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:
P. MANGOL WILDROITHER
2006 2013
ISBN 978-960-87771-4-9
, & , 2013
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........................................................................................................................................................ 4
...................................................................................................................................................... 6
...................................................................................................................................................... 9
....................................................................................................................................... 9
..................................................................................................................... 10
........................................................................................................................ 10
................................................................................................................................................................ 11
1: ...................................................................................................... 14
1.1 ...................................................................................................................................................... 14
1.2 ....................................................................................................................... 14
1.3 ...................................................................................................... 16
1.4 ......................................................................................... 19
1.4.1
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1.4.2
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1.4.3
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1.4.4
....................................................................................................................... 22
1.5 ..................................................................................................................... 24
1.6 .......................................................................................................... 25
1.7 ........................................................................................................................ 32
1.8 ................................................................................................... 33
1.9 ....................................................................................... 35
1.9.1
................................................................................................................................... 36
1.9.2
................................................................................................................................ 41
2: ........................................................................................................... 50
2.1 ....................................................................................................................................... 50
2.1.1
.............................................................................................................. 50
2.2 ......................................................................................................................................................... 51
2.2.1
............................................................................................................................... 51
2.2.2
................................................................................................................... 52
2.2.3
................................................................................................................ 57
2.2.4
............................................................................ 58
2.2.5
................................................................................ 60
2.3 ..................................................................................................................................... 61
2.3.1
................................................................................................................................ 61
2.3.2
......................................................................................................... 64
2.3.3
................................................................................................................................... 66
2.4 .................................................................................................... 70
2.4.1
................................................................................................................................... 70
2.4.2
........................................................................................................................................... 73
2.4.3
................................................................................................................................................. 75
2.5 ........................................................................................... 80
2.5.1
.................................................................................................................................................. 80
2.5.2
.............................................................................. 82
2.5.3
............................................................................. 83
2.5.4
........................................................................ 85
2.5.5
.................................................................................................................... 86
2.5.6
- ....................................................................................................................... 86
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2.6
2.7

ABS ......................................................................................................................................... 92
ESP TCS ........................................................................................................................... 94

3: ................................................................................. 97
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6

.......................................................................................................................................................... 97
..................................................................................... 99
.......................................................................................................................... 100
.................................................................................................................................. 102
() ............................................................................................................... 103
.......................................... 104

4: ........................................................................................................ 108
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

................................................................................................................... 108
......................................................................................................................... 113
................................................................................................................... 117
............................................................................................................................ 119

5: ...................................................................... 120
5.1
5.2
5.3

........................................................................................................................................................ 120
- ........................................................................................................................................ 121
...................................................................................................................... 121

6: .................................................................................................................................. 124
..................................................................................................................................................... 125


1: . (:
http://carspecsinformation.com/spare-part/pushrod-engine-vs-overhead-cam/). ..................................14
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1: . .................................... 33
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CARE, January 2012, Traffic Safety Basic Facts 2011, DaCoTa). ...............................................120
2:
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Zero Tolerance, 2012, ETSC). .....................................................................................123

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61

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63

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2.6 2.7.

45:
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46: .

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64

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,
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.

, .
70% . ,

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68

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69

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54: (:
http://www.townofmanlius.org/content/TMPD_Kidseat,
http://mychildguide.net/articles/index.php?article_id=1300910049827777876).


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56: , .
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75

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58:
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, &

76

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59: 1-2.

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3600

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700 .
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78

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79

8. (Target fixation):
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125
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81

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82

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83

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84

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61: , .


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85

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86

62: ( ).

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87

63: .



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88

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91

67: .


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ABS ,

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Anti Blocking System, ()
. ,
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:
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.
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, &

92

68: ABS,
. ABS,
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(: Electronic Brake Control Systems help to avoid accidents, BOSCH).

: , ,
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. 45
2.3.1 .

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93

, ABS ,
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,
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2.7

ESP TCS

ESP, , ( ABS)
, . Electronic
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, .
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, &

94

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.
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.
69: ESP. :
ESP / ABS,
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,
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.
ESP ABS
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Control System ),
() , ,
.

95

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.
.

, &

96

3:
3.1
.

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70. : ,
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71. : ,
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97

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72. ,
.

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98

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; .
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73. , (:
http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~gdguo/driving/BlindSpot.htm). .
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99

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.
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, &

100

75. .

76. .
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101

77: ,
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3.4

, .
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, &

102


78: .
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()


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.

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79.
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.

103

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.
4. .
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.
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105

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106

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107

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, &

108

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109

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, &

110

K-5:

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, &

111

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85: .

, &

112

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86: ( )
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113

87:
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, &

114

89: ().
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90: () ().


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91:
.

, &

115

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.),
.

