1 0

2
4
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
106
6
5e
5a
Termination II
Termination I
Termination IV
Termination V
11
9e
7e
7a
19
15a
103
63
9a
5 -400 -450
15e
0
3.3 km
2.0 km
2.5 km
3.0 km
1.0 km
0.5 km
3.2 km
2.0 km
2.5 km
3.0 km
1.0 km
0.5 km
2.8 km
O
18
a t m . 4
| V
1
9
-3
0
| V
1
9
-2
5
/-2
8
O
D
P
6
7
7
| O
D
P
6
7
7
O
D
P
8
4
6
3.1 km
0 10 20 30 40 50
5 m_
20 m_
40 m_
50 m_
60 m_
70 m_
77 m_
30 m_
composite
core depth
0 100 0 75 SUS10 m / kg
-8 3
depth
down
section
252 m_
S0
L1
S1
L2
S2
L3
S3
S4
L5
S5
L6
L7
S6
S6
S7
L8
S8
L9
S9
S10
S11
S12
L13
O
J
S13
S15
S24
S23
S21
S22
S20
S19
S18
S17
S16
S14
L14 140 m_
S25
S26
S27
S28
L27
S29
S30
S31
S32
L32
L33
Red Clay
68 m_
14 m_
% %weight D>63 m
C
h
in
e
s
e
L
o
e
s
s
S
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
Regional stage/substage divisions Antarctic
A
n
ta
r
c
tic
I
s
o
to
p
e
R
e
c
o
r
d
re
c
e
n
t a
lte
rn
a
tiv
e
c
h
ro
n
o
stra
tig
ra
p
h
ic
c
o
rre
la
tio
n
sc
h
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m
e
N
o
r
th
W
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s
t E
u
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o
p
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a
n
S
ta
g
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s
R
u
s
s
ia
n
P
la
in
S
ta
g
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s
N
o
r
th
A
m
e
r
ic
a
n
S
ta
g
e
s
N
e
w
Z
e
a
la
n
d
S
ta
g
e
s
B
r
itis
h
S
ta
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s
N
e
o
p
l
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i
s
t
o
c
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n
eLikhvinian
Okian
Muchkapian
Donian
Ilynian
Pokrovian
Petropavlovian
E
o
p
l
e
i
s
t
o
c
e
n
e
Valdaian
Dnieper
Moscovian
Mikulinian
Devensian
Ipswichian
W
o
l
s
t
o
n
i
a
n
Hoxnian
Anglian
Cromerian
Beestonian
Weichselian
Eemian
S
a
a
l
i
a
n
Warthe
Drenthe
Fuhne
Holsteinian
Elsterian

C
r
o
m
e
r
i
a
n
c
o
m
p
l
e
x

Interglacial IV
Interglacial III
Interglacial II
Glacial a
Glacial b
Glacial c
Dorst
Leerdam
Linge
Bavel
B
a
v
e
l
i
a
n
Interglacial I
Menapian
Waalian
Eburonian
Praetiglian
Reuverian
Sangamonian
Wisconsinan
Illinoian
pre-Illinoian A
pre-Illinoian B
pre-Illinoian C
pre-Illinoian D
pre-Illinoian E
pre-Illinoian F
pre-Illinoian G
pre-Illinoian H
pre-Illinoian I
pre-Illinoian J
pre-Illinoian K
Tottenhill
Pastonian
Pre-Pastonian
/ Baventian
Bramertonian
/ Antian
Thurnian
Ludhamian
Pre-Ludhamian
Waltonian
Haweran
Mangapanian
Nukumaruan
Castlecliffian
Wacken
/ Dmnitz
Tiglian
T
o
l
u
c
h
e
e
v
k
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a
n
/
T
o
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k
a
K
r
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s
i
a
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/
K
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a
K
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/
K
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V
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L
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P
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K
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V
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/
V
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k
h
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L
a
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B
a
ik
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l S
e
q
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c
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Continental Asia
C
om
posit record collating overlapping core segm
ents
BD
P-96-1 [4, 6, 7, 12-19, 22, 25-27, 29-33];
BD
P-96-2 [G
C
-1,1-36]; BD
P-98 [4]
B
io
g
e
n
ic
S
ilic
a
C
o
n
te
n
t
%
Age
(Ma)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
cores Vostok and Dome-C (EDC)
18
Section Jingbian
Magnetic susceptibility
Coarse grained admixture
ChiLoPart time scale
%
`
0.2
0.6
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
0.12 Blake
0.42 Emperor
0.781
0.99
1.07
Jaramillo
1.22 Cobb
1.24 Mountain
1.77
1.68 Gilsa
Olduvai
1.95
2.14
2.19
Reunion
2.33
2.39
2.44 X
2.588
C
a
lc
a
r
e
o
u
s
N
a
n
n
o
p
la
n
k
to
n
PL5
PL6
NN16
NN18
CN12
d
c
G
t.p
s
e
u
d
o
m
io
c
e
n
ic
a

