o Em sin ( wt z ) y ,

rotE =
x
0

y
Em sin ( wt z )

rotE =

B
,
t

= Em cos ( wt z ) x ,
z
0
241

. , , (2013/14)

Em cos ( wt z ) x =

B
,
t

B = Em cos ( wt z )dt x =

Em sin ( wt z ) x ,

, , .
H=

Em sin ( wt z ) x .
w o
6.5

1 B1 = 0,6 x + 0, 4 y + 0, 2 z T . H 2
( H z = +0 )
, [005].
z

r 2 = 2

(2)

r 1 = 10

(1)

6.1

H1 =

B1

r1 o

101

( 0,6 x + 0, 4 y + 0, 2 z )

A
,
m

n = z ,

B1n = n B1 = ( z ) ( 0,6 x + 0, 4 y + 0, 2 z ) = 0, 2 = B2 n

B2 n = n B 2 = ( z ) ( B2 x x + B2 y y + B2 z z ) = B2 z = 0, 2 ,
B2 z = 0, 2.
n H1 = ( z ) ( 0, 06 x + 0,04 y + 0,02 z )

, H1t =

(0,04 x 0,06 y ).

n H 2 = ( z ) ( H 2 x x + H 2 y y + H 2 z z ) = ( H 2 y x H 2 x y )
n H1 = n H 2 H 2 x =
H2 =

0,06

( 0,06 x + 0,04 y + 0,1 z )

H2y =

0,04

H2z =

B2 z

r 2 o

0,1

A
. B 2 = ( 0,12 x + 0,08 y + 0, 2 z ) T
m
242

. , , (2013/14)

:
n B1
0, 2
=
= 0, 27 1 = 105,5o
B1
0,56
n B2
0, 2
cos 2 =
=
= 0,81 2 = 144, 2o
B2
0,0608
cos 1 =

B2

1 = 105,5
1 = 15,5o

2
2

2 = 144, 2o
2 = 54, 2o

B1
n

6.2

6.6
1 x 0 r1 = 3 , 2
x 0 r 2 = 2 . H1
H 2 x = +0 .
H1 = ( 6 x + 3 y 4 z ) A m , [006].

r 1 = 3

r 2 = 2
x

(1)

(2)

6.3

H 2 = ( 9 x + 3 y 4 z )

A
.
m
243

. , , (2013/14)

H1 n
= arccos ( 0,77 ) = 140, 2o ,
H1
H n
2 = arccos 2 = arccos ( 0,87 ) = 150,9o .
H2

1 = arccos

6.7
1, r1 = 2 , y + z = 1
. 2 r 2 = 6 .
B1 = ( x + 2 y ) T, B 2 H 2 , [007].
z

(2)
(1)
y

6.4

, , 1:
n=

2
2
y
z .
2
2

B1n = n B1 = 2,
B1 = B1n + B1t
H1t =

B1t

r1 o

B1n = B1n n = ( y + z ) = B 2 n .

B1t = B1 B1n = ( x + y z )
1

( 0,5 x + 0,5 y 0,5 z ) = H 2t ,

B 2t = r 2 o H 2t = ( 3 x + 3 y 3 z ) ,
B 2 = B 2t + B 2 n = ( 3 x + 4 y 2 z ) T,

244

. , , (2013/14)

H2 =

( 0,5 x + 0,67 y 0,33 z )

A
.
m

6.8
1 z 0 r1 = 3 .

