:

2009
1


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1. :
, I IX
. , -
. 2003, - V
. , V - VI
2. : 1 21
. , 1 8
. , 9 21
3. : DECIBEL, 1 44
4. : , 1 16
. , 1 8
. (Gain), 9
. (A.G.C.), 10 13
. AGC , 14 16
5. : , 1 - 17
. , 1 5
. , 6 9
. C/N , 10 13
. C/N , 14 17
6. : 1 16
. , 1
. , 2 16
7. : , 1 21
. , 1 15
. , 16 19
. , 20 21

8. :
(SMPS), 1 68
. , 1 6
. , 7 9
. , 10 12
. , 13 32
. 2 SMPS, 33 45
. L,C, 46 68
9. : , 1 15
. , 1
. C.R.T., 2 11
.
, 12 15
10. : , 1 20
. , 1 2
. , 3 4
. , 4 5
. , 5 10
. , 10 15
. , 16 18
. , 19 20
11. , 1 4
12.

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.



:
1.
2.

3.
4.
.

. .
.
(30)

:

Abstract

The ten units that compose the total of this work they have been selected
with the following criteria:
1st: Disengagement of creative imagination
2nd: Stimulus for search - treatment of concrete additional information
3rd: Cover of voids from lack of elementary basic knowledge
4th: Encouragement for active attendance and initiatives in
laboratories SME and not only.
The subjects of the units have been collected from professional and
instructive notes by Mr. Thymakis Antonios and Mr Koukianakis
Manolis.
These ten units manage to make us understand more than thirty
(30) significances out of almost sixty (60) which have been located
from mentioned before in labour - educational spaces in the direction:

Determination of phenomenon Search of reasons Thought Action

XVI

,
, .
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

.

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.
( ..
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1. ( )

2.

3.
.
:



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.


.
-- .
.
,
, ,
:

,
,
.
(instructors)
.
, (certificate)

.
:
-

:
.

II

2003
2

2003 (1,2,3)

.
,
.

, 2003
2009.
2 : RF
: (case study method)

(on job training).
2
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, <<>>.
,
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()

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:
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.
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:
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III


.

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. 2

2 3
2003

IV

.
,

.
:
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
.

,
.
,
.
,
,
,

.

.
,
:
.
,

.
:
, .

, Case study Method
Paul Prigurs.
Harvard
, ,
.



:
1.
2.


.
3. ,

4. :

,
.
.
:
.

2008

VI

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;
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VII

.
,
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.

2008

VIII

,
.

.
:
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.
. ,
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.
.
,
.
,
.

2008

.

IX

.

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( )
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(.. Fourier Transforms).


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( )


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,
. -
.

.

,

.

XI

.

Harvard
.

:
(case study method)
.
, .

,
.
,
,
:


.

80%
() 12% 100,
20% 15% 100.



.


.

XII

1.
.
2. .
=>
=>


=>
=>
( )
( )
=>
=>
( )
( )
=>
=>
f ( )
f ( )

+
=
= f [ ( ) x (

)]

=
(..)=
= f [ ( ) (01) ( )

1 => /
=> /
= f [ ( / /)] x [( / /)]
1 =>/
..
=> /
= f [ ( ) (01) ( )

XIII

=
f E + E1

= , , , .
=
f ( . ) 1

:

1
1

..
+

x

. : 0< <1 1 =1 => 100% :
0< <1
. : 1 1 =1 => 100% : 1
. : 1 1 =1 => 100% :
1 <
. : , 1 => 100% =>1 (..) 1 : 0 1

0 < <

0 < 1

:
.
.
.
100%.
.

.
.

.

XIV

()
(), .
:

( )

1. : (+)
2. : (-)
3. : (x)
4. : ( : )
5. : (=)
6. : (->)
7. : (f)
8. : > A
9. :
10. :
11. : (+) (-) .
12. : () (+) (-)
.
13. : (:) .
14. : M () .

XV

:
:
.
:
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.
.
:

.
.
:
.

XVI

1 - 21

.....
;
<<>>

: E = m c 2 : ,
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, Ohm , irchhoff ,
Albert , Maxwell .

CPU
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Albert ;
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(100)

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<<>> 4 (
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(
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, UV




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<<>>
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..
.
Homo mathematicus
,
.
Alberts Instructions:

1. .

( quanta () ).
, ,
;

2. .

:
(
)
<<>> <<>> ;
<<
>>
.
Black Humor.
Plank Internet :

3. .

.
,
.
light pen (
laser) 750 nm
() 400 nm ( 5, ),
.
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light pen
.
<<>> -
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= , :
1. => Photon => Quantum
. ()
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= hf joules
. ()

( .)
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(180) .
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( ) .
5. . (/2)


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White Humor
=
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()
106 psec
.
106 psec ,
( = )

.

1. 2

,
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<<>>
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:
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-100C,
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<<>> (
).

Voltage
1 2, 3 4 .
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( )
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=
(Displacement current) I D .
,
(I D ) <<>>

.
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(Guidance current) , Ig
.

. ;
. ( ) ;
. ;

.

( 4).

(Ig)
(Io)
I D +Ig

Io = I D +Ig
:
. S =
. =
. =
. g =
:
V = Vosint, I D =

c c =

V Vo sin t
.
=

R
c

S Vo sin t
Id = c Vo sin t =
.

Ig =

Ig =

g S Vo sin t

V Vo sin t

=
R =

R
g S
g S

, Id Ig , :

S Vo sin t
Id
=
Ig

g S Vo sin t

Id 2 f

=>
=
g
Ig
g

(f) :
. Id > Ig .
. Id < Ig .
. Id = Ig .
:
,
(DC) (AC) .

,

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5 :

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:
1. .
2. .
(2),
SMPS.
1, .

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, RMS, Peak, (Average)
.

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6.

1.
.
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, m m, .
2.
. m Burdon

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0 mbar.
3 mbar.

. m .
, - -
mVolts.
, - -
( )

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,

, -
6 2 mVolts.
.

.

.

,
.
(,
) Volt.


.
:
;


7.
;
,
..
;
:
() (m4) 5
mbar.
() m6 3 mbar.
,
m4, m6 .

10

11


m5 () ().
()
.
<<>> .
m4 5 mbar, m6 3 mbar ;
5 mbar 3 mbar = 2 mbar Einstein .
, m5
.
So far so good .
;
,

, 8.

, <<>>
.
, .

:
Zero Atmospheric pressure (O).
,
.
.
, (1).
.
(1) , <<>>.

12



.
.
1 3 2 KV 6 KV 2
4 KV.
2 8 KV ;
;
:
1 3
( )
, ,
. .
:
1 2 KV, 3 6 KV <<>> 2
4 KV
8 KV.


2 KV
().
( )
, +2 KV .
.
2 .
.
+4 KV , ;
9.

, ,
:
Differential Voltmeter ;
3 Volts.
( )
.
;

13


<<>> 10
.

10

:
Null meter ( (0)
)
.

L1 L2 .
L1 L2 .

.

.
.
:
.
DAnsorval .


.
. DIFFERENTIAL.
. .
.
L1 L2
(0).
.
.

14


:
.
Kelvin Varley .
. TVM => Transistorized Volt Meters
DC AC.
. NULL meters Differential Volt Meters 250
TVM DAnsorval.
:
. Differential Volt Meters ,

.
. <<>>
.


.

<<>>
.
. (DC Current).

.
,
.
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(<<>>) ( ).

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:

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:


.. ( )

( )
.

15


. (DC Voltage).
1.
(1)
.
(-) (+)

.
(
)
.
2. ( : ).

11

11
1 2 (6V)
( 1 e- 2
e-).
()
<< >>
e-
.
15
.

: - 6V ,+6V
(Ig).
e-

.

16

12

12
. (static Volt meter)
.
. TVM .
. e- .. 1
, 1 Culomb = 1
e- e-.
.
10-3 Ohms .
.
( ;).

Ohm :
.
( ;) 6 ,
5 (0) .
(-) e- 6V
.
.
,
.

6V , .
TVM => e-
Power Supply ( ) =>
(+) 6V.
, (-)
(+).
:
e- (-) 6V ;
;
17


,
12 .

12

1
S1 S2 OFF , e-
, (0) .
( ).

12

2
:
12 () :
Supply 12V = 12 V (
,)
:
= = =>
.
.
.

18


10
,
.
: S1 ON, S2 OFF
, e-
(+)
S2.
e-, << +>>
<< ->> (-).
e-
.

3 12

12

S1 OFF S2 ON, .
, (+)
(=> ;) 6 .

11
,

, ;
, .. .
12,

19

12

(-6)
( ) (
) .
(+6)
( ) .
e-


.

.
12
( Cu)
( H 2 O)( AlNiCoFe)
<<>> .
() ;
;
()
.
(-1) + (+1) = .
, ,,,,,,,,,,, (
)
e-
<<>> .
12 <<>>
( ).

20

12

10 e- e-
.
10 e-.
.
() e- , ()
,
, ()
10 e- 9 e- 11 e- ...

() () ;
e- ,

.

<<>> <<>> ()
.

21


1 - 44

DECIBEL
;
, 1 :
TRANSISTOR
TRANSFORMED RESISTOR

1
:
1. e c e b.
2. e b e c,
.
3.
(transistor).
4. Vi e b,
, e c
R3 Voutput.
H Vo : G dB = 20log(Vo/Vi)
.
Vo = 1000V
Vi = 10V Gain G :
G dB = 20log(1000/10) = 20log100 = 40dBs


design,

,
,
.
=
,
Watt = 1Volt * 1Amper.
,
.. 100horse power. watts ; 100736=73,6KW.
: 100740=74KW
<<>>
-.
watt
joule=W*t.

.
1W=1V*1A :
1W*3600sec=3600joules.
.

: (W)
.. 50Watts / 100Volts;
. 2
, RL Ri =

( )
.
!
,

. 100Volts
( DC = )
.
() RL ( )
, ,
, , .
()
e .
: Ri = Resistance internal.

2
. EMF=100V

MAXIMUM POWER 100W

EMF
a. Ri=50, R L =50, Ro=100, Io=
=1A
Ro
b. V Ri =Ri Io=50 1=50V
P Ri =V Ri Io=50W
c. V RL =R L Io=50 1=50V P RL =V RL Io=50W
d. Po=P Ri +P RL =50+50=100W
B. EMF=100V

MAXIMUM POWER 100W

EMF 100
a. Ri=50, R L =30, Ro=80, Io=
=
=1,25A
Ro
80
b. V Ri =Ri Io=50 1,25=62,5V
P Ri =V Ri Io=78,125W
c. V RL =R L Io=30 1,25=37,5V
P RL =V RL Io=46,875W
d. Po=P Ri +P RL =125W? ! (OVERLOAD)
C. EMF=100V

MAXIMUM POWER 100W

EMF 100
a. Ri=50, R L =70, Ro=120, Io=
=
=0,833A
Ro 120
b. V Ri =Ri Io=50 0,833=41,666V P Ri =V Ri Io=34,708W
c. V RL =R L Io=30 0,833=58,31V P RL =V RL Io=48,456W
d. Po=P Ri +P RL =83,164W

.
100Volt, Volt
Ri RL, .
, 100V ( )
40Amper;
100W : 100Volt
40Amper = 4000Watts (100V) (4000Watts)
.

100W.
.
, , C
2
.
()
Ri = RL. ,
(f = cycles per second)
(z = ajb)
. .
1.
(G = 40dBs) ; ,
.
dB = Decibel Bell,
dB.
, , ,
, : dB
.

3 :


.

