2

2.1.
1

Radio System

2-1

Chapter 2

(Steady state)

10 kHz



3x108 m/s
(Radiation)

2.1
2.1
Frequency Range Bands
Full Name
10 kHz-30 kHz VLF Very Low Frequency
30 kHz-300 kHz LF
Low Frequency
300 kHz-3 MHz MF
Medium Frequency
3 MHz-30 MHz
HF
High Frequency
30 MHz-300 MHz VHF Very High Frequency
300 MHz-3 GHz UHF Ultra High Frequency
3 GHz-30 GHz SHF Super High Frequency
30 GHz-300 GHz EHF Extra High Frequency

Radio System

2-2

Chapter 2

300 MHz
(1-300 GHz)
2.2
2.2 UHF SHF
Frequency Range Bands
300 MHz-1 GHz
UHF
1 GHz-2 GHz
L band
2 GHz-4 GHz
S band
4 GHz-8 GHz
C band
8 GHz-12.5 GHz X band
12.5 GHz-18 GHz Ku band
18 GHz-26.5 GHz K band
26.5 GHz-40 GHz Ka band
>40 GHz
Millimetre

(>40 GHz )

2.1.1

(Wave Equation)

(Maxwells equations)

=
(2.1a)
=
(2.1b)
( ) ( )
curl
(2.1a) (2.1b)
Radio System

2-3

Chapter 2

( )
= (. ) A

+
=0
(2.2)
. = 0 (2.2)
Helmholtz

+
=0
(2.3)
(Wave number)

=
1/m (2.2) (2.3)
( ) ( ) exponential



2.1.1.1 (Plane Wave in Lossless Medium)

= 0, Helmholtz (2.2)

+
=0

( )=
+

(2.4)
(2.5)

z

( , )=
cos ( ) + cos ( + )
(2.6)

Radio System

2-4

Chapter 2

(2.6)
)
+z ( =
+z
z

(Phase velocity; vp)

=

(2.7)

(0, 0)
=
= c = 2.998 10 m/s
3 10 m/s
() ()

[ ] [ ( + )] = 2 ,

=
=
(2.8)

(2.1a) (2.5)
= = 0
=

(2.9)

= / = / (Wave impedance)

intrinsic impedance = 0 / 0 = 377


Radio System

2-5

Chapter 2

TEM
(Transverse Electric and Magnetic: TEM mode)


TE,
TM
(Lossless)
2.1 100 MHz = 7
= 3
(2.7)
=

( )( )

= 6.55 10 m/sec

(2.8)

= 0.655 m.

= 377

= 246.8

2.1.1.2 (Plane Wave in Lossy Medium)

(Conductivity;)
curl
=
(2.10a)
=
+
(2.10b)

+
1
=0
(2.11)
(2.2)
=
(2.2)
1

(2.11)
=

Radio System

2-6

(2.12)

Chapter 2

(2.11)

=0

(2.13)

( )=
+

(2.14)

cos ( )
+z = ,
= , (Damping factor)

(Exponential equation)
(Attenuation constant) -z
=0 = = 0, =
Permittivity
= 0 =
=

(1
)
(2.15)
= =

= /
Tangent loss

(2.16)

(2.17)

(2.16)
= (

=
= =

Radio System

2-7

(2.18)
/

Chapter 2

2.1.1.3 (Plane Wave in Good Conductor)

(2.12)

=

= (1 + )

(2.19)

(Skin depth)

=

(2.20)

1/e
36.8%
=
=

(2.17) (2.19)

(1 + )

= (1 + )

(2.21)

45
0
0 45

2.2 5.813x107 S/m 500 kHz,

1 MHz 1 GHz
=
Radio System

=
2-8

)( .

Chapter 2

= 6.60 10
500 kHz :

= 6.60 10

1 MHz :

= 6.60 10

1 GHz

= 6.60 10

= 9.34 10

= 6.60 10

= 2.09 10

0.09 mm 500 kHz 0.06 mm

1 MHz 0.002 mm 1 GHz
36.8%

2.1.2

(Polarization)

(Radio wave)
(Vertical polarization)

(Horizontal
polarization)

Radio System

2-9

Chapter 2

y
x

2.1
2.1 z x
y ( )
Horizontal polarization

(Polarization)
1. (Linear polarization)
2. (Circular polarization)
3. (Elliptical polarization)
2.2 z
x y

x y

Radio System

2-10

Chapter 2

2.2

(Linnear Polarrization)