H1 = ( 0, 2 x + 0,5 y + z ) / o A m 2 = 45o H 2
. H 2 ( H z = 0 ), [008].
z
r 1 = 3

(1)

(2)

6.5

cos 1 =

H1 n H1 z
=
= 0,88045 ,
H1
H1

tg1 r1
=
,
tg 2 r 2

r 2 =

1 = 28,3o , 2 = 45o 2 = 45o

r1tg 2
= 5,57 .
tg1

B1 = r1o H1 = ( 0,6 x + 1,5 y + 3 z ) T

B1n = n B1 = ( z ) ( 0,6 x + 1,5 y + 3 z ) = 3 = B2 n ,
B2 n = r 2 o H 2 n = r 2 o H 2 z = 3, H 2 n = H 2 z =
n H1 =

( 0,5 x + 0, 2 y ) ,

n H1 = n H 2 , H 2 x =
H2 =

r 2 o

0,54

n H 2 = ( H 2 y x + H 2 x y )

0, 2

B2 n

( 0, 2 x + 0,5 y + 0,54 z )

H2y =

0,5

H2z =

0,54

A
.
m

245

. , , (2013/14)

6.9
, 1, x 0, H1 = ( 20 y )
A / m 2, x 0. J s = (13 z ) A / m H 2
x = +0 , [009].
n
x

(2)

(1)

6.6

H1 Bn1 = 0

Bn 2 = 0 H n 2 = 0, H 2 x = 0.

n H1 n H 2 = J s ,
x ( 20 y ) ( x ) ( H 2 x x + H 2 y y + H 2 z z ) = 13 z ,
20 z + H 2 y z + H 2 z y = 13 z ,

H 2 y = 33 A / m , H 2 z = 0,
H 2 = 33 y .

.
H1 = ( 20 y ) , H 2 = ( 33 y ) , n H1 = ( 20 z ) , n H 2 = ( 33 z )
J s = (13 z ) .

6.10
J s = 9 y A m z = 0
1 z 0 , r1 = 4 2, z 0, r 2 = 3 .
2 ( z = +0 ) H 2 = (12 x + 8 z ) A m
H1 , [010].
z

(2)

Js

Js

(1)

x
n

6.7
246

. , , (2013/14)

H1 = ( 3 x + 6 z )

A
.
m

6.11
( 0,0,0 ) B1 = ( 2 x + 8 z ) B 2 = ( 20 x + 15y + 12 z ) T .
,
1 z 0 r1 = 2 , 2 z 0 r 2 = 5 , [011].
z

(2)

Js

Js

(1)

x
n

6.8
:
J s = n ( H1 H 2 ) = ( z )

6.2

( 3 x 3 y + 1,6 z ) =

( x + y )

A
.
m

, :
E = grad

A
.
t

(6.2.1)

.
(6.2.1)

.

- A. A
. A
,
B = rotA. .
247

. , , (2013/14)

B
A

grad = rotA rot ( grad ) =

.
t
t
t

rotE = rot

(6.2.2)

:
D
E
E
, rotB = J +
, rot ( rotA ) = J +
,
t
t
t
A

grad ( divA ) A = J +
grad ,
t t

2A
grad ( divA ) A = J grad
2 .
t
t

rotH = J +

(6.2.3)

div ( E ) = div
grad = ( divA ) div ( grad ) = s
t
t

+ ( divA ) = s .
t

(6.2.4)

:
divB = div ( rotA ) = 0 .

(6.2.5)

: div ( rotA ) = 0 ,
div ( grad ) = , rot ( grad ) = 0 rot ( rotA ) = grad ( divA ) A.

.

. B A.
divA
, (6.2.3) (6.2.4). divA
.

(6.2.3)
:
divA =

. ( )
t

(6.2.6)

248

. , , (2013/14)

(6.2.3) :
2A
= J .
t 2
(6.2.4) :
A

(6.2.7)

2
= s .
2

(6.2.8)

(6.2.7) (6.2.8) ,
. . :
R

J r' , t

c '

A ( r, t ) =
dv ,

4 v
R

: R = r r ' , c =

( r, t ) =

4 v

s r' , t

R
c

dv '

(6.2.9)

(6.2.9) r t
r '
( t ) .
c, co = 1
.

o o ,

6.12

, ,
.
, J , v
S? [012].

,
:
rotE =

H
,
t

rotH = J +

E
,
t

divE =

divH = 0.