3
dB (, , )
. ,

.

.
: 10m/1m = 10
,
4.

30cm.
1kgr 10cm, 2kgr 4cm, 3kgr
2cm .
, .
.


50
() :

decibel, (20) =
. :
Briggs. .
.
log X = 10 =
log100 = log102 = 2
log15,3 = 1,1846 10 1,18469 15,3.
() ()
10 ().
() ()
(1) .. log0,003 = -2,52287
dB
.
: dB = 10logP2/P1 :
. P2 = 10W, P1 = 1W
dB = 10log 10/1 = 10 ;
. P2 = 100W, P1 = 1W
dB = 10log102 = 20 ;
, , dB
.
:
. : (dB) DECIBEL
. : (db) DECIBAR
. dB : 10logP2
(1).
dB ()
mW, mA, mbar, Pascal, V,
, (W, V, A, Pressure,
Velocity) .
= ..
1mW, 1V , (
) , design
( ;).
3, dB
(W).
:
. : dB = 10logPx/;)
. .



1mW
.

(0W), .
,
(1mii = 1m) (W) ( = W).
(1mW)
.

(1mW) mW.
:
1mW
. dB = 10log 1mW/1mW = 10log100 = 0dBmW
. dB = 10log 101mW/1mW = 10log101 = 10dBmW
. dB = 10log 102mW/1mW = 10log102 = 20dBmW
. dB = 10log 10-1mW/1mW = 10log10-1 = 10 *(-1) = -10dBmW
. dB = 10log 10-2mW/1mW = 10log10-2 = 10 *(-2) = -20dBmW
:
. E mW dB (+)

.
. .. : 20dB,
mW : 20dBmW.
. .. 10dB
.
.. 20dBmW 10dB 10dBmW
30dBmW 50dB -20dBmW
-72dBmW 32dB -40dBm.
.
.
.. Volt .. V
.
:
P=V*I = V2/R I=V/R
1 2 , :
1=V12/R1 P2=V22/R2

dBpower = 10log (V22/R2)/(V12/R1) = 10log V22*R1/V12*R2 R1=R2
, R1R2
1 G=40dBs
(1) transistor Gain
15dBs .
1V.
. dBV = 10log V2V/ 12V = 20log VV/ 1V,
20log ;
. XdBV = 20log 103V/1 V = 60dBV
. XdBV = 20log 10-2/1 = -40dBV
. 60dBV, -40dBV
: 60 (dB) (+) (0dB), 40 (-)


, 100 100dBs dBV, V
.
. = 60dBA :
=70dBV
=-80dBmW
.
() 70dB (+) Volt.
() 80dB (-) mWatt.
.
,
(
) (3) dB (+) (-)
(, ,
, , , , ).
:
. 1 = 103mW, 2 : 1 (dBmW) P 2 (dBmW) = 3dB;
1 = 103mW 30dBmW, P 2 = 27dBmW
27dBmW = 10logXmW logX = 2,7 X 501mW
. V 1 = 103V, V 2 : V 1 (dBV) V 2 (dBV) = 3dB;
V 1 = 103V 60dBV, V 2 = 57dBV
57dBV = 20logXV, logX = 2,85, V 2 = 707V
:
. 3dB
.
. 3dB :
1. 30%
2. 40%
:
60dBV = 103 = 1000V
63dBV = 20logX, logX = 3,15, V = 1412V.
.

dB
.

AGC (Automatic Gain Control)


(Receiver Threshold).

.
,
,
,
.


.
e- / .
e-
(Ig) = .
, , e-
( )
. ,
.
e- (c)
(L) , (AC)
e-
1
(
) (L)

.
,
,
TV .
, , + .
, :
1.
2.
90%
10% .
3. .
TV
5.

5
,
, :

10



1. (termination tap / outlet).
, tap =0 .
(Z)
.
,
TV
(Dummy Load).
75
75 =75
z,
. .
(terminator)
(Dummy Load)
.
,

.
.. 50kgr, DC 2003A = 600W

R68 / 600W ,
50kgr.

.
.
6 :

6
,
.
, :

11


, .. , ,
, , :
: Attenuator 3dB,
.
, 3dB ;
.
6
100Ohms Pin = 103mW
1W.
.
.. mW, V, Ohm .
,
.. mW, mV, mOhm. Volt
: dBmwdBw, dBVdBV.
6
: -3dB power
-3dB Voltage 0,707 ( AC
DC ).
.
: 1W 3dB
0,5W ;
,
.
.
/

.
, (.. pin diode limiter,
directional coupler)
75%
.
2. (Feed through tap / outlet).

( byte)

.

12

7,

7

(directional couplers).
. (DC).
.
/4.
. ,
.
. :L, R, C /4, /4.
.


.
. , ..
duplexer, diplexer, circulator ..
.
. :
1. port
.
2. (insertion loss)
(1) (2)
.

Attenuation = 0,5dB
40dB.
3. (return loss / Decoupling out input ports).

( )
7,

13


,
.

TV, 60dB.
4. (Isolation loss).
..
3 ,
22dB.
,
V ;
5. (tap loss).
TV
A.G.C.
.
=75
100V 2000V.
1000V


.

2000V ( )
TV
.
200V
46dBV (modulated carrier)
( )
: C/N ratio.
3. (splitter).
,
.

TV ().
, L, R, C
.
:
1969 1984
TV TV.

=
.
1
(.. ,
, , ) ).
2
.
3
.
4
.

14

5
1984 STOP
STOP
:

.
4. (Cable / Line).
(coaxial)
, = 75.
, 100m
18dB .. 600MHz ,
21dB / 100m .
, , 3dB

C/N (Carrier to Noise) =
.
5. (Amplifier)
(
)
(carriers) .. VHF UHF
satellite .
Combiners


.

. , ,

.

8
. ; ( ;)
. (,) ;
; ,
;
;

15

, .

.
(carrier)
,
.

9
C/N
,
, carrier modulated carrier.
()
72dBV = 75.
(
) 62 , 62dB
,

62 dB

10

16


25m TV
( ) Noise = 10dBV.
(Antenna)
10dBV.
:
20dB/100m 25m 5
dB. carrier TV :
72dBV - 5dB = 67dBV C/N :
67dBV - 10dBV = 57dB.
C/N = 62dB C/N = 57dB.
.
TV :
72dBV - 5dB = 67dBV
67dBV2238V
1000V , 1238
A.G.C.
.
:
1 Gain .. Gain = 10dB.
72dBV + Gain 10dB = 82dBV 12589V. .
2 (Noise Figure)

.
C/N.
Gain = 20dB NF = 6dB.

11
;
(6) , carrier
6dB

.

,
.
72dBV 3981V
5dB TV:
72dBV - 5dB = 67dBV 2238V ,
: carrier at Antenna out = 54dBV.
54dBV 501V
5dB, TV : 54dBV - 5dB = 49dBV 281V.
17


TV
.

.
:
30dB gain
; ( :
).
:
:
. Gain = 30dB, NF = 7dB
. Carrier at Antenna output = 54dBV / C/N = 44dB
. Cable loss = 5dB.

12
1
12 (
).
, 13,

2,8dt.

18

13
13
.
1. 1V.
2. 10dBV
.
3. 54dBV .
4. () carrier
.
5. ()
.
6. () G =
30dB (54dBV + 30dB = 84dBV).
7. , (
) 10dBV 40dBV
(Noise 10dBV + G30dB = 40dBV). ()
.
8. ,
, dBA
7dBA ( 70dBA
- ). , ,

.

.
NF = 7dB

40dBV () :

19


40dBV + 7dB = 47dBV.
: 84dBV 47dBV = 37dB C/N = 37dB.
C/N = 44dB.
1
44dB (C/N = 44dB)
37dB (C/N = 37dB) .
2
3 .
5dB,
TV 5dB, :
Carrier 84dBV 5dB cable loss = 79dBV
Noise 47dBV Cable loss 5dB = 42dBV
C/N input = 79dBV 42dBV = 37dB, .
V

72dBV 8912V.
, 2500V GC 8912 ;
3

.
, ,
.
carrier 54dBV 50V
C/ = 44d.
.
(-5d)
:
1 V, , no
problem
2 d ;
(5), Gain (5) d.
; ..
:.
.
( )
.
6. Antenna.
,
.
.
,
.
Maxwell Fresnel,
Fraunhofer .

20

.
1.

(C) e
.
, .
e
:
1.
e
.
2. e,
( CD ;)
.
e , ,
.1..
( )
.1..

(
;).
,
(
Radar 1MW. ,
.).

.

; ,

.
21




e.

2.

2
quantum
. , Plank ( )



, ,

. . .
,
(,
).
, 2/3,

cm.

22

(9) (, )
, . 3. . Illumination
Aperture. ,
, ( )
:
ue

E n (u e ) =

p=n q=n

F (u ) udu
=

F (u )

udu

kp n kq n a qp (u e )

p q
=1 =1
p =n q =n

k pn kqn a qp ()

p q
=1 =1

, 3
=> ()
.
, CRT
Blooming effect
.
(Blooming effect)
=
.

23

/2

:
. ( Fraunhofer).
.
,
( = 0 dt).
.
/2.
.

(Gain =
).
. : 1 2 3 4


.

24

/4

/4

/4

/4

(.. ) ,
.
, 957,1km :
..
25


,
(.. , ... )
.
:
, , :

e ;
:
100cm = 1m
, , 3
6V.
,
, , 7V, 8V, 9V, .
,

3*108m/sec 3km/hour (
).
(
;) . 3.
,
e
( ) ( ).

( )
e
.
,

(
;).


/
.
:
(membrane method) ,
,
/ .
40
(Electronic Counter
Measures = ECM) IFF SSB
/ :
.


. ,
.
. ,

26


/
.
,
.
.
:
= Plank joules = h*f,
( )

3*108 m/sec,

.

( 0,5*10-6m)
(. 3)
/2
.

3
1. /2 ( 3)
(.. ) /2
.
3,
.

3
.

27

2. (
)

. (
RF /
/ )
3. / .
4. .
5. .
6.
e-.
7.
3*108m/sec.
8. H / ,
watts m2
!
(1 mW/cm2 )
.
:
/ (0) mW/cm2
.
9. / (
10km) :
dB = 1/ = 1/R2
.
10. Volts
(100 cm).
11. H Tesla
(1T = 1Weber/1m2).
12. /
(.. )
.
28


13. :
. / ().
. / ().
14. ( / ).
(Antenna Gain)
/2.
:

/
( .. ).
, :
Gain dBpower = 10log 1/1 = 0dBp.
(0dB)
: Gi = 0dBpower iIsotropic.

( ) Gain
/2, /
,
, . 3.

. A Watts B Watts :
dB = 10log Bw/Aw = 2,15dB :
= Pdipole Pd PA = Pisotropic Pi
:
. dBdipole dBd = dBi + 2,15dB
. dBisotropic dBi = dBd 2,15dB
2,15dB
(Power Gain) ,
,
.
:
Gain = 6,652mW.
=
100mW.
:
()
Gain .

Gd = 5dB 5,188mW.
dBd
dBi.
4

29

4
0dBmW = 1mW
2,15dB = 1,64mW .
1,64mW dBd dBi
1mW.
dBd .. .
dBd 2,15dB dBi :
2,15dBi 0dBd
2,15dBi = 20log XV, log XV = 0,1075, XV=1,28
dBd() 1,28 Volt, mV, V.
.5 dBi
dBd .

30

5

Gain
Gd = 50dBd ( , ).

5dB ..
398V 719.

