fo"k;kuqef.

kdk
i`"Bkk%

iqjksoko~Q
Hkwfedk

eye~

1&1

1- HkkjrholUrxhfr%

ix

2&6

2- Lo.kZdkd%

7&16

3- lkseizHke~

17&25

4- dYir#%

26&31

5- lwfDrekSfDrde~

32&37

6- HkzkUrks cky%

38&44

7- izR;fHkKkue~

45&55

8- ykSgrqyk

56&62

9- fldrklsrq%

63&70

10- tVk;ks% 'kkS;Ze~

71&77

11- i;kZoj.ke~

78&84

12- ok~eu%izk.kLo:ie~

85&90

ey
e~
;L;ka leqnz mr flU/qjkiks ;L;keUua "V;% la cHkwoq%A
;L;kfEkna ftUofr izk.knstr~ lk uks Hkwfe% iwoZis;s n/krq AA1AA
;L;k'pr% izfn'k% i`fFkO;k ;L;keUua "V;% la cHkwoq%A
;k fcHkfrZ cgq/k izk.knstr~ lk uks Hkwfexks"Z oI;Uus n/krq AA2AA
tua fcHkzrh cgq/k fookpla ukuk/ekZ.ka i`fFkoh ;FkkSdle~A
lgaa /kjk nzfo.kL; es nqgka /zoq os
/sujq uiLiqQjUrh AA3AA
1-

ftl (Hkwfe) esa egklkxj] ufn;k vkSj tyk'k; (>hy] ljksoj vkfn) fo|eku gSa] ftlesa
vusd izdkj osQ HkksT; inkFkZ mitrs gSa rFkk f"k] O;kikj vkfn djus okys yksx lkekftd
laxBu cuk dj jgrs gSa ("V;% la cHkwoq%)] ftl (Hkwfe) esa ;s lkl ysrs (izk.kr~) izk.kh
pyrs&fiQjrs gSa_ og ekr`Hkwfe gesa izFke HkksT; inkFkZ ([kk|&is;) iznku djs AA1AA

2-

ftl Hkwfe esa pkj fn'kk, rFkk mifn'kk, vusd izdkj osQ HkksT; inkFkZ (iQy] 'kkd vkfn)
mitkrh gSa_ tgk f"k&dk;Z djus okys lkekftd laxBu cukdj jgrs gSa ("V;% la
cHkwoq%)_ tks (Hkwfe) vusd izdkj osQ izkf.k;ksa (lkl ysus okyksa rFkk pyus&fiQjus okys
thoksa) dks /kj.k djrh gS] og ekr`Hkwfe gesa xkS&vkfn ykHkizn i'kqvksa rFkk [kk| inkFkks osQ
fo"k; esa lEiUu cuk ns AA2AA

3-

vusd izdkj ls fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa dks cksyus okys rFkk vusd keks dks ekuus okys tu&leqnk;
dks] ,d gh ?kj esa jgus okys yksxksa osQ leku] /kj.k djus okyh rFkk dHkh u"V u gksus
nsus okyh (vuiLiqQjUrh) fLFkj&tSlh ;g i`Foh gekjs fy, /u dh lgksa /kjkvksa dk mlh
izdkj nksgu djs tSls dksbZ xk; fcuk fdlh ck/k osQ nw/ nsrh gks AA3AA

izFke% ikB%

HkkjrholUrxhfr%
izLrqr xhr vk/qfud laLr&lkfgR; osQ iz[;kr dfo ia- tkudh oYyHk 'kkL=kh dh jpuk
^dkdyh* uked xhrlaxgz ls ladfyr gSA blesa ljLorh dh oUnuk djrs gq, dkeuk dh xbZ gS
fd gs ljLorh! ,slh oh.kk ctkvks] ftlls e/qj etfj;ksa ls ihr iafDrokys vke osQ o`{k] dks;y
dk owQtu] ok;q dk /hjs&/hjs cguk] vejkb;ksa esa dkys Hkzejksa dk xqtkj vkSj ufn;ksa dk (yhyk
osQ lkFk cgrk gqvk) ty] olUr rq esa eksgd gks mBsA Lok/hurk laxzke dh i`"BHkwfe esa fy[kh
x;h ;g xhfrdk ,d uohu psruk dk vkokgu djrh gS rFkk ,sls oh.kkLoj dh ifjdYiuk djrh
gS tks Lok/hurk izkfIr osQ fy, tuleqnk; dks izsfjr djsA

fuukn; uohuke;s okf.k! oh.kke~

e`naq xk; xhfra yfyr&uhfr&yhuke~ A
e/qj&etjh&fitjh&Hkwr&ekyk%
olUrs ylUrhg ljlk jlkyk%
dykik% yfyr&dksfdyk&dkdyhuke~ AA1AA
fuukn;---AA
ogfr eUneUna luhjs lehjs
dfyUnkRetk;kLlokuhjrhjs]
urka ifekyksD; e/qek/ohuke~ AA2AA
fuukn;---AA
yfyr&iYyos iknis iq"iiqts
ey;ek#rksPpqfEcrs etqoQq ts]
LouUrhUrfrEiz{s ; efyukeyhuke~ AA3AA
fuukn;---AA

HkkjrholUrxhfr%

yrkuka furkUra lqea 'kkfUr'khye~

pysnPq NysRdkUrlfyya lyhye~]
rokd.;Z oh.kkenhuka unhuke~ AA4AA fuukn;---AA
'kCnkFkkZ%
fuukn;
e`nqa
yfyruhfryhuke~
etjh
fitjhHkwrekyk%
ylfUr
bg
ljlk%
jlkyk%
dykik%
dkdyh
luhjs
lehjs
dfyUnkRetk;k%
lokuhjrhjs
urke~
e/qek/ohuke~
yfyriYyos
iq"iiqts
ey;ek#rksPpqfEcrs

furjka okn;
pk#] e/qja
lqUnjuhfrlayXuke~
vkezoqQlqee~
ihri~Dr;%
'kksHkUrs
v=k
jliw.kkZ%
vkezk%
lewgk%
dksfdykuka ofu%
ltys
ok;kS
;equk;k%
osrl;qDrs rVs
ufrizkIrke~
e/qek/ohyrkuke~
euksgjiYyos
iq"ilewgs
ey;kfuylaLi`"Vs

etqoqQts
LouUrha
rfra
isz{;

'kksHkuyrkforkus
ofua oqQoZUrhe~
ife~
n`"V~ok

xqaftr djks@ctkvks
dksey
lqUnj uhfr esa yhu
vkeziq"i
ihys o.kZ ls ;qDr iafDr;k
lq'kksfHkr gks jgh gSa
;gk
e/qj
vke osQ isM+
lewg
dks;y dh vkokt
ty ls iw.kZ
gok esa
;equk unh osQ
csar dh yrk ls ;qDr rV ij
>qdh gqbZ
e/qj ekyrh yrkvksa dk
eu dks vkdf"kZr djus okys iks
iq"iksa osQ lewg ij
pUnu o`{k dh lqxfU/r ok;q ls Li'kZ
fd;s x;s
lqUnj yrkvksa ls vkPNkfnr LFkku
ofu djrh gqbZ
lewg dks
ns[kdj

'kseq"kh

efyuke~
vyhuke~
lqee~
'kkfUr'khye~
mPNysr~
dkUrlfyye~
lyhye~
vkd.;Z

".ko.kkZe~
Hkzejk.kke~
oqQlqee~
'kkfUr;qDre~
mQo xPNsr~
euksgjtye~
hMklfgre~
JqRok

efyu
Hkzejksa osQ
iq"i dks
'kkfUr ls ;qDr
mPNfyr gks mBs
LoPN ty
[ksy&[ksy osQ lkFk
lqudj

vH;kl%
1-

v/ksfyf[krkuka iz'ukukeqRrjkf.k laLrHkk"k;k fy[kr&

(d) dfo% oh.kkikf.ka d dFk;fr\
([k) olUrs d Hkofr\
(x) ljLoR;k% oh.kka JqRok d ifjorZua Hkorq bfr dos% bPNka fy[krA
(?k) dfo% Hkxorha Hkkjrha dL;k% u|k% rVs (oqQ=k) e/qek/ohuka urka ife~ voyksD;
oh.kka oknf;rqa dFk;fr\

2-

^d* LrEHks inkfu] ^[k* LrEHks rs"kka i;kZ;inkfu nkkfuA rkfu fpRok inkuka le{ks
fy[kr&
^d* LrEHk%
^[k* LrEHk%
(d) ljLorh
(1) rhjs
([k) vkeze~
(2) vyhuke~
(x) iou%
(3) lehj%
(?k) rVs
(4) ok.kh
() Hkzejk.kke~
(5) jlky%

3- v/ksfyf[krkfu inkfu iz;qT; laLrHkk"k;k okD;jpuka oqQ#r&

(d) fuukn;
([k) eUneUne~
(x) ek#r%
(?k) lfyye~
() lqeu%

HkkjrholUrxhfr%
4-

izFke'yksdL; vk'k;a fgUnhHkk"k;k vk~XyHkk"k;k ok fy[kr&

5-

v/ksfyf[krinkuka
(d) dBksje~
([k) dVq
(x) 'kh?kze~
(?k) izkphue~
() uhjl%

foykseinkfu fy[kr&
----------------------&
----------------------&
----------------------&
----------------------&
----------------------&

ifj;kstukdk;Ze~
ikBsfLeu~ oh.kk;k% ppkZ vfLrA vU;s"kka ipok|;U=kk.kka fp=ka jpf;Rok lady; ok rs"kka
ukekfu fy[krA

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
vUo; vkSj fgUnh HkkokFkZ
v;s okf.k! uohuka oh.kka fuukn;A yfyruhfryhuka xhfra e`nqa xk;A
gs ok.kh! uohu oh.kk dks ctkvks] lqUnj uhfr;ksa ls ifjiw.kZ xhr dk e/qj xku djksA
bg olUrs e/qjetjhfitjhHkwrekyk% ljlk% jlkyk% ylfUrA yfyr&dksfdykdkdyhuka
dykik% (foylfUr)A v;s okf.k ! uohuka oh.kka fuukn;A
bl olUr esa e/qj etfj;ksa ls ihyh gks x;h ljl vke osQ o`{kksa dh ekyk lq'kksfHkr gks jgh
gSA euksgj dkdyh (cksyh] owQd) okyh dksfdyksa osQ lewg lqUnj yx jgs gSaA gs ok.kh! uohu oh.kk
dks ctkvksA
dfyUnkRetk;k% lokuhjrhjs luhjs lehjs eUneUna ogfr (lfr) ekkqekkohuka urka
if~Dre~ voyksD;A v;s okf.k! uohuka oh.kka fuukn;A
;equk osQ osrl yrkvksa ls f?kjs rV ij ty fcUnqvksa ls iwfjr ok;q osQ eUn eUn cgus ij iwQyksa
ls >qdh gqbZ e/qek/oh yrk dks ns[kdj] gs ok.kh! uohu oh.kk dks ctkvksA
yfyriYyos iknis iq"iiqts etqoQq ts ey;&ek#rksPpqfEcrs LouUrhe~ vyhuka efyuka
rfra izs{; v;s okf.k! uohuka oh.kka fuukn;A
ey;iou ls Li`"V yfyr iYyoksa okys o`{kksa] iq"iiqtksa rFkk lqUnj oqQtksa ij dkys HkkSajksa dh
xqtkj djrh gqbZ iafDr dks ns[kdj] gs ok.kh uohu oh.kk dks ctkvksA

'kseq"kh

ro vnhuka oh.kke~ vkd.;Z yrkuka furkUra 'kkfUr'khya lqea pysr~ unhuka dkUrlfyya
lyhye~ mPNysr~A v;s okf.k! uohuka oh.kka fuukn;A
rqEgkjh vkstfLouh oh.kk dks lqudj yrkvksa osQ furkUr 'kkUr lqeu fgy mBsa] ufn;ksa dk
euksgj ty hMk djrk gqvk mNy iM+sA gs ok.kh! uohu oh.kk dks ctkvksA
izLrqr xhr osQ lekukUrj xhr&
oh.kkokfnfu oj nsA
fiz; LorU=k jo ve`r eU=k uo]
Hkkjr esa Hkj nsA
oh.kkokfnfu oj ns
fgUnh osQ izfl dfo ia- lw;ZdkUr f=kikBh fujkyk osQ xhr dh oqQN iafDr;k ;gk nh xbZ
gSa] ftuesa ljLorh ls Hkkjr osQ mRd"kZ osQ fy;s izkFkZuk dh xbZ gSA jk"Vdfo eSfFkyh'kj.kxqIr dh
jpuk Hkkjro"kZ esa xwts gekjh Hkkjrh Hkh ,sls gh Hkkoksa ls vksrizksr gSA

ia- tkudhoYyHk 'kkL=kh

ia- tkudh oYyHk 'kkL=kh fgUnh osQ Nk;koknh ;qx osQ dfo osQ :i esa izfl gSaA ;s laLr osQ
jpukdkj ,oa mR"V v;srk jgsA ckY;dky esa gh 'kkL=kh th dh dkO; jpuk esa izo`fk cu xbZ
FkhA viuh fd'kksjkoLFkk esa gh bUgsa laLr dfo osQ :i esa ekU;rk izkIr gks pqdh FkhA mUuhl o"kZ
dh mez esa budh laLr dforkvksa dk laxzg ^dkdyh* dk izdk'ku gqvkA
'kkL=kh th us laLr lkfgR; esa vk/qfud fo/k dh jpukvksa dk izkjaHk fd;kA buosQ }kjk xhr]
xty] 'yksd] vkfn fo/kvksa esa fy[kh xbZ laLr dfork, cgqr yksdfiz; gqbA budh laLr
dforkvksa esa laxhrkRedrk vkSj y; dh fo'ks"krk us yksxksa ij vizfre izHkko MkykA

f}rh;% ikB%

Lo.kZdkd%
izLrqr ikB Jh in~e'kkL=kh }kjk jfpr fo'odFkk'krde~ uked dFkklaxzg ls fy;k x;k gS]
ftlesa fofHkUu ns'kksa dh lkS yksd dFkkvksa dk laxzg gSA ;g oekZ ns'k dh ,d Js"B dFkk gS] ftlesa
yksHk vkSj mlosQ nq"ifj.kke osQ lkFk&lkFk R;kx vkSj mlosQ lqifj.kke dk o.kZu] ,d lqugys ia[kksa
okys dkSos osQ ek;e ls fd;k x;k gSA

iqjk dLef'pn~ xzkes ,dk fu/Zuk o`k L=kh U;olr~A rL;k'pSdk nqfgrk fouezk euksgjk
pklhr~A ,dnk ekrk LFkkY;ka r.MqykfUuf{kI; iq=khekfnns'k & lw;kZris r.Mqyku~ [kxsH;ks
j{kA fdfpRdkyknuUrje~ ,dks fofp=k% dkd% leqh ; rkeqiktxkeA