- (Vertical Polarizationn)

(HHorizontal Polarizationn)

Radio System

2-11

Chaptter 2

- (Incline Polarization)

x
x y y
(Vertical polarization) y ( Ey, Ex =0)
(Horizontal polarization) x (
Ex, Ey =0) (Incline polarization)
x y x y (In phase)
y

y
Et3

Et2

Et2
Et1

Et2

Et3

Et3

Et1

Et1

Ex >Ey

Ex =Ey

Ex <Ey

2.3 x y
(Circular Polarization)

(Clockwise)
(Counter clockwise)

x (Ex) y (Ey)
/2 (/2, 3/2, 5/2,)

Radio System

2-12

Chapter 2

x y
Et5 E
t4
Et3
Et2
Et1

Ex =Ey

2.4 x y
2.4 t1 x
y 0 Et1
t2 x
y Et2
t3 x

y Et3
t5 x 0
y Et5
(Elliptical Polarization)

x (Ex) y (Ey)
/2
Radio System

2-13

Chapter 2

x y
x (Ex)
y (Ey)
/2
x
y

Polaarization Looss Factor (PLF)

2.5

() -

(Verticaal polarizattion)
() -
(Horizontal polarizzation)

()
()
2.5 -

Radio System

2-14

Chaptter 2

2.1.3

d

(2.22)
Pt d
Far field 2.6
=
(2.22)
=
k
mV/m kW km Figure of
Merit ;FM FM

FM = 173
(Incremental Radiator ;ILR)
FM = 212
(Short Vertical Monopole ;SVM) FM = 300

FM = 222
Pt ,FM
=

d
Gt ,Pt,
=

(4

/ )

2.6
Radio System

2-15

Chapter 2

Friss free-space
equation
=

/)

(2.23)

(Spreading loss)
(Free-Space-Loss ;FSL)
= (4 /)
(2.24)
(2.22)
= + 20
(2.25a)
dBV/m ( dB) dBkW
km

=104.8
ILR
=106.5

=109.5
=106.9

(2.23)
= + +
(2.25b)
dB dBW dBm dB
dB
= 20
+ 20
+ 32.45
(2.25c)
(f) MHz (d) km

(Path loss)

Radio System

2-16

Chapter 2

2.2.

2.1 2.7
Far infrared
Infrared
Optical Communication
Visible light
Ultraviolet
X-rays
Gamma rays
Cosmic rays

Millimeter wave
Microwave
UHF
VHF
Short wave
Standard broadcast
Long wave

102

104

3000 km 30 km

106

108

1010

1012

300 m

3m

3 cm

0.3 mm

1014
3 m

1016

1018

30 nm

0.3 nm

1020

1022

3 pm

0.3 pm

Frequency (Hz)
Wavelength

2.7

2.2.1

Very Low Frequency (VLF) 3-30 kHz

(10-100 km)
(D-Layer)
(Terrestrial waveguide) D


(Vertical polarize)
Long-distance Telegraph

2.2.2 Low Frequency (LF) 30-300kHz

Radio System

2-17

Chapter 2

(Longdistance communication) (Navigation)

2.2.3 Medium Frequency (MF) 300-3000 kHz

LF (Surface
wave)
(Sky wave)

D

2.2.4 High Frequency (HF) 3-30 MHz

Vertical Horizontal

2.2.5 Very High Frequency (VHF) 30-300 MHz

(Space wave) (Line-of-sight ;LOS)
FM

2.2.6 Ultra High Frequency (UHF) 300-3000 MHz

(Space wave) Line-of-sight
Radio System

2-18

Chapter 2

(Fading)

2.2.7 Super High Frequency (SHF) 3-30 GHz SHF

(Space wave) Line-of-sight



2.1

(Ultraviolet Rays: 380 5 [nm])




EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory)
2.6
(Cosmic ray)

(Gamma ray)(10-10 10-14 [m])
Radium

Radio System

2-19

Chapter 2

(X-ray) (10-9 10-11 [m])

2.3.

(N2)
78% (O2) 20% (Ar)
(CO2)


(Troposphere) (Stratosphere)
(Mesosphere) (Thermosphere) 2.8
400 km

Thermospher
Mesopause

80 km

Stratopause

50 km

Tropopause

10-17 km

Mesosphere
Stratosphere
Troposphere

2.8

Radio System

2-20

Chapter 2

(Lower Atmosphere)
(Upper Atmosphere)
(Ionsphere) 2.6.1

2.3.1

(Troposphere)

Tropopause

Tropopause
10 . 17 .