G
d
.fis
tu
lo
s
u
s
I
Z
a
b
CN13
NN19 PT1a
G
d
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tu
lo
s
u
s

G
t. tr
u
n
c
a
tu
lo
id
e
s
I
Z
a
b
CN14
NN20
NN21 CN15 CN15
Atlantic Indo-Pacific
PT1b
P
la
n
k
to
n
ic
F
o
r
a
m
in
if
e
r
a
b
io
z
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a
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b
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a
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n
M
a
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in
e
I
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to
p
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S
ta
g
e
s
P
a
la
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o
m
a
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n
e
tic
r
e
c
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d
c
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m
p
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site
o
f c
o
re
s V
1
9
-3
0
, V
1
9
-2
8
S
y
s
te
m
S
e
r
ie
s
S
u
b
s
e
r
ie
s
, S
ta
g
e
s
Holocene
Subchrons,
Excursion events Stage
C
h
r
o
n
s
G
a
u
s
s
M
a
t
u
y
a
m
a
B
r
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n
h
e
s
Q
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n
a
r
y
P
l
e
i
s
t
o
c
e
n
e
Neog. Plio.
Major divisions
GSSP = Global Stratotype Section and Point
GSSP
Age
(Ma)
b
NN17
Piac.
D
. a
ltis
p
ir
a

G
t. p
s
e
u
d
o
m
io
c
e
n
ic
a
IZ
former
formal base
Pleistocene
former
formal base
Quaternary
1948-2009 1948-2009
0.0117
V
1
9
-2
5
, O
D
P
-6
7
7
a
n
d
O
D
P
-8
4
6
D
. a
ltis
p
ir
a

G
t. m
io
c
e
n
ic
a
I
Z
D
. a
ltis
p
ir
a

G
d
. fis
tu
lo
s
u
s
I
Z
G
d
. fis
tu
lo
s
u
s

G
t. to
s
a
e
n
s
is
I
S
Z
G
t. tr
u
n
c
a
tu
lin
o
id
e
s
P
R
Z
Marine stage/zone divisions
GSSP = Global Stratotype Section and Point: position

S
ta
n
d
a
r
d
S
ta
g
e
s

(
s
u
p
e
r
-
s
ta
g
e
s
)
T
a
r
a
n
tia
n
Tyrrhenian
I
o
n
i
a
n
C
a
l
a
b
r
i
a
n
S
i
c
i
l
i
a
n
E
m
i
l
i
a
n
S
a
n
t
e
r
n
i
a
n
G
e
l
a
s
i
a
n
GSSP
GSSP
P
i
a
c
.
M
e
d
ite
rra
n
e
a
n
S
e
a
Ita
lia
n
M
a
rin
e
S
ta
g
e
s
2009 IUGS-ICS
redefined
formal base
Pleistocene
2009 IUGS-ICS
redefined
formal base
Quaternary
L
a
t
e
i
d
l
d
M
e
E
a
r
l
y
n
o
rm
a
l re
v
e
rse
d
1.806
2.588
Gl obal c hr onost r at i gr aphi c al c or r el at i on t abl e f or t he l ast 2.7 mi l l i on year s
v. 2009
Age
(Ma)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
Age
(Ma)
http://www.cam.ac.uk/
P.L. Gibbard & K.M. Cohen
Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group, Cambridge Quaternary
Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Utrecht Centre of Geosciences, Department of Physical Geography
Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
http://www-qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk/
1 2
2
1
http://www.geo.uu.nl/ http://www.ucgeo.nl/
International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS),
International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS),
Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS).
http://www.stratigraphy.org/
International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA),
Stratigraphy and Chronology Commission (SACCOM).
http://www.inqua.tcd.ie/
374054N
1083115E 75.10S 123.35E
78.47S 106.86E 534148N
1082106E
M
G
B
M