5dB 719V 562V
.
, V
expert .
( 5 .10) .
dBi dBd.
dB power
(Zinput).
V
1mV= 103V.
(Noise Figure)
500V 54BV
()
.
:



.

31



,

.
,
10m.
600MHz

(dB)
1,7
1,1
0,8
0,6
0,4
-

(dB)
7,3
10,6
12,7
16,2
20,6
11

600z20dB/100m.
3dB .
1 : (.. ) 6.
( )


C/N
.
20dB/100m 10m 2dB.
, 3dB (
).
Tap 2 (-2dB).
:
. 5
33. 6.
.
1dB
(1dB) .

(11dB).
( ) ().
28dBs ().
2 : dBV
(TV)
500V,
.

(
) .
.. ,
,
32


,
Volts.
- : dB v = 20 log
XV/1V.
:
6
dBV , 7
- :
(Tap 10).
54dBV ( - 11dB) = 65dBV, .
Tap Tap8 2dB, Tap8
: 65dBV (-2dB) = 67dBV, .
Tap (8) 1dB :
67dBV (-1dB) = 68dBV, .
, , ......
79dBV,
79dBV (-3dB) = 82dBV.
......

......
(Cable Television CATV),

( ),
CATV.
......
82dBV 12.589V
;
. .
.
Gd = 5dBs 2,825V.
!
Gi, Gd,
(Power Meters) .. 75 .

, .
CATV ,
dBV, (Video Signal)
.
, Gd = 5dBs (
.. 3 ) : 58dBV 794V
6.

33

34

35


(82dBV) (58dBV), 24dBs
Gain = 24dBs.
:
( ) .
:
. Gd = 5dBs 794V 58dBV.
.
tap 10 : 82dBV
28dB = 54 dBV.
. ( )
20 oC 1,5V 3,5dBV = 75.
.

. (1)dB
.
.
.
().

: ,, . ;

36


.
58dBV, :
82dBV - 58dBV = 24dBs
() NF .
:
. 80dBV 2dB ,
;
. Gain (25dB).

(X-MOD) .
1. 1V 0dBV
9.
2.
=20C 1,5V 3,5dBV.
,

(1) dB .

5
6 dBV.
, 3,5dBV + 1dB = 4,5dBV
.
(3,5dBV 4,5dBV)
: .
3. 4,5dBV.
4. 4,5dBV
25dB
.
25dB.
4,5dBV + 25dB = 29,5dBV, .
5. NF = 6,5dB
.
:
29,5dBV + 6,5dB = 36dBV.
.
( ).
36dBV
,
.


.
()
83,5dBV, 1,5dB .
83,5dBV : max out 83,5dBV -25dBV = 58,5
dBV 841V 800V
.
!

37




.
9.

9
36 ,
.
6. ,
58dBV.
7. , 58dBV
+ 25dB = 83dBV.
8. C/N 58dBV 4,5dB = 53,5dB.
9. C/N 83dBV 36dB = 47dB.
standards (CATV).
TV C/N :
C/N = 52dB.
: 52dB 47dB = 5 .
:
1
2 .
3
, NF Gain
.
4,5dBV,
58dBV.
Gain 5dBs,
5dB .
38


Gain = 5dB, Gain = 10dB.
5dB ( . 5)
1412V 63dBV G = 25dB
88dBV = 25.118V () .


( ) :
. Gain.
. AGC (AGC operating point)
. AGC (AGC window).
.
10
C = 83dBV, :
. Gain = 25dB.
. N/F = 6,5dB
. Carrier input = 58dBV 794V
. Noise input = 4,5dBV
C/N input 53,5dB C/N output 47dB.
. :
. 83dBV 14.125V.
. C/N C/N = 52dB.
!

.
.
C/N.
C/N output 52dB.
:

10

39


10
!!!
1 4,3dBV.
:
. ( : )
.
.
2 (carrier out = 83dBV
14.125V).
3
= 83dBV NF.
4 .
58dBV 794V.
C/N :
58dBV 4,3dBV = 53,7dB.
5 4,3dBV
() 6,5dB
() NF=6,5.
, Gain
4,5dBV + 6,5dB = 11dBV.
( ) 58dBV C/N (
Gain ) : 58dBV 11dBV = 47dB
C/N 52dBV.
C/N 52dB 47dB = 5dB;

Gain (5dB).

: Gain = 5dBs 5dB

( )
Gain = 10dBs.
.

:
Antenna Gain = XdB XdB -

.
Antenna Gain 10dB Gain=12dB ( 7dB).
6 .
:
gain 58dBV.
58dBV gain = 7dB,
C = 58dBV + 7dB = 65dBV C/N input C/N = 65dBV 4,3dBV
= 60,7dBs. 65dBV 1778V C/N input =
60,7dBs/
7 Gain .

, 65dBV 83dBV. /
18dB.
8 .
( ) 4,3dBV 18dB
;

40


4,3dBV + 18dB = 22,3dBV.
, .
9 .

Total Noise = 4,3dBV + 18dB + 6,5dB = 28,8dBV.
.
10 C/N .
C/N = 83dBV 28,8dBV = 54,2dB.
: C/N = 52dB.
2,2 dB .
11 , 11.
: () ()

.

().

:

:
.
. .
.

.
:
splitter 83dBV, 80dBV,
Tap1 78dBV 77dBV
tap 66dBV 6dBV - 11dB = 55dBV.
:
C/N ;

splitter; 28,8dBV.
28,8dBV
4,3dBV;
28dBs, 28,8dBV 28dB
0,8dBV; ,
4,3dBV.
( ).
:
0,8dBV + 11dB = 11,8dBV.
C/N ; Carrier = 66dBV,
Noise = 4,2dBV C/N = 66 dBV 4,2dBV = 61,8dB.

C/N output = 54,2dBV 61,8,

.
, -
.
Noise at splitters input = 28,8dBV
Noise at terminators input = 28,8dBV 17dB = 11,8dBV

41


C/N at terminators input = 66dBV 11,8dBV = 54,2dB
C/N at terminators output = 55dBV 4,2dBV = 50,8dB
.
52 50,8 = 1,2dB ( )
= 55dBV 562V 262V
TV
.
.


66dBV = 2000V
54dBV = 500V.
.

.
66dBV max, 54dBV min ,
60dBV.
:
Tap1
78dBV 60dBV
78dBV - 60dBV = 18dB.
Tap () 16,2dB.
Tap1 .. () =
61,8dBV.
Tap3
75dBV, 60dBV
75dBV 60dBV = 17dBV.
Tap () 75dBV 16,2dB =
58,8dBV.
Tap5
72dBV, 60dBV 12dBV,
().
: 59,3dBV.
Tap7
69dBV, 60dBV .
69dBV 10,6dBV = 58,4dBV.
.
.
:
.
,
30cm
.
. .
. (, ,

42


..) spray ,
.

:
. ()
().
. .
1 Gain ,
, .
,
. ,
Gain .
2 Gain
.

.
.

43

11

44


1 16

1.

.

, ,
.


.
transistor

.
1 .

1
:

,
.
:
.
.
. .
.
. transistor NPN ,
(C1) , (
, , ,V, ) .


. ( ),
:
1. I 1 R 1 R 2 .
2. I 2 R 4 ebR 2 .
3. I 3 R 4 ecR 3

( )
transistor.
TRANsformed reSISTOR TRANSISTOR
2

2
1 :
. R G (Gain control)
. ( 2 ) bias current control
current ( ) Supply 1.
. ( 3 ) Load current ( )
Supply 2.
. b-e Zener D1.
. b-c Zener D2.
. , ,
:
1. Bias current
2. Input signal
. R 4 .
- 2
2, 2, 2, 2.
1 t x .


H S G OFF (Ohms) R G
- 1 .
: R1,RG,R2
.

b-C.L.
D 1 ( 700mV).
, Vo
25 Volts.
2 ( t x -t 1 )
SG OFF.
RG b-C.L.
1 ( 3,5
).
( 705mVolts)
D 1 ( 2 ) t 1 .
3 (t 1 -t 2 -t 3 -t 4 )
t 1 t 2 .. 710mV. t 2 , Vo
15 Volts.
710
mV .. t 3 .

transistor, .. 715mV
Vo
10V ( t 4 ).
4 (t 4 -t 5 -t 6 )
t 4 t 5 710mV
Vo 15Volts t 6 .
5 (t 6 -t 7 )
710mV 705mV
, , , Vo 20Volts.
6 (t 7 -t 8 -t 9 )
t 7 t 8 710mV
Vo 15Volts t 9 .
7
!!! ()
,
!!!
8
, 2.
t 3 t 8
- 710mVolts;

710mVolts;
,
,
( ..)
(D.C. Component)


,
D.C. 2;
3.

3
D.C. () 15Volts () 6Volts.
.. Cx;
4.

4
, transistor
1Volt
.
, ,

transistor
OFF ( ).

transistor ( D.C. )
.

4
4 C 1 , D 1 , C 2 (clamping
circuit ), 2Volts.
. !
. t 1 C 1 C 2 . t 1
t 2 , 1 2 3 .
C 2 .
. 3 C 1 (+)
(-). , 3
( 1 , 2 ).
. t 2 t 3 C 2 R 1 ( 2 ) C 1
( 3 ).
, ( 1 , 2, 3 )
( 2 , 3) .
(
ON
DC=
)
ON+OFF
transistor 1Volt : (-) (+)
(C.L.).

D 1
(base(-), emitter (+))
transistor.
:
Cx 3 (DC Block)
.

3
.
:
1.
2 .
, , .


(S G ) ,
transistor
.
,
, .
:

.
,
.
(parametric amplifiers)
.
, ,
,
.

transistor . 5 . 5

1
2
e-c
.

5,5

:
. 5 (
).
. 5 (

).

1 , 2 ,

. ,
.
,
.
. ,
.. DC
. ,

.


73
e-c:
1
1.
= L
c
.
2. , C L.
3. 1<<2 L C
,
( ) C
e-c, z=-j ( ).
L z=+j,
(SMDs) .
..
, s,
g.
: Ic=ID+Ig c= , I D =
g= .

V=Vo sint Ohm :

V Vo t
sin
Vo sint
s
s
ID= = t c =
=Vo sin
c=
=capacitance
1
R
l
l
C

g :
V Vo t
sin Vo sint

Vo sint
g s
l
Ig
=
=
=
=
R=
=Resistance
l
g s
R
R
l
g s
:
ID Vot sin
s I
D
=
=
=

Ig Vo sin
t g s g
Ig
g


: I D >Ig .
I D <Ig .

(GAIN)

(gain) : G=

So
X dB
Si

.
(
)
.

1.

1
, ;
.
;
. NF .
. ;
. XMod; ( : ).
. .. 140V 199,5V,
;
C
;
.
N
. () A.G.C.;
. ;
. EMC
;
.
,
A.G.C.
36
A.G.C., ,
.
.

:
. .
. .
. .
. .

(Automatic Gain Control)

:

, ,
.


(.. S.T.C Sensitivity by Time Control,
I.A.G.C. Instantaneous A.G.C., D.A.G.C. Delayed A.G.C., Keyed A.G.C. ..)
A.G.C.

.. .
,
.
,


(carrier) .

,
XMOD. ( , ).

PIN. 2:

2
-,

, .. -120dBmW.
(PIN DIODE LIMITER)

. 1 GHz 20GHz

10


0,5 1dB
GAIN 1dB.

.
-


.

.
.
1. (Cross Modulation).