90%


6.5K/km

2.3.2 (Stratosphere)
Tropopause 50 .
Stratopause

20-40 .
(UV)
200-240 nm (O2)
Radio System

2-21

Chapter 2

(O)
(O3)

2.3.3 (Mesosphere) Stratopause

50 .
3.5K/km Mesopause 80 .

180K

CO2

2.3.4 (Thermosphere) 80
.
120 . (Exponential)
400 .

Thermopause Exsopheric


(UV) 170 . 130175 nm
170 . 100 nm
(N2) (O2) (O)

2.6.1

Radio System

2-22

Chapter 2

2.4.



(Ground wave or Surface wave) (Sky wave) (Space wave)

=90
(Surface wave)
< 90
(Space wave)
(Sky wave)
30 MHz MF HF

(Sky wave)
(Space wave)
(Surface wave)

Rx

Tx

2.9

(Scattering Propagation)
(Troposphere scatter)
(Ionospheric scatter) (Meteor burst)
Line-of-Sight

Radio System

2-23

Chapter 2

2.5. (Ground Wave Propagation)

2.10



(Absorption)
(Diffraction)

(VLF) 100 kHz
(Attenuation)

EZ

E (Surface wave)
d

Tx

r r

Rx

2.10

(Fading)


MF
F1 Ionosphere F1

Radio System

2-24

Chapter 2

2.5.1

Ground Parameters

(
Permeability Permittivity ) (
v
n )
2.3

2.3

80
80
15
15
30
30

7
7

4
4
* q f=1.5 MHz

(mS/m)
4000
5
5
20
5
20
1
5
1
10

(MHz)
900.0
1.1
6.0
24.0
2.5
12.0
2.6
12.9
4.5
45.0

600.0
0.8
4.0
16.0
1.7
8.0
1.7
8.6
3.0
30.0

Permittivity

=
/
Radio System

2-25

Chapter 2

/ =

=
+
(2.26)
q

| |

=|

=(

(2.27)

q>>1 q<<1
1
q=1 Cross-over frequency; fq

=

(2.28)

f MHz mS/m 2.3 fq

1.5 MHz
AM q>>1 (
fq >> f ) Permittivity

2.3 MF
fq=900 MHz

2.5.2 (Propagation Equations)

d d>>

(2.29)

he d I0
A E
mV/m Pt kW d km
Radio System

2-26

Chapter 2

=
(2.30)
FM Figure of merit

A=1 d =1 km =
1 km (Unattenuated field at 1 km) (2.30)
(2.31)
=
d E1
A
2.3 100 kW
1 km
FM=300
1 km
=
= 300100 = 3 V/m

2.5.3 A q

=
=

)
.

/ ]

(2.32)
(2.33)

p Numerical distance
2.11 Permittivity
dmax
= 100

(2.34)

dmax km f MHz
d dmax
(2.33) p p (2.32) A
A 2.11 (2.31) E1

Radio System

2-27

Chapter 2


0.00
-2.00
-4.00
-6.00
-8.00
-10.00
-12.00
-14.00

A
(dB)

-16.00
-18.00
-20.00
-22.00
-24.00
-26.00
-28.00
0

9 10 11 12 p

2.11 Numerical distance

2.5.4 (Ground Wave Propagation Chart)

A

LF MF VHF

1 km
300 mV/m
1 kW 1 km
[S/m] Relative permittivity


mV/m, V/m 1 V/m

(dBV/m) 2.12-2.14

Radio System

2-28

Chapter 2

2.12 ; = 5 S/m, =770

2.13 ;
= 3x100-3 S/m, ==80

Radio System

2-29

Chaptter 2

2.14 ;
= 3x10-4 S/m, =7
2.12-2.14

1
km E1
300 mV/m
m

E1 Pt
(Correcttion Factor; CF)
C

= 20 ( /300
0) = 10
(22.35)
E1 mV/m Pt kW
W

d

f

Radio System

2-30

Chaptter 2

2.4 100 km E1=4500

mV/m 3 MHz = 3x10-3 S/m =80
2.13
3 MHz 100 km () 30 dBV/m
d=100 km f=3 MHz
E1=300 mV/m
E1=4500 mV/m CF=20log(4500/300)=23.5
dB 30+23.5= 53.5 dBV/m d=100 km