249

. , , (2013/14)

E = grad

:
A ( r, t ) =

A
,
t

H=

'
J (r , t ) '
dv ,

R
4 v

rotA,

( r, t ) =

(r ' , t )

dv '

4 v
R
,
c =1

R = r r

'

= R c .

divJ = ,
t

A divA =
.
t

divA = 0 .
(6.2.3) (6.2.4) :
=

s
,

2A

= J + grad
.
2
t
t

(6.2.10)

, .
,
.
, , (6.2.3)
(6.2.4) , :
divA = 0 ,

A = J ,

A = 0 ,

= 0 ,

s
,

(6.2.11)
(6.2.12)

p Z p
J divJ = t , Z
250

. , , (2013/14)

A
divA = t .
J p
v J v
P , ( v = divP , J v = P t ):
p
= divp , J =
.
(6.2.13)
t
. p
.
(Heinrih Rudolph ertz, 1857-1894) Z,
,
A :
Z
= divZ , A =
(6.2.14)
t
,
.
J , A (6.2.3)
:
Z

2Z
p
= .
2
t

(6.2.15)

:
1

Z ( r, t ) =

p (r' , t )

dv ' ,

4 v
R
:
t
p ( r, t ) = J ( r, t ) dt .

(6.2.16)

(6.2.17)

:
E = grad ( divZ )

2Z
,
t 2

Z
B = rot
.
t

(6.2.18)

(6.2.16)
, (
251

. , , (2013/14)

, ) ( ,
) ,
.

6.13
a
q ( t ) = Qm cos wt.


, [013].

Ez

q ( t ) = Qm cos wt
a

6.9

(t r c ) =

( z, t ) =
( z, t ) =

Qm cos w ( t r c )

1
4 o

2 a

( t r c ) dl
r

1 Qm cos ( wt wr c )
2a ,
4 o
2a r

1 Qm cos ( wt wr c )
1 Qm cos ( wt r )
=
.
4 o
r
4 o
r

z :
E ( z , t ) = grad ( z , t ) =

( z , t )
z

252

. , , (2013/14)

E ( z, t ) =

Qm z
cos ( wt r ) r sin ( wt r ) z
4 o r 3

: r = z 2 + a 2 ,

w 2 f 2
=
=
, .
c
c

6.3
, ,
.
,

.

.
.
.
.


.
-
.
.
.
:
2

a ( t ) = Am cos
t + = Am cos ( 2 f t + ) = A 2 cos ( wt + ) ,
T

(6.3.1)

: Am - , , , f , w
- - .
.

, ,
:

b ( x, y, z , t ) = bx ( x, y, z , t ) x + by ( x, y, z , t ) y + bz ( x, y, z , t ) z ,
(6.3.2)
253

. , , (2013/14)

bx ( x, y , z, t ) = Bmx ( x, y, z ) cos wt + bx ( x, y , z )
by ( x, y, z , t ) = Bmy ( x, y, z ) cos wt + by ( x, y, z )

(6.3.3)

bz ( x, y, z , t ) = Bmz ( x, y, z ) cos wt + bz ( x, y, z )

, , , . ,
.

:
B ( x, y , z ) =

1T 2
2
2
bx ( x, y, z , t ) + by ( x, y, z , t ) + bz ( x, y, z , t ) dt ,
T 0

,
B ( x, y, z ) = Bx2 ( x, y, z ) + By2 ( x, y, z ) + Bz2 ( x, y, z ) .

(6.3.4)

. :
b ( x, y, z , t ) = bx2 ( x, y, z , t ) + by2 ( x, y, z , t ) + bz2 ( x, y, z, t ) .

(6.3.5)

b ( x, y, z, t )
, .
. , , , ,
, .
2 , Em E , Em 2 E.
. , ,
,
. , Em = E.
. ,
, ,
254

. , , (2013/14)

.
: Em = 2 E.
.
a ( t )
(6.3.1),
, :
A = A e j

(6.3.6)

a (t ) = Re A 2 e jwt = Re A 2 e j e jwt = Re A 2 e

j ( wt + )

(6.3.7)

.
Bx , B y Bz
bx ( x, y , z , t ) , by ( x, y , z , t )

bz ( x, y , z , t )

b ( x, y, z, t ) ,
, :
B ( x, y, z ) = Bx ( x, y, z ) x + By ( x, y, z ) y + Bz ( x, y, z ) z ,

(6.3.8)

b ( x, y, z , t ) = Re B ( x, y , z ) 2 e jwt .