. ( 3). !
TRANSMITTER f1
.
()
.
. ()
(.. b-e)
.
RECEIVER

()

TRANSMITTER f2

ES 1 f 1
m 1 .
ES 2 f 2
m 2 .
ES 2 ES 1 , m 2
f 1
RF.
: f 1 +m 1 +m 2
f 1 +m 1 .

11

2. (Intermodulation)

RF ( 4).

4
f d
ES 1 ES 2 ,
f d, ES 2 -ES 1 =f d
,
f d +IF F d +IF/2.
RF
,
A.G.C.,
.
1. Reverse A.G.C.A.G.C. .


- (
FET).
.

() - transistor
(e-b) .
( )
.
(0,10,3Volts)
RF
e-b .
2. Forward A.G.C.A.G.C.
transistor A.G.C.
Forward
A.G.C.
gain
transistor.
5 reverse forward
A.G.C.

12

:
1. a-b (A.G.C. WINDOW),
.

.
6 7 IF
RF.

13


2. A.G.C. A.G.C.
(power gain reduction).
3. A.G.C. - transistor
e-b
.
4. A.G.C. .
( e-b), - transistor
. ,
, transistor ,
, .
.. 3 mVolts (
) , .
, Forward A.G.C.:
. Reverse A.G.C.
. RF.
. RF .

Gain RF.
RF
Gain IF. ,
IF ,
, ( Gain) ,
e-b RF.
8,
Keyed A.G.C.
To A.G.C. TV (KEYED A.G.C.)

8

A.G.C.
(coincidence circuitAnalog AND gate).

14



transistor T 1 D 1
11sec Line Transformer

. 4sec 1
(
1 ).
b-e transistor 2
D 1
R 1 C 1 , 2
.
2 .
2 IF.
9 8.

9
2 gain IF.
P 2
(DC) 3 .
3 RF.
8 P 1
, e-b transistor T 1
, ,
A.G.C. 1 : A.G.C. Level
A.G.C. Sensitivity.
9, 2 C 2 .
3
.

15


!
C 2 R 2 2 . R*C=,
2 ( Ohm),
3 , 2
A.G.C. Delay.
:
. , 2 I F
amplifier .
. , 2
IF amplifier ( 5 ), RF amplifier
.
.
DC (transistor T 3 )
RF amplifier 4 IF .

TV
. TV,
( A.G.C.)
, Line
Transformers.
, ,
.
( ) keyed , Line
Transformer .
.

16

E 1 - 17

1,

. (
) .
.
,

,
.
,
,
( ) .
, :
P Watts = V * I

Rx

.

.
.
( Noise contribution )

.
P Watts ,
:
. :
W =VI

. (t) , :
E=Pt

, Joules

Bandwidth ( ) .
1

:
. .. R= 75
. T o
.
.
.
:
. :
=kT oB

: k Boltzmann = 1,3811023 joules / o K

To Kelvin
B C/sec (..
1200 z 1800 MHz 610 8 C / sec )
. Kelvin Celsius 2:

.
75 27 oC .
, .

W = 5,75 MHz .
H :
6

23

15

NE=kT oB=1,38110 273275,7510 =23,822210

:
P=2,382221014 Watts

:
V 2=PR V 2=2,38222101475 V =1,33666 V

Joules

, :

. ()
. ()

.
3.
.

Zi

Zo

:

.
, :
1.
2. ,
, ,
.
.
(dummy load)
.

.
( ) ,
.

3
2

3 ( ).
(
) .
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Gain So/Si
O Noise Factor No/Ni
H Noise Figure ( Si/Ni ) / ( So/No )
H Noise Power K.To B Watts
To Decibel d=10
log(W/W) 20log(V/V) ,
.
,
: DECIBEL.

:
( 3) ,
Zi
NP K To B Watts .
Watts = V2 /R , .

mW .

Noise Factor No/Ni , Noise Figure
(Si/Ni ) / (So/No ) Gain So/Si
Temperature
Equivalent => Noise temperature.
, ,
.

. (
290 oK 17 oC)
Ideal Temperature
:
NoiseFactor =

No (Watts ) IdealNoise + InternalNoise KBTideal + KBTequivalent

Tequivalent
=
=
= 1+
Ni (Watts )
IdealNoise
KBTideal
Tideal

!
.
.
. ideal .
4

.
:
eq Noise Factor oise Figure
,
.
:
eq Equivalent Temperature Noise Temperature =
.
:
No (Watts )
Teq
= 1+
Ni (Watts)
Tideal

Teq = Tideal (

No
1)
Ni

. Noise Figure = 2 dB , Tideal = 290 oK Teq = ;

2dB = 10 log

No
No
No
= 1,5848 Teq = 290 (1,5848 1) = 169,61
= 0,2 ,
, log
Ni
N
i
Ni

. ideal = 290 oK eq = 260 oK , dB Noise Figure ;

1+

260
No
No
= 10 log
, 10 log = 1,8965
290
Ni
Ni

No
(dB) , :
Ni

No
dB = 10 log1,8965 = 2,777dB ( Noise Figure ) .
Ni

Signal to Noise Ratio , Carrier to Noise Ratio

(signal)
(carrier) .


.
( ) signal carrier
.
.
: S/N C/N
RF IF . 4:

C/N

S/N

XVER

,

,
.
( : )
TV.


.
TV
, , .

.
NF = 7 dB =
5,75 MHz , Zin = Zo = 75
= 300 = 27 oC .

5,
(carrier).

.
( ) V .
.
.. 1 mV 0 dBmV , 1
mW 0 dB mW ...
i
.
.. 60 dB V
Gain=1 0 dB.

.
Gain .. 10 dB 0 dB ,
70 dB V
.
10 dB ,
10 dB , gain .
.
,
(LNA) GaAs (-) FET 1970
200 .
7

1985 , Ga As FET LNAs 85

HEMTs
30 .
(carrier)
,

.
6.

Si/Ni

NF =

So/No

Si / Ni
So / No

.
7

5
1 mV 1 V.
8

1,222 V 75 1,33666 V .
;
.
,

:
'. .
'.

.
'. << = >> =
.
'. (design)
.
'. (, )
: Automatic Noise Figure Indicator.

.


(..)

(..) db

60

0,819

70

0,942

80

1,061

90

1,177

100

1,291

120

1,508

140

1,711

160

1,908

180

2,097

200

2,278

220

2,452

240

2,619

260

2,780

280

2,935

300

3,085

C/N
NF=8 dB, ..
75 . Gain () .
:
'. NF ( 8 dB)
'. .
'.
.

Gain .
: (dB)
;
8:

,
...
9 10 carrier (c) signal
(sig). (c) (sig)
.

10

:
(Sys) ( )
.

10

!
2
, .
2 , .

.
1
:
V NA =8 dB2,52 dBV =10,52 dBV 3,357 V

:
P =

V2
=0,15 W
R

:
2
( ) .

.
11

P =0,15 W
:
P o=P NA P NB =0,3 W

:
2

NV =N pR NV =4,748 V 13,52 dBV

3
C/N
:
C / N A=60 dBV 10,52 dBV =49,48 dB

:
C / N B=60 dBV 13,52 dBV =46,48 dB

:
C/N 3 dB ,
3 dB.

= 8 NF = 6 ( )
70 dBV.
11:

11

12

=
=
sys = .
:
1. 10 log.
2. C/N 3 dB.

13

C/N
:
:
.
.

14 .

14

( )
:
Carrier = 100 dBV , NFA = 8 dB NFB = 11 dB Reference Noise
Level = 2,52 dBV.

14

:
. Carrier level C = 100 dBV
. NFA = 8 dB , NFB = 11 dB , Gain A, B = 0 dB .
. Input Noise = 2,52 dBV , Cable Noise = 0 dBV
: C/Nsys = ;

1 : .

15

, .

.
2 :

16

15

3 : NA NB
NA = 10,52 dBV
10,52 = 20logNA
NA = 3,3573 V

NB = 13,52 dBV
13,52 = 20logNB
NB = 4,7424 V

4 : 75 R

NP A =

V2
=0,1503 W
R

NP B =

V
=0,2998 W
R

Total Noise=0,451 W

5 : .

P=

V2
R

V 2 =0,451 W75 =33,825 V =5,8159 V

V=5,8159 V 20log5,8159=15,29dBV

6 :
16 ( 0 dBV) ,
17.

17

16

7 : 18

18

:
,o
75 .
:
= 27 C.
(
)
'
.

17


1 - 16

:

,
.


RF ( MHz GHz)
IF ( MHz).
1:

f1
( )
f1 m1.
f1
m1 ( ) m2
f2.
: f1 f2 , f2 > f1.


.

(carriers) ..
TV.
TV
.

. (Second Order Distortion)


.
Composite Second Order Ratio C.S.O.R.
.
. (Triple Beat Distortion)
,

Composite Triple Beat Ratio C.T.B.R.
. (Cross Modulation X-MOD)

,
()
C.X.M.R..

. (cross modulation)
,
.
.
!

.
:
(. 28, 29).

Cross Modulation X-MOD
cross modulation dB :
( dB) ( dB).
X-MOD
.
: Noise Voltage dBmV Noise Voltage dBV.

design.
X-MOD.
2
X-MOD = 70dB. ;

(X-MOD = 70dB),
3.

X-MOD=

W
70dB
Un

()
, 4.

: 9996,838V
10.000V.
:
X-MODdB=20logW-20logUn
: WWanted UNUnwanted
70dB=20log104 -20logUn
logUn=0,5
VUn=3,162
V
; ..


.
:
.
.
.
. Gain
.
10.000V.

70dB X-MOD.
:

1 . :
. Maximum Output = 110dBV L SP ; (Level Specified)
. Number of Channels = 31
. -MOD = 70dB XM SP ; (X-MOD Specified)
. Operating Level = 107dB L OP
2. :
3 dB;
: 70dB X-MOD
110dBV,
X-MOD ,
(W) (Un)
3. :
XM dB =XM SP +2(L SP -L OP )
XM dB =70dB+2(110dBV-107dBV)=76dB.
;

.

.
5

video 10.000V .

.


,
(
;).
.

5
( ).
W=Wanted
video ,
Gain dB dB.

Gain .
video
.
Wanted video
, X-MOD=
Unwanted video
. specified = 68dB ( )
. Wanted Signal W=10.000V
.
W10000V
: -MOD 68dB =
UnV;
4
68dB=20log10 -20logUn
68=80-20logUn, logUn=0,6 V Un =3,9811V
3,9811V
: N Un.
,
.
:
W=104V
3,9811V. X-MOD ;
X-MOD = 20log104 - 20log3,9811 = 68dB
X-MOD
5.
. : = 20log104 - 20log3,9811 = 68dB
. : XM A,B = 20log104 - 20log(2 Un) = 62dB
. : XM A,B,C = 20log104 - 20log(3 Un) = 58,46dB
. : XM A,B,C,D = 20log104 - 20log(4 Un) = 56dB
: X-MOD sys = X-MOD A - 20logN
,
, XMod 6 dB, :

=
68dB
XM A,B,C
=
62dB 6 dB
XM A,B,C,D
=
56dB 12 dB
:
( )
;
.
6.

() :
. Amplifier A, X-MOD = 84,5dB
. Amplifier B, X-MOD = 78,5dB
X-MOD A,B = ;
:
system.
6.
video 104V
W=104V .
1: Vun .
X-MOD=W/un 84,5dB = 20log104 - 20logun A
84,5dB = 80 20logun A , 4,5dB = -20logun A , logun A = -0,225. !
;
, W = 104V
X-MOD = 84,5dB.
W = 104V
W = 105V.
X-MOD=W/un 84,5dB = 20log104 - 20logun A un A = 5,9566V.
7, :

un A,B un sys = ;
un A,B = un A + un B , un A = 5,9566V, un B = ;
78,5dB = 20log105 - 20log un B un B = 11,885V
un A + un B = 17,8416V : XM sys = W/un sys = 20log105 20log17,8416 = 75dB
:
( , )
84,5 78,5 = 6dB -MOD X-MOD sys
78,5dB 75,
3,5dB.