'kseq"kh

uSrkn`'k% Lo.kZi{kks jtrppq% Lo.kZdkdLr;k iwo n`"V%A ra r.Mqyku~ [kknUra

glUrp foyksD; ckfydk jksfnrqekjC/kA ra fuokj;Urh lk izkFkZ;r~&r.Mqyku~ ek Hk{k;A
enh;k ekrk vrho fu/Zuk orZrAs Lo.kZi{k% dkd% izkos kp] ek 'kqp%A lw;ksnZ ;kRizkx~
xzkekn~cfg% fiIiyo`{keuq Ro;kxUrO;e~A vga rqH;a r.MqyewY;a nkL;kfeA izgf"kZrk ckfydk
funzkefi u ysHksA
lw;ksnZ ;kRiwoeZ os lk r=kksifLFkrkA o`{kL;ksifj foyksD; lk pk'p;Zpfdrk ltkrk
;k=k Lo.kZe;% izklknks orZrAs ;nk dkd% 'kf;Rok izc
q Lrnk rsu Lo.kZxok{kkRdfFkra gagks
ckys! Roekxrk] fr"B] vga RoRrs
lksikueorkj;kfe] rRdFk; Lo.kZe;a
jtre;eqr rkeze;a ok\ dU;k izkokspr~
vga fukZuekrqnfZq grkfLeA rkezlksikusuoS
vkxfe";kfeA ija Lo.kZlksikusu lk Lo.kZ&
HkouekllknA
fpjdkya Hkous fp=kfofp=koLrwfu
lfTtrkfu n`"V~ok lk foLe;a xrkA JkUrka
rka foyksD; dkd% izkg&iwo y?kqikz rjk'k%
f;rke~&on Roa Lo.kZLFkkY;ka Hkkstua
dfj";fl d ok jtrLFkkY;keqr rkezLFkkY;ke~\ ckfydk O;ktgkjrkezLFkkY;kesokga
fukZuk Hkkstua dfj";kfeA rnk lk dU;k pk'p;Zpfdrk ltkrk ;nk Lo.kZdkosQu
Lo.kZLFkkY;ka Hkkstua i;Zofs "kre~A uSrkn`d~ Loknq Hkkstue|kof/ ckfydk [kkfnrorhA dkdks
czrw &s ckfyosQ! vgfePNkfe ;oa loZnk pk=kSo fr"B ija ro ekrk orZrs pSdkfduhA Roa
'kh?kzeos Lox`g` a xPNA
bR;qDRok dkd% d{kkH;Urjkfkks etw"kk fuLlk;Z rka izR;onr~& ckfyosQ! ;FksPNa
x`gk.k etw"kkesdke~A y?kqreka etw"kka izx
` ckfyd;k dfFkrfe;nso enh;r.Mqykuka
ewY;e~A

Lo.kZdkd%

x`gekxR; r;k etw"kk leqn?~ kkfVrk] rL;ka egkgkZf.k ghjdkf.k foyksD; lk izgf"kZrk
rfukfudk p ltkrkA

rfLeUuso xzkes ,dkijk yqC/k o`k U;olr~A rL;k vfi ,dk iq=kh vklhr~A bZ";Z;k
lk rL; Lo.kZdkdL; jgL;efHkKkrorhA lw;kZris r.MqykfUuf{kI; r;kfi Lolqrk j{kkFk
fu;qDrkA rFkSo Lo.kZi{k% dkd% r.Mqyku~ Hk{k;u~ rkefi r=kSokdkj;r~A izkrLr=k xRok lk
dkoaQ fuHkZRlZ;Urh izkokspr~&Hkks uhpdkd! vgekxrk] ea r.MqyewY;a iz;PNA
dkoQksczohr~&vga RoRrs lksikueqkkj;kfeA rRdFk; Lo.kZe;a jtre;a rkeze;a okA
xfoZr;k ckfyd;k izkDs re~&Lo.kZe;su lksikusukgekxPNkfe ija Lo.kZdkdLrRrs rkeze;a
lksikueso izk;PNr~A Lo.kZdkdLrka Hkkstuefi rkezHkktus dkj;r~A
izfrfuo`fkdkys Lo.kZdkosQu d{kkH;Urjkfkks etw"kk% rRiqj% leqf{kIrk%A yksHkkfo"Vk
lk c`gkeka etw"kka x`ghrorhA x`gekxR; lk rf"kZrk ;kon~ etw"kkeqn?~ kkV;fr rkokL;ka
Hkh"k.k% ".kliksZ foyksfdr%A yqC/;k ckfyd;k yksHkL; iQya izkIre~A rnuUrja lk yksHka
i;ZR;tr~A

10

'kseq"kh

'kCnkFkkZ%
U;olr~
nqfgrk
LFkkY;ke~
[kxsH;%
leqM~Mh;
miktxke
Lo.kZi{k%
jtrppq%
r.Mqyku~
fuokj;Urh
ek 'kqp%
izksokp
izgf"kZrk
izklkn%
xok{kkr~
lksikue~
vorkj;kfe
vkllkn
foyksD;
izkg
izkrjk'k%
O;ktgkj
i;Zosf"kre~
egkgkZf.k
yqC/k
fuHkZRlZ;Urh
i;ZR;tr~

volr~
lqrk
LFkkyhik=ks
if{kH;%
mRIyqR;
lehie~ vkxroku~
Lo.kZe;% i{k%
jtre;% ppq%
v{krku~
okj.ka oqQoZUrh
'kksda ek oqQ#
vdFk;r~
izlUuk
Hkoue~
okrk;ukr~
lksikue~
vorh.k djksfe
izkIuksr~
n`"V~ok
mokp
dY;orZ%
vdFk;r~
i;Zos"k.ka re~
cgqewY;kfu
yksHko'khHkwrk
HkRlZuka oqQoZUrh
vR;tr~

jgrk Fkk@jgrh Fkh

iq=kh
Fkkyh esa
if{k;ksa ls
mM+dj
ikl igqpk
lksus dk ia[k
pknh dh pksap
pkoyksa dks
jksdrh gqbZ
nq%[k er djks
dgk
[kq'k gqbZ
egy
f[kM+dh ls
lh<h
mrkjrk gw
igqpk
ns[kdj
dgk
lqcg dk uk'rk
dgk
ijkslk x;k
cgqewY;
yksHkh
fuUnk djrh gqbZ
NksM+ fn;k

11

Lo.kZdkd%

vH;kl%
1-

v/ksfyf[krkuka iz'ukuke~ mkjkf.k laLrHkk"k;k fy[kr&

(d) fu/Zuk;k% o`k;k% nqfgrk dhn`'kh vklhr~\
([k) ckfyd;k iwo d u n`"Ve~ vklhr~\
(x) #nUrha ckfydka dkd% dFke~ vk'okl;r~\
(?k) ckfydk d n`"V~ok vk'p;Zpfdrk tkrk\
() ckfydk osQu lksikusu Lo.kZHkoue~ vkllkn\
(p) lk rkezLFkkyha p;uk; d roQ nnkfr\
(N) xfoZrk ckfydk dhn`'ka lksikue~ v;kpr~ dhn`'ka p vizkIuksrA

2- (d) v/ksfyf[krkuka 'kCnkuka foykseina ikBkr~ fpRok fy[kr&

-----------------------&
(i) i'pkr~
-----------------------(ii) gflrqe~
&
-----------------------(iii) v/%
&
-----------------------(iv) 'osr%
&
-----------------------&
(v) lw;kZLr%
-----------------------&
(vi) lqIr%
([k) lfU/a oqQ#r&
(i) fu $ volr~
(ii) lw;Z $ mn;%
(iii) o`{kL; $ mifj
(iv) fg $ vdkj;r~
(v) p $ ,dkfduh
(vi) bfr $ mDRok
(vii) izfr $ vonr~
(viii) iz $ mDre~
(ix) v=k $ ,o
(x) r=k $ mifLFkrk
(xi) ;Fkk $ bPNe~

&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

12

'kseq"kh

3-

LFkwyinkU;f/R; iz'ufuekZ.ka oqQ#r&

(d) xzkes fu/Zuk L=kh volr~A
([k) Lo.kZdkoaQ fuokj;Urh ckfydk izkFkZ;r~A
(x) lw;ksZn;kr~ iwoeZ so ckfydk r=kksifLFkrkA
(?k) ckfydk fu/Zuekrq%nqfgrk vklhr~A
() yqC/k o`k Lo.kZdkdL; jgL;efHkKkrorhA

4-

izfr&izR;;&la;ksxa oqQ#r
(d) gl~ $ 'kr`
([k) Hk{k~ $ 'kr`
(x) fo $ yks $ Y;i~
(?k) fu $ f{ki~ $ Y;i~
() vk $ xe~ $ Y;i~
(p) n`'k~ $ DRok
(N) 'kh $ DRok
(t) o` $ Vki~
(>) lqr $ Vki~
(k) y?kq $ rei~

5- izfrizR;;&foHkkxa oqQ#r&
(d) glUre~
&
([k) jksfnrqe~
&
(x) o`k
&
(?k) Hk{k;u~
&
() n`"V~ok
&
(p) foyksD;
&
(N) fuf{kI;
&
(t) vkxR;
&
(>) 'kf;Rok
&
(k) lqrk
&
(V) y?kqree~
&

(ikBkr~ fpRok ok fy[kr)&

-----------------------&
-----------------------&
-----------------------&
-----------------------&
-----------------------&
-----------------------&
-----------------------&
-----------------------&
-----------------------&
-----------------------&
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

13

Lo.kZdkd%
6- v/ksfyf[krkfu dFkukfu d%@dk] da@dka p dFk;fr&
dFkukfu
d%@dk
-----------------(d) iwo izkrjk'k% f;krke~
-----------------([k) lw;kZris r.Mqyku~ [kxsH;ks j{k
-----------------(x) r.Mqyku~ ek Hk{k;
-----------------(?k) vga rqH;a r.MqyewY;a nkL;kfe
() Hkks uhpdkd! vgekxrk] ea r.MqyewY;a iz;PN -----------------7-

da@dke~
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

mnkgj.keuql`R; dks"Bdxrs"kq ins"kq ipehfoHkDrs% iz;ksxa Rok fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&

;Fkk& ew"kd% fcykn~ cfg% fuxZPNfrA (fcy)
(d) tu% ------------------- cfg% vkxPNfrA (xzke)
([k) u|% ------------------- fuLljfUrA (ioZr)
(x) ------------------- i=kkf.k irfUrA (o`{k)
(?k) ckyd% ------------------- foHksfrA (lg)
() bZ'oj% ------------------- =kk;rsA (Dys'k)
(p) izHkq% HkDra ------------------- fuokj;frA (iki)

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
ys[kd ifjp; & bl dFkk osQ ys[kd in~e 'kkL=kh gSaA ;s lkfgR;k;qosZnkpk;Z] dkO;rhFkZ]
lkfgR;jRu] f'k{kk'kkL=kh vkSj jfl;u fMIyksek vkfn mikf/;ksa ls Hkwf"kr gSaA bUgsa fo|kHkw"k.k
o vk'kqdfo ekun mikf/;k Hkh izkIr gSaA bUgsa lksfo;r Hkwfe usg: iqjLdkj lfefr vkSj
jktLFkku lkfgR; vdkneh }kjk Lo.kZind izkIr gSA budh vusd jpuk, gSa] ftuesa oqQN izeq[k
fuEufyf[kr gSa &
1- flusek'krde~
2- LojkT;e~ [k.MdkO;e~
3- ysfuuke`re~ egkdkO;e~
4- enh;k lksfo;r ;k=kk
5- i|iprU=ke~
6- cy
kns'kfot;%
7- yksdrU=kfot;%
8- fo'odFkk'krde~
9- pk;'krde~
10- egkohjpfjrke`re~

14

1-

2-

'kseq"kh
Hkkf"kd&foLrkj & fdlh Hkh dke dks djosQ bl vFkZ esa ^DRok* izR;; dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA
;Fkk& ifBRok & iB~ $ DRok i<+dj
xRok & xe~ $ DRok tkdj
[kkfnRok & [kkn~ $ DRok [kkdj
blh vFkZ esa vxj /krq (f;k) ls igys milxZ gksrk gS rks Y;i~ izR;; dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
/krq ls iwoZ milxZ gksus dh fLFkfr esa dHkh Hkh ^DRok* izR;; dk iz;ksx ugha gks ldrk vkSj
milxZ u gksus dh fLFkfr esa dHkh Hkh Y;i~ izR;; ugha gks ldrk gSA
;Fkk& mi $ xe~ $ Y;i~ mixE;
le~ $ iwt~ $ Y;i~ lEiwT;
fo $ yks (yksd) $ Y;i~ foyksD;
vk $ nk $ Y;i~ vknk;
fuj~ $ xe~ $ Y;i~ fuxZR;
iz'uokpd 'kCnksa dks vfu'p;okpd cukus osQ fy, fpr~ vkSj pu fuikrksa dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA ;s fuikr tc loZukeinksa osQ lkFk yxrs gSa rks loZuke in gksrs gSa vkSj tc vO;;
inksa osQ lkFk iz;qDr gksrs gSa rks vO;; gksrs gSaA
;Fkk& d% dkSu
d% $ pu d'pu dksbZ
d% $ fpr~ df'pr~ dksbZ
osQ $ pu osQpu dksbZ (cgqopu esa)
osQ $ fpr~ osQfpr~ (cgqopu esa)
dk $ pu dkpu (dksbZ L=kh)
dk $ fpr~ dkfpr~ (dksbZ L=kh)
dk% $ pu dk'pu (oqQN fL=k;k cgqopu) dk% $ fpr~ dkf'pr~ (oqQN
fL=k;k cgqopu esa)
fde~ 'kCn osQ lHkh opuksa] fyaxksa o lHkh foHkfDr;ksa esa fpr~ vkSj pu dk iz;ksx fd;k tk
ldrk gS vkSj mls vfu'p;okpd cuk;k tk ldrk gSA tSls &
1- fdfpr~
izFkek esa
2- osQufpr~
r`rh;k esa
3- osQ"kkfpr~ (osQ"kke~ $ fpr~)
"k"Bh esa
4- dfLeaf'pr~
lIreh esa
5- dL;kfpr~
lIreh (L=khfy es)a