(6.3.9)

.
. ,
,
:
B = B B* = B.

(6.3.10)

.
,
:
B = B r + jB i

(6.3.11)

B r = ( Bx cos x x + By cos y y + Bz cos z z )

Bi = ( Bx sin x x + By sin y y + Bz sin z z )

(6.3.12)

255

. , , (2013/14)

b ( x, y, z, t ) , .
b ( x, y, z, t ) B r Bi :
B ( x, y, z ) = Bx ( x, y, z ) x + By ( x, y, z ) y + Bz ( x, y, z ) z

B ( x, y, z ) = Bx ( x, y , z ) e j x x + By ( x, y, z ) e

j y

y + Bz ( x, y, z ) e j z z ,

b ( x, y, z , t ) = Re B ( x, y , z ) 2 e jwt

j
b ( x, y, z , t ) = Re Bx ( x, y, z ) e j x x + By ( x, y, z ) e y y + Bz ( x, y, z ) e j z z 2e jwt ,

Bx ( cos x + j sin x ) x +

b ( x, y, z , t ) = Re By ( cos y + j sin y ) y + 2e jwt ,

Bz ( cos z + j sin z ) z

( Bx cos x x + By cos y y + Bz cos z z ) +

2e jwt ,
b ( x, y, z , t ) = Re
j ( Bx sin x x + By sin y y + Bz sin z z )

b ( x, y, z , t ) = Re 2 ( B r + jBi ) ( cos wt + j sin wt ) ,

b ( x, y, z , t ) = 2 B r ( x, y, z ) cos wt 2 Bi ( x, y, z ) sin wt .

(6.3.13)

(6.3.13) B r
Bi .

6.14
yz : A = ( j 3 y j 4 z ) .
, ,
. ? [014].

: Ay = j3 Az = j 4.
:

Ay ( t ) = 3 2 cos wt + = 3 2 sin wt ,
2

Az ( t ) = 4 2 cos wt + = 4 2 sin wt.

2

256

. , , (2013/14)

.
A ( t ) :
A ( t ) = Ay2 ( t ) + Az2 ( t ) = 50sin 2 wt = 5 2 sin wt .

: Amax = 5 2,

Amin = 0 Aeff = A = 5.

6.15
A ( t )
w : A = 3 x + j 2 y .
. ? [015].
y

6.10

:
Ax ( t ) = 3 2 cos wt , Ay ( t ) = 2 2 sin wt.

:
A ( t ) = Ax2 ( t ) + Ay2 ( t ) , A ( t ) = 18cos 2 wt + 8sin 2 wt ,

A ( t ) = 18 18sin 2 wt + 8sin 2 wt , A ( t ) = 18 10sin 2 wt .

Amax = 18 = 3 2 Amin = 8 = 2 2.

6.4

, (6.3.6).

257

. , , (2013/14)

,
w .
w 2 ,
e jw , .

.
, (6.3.6),
Re rot Re div,
, e jwt ,
:
rotE = jwB,

rotH = J + jwD,

divD = ,

divB = 0 .

(6.4.1)

:
divJ = jw ,

J = E,

D = E,

B = H .

(6.4.2)

6.16

, 1 , 1 2 , 2
w 2
J 2n ,
[016].

= n ( D1 D2 ) ,

1

= n ( 1E1 2 E2 ) =

J1 n

2
J 2n .
2

J1n J 2 n = jw

J1n = J 2 n jw .

1 1 2 2
J 2n .
1 + jw 1 1

6.17
, ,
, ,
258

. , , (2013/14)

div ( e E ) = 0, e , E
, [017].

rotH = J + jw E = E + jw E = ( + jw ) E = jw e E,

e = j w , rotH = jw e E.

div ( rotH ) = jw div ( e E ) , div ( e E ) = 0.