: ,
8.

:
. C/N
. X-MOD.
design .
, :
(carrier) 9 (signal) 9.

,
.
S C
: Modulated Carrier M.C.,
.

. ,
(
), .
(M.C.), C
S, .

.


(M.C.),
()

.
, C
Modulated Carrier S
().
10, C/N
.

10

:
C/N sys = C/N A 10logN.
:
V.
C .
11.

11


: W/Un .
: sys = XM A 20logN.
A X-MOD .

1. C/N 1dB
1dB .
2. C/N 1dB
1 dB
1dB.
3. () C/N
C/N 3dB.
4. C/N C/N.
5. , 1dB
X-MOD 2dB.
6. , 1dB
X-MOD 2dB
.
7. X-MOD X-MOD
6dB.
8. X-MOD X-MOD.
9. C/N Noise Figure System Noise, Noise Reference
Level.
10. : X-MOD, CSOR, CTBR
.
11.

: .

.
.. 70MHz 35MHz.
22MHz 44MHz.
:
.


.

10

C/N
:
:
.
.

14 .

14

(
) :
Carrier = 100 dBV , NFA = 8 dB NFB = 11 dB Reference
Noise Level = 2,52 dBV.
:
. Carrier level C = 100 dBV
11

. NFA = 8 dB , NFB = 11 dB , Gain A, B = 0 dB .

. Input Noise = 2,52 dBV , Cable Noise = 0 dBV
: C/Nsys = ;
1 : .

15

,
.

.
2 :

16

3 : NA NB

12

NA = 10,52 dBV
10,52 = 20logNA
NA = 3,3573 V

NB = 13,52 dBV
13,52 = 20logNB
NB = 4,7424 V

4 : 75 R

NP A =

V2
= 0,1503 W
R

NP B =

V2
= 0,2998 W
R

Total Noise= 0,451 W

5 : .
P=

V2
R

V 2 = 0,451W 75 = 33,825V = 5,8159V V = 5,8159V 20 log 5,8159 = 15,29dBV

6 :
16 ( 0 dBV) ,
17.

17

7 : 18

13

18

:
,o
75 .
:
= 27 C.
(
)
'
.

14

C N amp = C N ratio for a single amplifier (dB),
Sig in = input signal level (dBmV),
59 = thermal noise threshold,
NF = manufacturer specified amplifier noise figure (dB),
C N sys = C N ratio of cascade (dB),
N = number of amplifiers,
OLoper = operating output signal level (dBmV),

OLspec = manufacturer specified output signal level (dBmV),

XM amp = X-MOD for a single amplifier (dB),
XM spec = manufacturer specified X-MOD for one amplifier (dB),
XM sys = X-MOD of cascade (dB),
C equiv = number of amplifiers in an equivalent cascade.
M = number of return amplifiers in cascade.
To determine the carrier tonoise (C/N) ratio of a single amplifier when the input
signal level and noise figure (NF) are known:

C N amp = Sig in + 59 NF
To determine the input signal level when the amplifier NF is known and the
desired C/N ratio is given:

Sig in = NF + C N amp 59
To determine the C/N ratio of a cascade of identical amplifiers when the C/N ratio
for a single amplifier is known:

C N sys = C N amp 10 log N

To determine the C/N ratio of a single amplifier in a cascade of identical amplifiers
when the system (cascade) C/N ratio is known:

C N amp = C N sys + 10 log N

15


To determine the input signal level for a cascade of identical amplifiers if the
amplifier NF and the desired C/N ratio for the cascade are known:

Sig in = C N sys + NF 59 + 10 log N

To determine the C/N ratio of a cascade of identical amplifiers in the NF and input
signal level are known:

C N sys = Sig in + 59 NF 10 log N

To determine the operating output signal level for a single amplifier to produce a
specified amount of X-Mod:
XM amp XM spec
2

OLoper = OLspec

To determine the X-Mod for a cascade of identical amplifiers when the operating
output signal level is known:

XM sys = XM spec + 2(OLoper OLspec ) + 20 log N

To determine the operating output signal level for a cascade of identical amplifiers
when are required X-Mod for the system (cascade) is known:

OLoper =

XM sys XM spec + 2OLspec 20 log N

2

To determine the X-Mod distortion for a single amplifier if the operating output
signal level and amplifier specification are known:

XM amp = XM spec + 2(OLoper OLspec )

To determine the X-Mod distortion for a cascade of identical amplifiers when the
X-Mod for a single amplifier is known:

XM sys = XM amp + 20 log N

To determine the X-Mod acceptable from each amplifier in a cascade of identical
amplifiers when the desired X-Mod for the cascade is known:

XM amp = XM sys 20 log N

To determine an equivalent amplifier cascade for a two-way system when the
return amplifiers in the system include both a known cascade of amplifiers and a
known number of total amplifiers:
C equiv = NM

16


1 - 21

:

.

.

.
( calibration) :

,
,
.

()
.
1.

.
.



.
(VSWR) .
2. = Attenuators
.
(variable wave guide attenuators)
,
,
.

.

.
. (Resistor attenuators)

.

: ( , , RF Power meter).

3. (coaxial switches)
0,1-0,3dB
GHz.
.


.
1


4. (Detectors)
()
:
1. ( P PK P AV ) mWatt.
2. (W mW)
3. .
4. .
:
1. Amplitude detectors Only amplitude information
2. Phase detectors Only phase information
3. Frequency detectors Only frequency information
4. Synchronous or phase sensitive detectors phase + amplitude information
5. Mixer phase + amplitude + frequency information
6. Quadrature detectors:

, :


3 .

. 1.

.
.
2


.
, .
(feed through resistor)
. ,
100 .

.
5. (Probes)
probes 10/1 :
. probe plug in unit
.
:
probe .
. probe P.R.F. (Pulse Repetition
Frequency) 1.000 pps 1.000.000 pps.
(square wave generator)
.
6. (Power Sensors)
!
.
.
. .
.
2/3 .
.

( ..)
, decibel.
: dB
.
1
,
15 .
, 3
5 .
!

5 .
15m

= 5m ,
3m
.
:
(Richter) ..
2
decibel = (deci)
Bell.
P1
P1
= (10log)
.
dB=10log
P2
P2
3


,
Neper :
. decibel (log) Neper
(ln)
. decibel ( ..),
Neper, 66 , .
3
:
. R1=R2=100

dB = 10 log

V 2 V 2
P1
= 10(log P1 log P 2) = 10 log 1 log 2 =
P2
R1
R2

= 10 (log V12 log R1 ) (log V22 log R2 )

2
2
2

=
dB 10 ( log V 12 2 ) ( log V =
2 2 )
2 + 2

10 log V 1 2 V=
2
V1
V1
2
= 10 log V 12 V=
20 log
2
2
10 log V=
V2
2

. R1R2

(0) -2+2=0 ()

:
1 dB
.
:
2 100V 10000V,
(Gain);


Zin=Zout :
104 V
log 2
40dB VOLTAGE gain
dBV 20
=
=
10 V
ZinZout , ;
2 3. Zin,
Zout :

3
(Gain);

dBp = 10 log

10 2 mW
= 10dB POWER gain
10mW

3 .
, dBpower,
.
,
Z 1 =+jb, Z 2 =+jb, Z 1 =-jb, Z 2 =-jb
V2
dBV = 20 log
.
V1
Z 1 2 .
, ,
(.. ,
)
.
: Z1 = 6 + j8 , Z 2 = 6 j8 .
.
:

( = a - jb), ( ) ( Pupin)

( Krarup).

;
thanks to Pupin
..


4
, 4.

4
10watts, 20
(carrier) .
.
5
, 5.

5
= 10watts, splitter attenuation = 3dB .
carrier B.

. decibel,

. .
-, 6.

!
DANGER ! MINES FIELD
() Transmitter Zo
Cable Zo Splitter Zi,
splitter Zo Amplifier Zi
splitter Zo Attenuator Zi
:
.
.
. .
:
.
6

6
(zero power)
( ).
.
(watts) -
. (POWER)
(watts, , ) .
, , , .
,

, mW
.
.
1mW=100mW.
!
-
.
, .
,
mW 6
,
6 , , .


.
1
P1
dB = 10 log
P2

2
1mW =
( )

3
5 .
. 1 mW, dB mW :
dB mw = 10log100 mW= 0dBmW
. 10 mW dBmW = 10log10 mw 1 = 10dBmW
. 102 mW dBmW = 10log10 mw 2 = 20dBmW
. 10-1 mW dBmW = 10log10 mw -1 = -10dBmW
. 10-2 mW dBmW = 10log10 mw -2 = -20dBmW

dBmW
, 7.

7
5
( ) dBm dBmW.
5, dB dBm
( 8
).
1
10watts :
dBm = 10log104mW = 40dBm , .
2
splitter carrier :
c = 40dBm 2dB = 38dBm , splitter.
3
splitter, carrier :
c = 38dBm 3dB = 35dBm
4
( gain = 10dB) carrier :
c = 35dBm + 10dB = 45dBm 45dBm = 10log X mW;
log mW = 4,5 c = 31622mW = 31,622watts , .
5
9


carrier :
c = 35dBm - 6dB = 29dBm 29dBm = 10log X mW;
log mW = 2,9 c = 794mW = 0,794watts , .
5 8
.

8

R.F. ;
UNKNOWN POWER
R.F. Generator ;
1
.
,
.
2
:
.
. (f=c/sec)
. .
t
. , .
T

3
:
. Max. output Ppeak = 104mW
. f = 1GHz
. Pulse modulation
t 10 sec
. Duty cycle= = 3
T 10 sec
.

.
4

.

10


,

.
.
(duty cycle) (t)
, , (t)
() :

9

t 10 sec
.
Duty cycle
= D.C=
=
T 103 sec
t = 10sec
1000 - 10 = 990sec.
(t)
104mW. 104mW Ppeak.
, , .
Power meter .
, .

10
power meter
, ..

.
Rx.

11


Rx ( )
milliwatts ( dBm).
Rx ,
0mW
Rx .
Rx ;
.

11

( , ) Rx
.
Rx Ppeak :
t
Paverage Pav =
Ppk
T
STOP

.
. Rx (
).
:
:
.
. , P av P pk .
t
. Pav = Ppk P pk
T
t, T P av .
5
104 mW
8 .
.
Rx Ppk
Ppk = 102 mW av = 1 mW.
.
;
.

12


6
. (Equipments Set up) .

12

.
. Ppeak = 104mW
t 10
. Duty cycle
=
T 10 3
III.
. Ppeak = 102 mW
. Pav = 1 mW
IV :
:
.
, ,
.

12.


.
7
/ 12 .

,

(, , )
.

13


Internet

.
13 .

13

. :

Ppk = 10 4 mW => 40dBm Pav = Ppk

t
10
= 10 4 mW 3 = 10 2 mW , .
T
10

!
mW dBmW
dB, :
10
Dutycycle => D.C. = XdB = 10 log 3 = - 20dB
10
. :
Ppk = 10 2 mW => 20dBmW
Pav = 1mW => 0dBmW
Duty cycle = ;
1mW
Pav = Ppk DC , DCdB = 10 log 2
= - 20dB
10 mW

1. (- 20dB)
.
.
2. ,

()
(1) dB.
,
(1) .
:
10dBmW => 10mW
= 2,589mW
11dBmW => 12,589mW
50dBmW => 100.000mW
= 25.892mW
51dBmW => 125.000mW

14


2,5mW 25
mW.