15

Lo.kZdkd%

blh rjg fpr~ osQ LFkku ij pu dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA fpr~ vkSj pu tc vO;;inksa esa yx
tkrs gSa rks os vO;; gks tkrs gSaA tSls &
Dofpr~
Dopu
dnkfpr~
dnkpu
3-

laLr esa ,d ls prqj (pkj) rd la[;kokph 'kCn iqafYy] L=khfy] rFkk uiqald fy
esa vyx&vyx :iksa esa gksrs gSa ij ip (ikp) ls mudk :i lHkh fyksa esa ,d lk gksrk
gSA
iqafYy
L=khfy
uiqaldfy
,d%
,dk
,de~
}kS
}s
}s
=k;%
fr%
=khf.k
pRokj%
pr%
pRokfj

4-

orZekudkfyd f;k osQ vFkZ esa /krq osQ lkFk 'kr` vkSj 'kkup~ izR;; dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA 'kr`
izR;; ijLeSinh /krqvksa osQ lkFk o 'kkup~ izR;; vkReusinh /krqvksa osQ lkFk iz;qDRk gksrs gSaA
;Fkk& [kkn~ $ 'kr` & [kknu~@[kknr~
lso~ $ 'kkup~ & lsoeku%
xe~ $ 'kr` & xPNu~@xPNr~
eqn~ $ 'kkup~ & eksneku%
iB~ $ 'kr` & iBu~@iBr~
yHk~ $ 'kkup~ & yHkeku%
gl~ $ 'kr` & glu~@glr~
czq $ 'kkup~ &czqok.k%
buosQ :i bl izdkj pyrs gSa&
,dopu
xPNu~
xPNUre~
xPNrk
xPNrs
xPNr%
xPNr%
xPNfr

iaqfYy
f}opu
xPNUrkS
xPNUrkS
xPNn~H;ke~
xPNn~H;ke~
xPNn~H;ke~
xPNrks%
xPNrks%

cgqopu
xPNUr%
xPNr%
xPNf%
xPNn~H;%
xPNn~H;%
xPNrke~
xPNRlq

16

'kseq"kh
L=khfy
xPNUrh
xPNUrhe~
xPNUR;k
xPNUR;S
xPNUR;k%
xPNUR;k%
xPNUR;ke~

xPNUR;kS
xPNUR;kS
xPNUrhH;ke~
xPNUrhH;ke~
xPNUrhH;ke~
xPNUR;ks%
xPNUR;ks%

xPNUR;%
xPNUrh%
xPNUrhfHk%
xPNUrhH;%
xPNUrhH;%
xPNUrhuke~
xPNUrh"kq

uiqald fy esa
xPNr~
xPNr~

xPNrh
xPNrh

xPNfUr
xPNfUr

'ks"k iaqfYyor~
5-

rji~ vkSj rie~ izR;;ksa esa rj vkSj re 'ks"k cprk gSA

;Fkk & cyor~ $ rji~ & cyokj
y?kq $ rei~ & y?kqre
;s rqyukokph izR;; gSA buosQ mnkgj.k ns[ksa &
y?kq
egr
Js"B
e/qj
xq#
rhoz
fiz;

y?kqrj
egkj
Js"Brj
e/qjrj
xq#rj
rhozrj
fiz;rj

y?kqre
egke
Js"Bre
e/qjre
xq#re
rhozre
fiz;re

v;srO;% xzUFk%&
fo'odFkk'krde~ (Hkkx};e~] 1987] 1988 in~e 'kkL=kh] nsoukxj izdk'ku] t;iqj)

r`rh;% ikB%

lkseizHke~
izLrqr ikB izks- jk/koYyHk f=kikBh }kjk jfpr ^izs{k.klIrde~* uked ukV~;&laxzg ls lEikfnr
dj fy;k x;k gSA ;gk ngst izFkk osQ fuUnuh; :i dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA viuh ekrk dh j{kk
osQ fy, ckfydk lkseizHkk }kjk fd;k x;k iz;kl fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; gSA

(rr%
foeyk
lkseizHkk
foeyk

'oJw%
foeyk

foeyk
'oJw%
foeyk
'oJw%

foeyk
'oJw%

izfr'kfr djrykH;ka p{kq"kh ektZ;Urh ipo"kZn's kh;k ckfydk lkseizHkk)

& v;s tkxfjrk! RojLo rkor~A ifjgh;rs fo|ky;xeuosykA
& vEc! v| u xfe";kfe fo|ky;e~A
& (gLrsu lkseizHkka x`ghRok) v;s fdesrr~ dFk;flA fo|ky;Lrq xUrO; ,o
izfrfnue~A
(lkseizHkk;k% izLFkkue~)
& foeys! vf; nq"Vs! oqQ=k e`rkfl\ fd;r% dkykr~ 'kCnki;kfe\
& (ld#.ka fu'kE;) b;a ee 'oJw% lnSo eeZ?kkfrfHk% dVqopuSjkf{kifr
eke~A (mPpS% Lojs.k) vEc! b;ekxPNkfeA d dj.kh;e~\ (ifjkefr)A
(rr% izfo'kfr lkVksia dksia fu:i;Urh 'oJw%)
& vEc! fdekfn'kfl\
& (foMEc;Urh) fdekfn'kfl\ fdfenkuhefi egknsO;k% izHkkrdkyks u ltkr%\
& izkr%dkfyoaQ dk;Ztkreso lEikn;kfeA
& izkr%dkfyoaQ dk;Ztkra lEikn;flA bnkuhefi pk;is;L; ukfLr dkfi
dFkkA ro firk vkxR; lk/f;";fr d pk;a --- ;su dkfd.kh vfi u
nkk --& ee fir`ikne~ fdeFk dnFkZ;fl vEc! ;fRdefi dFkuh;a eka izR;so dFk;A
& (lHkzHw ka lHkqt{ksia p) (v;~ g;~) k .` kqr vL;k% nq"Vk;k% v/jkskje~A
,rkokuso fiz;ks ;fn firk rfgZ r=kSo xRok dFka u e`rk firqxgZ` s ---\

18

'kseq"kh

foeyk & l rq eka usreq kxr% Jko.ks foxrsA HkorhfHkjso --'oJw% & vf; nq"Vs! osruL; xoZenq o~ gfl\ vfrek=ka xfoZrkfl f=kpqrj% i.kdkutZf;Rok
vku;lhR;srus A fu"Bhoua djksfe ro i.kosQ"kqA Fkq%! d eU;ls Roe~ vtZf;Rok
/ueku;fl\ d ro /ua rr~\ ro firk ;koUra ;kSrdjkf'ka izfrKkroku~
rkorks/Zeos lefiZ
a roku~A
foeyk & vgks u`'kalrk ;q"ekde~A vgks yksyiq rk --'oJw% & v;s! ,rkokaLro lkgle~ Roa ekekf{kiflA us=ks n'kZ;fl eke~A
('olqj% izfo';)
'olqj% & d tkre~\~ dks;a dygkMEcj% izkr% dkyknso\ izkr%dkfyoaQ pk;eihnkuha
;koUu yC/e~ --'oJw% & dk dFkk pk;ikuL;A =kksfVrkfu vu;k nq"V;k pk;HkktukfuA u e;k fdefi
Hkf.kre~] rFkkfi vf/f{kifr ekfe;e~A o;a u`'kalk%] o;a yksyiq k%] o;a
jk{klk%A
'olqj% & ,rRlo dfFkreu;k\
foeyk & u e;Srr~ dfFkra fir%!
'oJw% & i';r i';r vL;k nkSjkRE;a nqHkZxk;k%A d d nq"R;fe;a u djksfr\
lEeq[keso izR;qkjefi nnkfr] ftka pky;rh;a eRle{ke~A
'olqj% & (lks/e~) vgks vL;k nqLlkgle~!
('olqj% 'oJw'p rka u i';r% mHkkS lkS; lfgaHkkoa foeyka fuHkky;UrkS
rkeqiliZr%A lkseizHkk izfo'; ,rr~ i';fr)
foeyk & vEc! fir%! u e;k fdefi vijka lR;su 'kikfeA fdfefr ;w;a ekesoa
i';Fk\ ufg] ufg] u eka rkMf;rqegZfUr HkoUr% --- A (mHkkS ft?kkal;k
cykn~ foeyka x`ghRok izk"kZ;r%)
lkseizHkk & (Hk;xzLrsukfreUnLojs.k) & vEc --- vEc --('olqjkS rkei';UrkS foeyka d"kZr%)

lkseizHke~

'oJw%

iq#"kfujh{kd%
'oJw%

19

& u;r ,uka egkule~ b;a r=kSo ToyrqA

(lkseizHkk lglk iz/koUrh fu"kefrA foeyk vkRe=kk.kk; lizk.ki.ka
iz;rrs] usiF;s xh;rs)

{k.ks {k.ks izo/Zrs /uk; fgark [kyS&

foZyksI;rsfrfunZ;a p tUrqfHkeZu"q ;rkA
foHkkftra txn~f}/k fugU;rs p ?kkroSQ&
jrho nSU;ekxrkfLr lk/qrk euq";rkAA
(foeyk;kLrhoz'phRdkj%A iq#"kfujh{kosQ.k lg lkseizHkk izfo'kfr)
& (mil`R;) gs! d f;rs] d izpyR;=k\ eqpr ,uke~A
& (lEHkzee~) egkHkkx! u fdeI;R;kfgre~A b;eLekda lkoh Luq"kk
#X.kk orZrAs ,ukeqipjke%A

20

'kseq"kh

fujh{kd% & mipkj% f;rs! ;qo;ks#ipkjega dfj";sA loZega tkukfeA (lkseizHkka fufnZ';)
lo fuosfnreu;k ckfyd;kA
('oJw% 'olqj'p foeyka eqpr%)

foeyk & (ld"Va lkseizHkkeqil`R;) & iqf=k! Roe~ --- dFka Rofeg --lkseizHkk & vEc! ee mikugkS =kqfVrkS] iqLrdetw"kk p =kqfVrsfr v;kfidk eka
d{kk;k fu"dkflrorhA Ro;k mDreklhr~ & fo|ky;kn~ x` g es o
vfoyEcekxUrO;e~A vrksga x`gekxrk (jksfnfr)
foeyk & ek jksnh% iqf! loZeiq iUua Hkfo";frA
lkseizHkk & v=kkxR; e;k n`"Va ;r~ firkeg% firkegh p Roka ekj;r%A vrksga kkoa
kkoa LFkkuoaQ xrkA iq#"k& fujh{kdk; e;k fuosfnre~ --foeyk & (lok"ia lxn~xna d.Bekfy~X; lkseizHkke~) Ro;k vga =kkrkA egr%
lVkr~ Roa ekeqn/
~ r` orhA fiz;a ra Ro;k esA

21

lkseizHke~

'kCnkFkkZ%
p{kq"kh
ektZ;Urh
RojLo
ifjgh;rs
'oJw%
'olqj%
'kCnki;kfe
vkf{kifr
eeZ?kkfrfHk%
lkVksie~
dksie~
dnFkZ;fl
i.kdku~
fu"Bhoue~
;kSrdjkf'ke~
u`'kalrk
yksyqirk
=kksfVrkfu
Hkktukfu
Hkf.kre~
nkSjkRE;e~
lkS;Ze~
ft?kkal;k
fuHkky;UrkS
izk"kZ;r%
d"kZr%
egkule~

us=ks
ektZua oqQoZUrh
'kh?kzrka oqQ#
foyEcks Hkofr

vkdkj;kfe
vk{ksia djksfr
eeZ gfUr bfr
eeZ?kkrh rS% eeZ?kkfrfHk%
xos.Z k lfgre~
ks/e~
fuUn;fl
FkwRre~
dU;k'kqYde~
funZ;rk
yksHkizo`fk%
Hkftrkfu
ik=kkf.k
dfFkre~
nq"VkReRoe~
lu`'kalRoe~
gUrqe~ bPNk ft?kkalk
r;k ft?kkal;k
i';UrkS
la?k;r%
izlg~; u;r%
ikd'kkyke~

nksuksa vk[ksa
lkiQ djrh gqbZ
'kh?kzrk djks
nsj gks jgh gS
lkl
'olqj
vkokt nsrh gw @ nsrk gw
rkuk ns jgh gS
eeZHksnh ('kCnksa ls)
xoZ fn[kkrh gqbZ
ks/ dksA
fuUnk djrh gks
iSls
Fkwduk
ngst dh jkf'k
funZ;rk
yksHk dh izo`fk
rksM+ Mkyk x;k
ik=k ( crZu)
dgk x;k
nq"Vrk
ozwQjrk osQ lkFk
ekjus dh bPNk ls
ns[krs gq, (nks)
[khaprs gSa
cyiwod
Z ys tkrs gSa
jlksbZ ?kj esa

22

[kyS%
eqpr
vR;kfgre~
Luq"kk
#X.kk
mikugkS
etw"kk
miiUue~
firkeg%
firkegh
LFkkude~