6.18

o . o
? [018].

rotE = jwo H, rotH = E, divE = 0, divH = 0.

rotH = E = jw e E ,

e = j .
w

6.19
, ,

. , [019].

jw
divE = , divE =
.

259

. , , (2013/14)

1 jw
+
= 0, = 0.

6.20

, ,
, J , e e w,
v S? [020].

:
rotE = jw H, rotH = E + jw E, divE =

divH = 0.

:
E = grad jwA,

H=

rotA,

A

divA = jw . ( t r ) e j r
:

1
4

e j r
r

dv A =

Je j r
dv, = w .
4 v r

6.21

,
, n ( e1E1 e 2 E 2 ) = 0, e1
e 2 , E1 E 2

, [021].

:
n ( D1 D2 ) =

n ( J1 J 2 ) = jw ,

:
260

. , , (2013/14)

e2 = 2 j .
w
w

n ( e1E1 e 2 E 2 ) = n 1 j 1 E1 2 j 2 E 2 ,
w
w

j
n ( e1E1 e 2 E 2 ) = n ( 1E1 2 E 2 ) n ( 1E1 2 E 2 ) ,
w
j
n ( e1E1 e 2 E 2 ) = n ( D1 D2 ) n ( J1 J 2 ) ,
w
j
n ( e1E1 e 2 E2 ) =
jw = = 0.
w

e1 = 1 j

6.22

E -, H r-:
H 2
100 2
E=
cos (105 t + z ) ,
H= o
cos (105 t + z ) r .
r
r
H o
, [022].

:
E = Re

2E e jwt ,

H = Re

2H e jwt ,

:
100 j z
e ,
r
= 0,
:

= 105 , E =

Ho j z
e r .
r
= 0 , = o

H=

H
E
E
, rotH = E + o
= o
,
t
t
t
divD = o divE = = 0, divB = o divH = 0.

rotE = o

:
rotE = jwo H , rotH = jw o E,
divE = 0,
divH = 0.

(1)

= o ,

(2)

(3)

(4)
(5)
261

. , , (2013/14)

(1) (5)
:
1
1 E Ez
divE =
,

+
( rEr ) +
r r
r
z
divE =

1 E
1
1
= 0 divH =
H o e j z ) = 0.
(r Hr ) =
(
r
r r
r r

(4):
1 Er
1 Ez E Er Ez 1
rotE =

( rE )
r +
+
z
z z
r
r
r r
r
H
100
100 j z
rotE = rot
e =
j e j z r = jwo o e j z r ,
r
r
r

H o 100
.
=
wo

(6)

100 j z
H
H
rotH = rot o e j z r = o j e j z = jw o
e ,
r
r
r

H o = 100 w o

(7)

(6) (7) :
H o2 =

o
1002 ,
o

H o = 100

(8)

o
109
100
= 100
=
= 0, 2653.
7
o
4 10 36
120

(6) (7) :

2 = w2 o o ,

= o o = 105

(9)
109
105
4 107 =
= 0,00033 .
36
3 108

(6) (7) H o ,
: ( H o = 0,2653
= 0,00033) ( H o = 0, 2653 = 0,00033) .
262

. , , (2013/14)

6.5

.
:
dWe 1
dWm 1
= ED,
= H B .
dv
2
dv
2

(6.5.1)

v,
S , :
1
1

W = E D + H B dv .
2

v 2

(6.5.2)

. :
W
1
1

= E D + H B dv .
t v t 2
2

(6.5.3)

1
D 1
B
1

,
.
E D = E E = E
H B = H
t 2
t t 2
t
t 2

(6.5.4)

W
B
D
= E
+H
dv .
t v
t
t

(6.5.5)

:
B
= rotE,
t

D
= rotH J.
t

(6.5.6)

(6.5.5) :
E

D
B
+H
= E rotH H rotE J E = div ( E H ) J E .
t
t

v :

263

. , , (2013/14)

W
= div ( E H ) dv J E dv = ( E H ) dS J E dv .
t
v
v
s
v

(6.5.7)

: , .