2.5.5
(Land-Sea boundary) d





2.15

-
Recovery effect

- Loss effect
Ef Er
dB (2.36)
Recovery effect (RE) Loss effect (LE)

(2.36)
= ( + )/2
300
mV/m 2.15

Radio System

2-31

Chapter 2

(Es)

(Land Looss; LL)

(Ef) (2.37)

TTx

d=0

L ,

d1

d2

2.15

+
(22.37)

RE Er

(EL)

(Sea GAINN; SG)
(Er) (2..38)
=
+

(22.38)

LE

Ef Er
(2.36) RE LEE





2.16

Radio System

2-32

Chaptter 2


d2

d1
E

LL

LL ES
Ef

sea

land
d1

SG
Er SG
EL

d2
E

sea

land
d2

d2-d1

2.16
2.5 300 km E1=3000
mV/m 1 MHz 100 km
-4
= 3x10 S/m =7 200 km
= 5 S/m
=70

- (Ef) 300 km
2.12 f=1 MHz d=
300 km Es=54 dBV/m
d=100 km () f=1 MHz
68 dBV/m 2.14 ()
d=100 km f=1 MHz
20 dBV/m LL=68-20=48 dBV/m
Ef = Es -LL+RE = 54-48+RE = 6+RE dBV/m
- 2 (Er) 300 km
2.14 f=1 MHz
d= 300 km EL=-7 dBV/m
d=200 km ()
Radio System

2-33

Chapter 2

f=1 MHz 5 dBV/m 2.12 (

) d=200 km
f=1 MHz 60 dBV/m SG=60-5=55
dBV/m
Er=EL +SG+LE = -7+55-LE = 48-LE dBV/m
- 3 E= (Ef + Er)/2 = (6+48)/2 = 27 dBV/m
- 4 CF=20log3000/300=20 dB
300 km E =27+20 =47 dBV/m

2.5.6
LF MF






(Receiver noise) (Natural noise)
(Man-made noise)

LF MF

Radio System

2-34

Chapter 2

Em
(2.31) (2.33)
=

(2.39)

MHz, mV/m mS/m (2.32) p/A

p 2.17
220
200
180
160
140
120

p/A

100
80
60
40
20
0

p
2.17 p/A Numerical distance (p) (2.39)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

E1, Em, f (2.39) p/A p 2.17

= 0.582 / (2.33) d
E=Em d

2.5.7 (Sky Wave Interference)

LF MF
D (
)
D

2.18

Radio System

2-35

Chapter 2


Ionosphere

Sky wave

Ground wave
Tx
(b)

(a)

(c)

2.18
2.18

(Skip distance)

(a)
(b)

(c)

2.6. (Sky Wave Propagation)

(Reflection)


2.19

Radio System

2-36

Chapter 2

Ionosphere

Actual Height
Virtual Height

Tx

Sky wave

2.19

(Refraction)




2.19

(Actual height)
(Virtual
height) 2.19
(fc: Critical frequency)



(Beam)
Radio System

2-37

Chapter 2

2.20

1 2 3
4

5 6

(Skip distance)
6

Ionospher

1
3

4 2

T
Skip distance

2.20
(Critical angle)

2.6.1

(UV)

(Recombination)

Radio System

2-38

Chapter 2

(Ion)

70-500 km
(Ionosphere)


Ionosphere

D (70100 km), E
(100150 km), F1 (150200 km) F2 (200 km )

D (70100 km)

VLF
LF MF HF
E (100150 km)
D E

(Surface wave) MF HF

Radio System

2-39

Chapter 2

Es
E SporadicE
Es

F1 (150200 km) 180 km

20 km F2 F1
HF F1
F2 F1
(Attenuation)
F2 (200 km ) HF
200 km 250 400 km
300 km
F1 F2

km
400

F2 (june)

F2 (equinox)
300

F1 (dec)

F
F1

200

E layer
D layer

100

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Hours, Local time

2.21

Radio System

2-40

Chapter 2

2.222
Altitude [km]
100,000
10,000
1,000
Nightt
100
10

D
1

Day F2
F1
E Es

110 102 103 104

Electron densityy [cm-3]

105 106 107

2.22

Ionoosonde Ionogram 2.23

2.23
(9 .. 2553 16.20 .)
Radio System

2-41

Chaptter 2

2.6.2

D, E, F1, F2
(N) Permittivity

(Attenuation ;) (Refractive index ;n)
Permittivity
2.6.2.1 (Attenuation ;)