'kseq"kh
nq"VS%
R;tr
vfgre~ vdjoe~
iq=ko/w%
vLoLFkk
in=kk.ks
fiVde~
mfpre~
fir`tud%
fir`tuuh
jf{kLFkkue~

nq"Vksa }kjk
NksM+ks
vfgr fd;k
cgw
chekj
twrs (nks)
isVh (cSx)
lgh] Bhd&Bkd
nknk
nknh
Fkkuk

vH;kl%
1- v/ksfyf[krkuka iz'ukuke~ mkjkf.k laLrHkk"k;k fy[kr&
(d) v;kfidk lkseizHkka d{kk;k% fdeFk fu"dkflrorh\
([k) fo|ky;kr~ x`ge~ vkxR; lk (lkseizHkk) fde~ vi';r~\
(x) foeyk;k% 'olqj% 'oJw% p rke~ oqQ=k fdeFkZp u;r%\
(?k) lkseizHkk dFke~ ekrq% =kk.ke~ vdjksr~\
() lkseizHkk;k% vk;q% dfr o"kkZf.k vklhr~\
(p) vfLeu~ ukVosQ iq#"kfujh{kdL; (vkjf{k.k%) drZO;ijk;.krk of.kZrkfLr Hkz"Vkpkjijk;.krk
ok\
2- fuEufyf[krL; 'yksdL; vk'k;a fgUnhHkk"k;k vk~XyHkk"k;k ok fy[kr&
{k.ks&{k.ks izo/Zrs /uk; fgark[kyS&
foZyksI;rsfrfunZ;a p tUrqfHkeZuq";rkA
foHkkftra txn~f}kk fugU;rs p ?kkroSQ&
jrho nSU;ekxrkfLr lk/qrk euq";rkAA
3- (d) v/ksfyf[krkuka inkuka i;kZ;ina ikBkr~ fpRok fy[kr&
---------------------------&
(i) iq=ko/w
---------------------------(ii) in=kk.ks
&

23

lkseizHke~
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)

ikd'kkyke~
'kh?kza oqQ#
ik=kkf.k
gUrqe~ bPNk

([k) lfU/a oqQ#r&

(i) dyg $ vkMEcj%
(ii) izpyfr $ v
(iii) u $ vfLr
(iv) izfr $ ,o
(v) e;k $ ,rr~
(vi) r=k $ ,o

&
&
&
&

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

&
&
&
&
&
&

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4- mnkgj.keuql`R; izfrizR;;la;ksxa
;Fkk& vk $ xe~ $ Y;i~
le~ $ iwt~ $ Y;i~
(d) vfHk $ xe~ $ Y;i~
([k) fo $ gk $ Y;i~
(x) fuj~ $ xe~ $ Y;i~
(?k) fo $ gl~ $ Y;i~
() iz $ Dy`i~ (i~) $ Y;i~
(p) le~ $ cq/~ $ Y;i~

oqQ#r&
& vkxR;
& lEiwT;
& ---------------------------& ---------------------------& ---------------------------& ---------------------------& ---------------------------& ----------------------------

5- v/ksfyf[krs"kq ins"kq milxZina fpuqr&

(d) ifjgh;rs & ---------------------------(x) vf/f{kifr & ---------------------------() izo/Zrs
& ---------------------------(N) mipjke% & ----------------------------

([k)
(?k)
(p)
(t)

ltkr%
izR;qkje~
foyksI;rs
mn~/`rorh

&
&
&
&

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

24

'kseq"kh

6-

LFkwyinkU;f/R; iz'ufuekZ.ka oqQ#r&

(d) v| fo|ky;e~ u xfe";kfeA
([k) vu;k nq"V;k pk;Hkktukfu =kksfVrkfuA
(x) foeyk vkRe=kk.kk; iz;rrsA
(?k) Roe~ lVkr~ eke~ mn~k`rorhA
() Roe~ osruL; xoZe~ mn~ogflA

7-

?kVukekuqlkja okD;kfu iqu% fy[kr &

(d) lkseizHkk vkjf{k.k% lehie~ vxPNr~A
([k) foeyk;k% 'oJw% rke~ dVqopuS% vkf{kifrA
(x) lk vkRe=kk.kk; iz;Rua djksfrA
(?k) foeyk;k% 'oJw% 'olqj% p rke~ Tokyf;rqe~ egkula u;r%A
() iq#"kfujh{kd% lkseizHk;k lg vkxPNfr rL;k% =kk.ka djksfrA

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
ifjp;&vokZphu laLr lkfgR; esa vusd jpukdkj viuh jpukvksa osQ ek;e ls lkekftd
folaxfr;ksa dk mn~?kkVu djrs gq, vU;k;] 'kks"k.k vkSj neu osQ izfrdkj osQ fy, vkku dj jgs
gSaA fL=k;ksa ij gksus okys vR;kpkj vkSj ukjh LokrU=; osQ Hkko dk fp=k.k vfHkjkt jktsUnz feJ
osQ ,dkadh ukVd ^oS/s;foee~* esa feyrk gS tks muosQ ,dkadh laxzg ^prq"iFkh;e~* esa
izdkf'kr gSA gfjnk 'kekZ dk ,dkadh ^o/wngue~* (f=kirkde~] 1987 esa ladfyr) Hkh blh
leL;k ij osQfUnzr gSA jkkkoYyHk f=kikBh dh turkygjh] jksfVdkygjh vkfn dkO; rFkk
izs{k.k& lIrde~ osQ vU; ,dkadh Hkh bl n`f"V ls iBuh; gSaA
izks- jk/koYyHk f=kikBh dk tUe 15 iQjojh 1949 bZ- dks e;izns'k osQ jktx<+ tuin esa
gqvkA vki MkW- gjhflag xkSj fo'ofo|ky; osQ laLr foHkkx esa vkpk;Z ,oa foHkkxk;{k gSaA
vkkqfud laLr lkfgR; esa vkidk eguh; ;ksxnku gSA

Hkkf"kdfoLrkj%
'kCnki;kfe & vkdkj;kfe & cqykrk gw & bl vFkZ esa 'kCnki;kfe 'kCn vk;k gSA fgUnh esa
bldk cM+k vPNk iz;ksx gS & ^vkokt nsrk gwA*
fir`ikne~ & ik /krq esa r`p~ izR;; tqM+us ls firk 'kCn cukA ikfr&j{kfr bfr firk vFkkZr~ tks
j{kk djrk gS og firk gSA vknj osQ fy, ikne~ 'kCn tksM+dj fir`ikne~ 'kCn
curk gS ftldk vFkZ gS iwT; firkthA

lkseizHke~
u`'kalrk

25

& u` $ 'kl~ $ v.k~ & u`'kal 'kCn cuk vkSj bldh Hkkookpd laKk u`'kalrk gSA
bldk vFkZ gS funZ;rk & dBksjrk] ozwQjrkA
vkRe=kk.kk; & vius =kk.k osQ fy, & vius cpko osQ fy,A =kS $ Dr vkSj ^r* dk uRo@.kRo
gksus ij =kk.ke~ 'kCn curk gSA vkReu% k.kk; & ;gk "k"Bh rRiq#"k lekl gSA
fujh{kosQ.k
& fuj~ $ bZ{k~ $ Y;qV~ esa ^v* djosQ fujh{kd 'kCn curk gS ftldk vFkZ gS ns[kus
okyk] fopkj djus okyk] voyksdu djus okykA blesa r`rh;k foHkfDr dk
iz;ksx gksus ij fujh{kosQ.k 'kCn cukA
lkoh
& lk/q 'kCn esa hi~ izR;; djosQ lkoh 'kCn fu"iUu gksrk gSA bldk vFkZ
gS&lrh L=kh ;k ifrozrk L=khA
mipkj%
& ^mi* milxZ iwoZd pj~ /krq ls ?kk~ izR;; djus ij mipkj% 'kCn fu"i gksrk
gS ftldk vFkZ gS & lsok & 'kqJw"kk] lRdkj] fpfdRlk vkfnA
fu"dkflrorh & ful~ milxZiwoZd ^dl~ /krq ls f.kp~ vkSj Drorq izR;; ls fu"dkflroku~ 'kCn
cukA L=khfy esa ;gh fu"dkflrorh gks x;kA
lkVksie~
& (lg vkVksius ) & ?keaM esa Hkjk gqvk ;k iQwyk gqvkA gsdM+h osQ lkFk] vdM+dj]
bBykdj ;k jksc osQ lkFk tc vkMEcjiwod
Z dksbZ ckr dgh tkrh gS rks mls
lkVksi dFku dgrs gSAa
1- fuEuizdkj osQ mnkgj.k ns[ksa] le>sa o ;kn djsa&
gUrqe~
bPNk
ft?kaklk
ikrqe~
bPNk
fiiklk
HkksDrqe~
bPNk
cqHkq{kk
Kkrqe~
bPNk
ftKklk
drqZe~
bPNk
fpdh"kkZ
Jksrqe~
bPNk
'kqJw"kk
nz"Vqe~
bPNk
fnn`{kk
2- fo'ks"k%&
z LoHkk"kk;ka lekukFkZdiz;ksxEkfUo";r&ftka pky;frA
z pk;is;L; ukfLr dkfi dFkkA
z fdfenkuha egknsO;k% izHkkrdkyks u ltkr%A
z vgks ,rkokaLro lkgl%A
v;srO;% xzUFk%&
prq"iFkh;e~& vfHkjkt jktsUnzfeJ%] oSt;Ur izdk'ku] bykgkcknA

prqFkZ% ikB%

dYir#%
izLrqr ikB ^osrkyipfoa'kfr%* uked dFkk laxzg ls fy;k x;k gS] ftlesa euksjtd ,oe~
vk'p;Ztud ?kVukvksa osQ ek;e ls thouewY;ksa dk fu:i.k fd;k x;k gSA bl dFkk esa
thewrokgu vius iwoZtksa osQ dky ls x`gks|ku esa vkjksfir dYio`{k ls lkalkfjd nzO;ksa dks u ekxdj
lalkj osQ izkf.k;ksa osQ nq%[kksa dks nwj djus dk ojnku ekxrk gS D;ksafd /u rks ikuh dh ygj osQ
leku papy gS] osQoy ijksidkj gh bl lalkj dk loksZR"V rFkk fpjLFkk;h ro gSA

vfLr fgeoku~ uke loZjRuHkwfeuZxUs nz%A rL; lkuks#ifj foHkkfr dpuiqja uke uxje~A
r=k thewrosQrqfjfr Jheku~ fo|k/jifr% olfr LeA rL; x`gks|kus oqQyekxr% dYir#%
fLFkr%A l jktk thewrosQrq% ra dYir#e~ vkjk; rRizlknkr~ p cksf/lRoka'klEHkoa
thewrokgua uke iq=ka izkIuksrA~ l egku~ nkuohj% loZHkwrkuqdEih p vHkor~A rL; xq.kS%
izlUu% LolfpoS'p izfs jr% jktk dkysu lEizkIr;kSoua ra ;kSojkT;sfHkf"kDroku~A ;kSojkT;s
fLFkr% l thewrokgu% dnkfpr~ fgrSf"kfHk% fir`efU=kfHk% mDr% & ;qojkt! ;ks;a
loZdken% dYir#% roks|kus fr"Bfr l ro lnk iwT;%A vfLeu~ vuqoQw ys fLFkrs
'kksfi ukLeku~ ckf/raq 'kDuq;kr~ bfrA
vkd.;SrZ r~ thewrokgu% vUrjfpUr;r~ & vgks cr! bZn'` keejiknia izkI;kfi iwo%ZS
iq#"kSjLekda rkn`'ka iQya fdefi uklkfnra fdUrq osQoya oSQf'pnso i.kS% df'pnfi
vFkksZ fFkZr%A rngeLekr~ euksjFkeHkh"Va lk/;kfe bfrA ,oekyksP; l firqjfUrdekxPNr~A
vkxR; p lq[keklhua firjesdkUrs U;osn;r~& rkr! Roa rq tkukfl ,o ;nfLeu~
lalkjlkxjs vk'kjhjfena lo /ua ohfpoPppye~A ,d% ijksidkj ,okfLeu~ lalkjsu'oj%
;ks ;qxkUri;ZUra ;'k% izlrw As rnLekfHkjhn`'k% dYir#% fdeFk j{;rs\ ;S'p iwojZS ;a ^ee
ee* bfr vkxzg.s k jf{kr%] rs bnkuha oqQ=k xrk%\ rs"kka dL;k;e~\ vL; ok osQ rs\ rLekr~
ijksidkjSdiQyfl;s RonkK;k bea dYiiknie~ vkjk/;kfeA

dYir#%

27

vFk fi=kk ^rFkk* bfr vH;uqKkr% l thewrokgu% dYir#e~ mixE; mokp &
nso! Ro;k vLeRiwo"Zs kke~ vHkh"Vk% dkek% iwfjrk%] rUeeSda dkea iwj;A ;Fkk i`Fohenfjnzka
i';kfe] rFkk djksrq nso** bfrA ,oaokfnfu thewrokgus ^^R;DrLRo;k ,"kksga ;krksfLe
bfr oko~Q rLekr~ rjks#nHkwrA~

{k.ksu p l dYir#% fnoa leqRiR; Hkqfo rFkk olwfu vo"kZr~ ;Fkk u dksfi nqxrZ
vklhr~A rrLrL; thewrokguL; loZthokuqdEi;k loZ=k ;'k% izfFkre~A

28

'kseq"kh

'kCnkFkkZ%
vnfjnzke~
fgeoku~
uxsUnz%
lkuks%
oqQyekxr%
;kSojkT;s
'k%
vfFkZr%
vfUrde~
ohfpor~
vH;uqKkr%
vfFkZus

nfjnzghuke~
fgeky;%
ioZrjkt%
f'k[kjL;
oqQyekn~ vkxr%
oqQyijEij;k lEizkIr%
;qojktins
bUnz%
;kfpr%
lehie~
rjo r~
vuqer%
;kpdk;

fnoe~
olwfu
mixE;
nqxZr%
loZthokuqdEi;k
izfFkre~

LoxZe~
/ukfu
lehia xRok
nqxfZ re~ vkiUu%
loZthosH;%i;k
izfle~

nfjnzrk ls jfgr vFkkZr~ lEiUu

fgeky;
ioZrksa dk jktk
f'k[kj osQ] pksVh osQ
oqQy&ijEijk ls
izkIr gqvk
;qojkt osQ in ij
bUnz
ekxk
ikl esa
rj dh rjg
vuqefr ik;k gqvk
ekxus okys osQ fy,] fHk[kkjh
osQ fy,
LoxZ
/u
Ikkl esa tkdj
ihfM+r] fu/Zu
lHkh thoksa osQ izfr ik ls
izfl gks x;k

vH;kl%
1-

v/ksfyf[krkuka iz'ukuke~ mkjkf.k laLrHkk"k;k fy[kr&

(d) dpuiqja uke uxja oqQ=k foHkkfr Le\
([k) thewrosQrq% d fopk;Z thewrokgua ;kSojkT;s vfHkf"kDroku~\
(x) dYirjks% oSf'k"V~;ekd.;Z thewrokgu% fde~ vfpUr;r~\
(?k) ikBkuqlkja lalkjsfLeu~ d d u'oje~ fdp vu'oje~\
() thewrokguL; ;'k% loZ=k dFka izfFkre~\