:
P = E H.

(6.5.8)

( , ).
. , .
W/m2 .
, .
,
.
, , , .
Ei , ( E = J Ei ) ,
:
Ei J dv =
v

Ei J dv =
v

J2

J2

dv +

W
+ ( E H ) dS ,
t S

B
D
dv + E
+H
dv + ( E H ) dS,

t
t
v
S

B
D
pg ( t ) = p J ( t ) + E
+H
dv + P dS.
t
t
v
S

(6.5.9)

(6.5.10)

(6.5.11)

, :

264

. , , (2013/14)

pg ( t ) = p J ( t ) +

1 2 1
2
E + H dv + P dS.
t v 2
2
S

(6.5.12)

v ,
,
. ,

.
J i
(6.5.9) (6.5.11) :
pg ( t ) = E J i dv pJ ( t ) = E 2 dv .
v

(6.5.13)

(6.5.11): Ei J , J 2 , E 2 2 H 2 2
: , ,
, .

6.23

. ()
, () , ()
, () ? ()
, ,
[023].

B
D
pg ( t ) = p J ( t ) + E
+ H
dv +
v

t
t

P dS

(1)

(1) v
t. t .

.
v .
()
(1) :
B
D
P dS = p J ( t ) + E
+H
(2)
dv .
s
v
t
t

265

. , , (2013/14)

() , (1)
pJ = 0 .
() ,
(1) .
()
P dS = 0, (1) .
() (1)
,
2

pJ = E dv,
v

E t
v

+H

B
1
1

2
2
dv = v E dv + v H dv .
t
t 2
2

6.24
a
I .
, [024].
E

6.11

, r a, E , H
. r = a :
H=

I
2 a

, E=

I
a
2

266

. , , (2013/14)

P
.
l ,
,
P
. .
.
pg ( t ) = pJ ( t ) +

W
+ P dS ,
t S

pJ ( t ) = P dS = ( E H ) dS = 2 al E H =

I 2 = lR ' I 2 .

a
S
S
R ' .
:
2

pJ' ( t ) = R ' I 2 .

6.25
a
I . l U .
Q.
, [025].

P
. E H :
r2
I 2
U
Ir
UIr
E= ,
H= a =
.
P=
.
2
l
2r 2 a
2 la 2
r a P E H
:
q'
I
q' I
E=
, H=
, P= 2 2.
2 o r
2 r
4 o r

6.6

: S = UI * = P + jQ.
267

. , , (2013/14)

, E H * .
:
( E H* ) dS = div ( E H* ) dv = ( H *rotE E rotH * ) dv,
S

( E H* ) dS = H* ( jw H ) E ( J * jw E* ) dv,
S

( E H* ) dS = jw H H* dv + E J * dv jw E E*dv
S

J J*

( E H * ) dS =
S

dv + jw ( H 2 E 2 ) dv ,
v

,
J2

( E H * ) dS =
S

dv + jw ( H 2 E 2 )dv = P + jQ.

(6.6.1)

,
.
v , .
E H* :
P = E H* .

(6.6.2)

.
(6.6.1) . E H , :
( E H* ) dS = RI 2 + jwLi I 2 .

(6.6.3)

Ei ,
:
*
Ei J dv =
v

J2

dv + jw ( H 2 E 2 ) dv + ( E H* ) dS.
v

(6.6.4)

(6.6.4) :

Re ( Ei J * ) dv =

J2

dv +

Re ( E H* ) dS,

(6.6.5)
268

. , , (2013/14)

Im ( E J )dv = w ( H
*

E 2 ) dv +

Im ( E H* ) dS.

(6.6.6)

(6.6.5) S

.
(6.6.6) S
,

.