(
)
=
,

1+( /

) 1

(2.40)

(2.41)

r =1
( / ) 1 1 + ( / ) = 1 + ( / )

/ = 60
Np/km
=
= 1.637 10 /
dB/km
S/m 1 Np/m = 8.686 dB/m

(2.42a)
(2.42b)

2.6.2.2 (Refractive Index ; n)

Jc
Jd
=

+ =
+
(2.43)
=

N F
x
=

Radio System

2-42

Chapter 2


=
=+

m (9.10938188x10-31 kg), e (1.60217x10-19 C)

x
=

( )

( )

Effective relative permittivity

=

81
n=0

=
/4

1( ) =

1 81 /

=80.5 m3s-2

(2.44)
/(

2.6.2.3 Permittivity

=

/
= 1/

Radio System

2-43

Chapter 2

( +

( +

Relative permittivity

(2.45)

=1

(2.46)

r=0

2.6 Relative permittivity

n D N=109 /m3
v=106 /s 1 MHz
(2.45) m= 9.10938188x10-31 kg, e = 1.60217x10-19 C
=

= 0.28 10

= 6.96 10

S/m
(2.45) (2.46)
Relative permittivity
(

=1

= 1 0.11 10

= 0.92

(2.42)
= 1.637 10

= 1.19

dB/km

= 0.96

2.6.3


Snells law
Radio System

2-44

Chapter 2

(n0)
(n1) (Normal) (i)
(r)
=

n0

=1

= 90

i =0 n1 = 0
(n0 =1) i =0
(n1) n1=0

r
n1<n0
n0

2.24
Critical frequency fc
(2.44)
=

1 81 /

=0

=9
(2.47)
fc (Critical frequency)
Nmax

f0E, f0F1 f0F2 F2
F2
Ionosonde
Radio System

2-45

Chapter 2

0
0

(MUF: Maximum Usable Frequency)
(2.48)
=

(2.48)

(Normal)
2.20

MUF
(2.48)

MUF

MUF

Optimal Working Frequency ;OWF 85%
MUF


Lower Usable Frequency; LUF

(Multi-hop)
2.25

Radio System

2-46

Chapter 2

Rx

Tx

2.25

(Faraday Effect )






(Circular polarization)

2.7. (Space Wave Propagation)

(Line of Sight ;LOS)







(Radio shadow)
Radio System

2-47

Chapter 2

(Radioo horizon)

4/3
2..26

Tx

2.266

2.7.1

(Line of Sight Range)

d2

d1
ht

hr

R
R

2..27

Radio System

2-48

Chaptter 2

2.27 d=d1+d2 ht
hr R

= ( + )
= ( + )

= + 2
= + 2

2
2

d
=

= 2 ( + )

(2.49)

R 6,378.1 km


R
K (Effective earth radius)
(True earth radius) (K=Effective earth radius/True earth radius)
K=4/3 8,500 km

= 4.12( + )
km , m

(2.50)

2.7.2

(Multipath propagation)

(In phase
interference) (Out of phase interference)

(Fading)

Radio System

2-49

Chapter 2


Tx
dd
ht

Rx
dr

hr

r
d

2.28

2.28

dd dr 2.28
1000 m 120 MHz
25 m E1=87 dB

E1/d

+6 dB E1/d -20 dB E1/d
2.29

80

+6 dB

70
E
(dB)

-20 dB

60
50
40

10
d (km)

20

50

100

2.29
Radio System

2-50

Chapter 2

dB d km

+ 6 20

+ 20

sin (

(2.51)

2.7.3

10 km 18 km

(T)
(P) (p)


1-2


() = 290 6.5
K
() = 950 117
mB
() = 8 3
mB

2.7.3.1 Relative Permittivity

=1+
+
10
(2.52)
h=0 T(0)=290 K, P(0)=950 mB p(0)=8
mB
( = 0) = 1 + (579 10 ) = 1.000579

h=1 km T(1)=283.5 K, P(1)=833 mB

p(1)=5 mB
( = 1) = 1 + (502 10 ) = 1.000502

Permittivity
Permittivity 1
Radio System

2-51

Chapter 2

2.7.4

=
=

(2.52)
Smith-Weintraub relationship
.