29

dYir#%
2-

v/ksfyf[krokD;s"kq LFkwyinkfu dLeS iz;qDrkfu\

(d) rL; lkuks#ifj foHkkfr dpuiqja uke uxje~A
([k) jktk lEizkIr;kSoua ra ;kSojkT;s vfHkf"kDroku~\
(x) v;a ro lnk iwT;%A
(?k) rkr! Roa rq tkukfl ;r~ /ua ohfpoPppye~A

3-

v/ksfyf[krkuka
(d) ioZr%
(x) bUnz%
() bfPNre~
(N) /fj=khe~
(>) ok.kh

4-

inkuka i;kZ;ina ikBkr~ fpRok fy[kr &

& -------------------------([k) Hkwifr%
-------------------------&
(?k) /ue~
-------------------------&
(p) lehie~
-------------------------&
(t) dY;k.ke~
-------------------------&
(k) o`{k%

&
&
&
&
&

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

^d* LrEHks fo'ks"k.kkfu ^[k* LrEHks p fo'ks";kf.k nkkfuA rkfu leqfpra ;kst;r&
^d* LrEHk
^[k* LrEHk
oqQyekxr%
ijksidkj%
nkuohj%
efU=kfHk%
fgrSf"kfHk%
thewrokgu%
ohfpoPppye~
dYir#%
vu'oj%
/ue~

5- (d) LofLr rqH;e~ LofLr 'kCnL; ;ksxs prqFkhZ foHkfDr% HkofrA bR;usu fu;esu
v=k prqFkhZ foHkfDr% iz;qDrkA ,oeso (dks"Bdxrs"kq ins"kq) prqFkh foHkfDra
iz;qT; fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&
(i) LofLr ---------------------- (jktk)
(ii) LofLr ---------------------- (iztk)
(iii) LofLr ---------------------- (Nk=k)
(iv) LofLr ---------------------- (loZtu)
([k) dks"Bdxrs"kq ins"kq "k"Bha foHkfDra iz;qT; fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&
(i) rL; ------------- m|kus dYir#% vklhr~A (x`g)
(ii) l% ------------- vfUrde~ vxPNr~A (fir`)

30

'kseq"kh
(iii) ------------- loZ=k ;'k% izfFkre~ (thewrokgu)
(iv) v;a ------------- r#%\ (fde~)

6- LFkwyinkU;f/R; iz'ufuekZ.ka oqQ#r&

(d) rjks% i;k l% iq=ke~ vizkIuksr~A
([k) l% dYirjos U;osn;r~A
(x) /uo`"V~;k dksfi nfjnz% ukfr"Br~A
(?k) dYir#% i`fFkO;ka /ukfu vo"kZr~A
() thokuqdEi;k thewrokguL; ;'k% izkljr~A
7- (d) ;FkkLFkkua lekla foxzga p oqQ#r&
(i) fo|k/jk.kka ifr% --------------------(ii) ---------------------------------- x`gks|kus
(iii) uxkuke~ bUnz% -------------------------(iv) -------------------------------- ijksidkj%
(v) thokuke~ vuqdEi;k ---------------([k) mnkgj.keuql`R; erqi~
;Fkk& fge $ erqi~
Jh $ erqi~
(i) 'kfDr $ erqi~
(ii) /u $ erqi~
(iii) cqf $ erqi~
(iv) /S;Z $ erqi~
(v) xq.k $ erqi~

(er~]

or~) izR;;iz;ksxa Rok inkfu jp;r&

fgeoku~
Jheku~
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
(d) xzUFk ifjp; & osrkyipfoa'kfrdk iPphl dFkkvksa dk laxzg gSA bl uke dh nks
jpuk, ikbZ tkrh gSaA ,d f'konkl (13oha 'krkCnh) }kjk fyf[kr xzUFk gS ftlesa x| vkSj
i| nksuksa fo/kvksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA nwljh tEHkynk dh jpuk gS tks osQoy x|e;h
gSA bl dFkk esa dgk x;k gS fd jktk foe dks izfro"kZ dksbZ rkaf=kd lksus dk ,d iQy

dYir#%

31

nsrk gSA mlh rkaf=kd osQ dgus ij jktk foe 'e'kku ls 'ko ykrk gSA ftl ij lokj
gksdj ,d osrky ekxZ esa jktk osQ euksjtu osQ fy, dFkk lqukrk gSA dFkk lqurs le; jktk
dks ekSu jgus dk funsZ'k nsrk gSA dgkuh osQ vUr esa osrky jktk ls dgkuh ij vkkkfjr ,d
iz'u iwNrk gSA jktk mldk lgh mkj nsrk gSA 'krZ osQ vuqlkj osrky iqu% 'e'kku igqp
tkrk gSA bl rjg iPphl ckj ,slh gh ?kVukvksa dh vko`fk gksrh gS vkSj osrky jktk dks
,d&,d djosQ iPphl dFkk, lqukrk gSA ;s dFkk, vR;Ur jkspd] Hkkoiz/ku vkSj foosd
dh ijh{kk ysus okyh gSaA
([k) Dr Drorq iz;ksx%&
Dr & bl izR;; dk iz;ksx lkekU;r% deZokP; esa gksrk gSA
Drorq & bl izR;; dk iz;ksx dr`ZokP; esa gksrk gSA
Dr izR;;%&
z thewrokgu% fgrSf"kfHk% efU=kfHk% mDRk%A
z o`Qi.kS% df'pnfi vFkZ% vfFkZr%A
z Ro;k vLeRdkek% iwfjrk%A
z rL; ;'k% izfFkre~ (dr`ZokP; esa Dr)
Drorq izR;;%&
z lk iq=ka ;kSojkT;insfHkf"kDroku~A~
z ,rnkd.;Z thewrokgu% fpfUrroku~A
z l lq[kklhua firja fuosfnroku~A
z thewrokgu% dYir#e~ mDroku~A
(x) yksddY;k.k&dkeuk&fo"k;d dfri; 'yksd&
z losZ HkoUrq lqf[ku%] losZ lUrq fujke;k%A
losZ Hknzkf.k i';Urq] ek df'pn~ nq%[kHkkXHkosr~AA
z loZLrjrq nqxkZf.k] loksZ Hknzkf.k i';rqA
loZ% dkekuokIuksrq] loZ% loZ=k uUnrqAA
z u Roga dke;s jkT;a u Lox u iquHkZoe~A
dke;s nq%[krIrkuka izkf.kukekfrZuk'kue~AA
v;srO;% xzUFk%
osrkyipo'kfrdFkk] vuqoknd] nkeksnj >k] pkS[kEHkk fo|kHkou] okjk.klh] 1968

ipe% ikB%

lwfDrekSfDrde~
laLr lkfgR; esa uhfr&xzUFkksa dh le` ijEijk gSA buesa lkjxfHkZr vkSj ljy :i esa uSfrd f'k{kk,
nh xbZ gSa] ftudk mi;ksx djosQ euq"; vius thou dks liQy vkSj le` cuk ldrk gSA ,sls gh
euksgkjh vkSj cgqewY; lqHkkf"kr ;gk ladfyr gSa] ftuesa lnkpj.k dh egkk] fiz;ok.kh dh
vko';drk] ijksidkjh iq#"k dk LoHkko] xq.kktZu dh izsj.kk] fe=krk dk Lo:i vkSj mke iq#"k
osQ lEioZQ ls gksus okyh 'kksHkk dh iz'kalk vkSj lRlaxfr dh efgek vkfn fo"k;ksa dk izfriknu fd;k
x;k gSA

o`ka ;Rusu laj{ksn~ fokesfr p ;kfr pA

v{kh.kks fokr% {kh.kks o`krLrq grks gr%AA
&euqLe`fr%

Jw;rka /eZloZLoa JqRok pSoko/k;Zrke~A

vkReu% izfrowQykfu ijs"kka u lekpjsr~AA
&fonqjuhfr%

fiz;okD;iznkusu losZ rq";fUr tUro%A

rLekn~ rnso oDrO;a opus dk nfjnzrkAA
&pk.kD;uhfr%

ficfUr u|% Lo;eso ukEHk%

Lo;a u [kknfUr iQykfu o`{kk%A
uknfUr lL;a [kyq okfjokgk%
ijksidkjk; lrka foHkwr;%AA
&lqHkkf"krjRuHkk.Mkxkje~

33

lwfDrekSfDrde~

xq.ks"oso fg drZO;% iz;Ru% iq#"kS% lnkA

xq.k;qDrks nfjnzks fi us'ojSjxq.kS% le%AA
&e`PNdfVde~

vkjEHkxqohZ {kf;.kh es.k

y?oh iqjk o`ferh p i'pkr~A
fnuL; iwokZiZ jkZfHkUuk
Nk;so eS=kh [kylTtukuke~AA
&uhfr'krde~

;=kkfi oqQ=kkfi xrk Hkos;&q

glk
eghe.Mye.Muk;A
gkfuLrq rs"kka fg ljksojk.kka
;s"kka ejkyS% lg foiz;ksx%AA
&Hkkfeuhfoykl%

xq.kk xq.kKs"kq xq.kk HkofUr

rs fuxqZ.ka izkI; HkofUr nks"kk%A
vkLok|rks;k% izogfUr u|%
leqnez klk| HkoUR;is;k%AA
&fgrksins'k%

'kCnkFkkZ%
foke~
o`ke~
v{kh.k%
/eZloZLoe~
izfrowQykfu
rq";fUr
oDrO;e~

/ue~
vkpj.ke~
u {kh.k%] lEiUu%
drZO;lkj%
foijhrkfu
rks"ke~ vuqHkofUr
dFkuh;e~

/u] ,s'o;Z
vkpj.k] pfj=k
u"V u gqvk
/eZ (drZO;cks/) dk lc oqQN
vuqowQy ugha
lUrq"V gksrs gSa
dguk pkfg,

34

okfjokgk%
foHkwr;%
xq.k;qDr%
vxq.kS%
vkjEHkxqohZ
{kf;.kh
o`ferh
iwokZZijkZfHkk

'kseq"kh

[kylTtukuke~
eghe.Mye.Muk;

es?kk%
le`;%
xq.koku~] xq.klEiUu%
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i`FkXHkwrk
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ejkyS%
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vis;k%

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ty ogu djus okys ckny

lEifk;k
xq.kksa ls ;qDr
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vkjEHk esa yEch
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fy,
galksa ls
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ikdj
u ihus ;ksX;

vH;kl%
1- v/ksfyf[kriz'ukuke~ mkjkf.k laLrHkk"k;k fy[kr&
(d) ;Rusu d j{ksr~ foka o`ka ok\
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(x) tUro% osQu fof/uk rq";fUr\
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() lTtukuka eS=kh dhn`'kh Hkofr\
(p) ljksojk.kka gkfu% dnk Hkofr\
(N) u|k% tya dnk vis;a Hkofr\

35

lwfDrekSfDrde~
2-

^d* LrEHks fo'ks"k.kkfu ^[k* LrEHks p fo'ks";kf.k nkkfu] rkfu ;Fkksfpra ;kst;r&
^d* LrEHk%
^[k* LrEHk%
(d) vkLok|rks;k%
(1) [kykuka eS=kh
([k) xq.k;qDr%
(2) lTtukuka eS=kh
(x) fnuL; iwokZZfHkk
(3) u|%
(?k) fnuL; ijkZfHkk
(4) nfjnz%

3-

v/ksfyf[kr;ks% 'yksd};ks% vk'k;a fgUnhHkk"k;k vk~XyHkk"k;k ok fy[kr&

(d) vkjEHkxqohZ {kf;.kh es.k
y?oh iqjk o`ferh p i'pkr~A
fnuL;
iwokZZijkZfHkUuk
Nk;so eS=kh [kylTtukuke~AA
([k) fiz;okD;iznkusu losZ rq";fUr tUro%A
rLekRrnso oDrO;a opus dk nfjnzrkAA

4-

v/ksfyf[krinsH;% fHkUuizfrda ina fpRok fy[kr&

(d) oDrO;e~] dkZO;e~] loZLoe~] gUrO;e~A
([k) ;Rusu] opus] fiz;okD;iznkusu] ejkysuA
(x) Jw;rke~] vo/k;Zrke~] /uorke~] {kE;rke~A
(?k) tUro%] u|%] foHkwr;%] ifjr%A

5-

LFkwyinkU;f/R; iz'uokD;fuekZ.ka oqQ#r&

(d) o`kr% {kh.k% gr% HkofrA
([k) /eZloZLoa JqRok vo/k;Zrke~A
(x) o`{kk% iQya u [kknfUrA
(?k) [kykuke~ eS=kh vkjEHkxqohZ HkofrA

6- v/ksfyf[krkfu okD;kfu yksV~ydkjs ifjorZ;r&

;Fkk& l% ikBa iBfrA
&
(d) u|% vkLok|rks;k% lfUrA
&
([k) l% lnSo fiz;okD;a onfrA
&
(x) Roa ijs"kka izfrowQykfu u lekpjflA &

l% ikBa iBrqA
-------------------------------------------------------------

36

'kseq"kh
(?k) rs o`ka ;Rusu laj{kfUrA
() vge~ ijksidkjk; dk; djksfeA

7-

&
&

-----------------------------------------

mnkgj.keuql`R; dks"BosQ"kq nRrs"kq 'kCns"kq mfprka foHkfDra iz;qT; fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&