6.26

A
w, [026].

divA = jw
E = grad jwA
divA
E = grad jwA = grad
jw
1
w2 A + grad ( divA ) =
E=
jw

jwA,

1
2 A + grad ( divA ) .
jw

H = rotA P = E H*
P = E H* =

j
2 A + grad ( divA ) rotA* .
2
w

6.27
, , o

u ( t ) = U 2 cos wt.

a d , ( d a ) .
. ,
[027].
269

. , , (2013/14)

, o ,
S

P
D

6.12

J
, :
E=

U U
= ,
d d

U
.
d

J =E =

H
.
r
:

H dl = ( J + jwD ) dS,

H=

H 2r = ( J + jwD ) r 2 .

( J + jwD ) r = ( E + jw E ) r = ( + jw ) rU .
2

2d

.
:
P = EH

jw )U 2 r
(
=
.
2d 2

6.28
u ( t ) = U 2 cos wt
. , a ,
270

. , , (2013/14)

b, .
.
R, [028].

.
U = U .
I = U R.
z
E :
1
C
divE = 0
( rEr ) = 0, Er = .
r r
r
b
b dr
b
U
U = Er dr = C
= C ln , C =
,
a
a r
b
a
ln
a
U
E = Er =
.
(a r b)
r ln ( b a )
:
H=

I
2 r

U
.
2 Rr

(a r b)

:
P = E H* =

U2
z .
2 Rr 2 ln ( b a )

6.29
a,
J.
, [029].

z
.
J J
: E = = z.

E
, E
271

. , , (2013/14)

E=

z.

H

H=

I
2 a

J a 2 Ja
= .
2 a
2

:
P = E H =

Ja
J 2a
=
r.
2
2

.
.

6.30

u ( t ) = U 2 cos wt , R .
a
d , ( a d ) .

, [030].

u (t )

i (t )

2a

6.13

z
, ,
. r = d 2 :
272

. , , (2013/14)

H=2
E=

I
2 I 2U 2U
=
=
=
,
2 ( d 2 )
d
Rd
Rd

U
2U
r =
r.
r ln ( d a )
d ln ( d a )

P = E H* =

6.7

4U 2
z.
d 2 R ln ( d a )

E = Re E 2e jwt

H E

H = Re H 2e jwt .

:
E = Re ( E r + jEi ) 2e jwt = E r 2 cos wt Ei 2 sin wt ,
H = Re ( H r + jHi ) 2e jwt = H r 2 cos wt H i 2 sin wt.

:
P = E H = 2Er H r cos 2 wt 2Ei H r sin wt cos wt
2Er H i sin wt cos wt + 2Ei H i sin 2 wt ,
P = 2Er H r cos 2 wt + 2Ei H i sin 2 wt ( Ei H r + Er Hi ) sin 2 wt.

cos 2 wt , sin 2 wt sin 2wt 1 2 , 1 2

0 , :
Psr = ( E H ) sr = E r H r + Ei H i .

:
Psr = E r H r + Ei H i = Re ( E r + jEi ) ( H r jH i ) = Re ( E H* ) .

:
Psr = Re ( P ) = Re ( E H* ) .

(6.7.1)

273

. , , (2013/14)

,
.

6.31
.
d , a.
u ( t ) = U 2 cos wt.
i ( t ) = I 2 cos ( wt 3) .

(1) ( 2 ) ,
. (1)
, [032].
a

( 2)

(1)

i (t )

i (t )

d 2

d 2

6.14

U = U , I = Ie j 3 .
(1) :
I

I
Id
H1 =
+
,
=
2

a
2

d
a
2

a
d
a

(
)
(
)
+
+
+
+

d
E1 =
+
U
r ,
r =
ln ( d a+ ) 2 o a+ ( d a+ )
2 o a+ 2 o ( d a+ )
d 2UIe j 3
dU
E1 =
r ,
P1 = E1 H1* =
z .
2
2a+ ( d a+ ) ln ( d a+ )
4 a+2 ( d a+ ) ln ( d a+ )

P1sr = Re ( P ) =

( 2 ) :
H2 =

2I
,
d

d 2UI cos ( 3)

4 a+2 ( d a+ ) ln ( d a+ )
2

E2 =

P2 sr = Re ( P2 ) =

2U
r ,
d ln ( d a )

z =

d 2UI
8 a+2 ( d a+ ) ln ( d a+ )

P2 = E 2 H*2 =

z.