Ppk Pav
.

(2)
.
(Pav) .
Pav = 10 2 mW => 20dBmW = 100mW .
Pav = 1mW => 0dBmW .
;


.
Pav = 20dBm
Pav = 0dBm Power attenuation = 20dB.
:
100mW, 1mW, 100-1 = 99mW
;
,
:
. 99mW
. (Directional coupler)
L,C /4.
, , 25%,
,
: 100mW + 25mW = 125mW => 20,9mW , 21dBmW.
.
1dB .

3dB

= 20dB = 23dBmW.

,

(, , ,
) set up,
.
.



:

dB = 10log

15

( )
:
. ()

(Test Point) .
.
.

!
1:
.

( ) . ,
.
2:
: AGC,IAGC,STC,....
.
3:
1:

16

.
4:
(maximum
attenuation).
5:
.
OFF,
LINE SYNCHRONISATION
6:
.
, AC INPUT DC

.
(vertical amplitude)
2-3 cm .
7:

.
8:
Generator power output minimum ( ) . 4.
9:

.
10:
, - .
. ( )
17

.
,
.

11:
( ).
.
.. 1 sec.
,
.
12:
cm
.
13:
INTERNAL SYNCHRONISATION AUTO TRIGGER ,( EXTERNAL
SYNC ).
..
2,

18

1 cm 2 cm .
S/N = 2/1,
, .

( 2/1
) .
.. -98 dBmW
2/1 . .. -96 dBmW .
2 dB.

.
:
RF
dB
.
, :
Zo , in ; ,
.
,
.
:
'. RF ,attennuators, diplexer,duplexer,directional
couplers feed through resistors , rotating joins , coaxial switches , circulators ,
polarizers , terminators , dummy loads , probes , power sensors
.
'.
,
.
.
,
.
,

!
(z)
(, )
(Impedance matching pads / devices)
(dBs) '
.
19

GAIN


.

.
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
,

, ,
.
( )

(L,C)
.

.
.

( ) :
.
.. IF .
.
(cascode amplifier) (
GAIN)
(staggered tuned) (GAIN).
20

,

.
:
AGC
,
3 dB , ,
AGC ; .
,
,
TEST SET , ,
.
.

.
(sweep generator)
,
.


: , , , ,
(feedthrough resistors), (matching pads), probes ... .
,
.
, ,
sweep generator .
, ..
.
.

21

22

H 1 - 48

(Switched Mode Power Supplies Self Oscillating Power

Supplies)


(TV H/Y )
,
(SMPS)

( ).

( )
(),
SMPS

.
,
, ,
,
. , ,

.
!

a. (
).
b.
( ) ,
.

SMPS UPS
, ,
SMPS UPS.
1a .
(L-N)
.
() => Neutral ,
<<>>
().
(L) => Line
,
220V (RMS)=>314 Volts (Peak).
1a
D4 D2;
1, 1a, .
,
(L-N) :
Neutral S2 D4 Common Line (CL) Rx D3 S1
Line
:
,
Common Line (CL)
300mV .
314V ( Rx)
.

2, 1a, .
,
(L-N) :
Line S1 D1 Common Line (CL) Rx D2 S2
Neutral
:
,
Common Line (CL) 314
Volts Peak, 314V (
Rx).

!
( 1a)
,
300mV,
314 Volts Peak.
1b
.
1, 1b, .
,
(L-N) :
Neutral S1 D1 Common Line (CL) Rx D2 S2
Line
:
1.
2, 1b, .
,
(L-N) :
Line S2 D4 Common Line (CL) Rx D3 S1
Neutral
:
2.
:
,
SMPS
mVolts,
RMS 220V 314 Volts.

1a 1b.

,
.
a. .
(0 Volts) .
b. .
SMPS 314 V
.
c. . (+), ,

,
.
d. . (-),
,
,
.

Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS)

Self Oscillating Power Supply (SOPS)

1.

SMPS
SOPS
(w*t) (.. - TV)

.
1 1,
.

, (
).
SMPS :
. (DC) SMPS
. SMPS

.
, (, )
,
.
= * * , =V*I*t.
2.

CONVERTER (1)

ELECTRONIC
SWITCH

STEP UP/DOWN
CONVERTER (2)

LOAD

A.C.
D.C.

SMPS

CONVERTER (3)

Output
Pulses
Control
Voltage

CONTROL
CIRCUIT

VARIABLE DUTY CYCLE

PULSE GENERATOR

1.

.
. (SMPS)
SMPS (Stand by supply)

, () (FF)
(
) .
2.
(V*I*t)
(step up/down
converter) .
()
.

:
.
. .
SOPS

() .

2 3.
CONTROL PULSES

COMPARATOR
+

OUTPUT
PULSES

3
,
IC
(free running)
(comparator).

2 3.
SOPS ,
OFF (Transistor Thyristor)
(Converter)
.
( 12V)
.
(reference voltage)
3 Zener.

() (Volts).
,
() . (Pulse Repetition Frequency =>
P.R.F.) (sec)
(
). P.R.F.

trimmer .
SMPS (5)
.
9

1:
2
.. RMS=220Volts, V pk 314
Volts converter (1) VDC=300 Volts.
converter (3)
.. 20 Volts.
.. 1 Amper
20*1= 20 Watts.
4 .

CONVERTER 1

SWITCH

CONVERTER 2

Line Power

L1
D1

I1

From Pulse
Generator

R1

C1

ON OFF

L2

CONVERTER 3

D2

I2

R2

C2 RL

T1

300V
1, .
4
5.
4, 300V
transistor, .
5.
1 2 transistor
(). ( sec=>
t1-t2) 1 1
2.
2 ( ) C2 .. 20
Volts R L 3 .. 1 Amper
C2 20 Volts.
!!!
DC 20V
25 Volts (
Duty Cycle = t/T).

10

I3

t1

t2

t3

t4

t5

t6

t7

t8

2:
300 Volts
.
=
, 5, t5 - t6.
()
(DC) (
) (control voltage) ,
3 t5 t6.


C2 20V
(t)=>
.
3:
300 Volts.

(Volts) ,
control voltage
() .

11

,
20V,
20V.
,
40% .
4 5:
6 .

L1

L2

6
( )
.


,
.

(R L )

.

12

,
.

,


SMPS
,
.
2
.
, ; ;
;

3 ( )
,
( + ) ,
.

3
13

,
.

.
, 4.

( )

.
,
15 : ,

.
51 .


.

S N

5
14

SN

,
, .
, ,
, .
.
, .
, .
,

.
,
2 3
, .
,


.
= ,
: E = M * c2 M = E/c2.
:

.
, , Max Plank

.

,

( ).
6, 6 6.

15

.


( N S ) ( N S ) ( N S ).
:
) ,
.
) .
, , , .
) ,
.

>> 1

) ,
.
7

<1

7
)

7

16

,
,
,
.
8
, .

, ,

8

8.

8
,
,

( )

.
.

17

(100).
.

, (100).
,
.
, (
)
(
). (1)
,

, 9:

DC

(loop) (1) .

() Tesla
,
.
(1) (10)
, 9
.

18

(coil) .
, ( Tesla)

.
9

.
10, 10, 10, 10
(: = e-)
!! <<>> .

I
10

I
10

I
10

I
10

.
,

. ( )
.
. , (, , )
.
,
.
11

, ( =>
).

19

(2)

(1)

11
(3)
(e-)
.

,
( )
.
:
. ( 1 )
.
.


.
. (N - S)
( 1 ) ( 2 ).
.
.
20

,
(
,
relays)
12.

12

.
!
() (.. 2 mA)
.
( 1 )
2 , ;
11.
1 2 (
) (
).
(, )
( )
.
( )
,
, ,
, ,
21

.

.
.
13


:
. probes
probes (tips) . ,


. ,
, ,
;

13

. L 1 L 2 ,
. Volts,
Amper, .

22

. L 1 L 2 .
. (L 3 ) ,
S1 OFF,
.
. L 1 (1) Ohm
50 Ohms
Rx = 47 Ohms 1 + 47 =
= 48 50 Ohms.
. R L = 1 K
Ohm 2
L 2

. (t) (5 )
()

( 13.).
, 13,,,,,
..
: L 1 ;
: ( t 2 - t 3 ) L 1 ;
: 2 L 2
U 2 ;

,
.

, .
, , .
!
(- - )
.
( ) ,
, ,
:
1.
2. ()
3.
4.
5.
6.

23

t2

t1

t3

. 13

Generator
Output
Voltage
between z, z

. 13
Channel 1
UL1

L1
1 Volts

Rx
0 Volts

1

1

Channel 1
UL2

L1

L2

. 13

. 13

. 13

14
. 13 . 13.

24

2.5 Volts ( 13)

UL 1 13 2.5 Volts
1, 13
Rx ( 13) L1
t1 t 2 .
t 1 -t 2 1 (
13) 1 .
,
L2 ,
(+)
.
1 ( , )

UL 2 .
UL 2 (
) 2
2 2 ( 1 ).
2 (, )
(R L ). 2
t 1 - t 2 L 2 - R L
UL 2 ( 13). 2
R L (W 2 =
U 2 *I 2 ) U 2 , I 2
E 2 =U 2 *I 2 *t.
(E 2 )
:
U 1 *I 1 *t. = .
L 1 => 1 * t
L 2 : E 2 =U 2 *I 2 *t.
:
. 13

.
. :

U1

I1

I2

1
14

U2

: U 1 I 1 , I 1
1 , 1 I 2 , I 2 U 2
2 .

25

13.
1 : L 1 t 2
t 3 2
1
13
L 1
(+)
(-) .

2 :
,
15 :
.
L (U L =L * di/dt) U L
( 15).
.
(U=I*R)
15.
15.
, .
, ; ( )
:

UL

UL

15

U = UL + UR

15

UR

UR
15

15

26

. 16.

T1

D1

PULSE
GENERATOR

16

C1

I1

I1

I1

:
0
0

. 13
. 16
0
0

. 13


. 16
27

L2.

. 16

L2.


. 16
. U 1

,

.
16, transistor 1

.
thyristor, Triac
.
C 1
()
.
:
transistor
.
, 1 ,
.

28

,
(Fly wheel effect);
C 1

.
C 1
L, C .
,
D 1
,
.

13
L 3 ,


.

S 1 OFF L 3
,
. , S1
(

) L 3 =
3 L 3
3 .
!! 3 L 1 L 2
( ) ,
3
. , 3
,
1 . ,

,

.
,
( 17)

29

1 = 2000

3 = 1000

= 1 + 3

Bias
Aperture

BiasLevel

=0

17

13 L 3
DC L 3 .
1
1 = 2000 .
3 3 =
Bias current, 3 = 1000 (
Weiss
)
.
,
.



.


.

()

.
:
(
),
.. 1 14 ,
2 1
2 .. 14.
30

, ,
.
2 !!!

, 18.

18

18

Mr Kirchhoff U 1
R x 1 .
U 2 , .
2,
,
.. ,
, .
( - )
( - )
.
18.
;
1 2 ;
!!
x, x y,y
U 1, U 2
, .
,

31

19, 16 19
16.
19 16 19 16.

U1

U2
. 19 16

. 19 16

. 19 16

. 19 16

,
=> => L 2
;
20 :

. 20
. => U, =>
. => U, =>
.