;Fkk& rs"kka ejkyS% lg foiz;ksx% HkofrA (ejky)
(d) ------------------ lg Nk=k% 'kks/dk; djksfrA (v;kid)
([k) ------------------ lg iq=k% vki.ka xroku~A (fir`)
(x) d Roe~ ------------------ lg efUnja xPNfl\ (eqfu)
(?k) cky% ------------------ lg [ksfyrqa xPNfrA (fe=ke~)

ifj;kstukdk;Ze~
(d) ijksidkjfo"k;da 'yksd};e~ vfUo"; Le`Rok p d{kk;ka lLoja iBA
([k) u|k% ,da lqUnja fp=ka fuekZ; lady; ok o.kZ;r ;r~ rL;k% rhjs euq";k% i'ko%
[kxk'p fufoZ?ua tya ficfUrA

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
laLr&lkfgR; esa lkjxfHkZr] ykSfdd ikjykSfdd ,oa uSfrdewY;ksa okys lqHkkf"krksa dh cgqyrk gS
tkss ns[kus esa NksVs izrhr gksrs gSa fdUrq xEHkhj Hkko okys gksrs gSaA ekuo&thou esa budk vrho ego
gSA

HkkofoLrkj%
(d) vkLok|rks;k% izogfUr u|%A
[kkjs leqnz esa feyus ij Lokfn"V tyokyh ufn;ksa dk ty vis; gks tkrk gSA blh HkkolkE;
osQ vk/kj ij dgk x;k gS fd lalxZtk% nks"kxq.kk% HkofUrA
([k) Nk;so eS=kh [kylTtukuke~A
nq"V O;fDRk fe=krk djrk gS vkSj lTtu O;fDr Hkh fe=krk djrk gSA ijUrq nksuksa dh eS=kh] fnu
osQ iwokZZ ,oa ijkZ dkyhu Nk;k dh Hkkfr gksrh gSA okLro esa nq"V O;fDr dh eS=kh osQ fy,
'yksd dk izFke pj.k vkjEHkxqohZ {kf;.kh es.k dgk x;k gS rFkk lTtu dh eS=kh osQ
fy, f}rh; pj.k ^y?ohiqjk o`ferh p i'pkr~* dgk x;k gSA

37

lwfDrekSfDrde~

Hkkf"kdfoLrkj%
(1) fokr% & fok 'kCn ls rfly~ izR;; fd;k x;k gSA iapeh foHkfDr osQ vFkZ esa yxus okys
rfly~ izR;; dk r% gh 'ks"k jgrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ& lkxj $ rfly~ lkxjr%]
iz;kx $ rfly~ iz;kxr%] nsgyh $ rfly~ nsgyhr% vkfnA blh izdkj
o`kr% 'kCn esa Hkh rfly~ izR;; yxk djosQ o`kr% 'kCn cuk;k x;k gSA
lekpjsr~ & le~ $ vk~ $ pj~ $ fof/fy~ $ izFkeiq#"k $ ,dopu
rq";fUr & rq"k~ $ yV~ydkj $ izFkeiq#"k $ cgqopu
laj{ksr~ & le~ $ j{k~ $ fof/fy~ $ izFkeiq#"k $ ,dopu
gr%
& gu~ $ Dr izR;; (iqafYy iz-fo-,-o-)
(2) milxZ & f;k osQ iwoZ tqM+us okys iz] ijk vkfn 'kCnksa dks milxZ dgk tkrk gSA bu milxksZa
osQ tqM+us ls f;k osQ vFkZ esa ifjorZu vk tkrk gSA
tSls& ^* /krq ls milxks dk ;ksx gksus ij fuEufyf[kr :i curs gSa
iz $ & izgjfr] izgkj (geyk djuk)
fo $ & fogjfr] fogkj (Hkze.k djuk)
mi $ & migjfr] migkj (HksaV nsuk)
le~ $ & lagjfr] lagkj (ekjuk)
(3) 'kCnksa dks L=khfy esa ifjofrZr djus osQ fy, L=kh izR;; dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bu izR;;ksa
esa Vki~ o hi~ eq[; gSaA
tSls& cky $ Vki~
& ckyk
v;kid $ Vki~ & v;kfidk
y?kq $ hi~
& y?oh
xq# $ hi~
& xqohZ
lk/q $ hi~
& lkoh

"k"B% ikB%

HkzkUrks cky%
izLrqr ikB ^laLr izkS<ikBkofy%* uked xzUFk ls lEikfnr dj fy;k x;k gSA bl dFkk esa ,d
,sls ckyd dk fp=k.k gS] ftldk eu v;;u dh vis{kk [ksy&owQn esa yxk jgrk gSA ;gk rd
fd og [ksyus osQ fy, i'kq&if{k;ksa rd dk vkokgu (vkku) djrk gS fdUrq dksbZ mlds lkFk
[ksyus osQ fy, rS;kj ugha gksrkA blls og cgqr fujk'k gksrk gSA vUrr% mls cks/ gksrk gS fd lHkh
vius&vius dk;ks esa O;Lr gSAa os Q oy ogh fcuk fdlh dke osQ bkj&mkj ?kwerk jgrk gSA og
fu'p; djrk gS fd vc O;FkZ esa le; xokuk NksM+dj viuk dk;Z djsxkA

HkzkUr% d'pu cky% ikB'kkykxeuosyk;ka hfMrqa futZxkeA fdUrq rsu lg osQfyfHk%

dkya {ksIrqa rnk dksfi u o;L;s"kq miyH;eku vklhr~A ;rLrs losZ fi iwofZ nuikBku~
Le`Rok fo|ky;xeuk; Rojek.kk cHkwo%q A rUnzkyqckZyks yTt;k rs"kka n`f"ViFkefi ifjgjUusdkdh
fdeI;q|kua izfoos'kA
l fpUr;kekl&fojeURosrs ojkdk% iqLrdnklk%A vga iqujkRekua fouksnf;";kfeA uuq
Hkw;ks nz{;kfe ozQq L; mik;k;L; eq[ke~A lURosrs fu"oqQVokflu ,o izkf.kuks ee o;L;k
bfrA
vFk l iq"iks|kua oztUra e/qdja n`"V~ok ra hMkgsrksjkg~o;r~A l f}fL=kjL;kg~okueso
u eku;keklA rrks Hkw;ks Hkw;% gBekpjfr ckys lksxk;r~&o;a fg e/qlxa gz O;xzk bfrA
rnk l cky% ^reusu feF;kxfoZrus dhVsu* bR;U;rks nkn`f"V'pVdesda pPok
r`.k'kykdkfndeknnkuei';r~A mokp p&^^vf; pVdiksr! ekuq"kL; ee fe=ka Hkfo";flA
,fg hMko%A R;t 'kq"desrr~ r`.ke~ Loknwfu Hk{;doykfu rs nkL;kfe** bfrA l rq
^uhM% dk;ksZ cVnz'q kk[kk;ka r|kfe dk;s.Z k* bR;qDRok LodeZO;xzks cHkwoA
rnk f[kUuks ckyd% ,rs if{k.kks ekuq"ks"kq uksixPNfUrA rnUos"k;kE;ija ekuq"kksfpra
fouksnf;rkjfefr ifjE; iyk;ekua defi 'okueokyksd;r~A izhrks ckyLrfeRFka

39

HkzkUrkss cky%

lacksk;kekl js ekuq"kk.kka fe=k! d i;ZVfl vfLeu~ funk?kfnols\ vkJ;Losna izPNk;'khrya

r#ewye~A vgefi hMklgk;a Rokesokuq:ia i';kehfrA oqQDoqQj% izR;kg&
;ks eka iq=kizhR;k iks"k;fr Lokfeuks x`gs rL;A
j{kkfu;ksxdj.kkUu e;k Hkz"VO;eh"knfiAA bfrA

loSZ jos a fuf"k% l ckyks fof?ureuksjFk% lu~&^dFkefLeu~ txfr izR;sda Lo&LoR;s

fueXuks HkofrA u dksI;gfeo o`Fkk dky{ksia lgrsA ue ,rsH;% ;SeZs rUnzkyqrk;ka oqQRlk
lekikfnrkA vFk Loksfpregefi djksfe bfr fopk;Z Rofjra ikB'kkykeqitxkeA
rr% izHk`fr l fo|kO;luh HkwRok egrha oSn"q kha izFkka lEina p ysHksA

40

'kseq"kh

'kCnkFkkZ%
HkzkUr%
hfMrqe~
futZxke
osQfyfHk%
dkya {ksIrqe~
Rojek.kk%
rUnzkyq%
n`f"ViFke~
fpUr;kekl
iqLrdnklk%
mik;k;L;
fu"oqQVokflu%
hMkgsrks%
vkkue~
gBekpjfr
e/qlaxzgO;xzk%
Hkw;ks Hkw;%
feF;kxfoZrsu
pVde~
pPok
vknnkue~
Loknwfu
Hk{;doykfu
LodeZO;xz%
vUos"k;kfe
fouksnf;rkje~
iyk;ekue~

Hkze;qDr%
[ksfyrqe~
fu"kUr%
hMkfHk%
le;a ;kif;rqe~
Rojka oqQoZUr%] Roj;Ur%
vyl%] vf;%
n`f"Ve~
vfpUr;r~
iqLrdkuka nklk%
vkpk;ZL;
o`{kdksVjfuokflu%
osQfyfufeke~
vkeU=k.ke~
vkxzgiwod
Z a O;ogkja
oqQoZfr lfr
iq"ijlladyurRijk%
iqu% iqu%
O;FkkZgk j;qDrsu
i{kh
ppqiqVsu
x`Ure~
Lokfn"Vkfu
Hk{k.kh;xzklk%
Lodh;dk;s"Z kq rRij%
vUos"k.ka djksfe
euksjtudkfj.ke~
/koUre~

Hkzfer
[ksyus osQ fy,
fudy x;k
[ksy }kjk
le; fcrkus osQ fy,
'kh?kzrk djrs gq,
vkylh
fuxkg
lkspk
iqLrdksa osQ xqyke
xq# osQ
o`{k osQ dksVj esa jgus okys
[ksyus osQ fufek
cqykok
gB djus ij
iq"i osQ jl osQ laxzg esa yxs gq,
ckj&ckj
>wBs xoZ okys
fpfM+;k
pksap ls
xzg.k djrs gq, dks
Lokn;qDr
[kkus osQ fy, mi;qDr dkSj
vius dk;ks esa layXu
[kkstrk gw
euksjatu djus okys dks
Hkkxrs gq,

41

HkzkUrkss cky%
voyksd;r~
cVnzq'kk[kk;ka
lacks/;kekl
funk?kfnols
osQyhlgk;e~
vuq:ie~
oqQDoqQj%
j{kkfu;ksxdj.kkr~
Hkz"VO;e~
bZ"knfi
fuf"k%
fof?ureuksjFk%
dky{ksie~
rUnzkyqrk;ke~
oqQRlk
fo|kO;luh
izFkke~

vi';r~
oVo`{kL; 'kk[kk;ka
lacksf/roku~
xzh"efnus
hMklgk;de~
;ksX;e~
'ok
lqj{kkdk;Zo'kkr~
ifrrO;e~
vYiek=kke~ vfi
vLohr%
[kf.Mrdke%
le;L; ;kiue~
rUnzkyqtuL; Hkkos]
vylRos
?k`.kk] HkRlZuk
v;;ujr%
izflfe~

vH;kl%
1-

v/ksfyf[krkuka iz'ukuke~ mkjkf.k laLrHkk"k;k fy[kr&

(d) cky% dnk hfMrqa futZxke\
([k) ckyL; fe=kkf.k fdeFk Rojek.kk cHkwoq%\
(x) e/qdj% ckydL; vkkua osQu dkj.ksu u veU;r\
(?k) ckyd% dhn`'ka pVde~ vi';r~\
() ckyd% pVdk; hMukFk dhn`'ka yksHka nkoku~\
(p) f[kUu% ckyd% 'okua fde~ vdFk;r~\
(N) fof?ureuksjFk% cky% fde~ vfpUr;r~\

ns[kk
cjxn osQ isM+ dh 'kk[kk ij
lacksf/r fd;k
xehZ osQ fnu esa
[ksy esa lg;ksxh
mi;qDr
oqQkk
j{kk osQ dk;Z esa yxs gksus ls
gVuk pkfg,
FkksM+k&lk Hkh
euk fd;k x;k
VwVh bPNkvksa okyk
le; fcrkuk
vkyL; esa
?k`.kkHkko
fo|k esa jr jgus okyk
[;kfr] izflf

42

'kseq"kh

2-

fuEufyf[krL; 'yksdL; HkkokFk fgUnhHkk"k;k vk~XyHkk"k;k ok fy[kr&

;ks eka iq=kizhR;k iks"k;fr Lokfeuks x`gs rL;A
j{kkfu;ksxdj.kkUu e;k Hkz"VO;eh"knfiAA

3-

HkzkUrks cky% bfr dFkk;k% lkjka'ka fgUnhHkk"k;k vk~XyHkk"k;k ok fy[krA

4-

LFkwyinkU;f/R; iz'ufuekZ.ka oqQ#r &

(d) Loknwfu Hk{;doykfu rs nkL;feA
([k) pVd% LodeZf.k O;xz% vklhr~A
(x) oqQDoqQj% ekuq"kk.kka fe=ke~ vfLrA
(?k) l egrha oSnq"kha yC/oku~A
() j{kkfu;ksxdj.kkr~ e;k u Hkz"VO;e~ bfrA

5- ,rsH;% ue% & bfr mnkgj.keuql`R; ue% bR;L; ;ksxs prqFkhZ foHkDrs% iz;ksxa Rok
ipokD;kfu jp;rA
6-

^d* LrEHks leLrinkfu ^[k* LrEHks p rs"kka foxzg% nkkfu] rkfu ;Fkkle{ka fy[kr&
^d* LrEHk
^[k* LrEHk
(d) n`f"ViFke~
(1) iq"ik.kke~ m|kue~
([k) iqLrdnklk%
(2) fo|k;k% O;luh
(x) fo|kO;luh
(3) n`"Vs% iUFkk%
(?k) iq"iks|kue~
(4) iqLrdkuka nklk%