4UIe j 3
z.
d 2 ln ( d a )

2UI
z.
d ln ( d a )
2

274

. , , (2013/14)

6.32
2d a.

. E
H , [033].

cos =

d+x
,
r1

sin =

r12 = ( d + x ) + y 2 ,
2

y
dx
, cos =
,
r1
r2

sin =

y
.
r2

r22 = ( d x ) + y 2 .
2

y
M ( x, y )

r1

(1)

r2

( 2)

2a

d+x

r1

H1y
E1y

r1

dx

H1x

H2x

r2

H1

E1
E1x

H2 H2 y

E2 x
E2 y E2 r2

6.15
H1x =
H2x =

I (d + x)
(d + x)
Iy
y
, H1 y =
, E1x =
, E1 y =
.
2
2
2
2 r1
2 r1
2 o r1
2 o r12
I (d x)
Iy
, H2y =
,
2
2 r2
2 r22

E2 x =

(d x)
y
, E2 y =
.
2 o r22
2 o r22

275

. , , (2013/14)

1 1
I d +x d x
+ 2 ,
2 2 , H y =

r2
2 r12
r1 r2
d +x d x
d +x d x
U
Ex =
+ 2 ,
2 + 2 =

2 o r1
r2 2ln ( 2d a ) r12
r2

Hx =

Iy
2

Ey =

1 1
y 1 1
Uy
2 2 =
.
2 o r1 r2 2ln ( 2d a ) r12 r22

E
:

= C 'U =

ln ( d a )
:

U.

P = E H = ( Ex x + E y y ) ( H x x + H y y ) = ( E x H y E y H x ) z.

E H :
E H = Ex H x + E y H y = 0.

6.33
, a,
q ( t ) = Qm cos wt.

, , [034].

6.16

276

. , , (2013/14)

Q
Q
Q 2
Q 2
= 2 = m2 .
: Q = m = m
2
4 a 8a
2

(z) =

1
4 o

e j r
r

dS =

e j r
S r dS

Qm 2
32 2 a 2 o

dS = 2 a sin ad = 2a 2 sin d ,
r 2 = a 2 + z 2 2az cos ,

dS = 2a 2 sin d = 2a 2

(z) =

rdr = az sin d , sin d =

rdr 2a
=
rdr ,
az
z

rdr
,
az

Qm 2
jQm 2
e j z + a e j z a .
e j r dr =

16 a o z
16 a o z

6.34
, a, ,
, w. J
.
, [035].

a
J

6.17
277

. , , (2013/14)

x J .
A( z) =

o
4

A(z) = j

o J e j r
Je j r
dS
=
2 d , r 2 = 2 + z 2 , d = rdr ,
S r

4
r

J j
e
2

a2 + z 2

j z

278

. , , (2013/14)

1.
.
2.
.
3.
?
4.
?
5. ( )
E, H , D, B, J , P M.
6. E = grad A t ?
7.

J i .
8.

Ei .
9. ,
, ,
.
, J , v
S?
10. , ,
, ,
div ( e E ) = 0, e ,
E .
11.


o .
?
12. ,
,
.
13.

,
, , J , e e w,
v S?
14.
. ?
279

. , , (2013/14)

15. .
16.
( ).
17. .
18. .
19. E ?
20. Z ?
21. ?
22. ?
23. ?
24. ?
25.
?
26. ?
27. ?
28.
.
29.
.
30. ?
31.
.
32.
?
33. .
34. ?
35.
?
36. , .
.
37. ( )
?
38. ( )
?
39. ( )
.
40. ( )
?
41. ,
.
42. .
43. Psr ?

280