32

2 SMPS

SMPS
(Blocking Oscillator) ,
,
.
( )

.

(Blocking Oscillator)

. .

(transistor thyristor)
.

(SMPS) (trigger)
. (Pulse Frequency
Dividers).
,
(self fired)
(triggered).
,
PRF = Pulse Repetition Frequency
.
(PRF)
.
mili-joule
joules PRF
B. .
1. ( 13 - 32)
2. L, C ( 46 - 68)
. , 1 2
1 ,
(starting circuit)
(stopping circuit) .
:
. ,
(self fired)
. (triggered),
.
(stopping circuit).

33

,
.
1
:
. 3 C b, C p, C s
, , .
(
PRF)
.
. (L 2 )
L 1 ( )
. D
, (
)

, ,
,
,

( ) .
40
.

34

(Vout)

Common
Line

2
:
, :
I.
II. ( )
III. (

)
:

. , , ,
(
).
.
( dt).
.
.
, ,
.
, (
):
1. .
,
transistors.
2. .
3. .
4. .

35

:
1.
.
.
2. ,
.
3. , ,
.
1 .

.
1. .
1 .
bipolar .
(+,-)
.
2.
,
.
, L 1
, L 2
D C (
).
3.
( 20 Volts).
4. (Common Line)
. ,
=
= .
!

.
1
.
2

, 2,5 .

36

.
.
, .
, No problem.

, . ,
.
, .
, .
.
White humor

DC. 3
.
1.
,
OFF.
20 Volts ( S 1 ON)
, 1 (

).
:
(P.S. -)C.S. BS 1 (P.S +). Nothing more
, ( 1 ),

L 1 .
, sec; msec; design, ( 1 )
L 1 .. ;
, ;
.
:
. ,
L 2
D C ( ). ;
C b
( 1 ) , 3 .
;
.
3
, 4 :
(P.S. -)eC BAS 1 (P.S +).
37

, 4 1 ,

,

(.3)
, (
), .

3
, ( 1 )
3

.



1 2.
. t 0 V out C S
.
. t 0 t 1 V out , C S .
. t 1 dt ,
, t 1 t 2 , V out
V min .
. t 2 dt
L 1 , L 2
2 .
.
C b 710mV, 720mV
. 1.
( ) L 2 ,
C b :
(C b -) L 2 C L 2 D(C b +)
, t 2 t 3 .
, 2 C b
1 .

4.

38

t 2 t 3 .

1

2
1
2

t 2 t 4
: L 1 , C P
, L 1 , C P
,
( ),
V out
t 5 .
.
t 5 L 1 , C P
C P ,
(-) (+).
1
V out . 1
, V out
.
.2.
, (D ) ,
,
.
_

,
.
S 1 ( )
;

; ;
,
,

673 ,
( ),

39

(),
, .
,
, transistor,

.

1. L 1 C p
( ),
2. 1

1 . .
3. ,
.
4. ,
, 1 .

. 2 SMPS
5 .

. 5
,
,
(V peak 314 Volts).
. L 1 C P
.
. L 2 C b
.
. L 3 (stopping circuit)
L 1 .
. L 4 , L 5 L 6 ,
.
. D S R S
(starting circuit).
. S 1
.

40

, ,
SMPS
.
! .


,
63 .
L3

PULSE
TRANSFORMER

D4

LINE

D1

D3

NEUTRAL

L1
Cp

CF
Cb

RF
B

L4
e

C2

D2

T1

B
S1

COMMON LINE 1
RS
DS

L5
L6

RB

D
D

C3

COMMON LINE 2

L2

C1

:
5 COMMON LINE 1,
Probe
.

(),
. (220/220).

41

.
, V300Volts,
C p

.
, S 1 ,
OFF.

, .
S 1 .

. , . 5.
S 1 ON .
t 0 t 2
, (300mV)
D S
, (t 0 t 2 )
.
t 2 t 4 , 5 5

D S.
(2V)
C 1 transistor
t X .
t X ,

, D S .
:
. (
SMPS).
. transistor (6V)

( ).

42


t0

t1

t3

t2

t5

t4

t6

t7

tX

43

t8

(D S , R S ,
Zener 2,9 , C 1 )
(Stopping Circuit).
,
.

.
1 L 3 .
6 .
3

STOPPING
PULSE
0

RF
D2

COMPARATOR

STOPPER

C2

CF

. 5

D A .

1
( 220 V RMS).
V X (Volts)
250, (DC )
Zener ZF X stopper
5 6 Volts
(7,8) .
5.
t 2 t 5 250
t 5 .
, t 5 t 6
, ;
, , SMPS
( ) ;
(V*I*t)
.
44

T1

2 ( 5)

L 3 ,
ZF X
.
2 ( 5)

,
ZF X .
:
SMPS
10000 P.P.S. 40000 P.P.S. .
( Watts).
PRF (Pulse Repetition
Frequency)
PRF
.

45

L, C

L, C
:
. R
. L
. C
. X L => L *
. X C =>

1
C *

. j
. z=a jb
: .

,


.
, ,
.

. : R,
, .

gr

46

,
, ..
= ,
.
,
.

Ohm.



(R).
, .
,
(Gz)

.
.

. : L,

.

(L).


( ) , ,
.
(L) Henry
.

L
, , L ,

L, .
:

UL= L *

dt
di
U
*
L= L
di
dt

47

,
, L.
:

Weber
dt

U
*
L= L di =
Amper = Henry

1. ,

dt

di

, L .

2.

L = UL *

dt
di

L = UL *

1
dt
*

di

() (),
.
() ,
, (L)
.
,
,

.
L,
.
:
. 1

L = 1 / 0,5
L = 2 / 0,1

48

Input A.C.

Output D.C.

. 1
,
R, L, C .
L, : . L = 1 / 0,5 . L
= 2 / 0,1 .
;

1 dt
1
*

: L = U L *
I di
I

.
()
..
= 0.5 , L L = 1 , = 0,1 , L
L = 2 .
, , L

.
,
,
.
. 2.

49

(+ 15)
RZ

I3

C2

L1 = L2 = 1
LA- = 2
I3

P1

A
L1

D2

C1

I1

I3

I2

L2

. 2

D1
I2

S1

RX

(+ 5)

COMMON LINE

(-)

,
.
(Tank circuit)
L A- C 1 . S 1
OFF :
1: 3
C. L. (-) L 2 L 1 Emitter Collector
Rz +15
( 3 ) (),
, 2:

. 2

50

C.L.

, 1
2 , ,
.
2: 1
, ,
L A- C 1 .
, : D 2 , C 2
C 1 , ( )
,
f 1 =100 MHz. ( ).
3: 2
S 1 , 2 :
C. L. (-) L 2 D 1 S 1 R X (+5).
,
D 1 , R X
, 5 Volts.
L L -B
Tank Circuit : f 2 >f 1 .

Varicap (D 2 ) (
) 1 .

Tank Circuit
.

. : C,
.

,
C
Farad, 1 F = 1 A * sec / V, 1 A * 1 sec = 1
Culob.
White Humor
, Culob
.

51

. : X L L*, .

: X L L*
Ohm.

.
,
3.
3:

. 3

= fly wheel
, 30 kgr (
).
,
.
C.W. (Clock Wise)
C.C.W. (Counter Clock Wise)
,
.
, =
( ,
) =
.
100
C.W. .

C.C.W. ;
,

,

.
52

= fly wheel effect

,
.

1
. : X C C*, .

, : X C

1

C *

Ohm.


.

(
).
(C)
,
.

,
,
, .

1. =
.
2. =
.
,
(..
) ( )
,
(360).

, 90,

Gauss.

53

GAUSS

90
90

()
180

90
+

()

()

90

, (: X, Y)
, ()

. , ,
( Z),
Gauss.
, (: X, Y, Z)
.

54

Gauss

90

90
+j

L=L*

: Ohm, (L,)
: Ohm, (V, I)

-
180

XC =

1
C

90

: Ohm, (C, )

-j

90
-

55

,
Gauss
, .
5.
90
+j +Y

- X
180

+X

-Y

-j
90

, ,
, = = .
: = 4 = 3 .
: .
, :
.
;
. ;
:

56

a 2 + b 2 = 42 + 32 = 16 + 9 = 5

:

( , = 36,9).
, ,
:
= z = + j, =4, =3 : +j.
, : z=4+j3.

,
,
,
Gauss.

, +j + 90 j - 90
( ),
,

( 6)
L*

+j

=3

=4

-j

57

. 6

L * , L * = 3 Ohms,
,
R, R = 4 Ohms, z, z = 5
Ohms.
,
, .
,
,
, ;
,
.. 500 rpm ( / ),

,
, ;
, ;
;
,
,

.
, , ,
.
, ,
: ( L , X C , z).
, ,
,
.

58

1
(L X ), 12V.

. 1

dt
L (
) .
dt ,
C D , ,
. ( ).
,
( )
(V) . ()

, 10.
,
, . ,
OFF, ,
.
.

, :
10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0
.

59

,
;
.
, ,
( ) ,
C D.
, .

D (+) ,
,
(-), ( ).
, ,

C .
:
1: () , ,
, , (
).
2: ,
12V,
dt, : V A B = 12V +
V;
V;
( ) (
), ( ).
( ),
,
.
, ,
.
:
( ),
,
,
(.. ), (.. V.D.R.)
,
.

60

1.

. 1 , L 1 ,
L 2 , .
. 1
L 1 = L 2 L 1 L 2 ,
:
0,1,2,3,10,
L 2 .
( 10),
,
E F (0) Volts,
L 1 L 2 .
(-) F (+).
V 2 .
, 8,9,10 STOP,
1,5 dt ,
, ,
L 2 , F, ,
, (10) ,
,
F.
:
. ,
L 2 , 2 , V 2 .
. ,
2 V 2 .
. OFF,

F.
61

: = .
: = .
:
1. , L 2 , (
) L 2 2 .
( 2 ), V 2 . ()
2. S 1 OFF,
L 1


.

62

X L X C
1.

. 1

.
Ohms X C L
(X C = L ).
,
, (-) 10 Volts ,
, (+) (10V) .
, , ,
(
,
,
)
.
, , 20 Volts
, .
(:C),

( = 180 ).

63

, ,
, ,
, .

, .
, , , 10 e-
10 e- ;
1.

A
A
B
B

. 1
. 1 ,
,
.
() OFF
.

OFF,
.1 ( ),
(1) . ,
, 10 e-
10 e- .

10 e- , :

10 .
, , 10 e-
.
.

64

(10 e-) ;
.
, ,
, ,
, ,
, e-
.

STOP

;
1. ,
.
2. OFF,
.
3. ,
.
:

U battery U C I L L U C
:
U battery U C I L L U C I L L U C

, , (
OFF),
,
;
U*I*t ( )
;
:
. ,
f =

1
,
2 L * C

.
. ,
Infrared,
.

1. L C ,
(U*I*t)
().
2. L C :
. f =

1
2 L * C

. (Watts)
.
65

3. (Ohms)
, :
. (Watts)
Infrared.
. (Infrared).
4. Gauss ( 4 . 55 ).

X L , X C ,
.

() ,
,
.
: OFF OFF
f (f = ), V*I*t

( t )

f
.

, z = + j
, z = ,
, ,
.
, X L = X C , L, C

f ( L, C :
= ).

X L , X C , :
. ,
.
. = ,
X L X C .
. z X C > X L
X L > X C .
. ,
, .
. f f,
.