=1+
+
10
(2.53)
h=0 h=1 km
n=1.0002895 1.000251 0 1 km
Refractivity (N)
(Refractive index; )
= ( 1) 10 =

= 77.6 + 3.73 10
N h=0, N0=289 N(1)=251

(2.54)

N
(2.54) Dry
term
Wet term
1/e 8 km

Refractivity
= exp ( )
(2.55)
Ns Refractivity h c
=

(2.56)

Refractivity gradient N 1 km N
N 1 km N
N

Radio System

2-52

Chapter 2

N

(Effective earth
radius) K
K
=

= 1 + 0.00637

(2.57)

K 4/3
(Standard refraction) -39.23 ( -40)
8500 km k=1
= 0
k<1 Sub-refraction
k>1
Super-refraction k= -157
-157
N (Ducting)
(Surface ducting) (Elevated ducting)

n6
n5
n4
n3
n2
n1

2.30

Radio System

2-53

Chapter 2

2.30

n1, n2, n3 k
1 Super-refraction k=4/3
k 1 Sub-refraction
2.31 2.32 k

Super refraction
Standard refraction
Sub refraction

2.31
K=
K=4/3
K=1
K=2/3

True earth radius

2.32 k

2.7.5
(Diffraction)

Radio System

2-54

Chapter 2

2.7.5.1 Fresnel Zone Clearance
LOS

Fresnel zone clearance 2.33
Fresnel zone

Line of sight

()
F4
F3
F2
F1
d2

d1
d

()
2.33 ) Fresnel Zone ) Fresnel zone
Fresnel zone 2.33 d
d d1+d2
d1+d2
Radio System

2-55

Chapter 2

Fresnel F1, 3, 5,
Fresnel F2, 4, 6, -30 dB

Fresnel zone
2.7.5.2 (Knife-edge loss)
2.34
Free-space loss
d

Free-space loss
(Path loss) (Knife-edge)
2.34 2.34 Knife-edge loss ;Lke


2.34

=
+
(2.58)
2.34
Fresnel

Fresnels diffraction
parameter ( ) (2.59)
=
Radio System

2-56

(2.59)
Chapter 2

Fresnel Integral
2.35

()
positive

d1

()

d2

negative

d1

() 2
2.34
2.35 LOS
= 0 -6 dB 4
(Shadow)
LOS

LOS
-0.8 0 dB
LOS

Radio System

2-57

Chapter 2

2.35

(Knife-eddge)
2.7.5.3
(Rouund hill loss)

(Round hill) 2.36

d2

d1

2.336

Knnifeedgee
Round hill Excess losss ; Lex
(2.60)

=
+
+
(22.60)

Radio System

2-58

Chaptter 2

(2.61)

(2.661)

= 7.5

(22.61)

2.7.6

2.36
(From CCIR Repp. 721-2)

Radio System

2-59

Chaptter 2

2.8.
(Troposphere)

(Meteorological phenomena)
7-50 km

600 MHz (Scattering)


300-500 km


(Tropo Scatter)

Radio System

2-60

Chapter 2

1. 100 MHz = 4
= 0.9995
2. 6.17x107
S/m, 5.813x107 S/m 3.82x107 S/m 1,800 MHz (=0)
3. free-space loss dB 30 km
500 kHz 100 MHz
4. 100 kW
1 km
5. 100 km E1=3 V/m
30 MHz, 15 MHz 7.5 MHz dB = 3x10-3 S/m
=80
6. 300 km E1=3000 mV/m
1 MHz 100 km
-3
= 3x10 S/m =80 200 km
= 5 S/m =70
7. relative permittivity
n
D N=1010 /m3
v=106 /s 2 MHz
8. D
109 /m3
9.
1012 /m3 30
10. 9
11.
15 5
8,500 km
12.
15 5
9,500 km

Radio System

2-61

Chapter 2

1. John Griffiths., Radio Wave Propagation and Antennas An introduction, PrenticeHall International Ltd., 1987
2. William H. Hayt, JR., Engineering Electromagnetics 4th Edition, McGRAW-Hill,
1987.
3. Devid M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.,1988
4. Constantine A. Balanis, Antenna Theory analysis and design 3rd Edition, John
Wiley & Sons, Ltd.,
5. Tadanori Ondoh and Katsuhide Marubashi eds., Science of Space Environment.
Ohmsha, Ltd., 2001.
6. Roger L. Freeman Reference Manual for Telecommunications Engineering 2nd
Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
7. Simon R. Saunders, Alejandro Aragon-Zavala, Antennas and Propagation for
Wireless Communication Systems 2nd edition John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2007

Radio System

2-62

Chapter 2