7- (d) v/ksfyf[krs"kq in;qXes"kq ,da fo'ks";ine~ vijp fo'ks"k.kine~A fo'ks"k.kine~

fo'ks";ina p i`Fko~Q&i`Fko~Q fpRok fy[kr&
fo'ks"k.ke~
fo'ks";e~
--------------------------------------(i) f[kUu% cky%
&
--------------------------------------&
(ii) iyk;ekua 'okue~
--------------------------------------&
(iii) izhr% ckyd%
--------------------------------------&
(iv) Loknwfu Hk{;doykfu
--------------------------------------&
(v) Rojek.kk% o;L;k%

43

HkzkUrkss cky%
([k) dks"Bdxrs"kq ins"kq lIrehfoHkDrs% iz;ksxa Rok fjDrLFkkuiwfr oqQ#r&
(i) cky% ------------------------------ hfMrqa futZxkeA (ikB'kkykxeuosyk)
(ii) ------------------------------ txfr izR;sda LoR;s fueXuks HkofrA (bne~)
(iii) [kx% ------------------------------ uhMa djksfrA ('kk[kk)
(iv) vfLeu~ ------------------------------ fdeFk i;ZVfl\ (funk?kfnol)
(v) ------------------------------ fgeky;% mPpre%A (ux)
ifj;kstukdk;Ze~

(d) ,dfLeu~ LiQksjdis (chart-paper) ,dL; m|kuL; fp=ka fuekZ; lady; ok

ipokD;s"kq rL; o.kZua oqQ#rA
([k) ifjJeL; egoe~ bfr fo"k;s fgUnh Hkk"k;k vk~XyHkk"k;k ok ip okD;kfu fy[krA

Hkkf"kdfoLrkj%
(1) f;k osQ fuEufyf[kr :iksa dks ;kuiwoZd ns[ksa le>sa o vH;kl djsa&
iBfr (i<+rk@i<+rh gS)
ikB;fr (i<+krk@i<+krh gS)
ikB;kekl (i<+k;k)
;Fkk& l% iqLrda iBfrA
f'k{kd% Nk=kku~ ikB;frA
vkpk;Z% osnku~ ikB;keklA
blh izdkj oqQN vU; :i Hkh izLrqr
cks/fr
cks/;fr
djksfr
dkj;fr
fy[kfr
ys[k;fr
xPNfr
xe;fr
glfr
gkl;fr
k`.kksfr
Jko;fr
/kofr
/ko;fr
x`kfr
xzkg;fr
nnkfr
nki;fr

gSa&
cks/;kekl
dkj;kekl
ys[k;kekl
xe;kekl
gkl;kekl
Jko;kekl
/ko;kekl
xzkg;kekl
nki;kekl

44

'kseq"kh
gjfr
u;fr

gkj;fr
uk;;fr

gkj;kekl
uk;;kekl

(2) ;L; p Hkkosu Hkkoy{k.ke~&tgk ,d f;k osQ gksus ls nwljh f;k osQ gksus dk Kku gks
rks igyh f;k osQ dkkZ esa lIreh foHkfDr gksrh gSA bls ^lfr lIreh* ;k ^Hkkos lIreh*
Hkh dgrs gSaA
;Fkk& mfnrs lforfj deya fodlfrA
xtZfr es?ks e;wj% vu`R;r~A
u`R;fr f'kos u`R;fUr f'kox.kk%A
gBekpjfr ckys Hkzej% vxk;r~A
mfnrs uS"k/s dkO;s Do ek?k% Do p Hkkjfo%A
(3) vU;inkFkZ iz/kuks cgqozhfg%&ftl lekl esa iwoZ vkSj mkj inksa ls fHkUu fdlh vU; in osQ
vFkZ dk izk/kU; gksrk gS og cgqozhfg lekl dgykrk gSA
;Fkk& ihrkEcj%
& ihre~ vEcja ;L; l% (fo".kq%)A
uhyd.B%
& uhy% d.B% ;L; l% (f'ko%)A
vuqfpfUrriwoZfnuikBk% & vuqfpfUrrk% iwoZfnuL; ikBk% ;S% rsA
fof?ureuksjFk%
& fof?ur% euksjFk% ;L; l%A
nkn`f"V%
& nkk n`f"V% ;su l%A

lIre% ikB%

izR;fHkKkue~
izLrqr ikB Hkkljfpr ^ipjk=ke~* uked ukVd ls lEikfnr dj fy;k x;k gSA nq;ksZku vkfn
dkSjo ohjksa us jktk fojkV dh xk;ksa dk vigj.k dj fy;kA fojkV&iq=k mkj c`gUuyk (Nn~eos"kh
vtquZ ) dks lkjFkh cukdj dkSjoksa ls ;q djus tkrk gSA dkSjoksa dh vksj ls vfHkeU;q (vtquZ &iq=k)
Hkh ;q djrk gSA ;q esa dkSjoksa dh ijkt; gksrh gSA blh chp fojkV dks lwpuk feyrh gS] oYyHk
(Nn~eos"kh Hkhe) us j.kHkwfe esa vfHkeU;q dks idM+ fy;k gSA vfHkeU;q Hkhe rFkk vtquZ dks ugha
igpku ikrk vkSj muls mxzrkiwoZd ckrphr djrk gSA nksuksa vfHkeU;q dks egkjkt fojkV osQ le{k
izLrqr djrs gSaA vfHkeU;q mUgsa iz.kke ugha djrkA mlh le; jktoqQekj mkj ogk igqprk gS ftlosQ
jgL;ksn~?kkVu ls vtqZu rFkk Hkhe vkfn ik.Moksa osQ Nn~eos"k dk mn~?kkVu gks tkrk gSA

HkV%
jktk
HkV%

& t;rq egkjkt%A

& viwoZ bo rs g"kksZ czfw g osQukfl fofLer%\
& vJs;a fiz;a izkIra
lkSHknzks xzg.ka xr%AA
jktk & dFkfenkuha x`ghr%\
HkV% & jFkeklk| fu''ka
ckgqH;keorkfjr%A
(izdk'ke~) br br%
oqQekj%A
vfHkeU;q% & Hkks% dks uq [kYos"k%\ ;su Hkqtd
S fu;fU=krks cykfkosQukfi u ihfMr%
vfLeA

46

c`gUuyk
vfHkeU;q%
c`gUuyk
Hkhelsu%
vfHkeU;q%
Hkhelsu%
c`gUuyk
vfHkeU;q%

'kseq"kh

&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&

c`gUuyk &
vfHkeU;q% &
c`gUuyk &
vfHkeU;q% &
vfHkeU;q% &
c`gUuyk &

vfHkeU;q% &
c`gUuyk &
vfHkeU;q% &
jktk

&

br br% oqQekj%A
v;s! v;eij% d% foHkkR;qekos"kfeokfJrks gj%A
vk;Z] vfHkHkk"k.kdkSrgw ya es egr~A okpky& ;Rosuek;Z%A
(viok;Z) ck<e~ (izdk'ke~) vfHkeU;ks!
vfHkeU;qukZe\
#";R;s"k e;k RoesouS efHkHkk"k;A
vfHkeU;ks!
dFka dFke~A vfHkeU;qukZekge~A Hkks%! fde=k fojkVuxjs {kf=k;oa'kksnH~ kwrk%
uhpS% vfi ukefHk% vfHkHkk";Urs vFkok vga 'k=kqo'ka xr%A vr,o
frjfL;rsA
vfHkeU;ks! lq[kekLrs rs tuuh\
dFka dFke~\ tuuh uke\ d Hkoku~ es firk vFkok fir`O;%\ dFka eka
fir`onkE; L=khxrka dFkka i`PNls\
vfHkeU;ks! vfi oqQ'kyh nsodhiq=k% osQ'ko%\
dFka dFke~\ r=kHkoUrefi ukEukA vFk fde~ vFk fde~\
(mHkkS ijLijeoyksd;r%)
dFkfenkuha lkoKfeo eka gL;rs\
u [kyq fdfpr~A
ikFk firjeqf'; ekrqya p tuknZue~A
r#.kL; rkL=kL; ;qDrks ;qijkt;%AA
vya LoPNUnizykisu! vLekoaQ oqQys vkReLroa drqeZ uqfpre~A j.kHkwekS
grs"kq 'kjku~ i';] en`rs vU;r~ uke u Hkfo";frA
,oa okD;'kkS.Mh;ZeA~ fdeFk rsu inkfruk x`ghr%\
v'kL=ka ekefHkxr%A firje~ vtquZ a Leju~ vga dFka gU;ke~A v'kL=ks"kq
ekn`'kk% u izgjfUrA vr% v'kL=kks;a eka opf;Rok x`ghroku~A
Ro;Zrka Ro;ZrkefHkeU;q%A

izR;fHkKkue~

47

c`gUuyk & br br% oqQekj%A ,"k egkjkt%A miliZrq oqQekj%A

vfHkeU;q% & vk%A dL; egkjkt%\
jktk
& ,sfs g iq=k! dFka u ekefHkokn;fl\ (vkRexre~) vgks! mfRlDr%
[kYo;a {kf=k;oqQekj%A vgeL; niZi'z keua djksfeA (izdk'ke~) vFk
osQuk;a x`ghr%\
Hkhelsu% & egkjkt! e;kA
vfHkeU;q% & v'kL=ks.ksR;fHk/h;rke~A
Hkhelsu% & 'kkUra ikie~A /uqLrq nqcy
Z %S ,o x`rsA ee rq HkqtkS ,o izgj.ke~A
vfHkeU;q% & ek rkon~ Hkks%! d Hkoku~ e;e% rkr% ;% rL; ln`'ka op% onfrA
Hkxoku~ & iq=k! dks;a e;eks uke\
vfHkeU;q% & ;ksD=kf;Rok tjklU/a d.Bf'y"Vsu ckgqukA
vla deZ rr~ Rok uhr% ".kksrngZrke~AA
jktk
& u rs {ksis.k #";kfe] #";rk Hkork jesA
fdeqDRok ukijkksga] dFka fr"Bfr ;kfRofrAA
vfHkeU;q% & ;|geuqxkz % &
ikn;ks% leqnkpkj% f;rka fuxzgksfpr%A
ckgqH;kekra Hkhe% ckgqH;keso us";frAA
(rr% izfo'kR;qkj%)
mkj%
& rkr! vfHkokn;s!
jktk
& vk;q"eku~ Hko iq=kA iwftrk% rdekZ.kks ;ks/iq#"kk%A
mkj%
& iwT;reL; f;rka iwtkA
jktk
& iq=k! dLeS\
mkj%
& bgk=kHkors /ut;k;A
jktk
& dFka /ut;k;sfr\
mkj%
& vFk fde~
'e'kkukuqjknk;
rw.khjk{k;lk;osQA
u`ik Hkh"ekn;ks HkXuk o;a p ifjjf{krk%AA

48

jktk
mkj%

'kseq"kh

& ,oesrr~A
& O;iu;rq HkokNk e~A v;eso vfLr /uq/jZ % kut;%A

c`gUuyk & ;|ga vtquZ % rfgZ v;a Hkhelsu% v;a p jktk ;qfkf"Bj%A
vfHkeU;q% & bgk=kHkoUrks es firj%A rsu [kyq --u #";fUr e;k f{kIrk glUr'p f{kifUr eke~A
fn"V~;k xksxzg.ka LoUra firjks ;su nf'kZrk%AA
(bfr es.k lokZu~ iz.kefr] losZ p re~ vkfy~xfUrA)

49

izR;fHkKkue~

'kCnkFkkZ%
izR;fHkKkue~
viwoZ%
vJs;e~
lkSHknz%
vklk|
fu''ke~
HkqtSdfu;fU=kr%

iqu% Kkue~] laLdkj&tU;a

Kkue~] iqu% Le`fr%
vfo|eku~ iwo%Z
u Js;e~
lqHknzk;k% iq=k%] vfHkeU;q%
izkI;
'k;k jfgre~
,osQu ,o ckgquk la;r%

foHkkfr
dkSrwgye~
viok;Z
#";fr
okpky;rq
frjfL;rs
fir`O;%
voyksd;r%
lkoKe~
okD'kkS.Mh;Ze~
inkfr%
miliZrq
,fg
mfRlDr%
niZ&iz'keue~
x`ghr%
izgj.ke~
;ksD=kf;Rok
{ksis.k
je~)
jes (

'kksHkrs
ftKklk
nwjhR;
ozqQ% Hkofr
oDrqa izsj;rq
mis{;rs
firq%Hkzkrk
i';r%
viekusu lfgre~
okfpoaQ ohjRoe~
iknkH;ke~ vrfr
lehia xPNrq
vkxPN
XkoksZr%] vgkjh
xoZL; 'keue~
xzg.ks r%
'kL=ke~
cn~ok
fuUnkopusu
izhrks Hkokfe

igpku
tks igys u gqvk gks
Jk osQ v;ksX;
vfHkeU;q
ikdj] igqpdj
fcuk fdlh fgpd osQ
,d gh gkFk ls idM+k
x;k
lq'kksfHkr gksrk gS
tkuus dh mRd.Bk
gVkdj
ksf/r gksrk gS
cksyus dks izsfjr djsa
mis{kk dh tkrh gS
pkpk
ns[krs gSa (f}opu)
mis{kk djrs gq,
ok.kh dh ohjrk
iSny pyus okyk
ikl tkvks
vkvks
xoZ ls ;qDRk
?keaM dks 'kkUr djuk
idM+k x;k
gfFk;kj
ck/dj
fuUnk ls
izlUu gksrk gw

50

'kseq"kh

;krq
leqnkpkj%
vuqxzk%
fuxzgksfpre~
rw.khj
O;iu;rq
f{kIrk%
fn"V~;k
xksxzg.ke~
LoUre~ (lq + vUre~)

xPNrq
f'k"Vkpkj%
vuqxzgL; ;ksX;e~
cU/uksfpr
ck.kdks'k%
nwjhdjksrq
O;~X;su lEcksf/rk%
HkkX;su
/suwuke~ vigj.ke~
lq[kkUre~

tkvks
lH; vkpj.k
ik osQ ;ksX;
mfpr n.M
rjdl
nwj djsa
vk{ksi fd;s tkus ij
HkkX; ls
xk;ksa dk vigj.k
lq[kkUr

vH;kl%
1-

v/ksfyf[krkuka iz'ukuke~ mkjkf.k laLrHkk"k;k fy[kr&

(d) HkV% dL; xzg.ke~ vdjksr~\
([k) vfHkeU;q% dFka x`ghr% vklhr~\
(x) Hkhelsusu c`gUuy;k p i`"V% vfHkeU;q% fdeFkZe~ mkja u nnkfr\
(?k) vfHkeU;q% Loxzg.ks fdeFkZe~ ofpr% bo vuqHkofr\
() dLekr~ dkj.kkr~ vfHkeU;q% xksxzg.ka lq[kkUra eU;rs\