66

. Infrared,
.
46, . (z = + j)
. : z, =
- .
: Ohms
:
1. X L = X C z = + 0
2. X L > X C z = + j
3. X L < X C z = j

67

L, C
(U), : 1 2

0
1

. 1

A
0

. 2

(U)
(C)
,


(L).

t=L/C.

L
B

() = , 3 4

C
I2

L2

A
L1

I1

B
. 3

I1

. 4

L1 ( 1),
L2, 2.
(2),
t=L/C , ,
L1, L2 C.
(1,2,3,4),
()
L= L*
C=1/(C*).
,
,
,
L
L*=1/(C*) , ,


,
(
).

68


1 - 15

(Cathode Ray Tubes)

,

.

CRT
.

I. .

.

.
: 1,

1. C.R.T. (Cathod Ray Tube)

.
2.
, C.R.T. .
3.
.

.


.
4. .. 2 ,
Focus , 1 ( ).
1

,
ESD ,
.

C.R.T.

.
, C.R.T..

1. , .
2. (
).
3. ()
() .
4.

.

C.R.T.
2 :

!!!
2
.
2

:
1) (Filament) (C) 2000 C
20
2) () (C)
(G1).
3) (A1) G1
.
4)
G1 -
.
5) (A2) Focus (F)

A1 A1 Focus.
2
,
, .
6) ( )
, , Brightness Control ( )
(C) (G1).
7)
, () (Video Signal).
8) (Volts) ,
Contrast Control ( ) ,
transistor (Operational Amplifier).

(C.R.T.)
, G1
(Cathode) .
3

.

(1) .

.

3.

=
0 -80 V G1 .
- .
,
1,5 mA .
1 ,2
.
G1 33%
4 .
, camera
camera C.R.T. .

4 5

White

Camera
Output

Light
Output

Picture tube drive voltage

Light input
(b)

(a)
4

III
6.

e- 2 (
)
.
'. 0 :

1 E

2 Vb

:
=
Vb = ( 2)
=
5

'. 0 :

1
e

2 Vb m

= H

:
=
=
Vb =
e/m =
:
.

=K

HV

HV

=K

: =
=
= ( CRT)
HV High Voltage ( 2 Accelerator Voltage)

(Blooming Effect)
(Vb HV) .
,
Vb HV ,
.


P.P.I.
,
.
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HV ( ,

) .

,
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. .
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:
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8.

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10

10,
.

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.

11

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A ,
A, .
(1,2,3,4, ...) .
, (1,2, 3,
4 ,)
, .
12.

10

12

:
12
(S) ,
(S) = S current.

11

/ , C.R.T.
TVs, Radars , Sonars, Computers, ...
. transistors thyristors.

.
transistors,
.

.
, , , :
di
U L= L =K
dt

, , , S,
,
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:
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6
.
12

1. 13 Transistor OFF, Cp, Cs ,
(.. 100 200 Volts).

13

2. 14 Transistor ON, Cp Cs, ILD

. transistor .

14

13

3. 15 ta . Transistor OFF , .
LD

15

4.
16 . to. Transistor OFF, UA,B
ILD

16

5. 17 . tb tc. Transistor OFF, Co

(Co = Cp + Cs ), ILD.

17

14

6. 18 . tc. Transistor OFF, Cp , ILD .

tc td LD ILD (Fly wheel effect), .
td (ON) transistor .

18

:
:
. LD, CS transistor ( tb.t'b),
fo=15625
. LD, Co ( ta.tc), fo 3 * 15625 = 46875

. ,
, ,
.

1. 13 Transistor OFF, C p, Cs .
2. 14 Transistor ON, Cp Cs, ILD .
transistor .
3. 15 ta . Transistor OFF , .
LD
4. 16 . to. Transistor OFF, UA,B
ILD
5. 17 . tb tc. Transistor OFF, Co (Co = Cp + Cs ),
ILD.
6. 18 tc. Transistor OFF, Cp , ILD .
tc td LD ILD (Fly wheel effect), .
td (ON) transistor .
15


I 1 - 20

.
,

.
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, ,
.
(
)
:

:
1.
2.
3.
4.


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.
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.
7. (MAIN POWER OFF) .

.



:
1. (SDS Self Diagnosis System).
2.
(Build In Test Equipment BITE)
3. (Troubleshooting Chart / Fault Finding Tree).
4. , , .

(Drawings / Schematic Diagrams)
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.

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,
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:

1. Self Diagnosis System (SDS)

(Guard
Circuits) (1 0)
.

(Error Table),
.
,
BITE .
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Built In Test Equipment (BITE)
SDS

,( ) .

n ,
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,
BITE SYSTEM .

(OPErational program OPE) .

BITE .

, BITE .
1
BITE
2
.


.

.
DSOT (Daily System Operability Test)


,
,
,
.
(DSOT) , ,
(SYStem Operability Test
SYSOT).



.
SYSOT (BITE)
.

.


.

OPE,DSOT,SYSOT TROUBLESHOOTING CHARTS.

( )

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27
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Philips chassis FL 1.1 (

).
:
. (Stand
By) (Local)
(remote control) .
.
.
.
.
. Fault- fiding tree.
. error table .
!

<< >>.
.
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.
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CRT,
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;
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.
:
6.1


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.
()
.

10



<<>>.
.
:
.
. Fault-fiding tree Main SOPS
. <<Empty memory>> : 6.32
. <<>>
.
, , !
,
:
,
<<>>.
CPU <<data
processing time>>.
,
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CPU , :
. (give me more data)
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) .

Main SOPS 6,1.
:
. transistor (7216)
. SOPS (stand by supply)
. command : Supply ON 1L40
. , PROT => Protection
command => ON
.
. transistor 7216.
, :
7216.

11

.
<< = >>,
.

command ON .
. SOPS.

.
. command ON

, , ,
;

.
,
.
command ON
Local key board Infrared transmitter, 6.32
command byte
7115.
command (/FF) 6.1

stand
by ON Low High
.
(L) (H) (1) (0)
1L40
6.1 command
(ON) (1) (0).
PROT
, .
( => , => ).
PROT
,
(ALARM) (Guard Circuit)
(ALT) 1L40
.
ALT Low High
1L40. ( Zener 62..)
SOPS Zener
.
, SOPS
Zener
ALT 1L40.

.
.
12


6.10,
5555 Zener 6541 ( ).
;

()
ALARM
.

(ALARM) 6.10 G P6.42.
(ALARM) 4, High

ALARM .
(Guard Circuits) .

.
!! ( 10).
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.
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.
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;
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.
;
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stand by) 1L40 Low (High)
.
stand by

Low => Stand by = 0 Volts. ,
FL1.1,
Stand by.
1L40 command ON,
Low High.

Low High command ON
.

(
) .
.

13


( ) ,
msec .
10 .
.
;
;
, :
SOPS ()
.
:
. SOPS
. ALARM
.
ALARM =>
SOPS.
,
200msec.
: .
ALARM
,
.

.
() ;
;
;
. ;

14

.
, .
,

.

.
.
Zener 6541
5555 6.10
ALARM => High.
Zener .
.
Zener.
: (, , , ).
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Zener .
. .
.
. Zener
Zener.
5555 .
(
)
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.
:

ALARM.
,
.

15

:

:
. .
.
.
!
.. servo systems,
,
.
1.

( ).
.

:
1. .
1. . ,
.
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: 1 1 :
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.
PLC PLC.
:
3. .
.
3. .
.
3. .
.

16


:
4. .
.
2.

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.
RF
IF.
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.
,
, (
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:
1
. .
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2
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= (0) .
.
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:
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. :

17


3
1

probe.
IF detector.
- IF 0
80dBV 90dBV.
.
2
dBV
. ( ).
3

(0) .
- 60dBV.
() dBV ,
:
. : V>0,5V 20%
AGC.
AGC,
IF.
. .. 50dBV

.
- 6dB.
AGC.
, 6dB .
- 9 () dB.
AGC. :
1. (
)
.
2. (0) Volts,
RF - 60dBV.
. 60dBV

( , , ..).
.

.
,
.



-
.

18

19

20

 1
Optical-laser relations
Wavelength ()
1 micron = 104 Angstroms (A) = 10-4 cm = 10-6 m
Frequency (f)
Wave number (wavelengths per centimeter) f = f/c cm-1
f = frequency (Hz), c = velocity of light = 3x108 cm/sec
1 cm-1 = 30000 MHz divided by c
Energy-power
h = Plancks constant = 6.624x10-34 joule-sec
k = Boltzmanns constant = 1.3x10-34 joule/oK
Electron charge = 1.6x10-19 coulomb
Energy of the electron-volt (ev) = 1.6x10-19 joule
Energy of photon = hf (joules)
Energy of photon is sometimes quoted without multiplication by h
in frequency units, Hz or cm-1
Transmitted power = Shf/ (watts), where S is the number of photons and is
transmission time or pulse width in seconds

Wavelength-frequency-energy relations
Micron
()
0.3

Angstrom
(A)
3000

Hz(f)
1015

(f)
cm-1
105

Energy/photon
joules
6.6x10-19

Energy/photon
ev
4.1

0.5

5000

6x1014

2x1014

4.0x10-19

2.5

1.0

10000

3x1014

104

2.0x10-19

1.2

10.0

100000

3x1013

103

2.0x10-20

0.12

Spectral
region
Ultraviol
et(UV)
Visible
Infrared
(IR)
Far
infrared

 4
:
:
.
50z 30dB
1000 z.
.
f A = 1000 Hz
.
Jr = 10-12 w/m2
.
Pr = 20*10-6 Pa/m2
.
0 dB A 0 phon, 1 dB A 1 phon, dB A phon
.
.
1.

2.

: J A = 10logJ x /J r
: J A = 80 dB A , J x = ;
80dB = 10logx, logx = 8, x=108 => 10-12 w/m2
J x = 108 * 10-12 w/m2 => 10-4 * 103 mw/104 cm2 = 10-5 mw/cm2
J A = 90dB A : J x = 10-4 mw/cm2
J A = 120dB A : J x = 10-1 mw/cm2
: A = 20logP x /P r
: A = 80 dB A , Px=;
80dB = 20logx, logx = 4, x=104 => 20 * 10-6 P a /m2
P x = 104 * 20 * 10-6 P a /m2 => 20 * 10-2 * 103 gr/cm2 = 2 * 10-2 gr/cm2
: = 90 dB A : P x = 0.6932 gr/cm2
: = 120 dB A : P x = 2 gr/cm2

50Hz
1000Hz,
30dB 90dB A .
, . 4*5 = 20cm2
20cm2* 2gr = 40gr.




, .

, .
, :

1) Qualitative Approach to Modern Radar Systems, written by R. Bray

2) Hollandse Signaalapparaten B.V.
3) Siemens Plessey Radar Ltd
4) Hewlett Packard
5) Nordmende
6) Phillips
7) Tektronix
8) Narda Microwave Corporation
9) Leeds and Northrup
10) Bird Electronic Corporation
11) Computer Labs
12) Boonton Radio Company
13) Texas Instruments
14) Marconi Radar Systems
15) AEG Telefunken
16) Fluke
17) Raytheon Marine Company
18) General Radio Company
19) Skolnik : Radar Handbook 1/ED
20) Skolnik : Radar Handbook 2/ED
21) Skolnik : Introduction to Radar Systems
22) Barton, D : Radar System Analysis
23) Cardion Electronic Corporation
24) Principles of Radar (M.I.T.)
25) Ku Band Satellite TV
26) World Satellite TV and Scrampling Methods
27) Hidden Signals of Satellite TV.
28) Cable Television, written by William Grand
29) Hirschmann
30) Kathrein
31) Fuba