92:
(: http://www.neos-odigos.gr/th_car.php?chapter=2.4).

) , ,


.
, , .,
. ,
,
.

93: , (: http://www.neosodigos.gr/th_car.php?chapter=2.4).

, &

116

4.3

, .
:
) VMS (Variable Message Signs),
.
) VDS (Variable Data Signs) VRS (Variable
Road Signs), .

.
1) (VMS - Variable Message Signs)
,

. ,

(..
, ). ,
,

.

94: VMS .

2) (VDS VRS- Variable Data Signs


Variable Road Signs)
,
.
,

, &

117

, . ,
,
. , ,
.
, (
)
. , , 70
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,
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.

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.
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95: (VMS),
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.

, &

118

4.4

.
,
,
().
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,
.
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.
,

.
,
.

, &

119

5:
5.1
, ,
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.

1: (: CARE,
January 2012, Traffic Safety Basic Facts 2011, DaCoTa).

,
,
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, .


. ,
. ,
,
. ,
.
,
.
(mg/l).
,

( BAC- Blood Alcohol concentration).
, &

120

...,
0,5
(mg/ml) , , 0,25
(mg/l) .

,
.

5.2 -
: . ,
. .....

16 , 2/3 ,
(90% )
. , .
. ,
, ,
.
0,5 0,8 ,
. ,
.
.
0,8 1,5 ,
.
.
1,5 3 ,
.
.
3 5 ,
.
.
5 ,
.

5.3

.
, , , , ..
,
.

, &

121

,
.

SARTRE 3 (Social Attitudes to Road Traffic Risk in Europe),
31%
.
,
. ,
21%
.
, ,
.
59%
.
,
.

.
2002
, ,
, ,
/,
, .
, ETSC (European Transport Safety Council)2
(Drink Driving: Towards Zero Tolerance, 2012), 25%
.
6500 2010,
. ,
53% 2001 2010 22
( ), 47%
, .

, &

122

2:
22 , 2001-2010 (: Drink Driving: Towards Zero Tolerance,
2012, ETSC).

, &

123

6:
, , .
,
,

,
.
.
, ,
, , , .
,
( ) . ,
.
. , / ,
.
,
, ,

( ,
, ABS, ESP, .).



, ,
,

.
.
. ,
,

,
, ,
.

, &

124

1. Breker S., Henrikson P., Falkmer T., Bekiaris E., Panou M., Eeckhout G., Siren A.,
Dulisse, B., Older Drivers and Risk to Other Road Users, Accident Analysis and
Prevention 29, . 573-582.
2. Electronic Brake Control Systems help to avoid accidents, BOSCH
3. Evans, L. (Ed.) Traffic Safety and the Driver. Van Nostrand Reinhold (Publ.), New York,
1991.
4. Hakamies-Blonkvist L., Research on older drivers. A review. IATSS Research, Vol 20,
No. 1, 1996.
5. Hoeschen A., Verwey W., Bekiaris E., Knoll C., Widlroither H., de Ward D., Uneken E.,
Gregersen N.P., Falkmer T., Schelin H., 2.1: Inventory of driver training
needs and major gaps in the relevant training procedures, TRAINER,2001.
6. Maycock, G., The Safety of Older Car Drivers in the European Union, European Road
Safety Federation; AA Foundation for Road Safety Research, Basingstoke, England,
1997.
7. Podda, F., Drink Driving: Towards Zero Tolerance, 2012, ETSC
8. SARTRE (Social Attitudes to Road Traffic Risk in Europe) 3.
9. Traffic Safety Basic Facts 2011, Single vehicle accidents, DaCoTa, Directorate-General
for Mobility and Transport, European Road Safety Observatory.
10. Walter Rohrl, Kuno Mebmann, , ,
, 1988
11.
12. SAVE, 3.1: Driver Needs & Public Acceptance of Emergency Control
Aids, 1996
13. , , 1999.

http://arrc.ebscohost.com/ebsco_static/repairtips/8852CH23_RACK_AND_PINION_STEERING.htm
http://auto.howstuffworks.com
http://carspecsinformation.com/spare-part/pushrod-engine-vs-overhead-cam/
http://forum.321auto.com/forum/m_camaro+coupe+de+1969_1636933_7.html
http://forums.justcommodores.com.au
http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~gdguo/driving/BlindSpot.htm
http://www.indiacar.com/infobank/flat_tire.htm)
http://www.neos-odigos.gr/th_car.php?chapter=2.4
http://www.townofmanlius.org/content/TMPD_Kidseat
http://mychildguide.net/articles/index.php?article_id=1300910049827777876

, &

125

ISBN 978-960-87771-4-9
, & (http://www.yme.gr/), 2013
, &

126

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