2-

v/ksfyf[krokD;s"kq izdfVrHkkoa fpuqr&

(d) Hkks% dks uq [kYos"k%\ ;su HkqtSdfu;fU=krks cykf/osQukfi u ihfMr% vfLeA (foLe;%]
Hk;e~] ftKklk)
([k) dFka dFka! vfHkeU;qukZekge~A (vkReiz'kalk] LokfHkeku%] nSU;e~)
(x) dFka eka fir`onkE; L=khxrka dFkka i`PNls\ (yTtk] ks/%] izlUurk)
(?k) /uqLrq nqcZyS% ,o x`rs ee rq HkqtkS ,o izgj.ke~A (vU/fo'okl%] 'kkS;Ze~] mRlkg%)
() ckgqH;kekra Hkhe% ckgqH;keso us";frA (vkRefo'okl%] fujk'kk] okDla;e%)
(p) fn"V~;k xksxzg.ka LoUra firjks ;su nf'kZrk%A ({kek] g"kZ%] /S;Ze~)

3-

;FkkLFkkua fjDrLFkkuiwfr oqQ#r&

(d) [kyq $ ,"k%

---------------([k) cy $
$ vfi

---------------cykf/osQukfi

51

izR;fHkKkue~
(x)
(?k)
()
(p)
(N)
(t)

foHkkfr $ ------------------------------- $ ,ue~

#";fr $ ,"k
Roeso $ ,ue~
;krq $ ------------------------------- $ bfr

fcHkkR;qekos"ke~
okpky;Rosue~
#";R;s"k
---------------;kfRofr
/ut;k;sfr

4- v/ksfyf[krkfu opukfu d% da izfr dFk;fr&

;Fkk &
d%
vk;Z] vfHkHkk"k.kdkSrwgya es egr~
c`gUuyk
--------------------(d) dFkfenkuha lkoKfeo eka gL;rs
--------------------([k) v'kL=ks.ksR;fHk/h;rke~
--------------------(x) iwT;reL; f;rka iwtk
--------------------(?k) iq=k! dks;a e;eks uke
--------------------() 'kkUra ikie~! /uqLrq nqcZyS% ,o x`rs

oaQ izfr
Hkhelsue~
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5- v/ksfyf[krkfu LFkwykfu loZukeinkfu dLeS iz;qDrkfu&

(d) okpky;rq ,ue~ vk;Z%A
([k) fdeFkZ rsu inkfruk x`ghr%A
(x) dFka u eke~ vfHkokn;flA
(?k) ee rq HkqtkS ,o izgj.ke~A
() viwoZ bo rs g"kksZ czwfg osQu fofLer%\
6-

'yksdkuke~ viw.kZ% vUo;% v/ksnk%A ikBekk`R; fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&

(d) ikFk firje~ ekrqya -------------- p mf'; rkL=kL; r#.kL; -------------- ;qDr%A
([k) d.Bf'y"Vsu -------------- tjklUka ;ksD=kf;Rok rr~ vla -------------- Rok (Hkhesu)
".k% vrngZrka uhr%A
(x) #";rk -------------- jesA rs {ksis.k u #";kfe] d -------------- vga ukijk%] dFka (Hkoku~)
fr"Bfr] ;krq bfrA
(?k) ikn;ks% fuxzgksfpr% leqnkpkj% -------------- A ckgqH;ke~ vkre~ (eke~) -------------ckgqH;ke~ ,o us";frA

52

'kseq"kh

7- (d) v/ksfyf[krsH;% insH;% milxkZu~ fofpR; fy[kr&

inkfu
milxZ%
;Fkk&vklk|
vk
-------------------(i) vorkfjr%
&
-------------------(ii) foHkkfr
&
-------------------(iii) vfHkHkk"k;
&
-------------------(iv) mn~Hkwrk%
&
-------------------(v) frjfL;rs
&
-------------------(vi) izgjfUr
&
-------------------&
(vii) miliZrq
-------------------(viii) ifjjf{krk%
&
-------------------(ix) iz.kefr
&
([k) mnkgj.keuql`R; dks"BdnRrins"kq ipehfoHkfDra iz;qT; okD;kfu iwj;r&
;Fkk& 'e'kkukn~ /uqjknk; vtqZu% vkxr%A ('e'kku)
(i) ikBku~ ifBRok l% --------------------- vkxr%A (fo|ky;)
(ii) --------------------- i=kkf.k irfUrA (o`{k)
(iii) xk --------------------- fuxZPNfrA (fgeky;)
(iv) {kek --------------------- iQykfu vku;frA (vki.ke~)
(v) --------------------- cqfuk'kks HkofrA (Le`fruk'k)

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
dfo ifjp;
laLr ukVddkjksa esa ^^egkdfo Hkkl** dk uke vxzx.; gSA Hkkl jfpr rsjg :id fuEufyf[kr gS&a
nwrokD;e~] d.kZHkkje~] nwr?kVksRdpe~] m#Hke~] e;eO;k;ksx%] ipjk=ke~] vfHk"ksdukVde~]
ckypfjre~] vfoekjde~] izfrekukVde~] izfrKk;kSxU/jk;.ke~] LoIuoklonke~ rFkk pk#nke~A
xzUFk ifjp;
ipjk=ke~ dh dFkkoLrq egkHkkjr osQ fojkV ioZ ij vk/kfjr gSA ik.Moksa osQ vKkrokl osQ le;
nq;ksZ/u ,d ;K djrk gS vkSj ;K dh lekfIr ij vkpk;Z nzks.k dks xq#nf{k.kk nsuk pkgrk gSA nzks.k
xq#nf{k.kk osQ :i esa ik.Moksa dk jkT;kf/dkj pkgrs gSaA nq;ksZ/u dgrk gS fd ;fn xq# nzks.kkpk;Z

53

izR;fHkKkue~

ikp jkrksa esa ik.Moksa dk irk yxk nsa rks mudh iSr`d lEifk dk Hkkx mUgsa fn;k tk ldrk gSA
blh vk/kj ij bl ukVd dk uke ^ipjk=ke~* gSA

HkkofoLrkj%
r#.kL; rkL=kL; ;qDrks ;qijkt;%
vKkrokl esa c`gUuyk osQ :i esa vtqZu dks cgqr le; osQ ckn iq=k&feyu dk volj izkIr gqvkA
og vius iq=k ls ckr djuk pkgrk gS ijUrq (vius vigj.k ls) {kqC/ vfHkeU;q muosQ lkFk ckr
djuk gh ugha pkgrkA rc vtqZu mls mksftr djus dh Hkkouk ls bl izdkj osQ O;~X;kRed opu
dgrs gSa&
rqEgkjs firk vtqZu gSa] ekek Jh ".k gSa rFkk rqe 'kL=kfo|k ls lEiUu gksus osQ lkFk gh lkFk
r#.k Hkh gks] rqEgkjs fy, ;q esa ijkLr gksuk mfpr gSA
ee rq HkqtkS ,o izgj.ke~
vfHkeU;q {kqC/ gS fd mls /ks[ks ls 'kL=kfoghu Hkhe us fux`ghr fd;k gSA Hkhe bldk Li"Vhdj.k
djrk gS fd vL=k&'kL=k rks nqcZy O;fDr;ksa }kjk xzg.k fd;s tkrs gSaA esjh rks Hkqtk gh esjk 'kL=k
gSA vr% eq>s fdlh vU; vk;q/ dh vko';drk ughaA bl izdkj dk Hkko vU; ukVdksa esa Hkh
miyC/ gS] tSls &
(d) v;a rq nf{k.kks ckgqjk;q/a ln`'ka eeA
(e;eO;k;ksx%)
([k) HkheL;kuqdfj";kfe 'kL=ka ckgqHkZfo";frA
(e`PNdfVde~)
(x) o;efi p Hkqtk;qiz/kuk%A
(vfoekjde~)
uhr% ".kksrngZrke~
Jh ".k us tjklU/ osQ tkekrk (nkekn) dal dk o/ fd;k FkkA blls ozqQ tjklU/ us
;nqoaf'k;ksa osQ fouk'k dh izfrKk dh FkhA blfy, mlus ckj&ckj eFkqjk ij vke.k Hkh fd;k FkkA
mlus Jh ".k dks dbZ ckj idM+k Hkh ijUrq fdlh u fdlh izdkj Jh ".k ogk ls fudy x;sA
oLrqr% mfpr volj ikdj Jh ".k tjklU/ dks ekjuk pkgrs Fks ijUrq Hkhe us tjklU/ dk o/
djosQ mudh ik=krk Lo;a ys yhA tks dk;Z Jh ".k }kjk dj.kh; Fkk mls Hkhelsu us dj fn;k
vkSj Jh ".k dks tjklU/ osQ o/ dk volj gh ugha fn;kA
dks;a e;eks uke\
;gk e;e 'kCn dk iz;ksx Hkkl }kjk Hkhe osQ fy, fd;k x;k gSA Hkkl osQ ukVdksa esa loZ=k Hkhe
osQ fy, ^e;e* 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA mUgksaus ^e;eO;k;ksx* :id dh jpuk dh ftlesa
e;e ik.Mo vFkkZr~ Hkhe dks uk;d cuk;k x;k gSA

54

'kseq"kh

Hkkf"kdfoLrkj%
(d) fu"ks/kFkZ esa vye~ osQ ;ksx esa r`rh;k foHkfDr iz;qDr gksrh gSA
;Fkk& vya
LoPNUnizykisuA
vya
fooknsuA
vya
izeknsuA
vya
dksykgysuA
([k) ^i;kZIr* vFkZ esa vye~ dk iz;ksx gksus ij prqFkhZ foHkfDr gksrh gSA
;Fkk& Hkhe% nq;ksZ/uk; vye~A
vtquZ % d.kkZ; vye~A
jke% jko.kk; vye~A
bna nqX/a ee~ vye~A
okP; osQ rhu Hksn gSa& (i) dr`ZokP; (ii) deZokP; (iii) HkkookP;
dr`ZokP; osQ drkZ esa izFkek foHkfDr] deZ esa f}rh;k foHkfDr rFkk f;k dr`Zin osQ iq#"k vkSj
opu osQ vuqlkj gksrh gSA
;Fkk& jke% ikBa iBfrA
deZokP; esa deZin izFkek esa gksrk gS] drkZ r`rh;k esa rFkk f;k deZ osQ iq#"k vkSj opu
osQ vuqlkj gksrh gSA
;Fkk & jkes.k ikB% iB~;rsA
HkkookP; vdeZd f;k ls gksrk gSA blesa drkZ r`rh;k esa gksrk gS rFkk f;k izFkeiq#"k
,dopu esa jgrh gSA
;Fkk & ckyS% gL;rsA
dr`Z] deZ rFkk HkkookP; esa f;k:i
dr`ZokP;
deZokP;@HkkookP;
iBfr
iB~;rs
fy[kfr
fy[;rs
[kknfr
[kk|rs
ficfr
ih;rs
xk;fr
xh;rs
k`.kksfr
Jw;rs

55

izR;fHkKkue~

fo'ks"k & /krq ls ^;* izR;; yxkdj deZokP;@HkkookP; osQ :i ^lso~* (vkReusinh) /krq osQ
leku cuk;s tkrs gSaA
Dr@Drorq izR;;
^Dr* izR;; r~ izR;; gSA ;g Hkwrdky dk |ksrd gSA bldk iz;ksx rhuksa fyksa esa gksrk gSA bl
izR;; ls cus 'kCn fo'ks"k.k osQ :i esa Hkh iz;qDr gksrs gSaA
;Fkk& kkrq izR;; ewy 'kCn iaqL=kh- uiqaiB~
Dr
ifBr
ifBr% ifBrk ifBre~
xe~
Dr
xr
xr% xrk
xre~
n`'k~
Dr
n`"V
n`"V% n`"Vk n`"Ve~
^Drorq* Hkh Hkwrdkfyd izR;; gSA bldk iz;ksx lnSo dr`ZokP; esa gksrk gSA Drorq izR;;kUr 'kCn
Hkh rhuksa fyksa esa gksrs gSaA
;Fkk& iB~ $ Drorq ifBror~
iqL=khuiqa-

,dopu
iz- fo- ifBroku~
iz- fo- ifBrorh
iz- fo- ifBror~

okP;ifjorZue~
(d) ;su
;%
([k) Hkon~fHk%
HkoUr%
(x) osQu
d%

firj%
fir`u` ~
o;a
vLeku~
v;a
bea

f}opu
ifBroUrkS
ifBroR;kS
ifBrorh

cgqopu
ifBroUr%
ifBroR;%
ifBrofUr

nf'kZrk%A (deZokP;)
nf'kZroku~A (drZ`okP;)
ifjjf{krk%A (deZokP;)
ifjjf{kroUr%A (drZ`okP;)
x`ghr%\ (deZokP;)
x`ghroku~\ (drZ`okP;)

v"Ve% ikB%

ykSgrqyk
izLrqr ikB fo".kq'kekZ }kjk jfpr ^iprU=ke~* uked dFkkxzUFk osQ ^fe=kHksn* uked rU=k ls
lfyr gSA blesa fons'k ls ykSVdj th.kZku uked O;kikjh viuh /jksgj (rjktw) dks lsB ls
ekxrk gSA ^rjktw pwgs [kk x;s gSa* ,slk lqudj th.kZ/u mlosQ iq=k dks Luku osQ cgkus unh rV
ij ys tkdj xqiQk esa fNik nsrk gSA lsB }kjk vius iq=k osQ fo"k; esa iwNus ij th.kZ/u dgrk
gS fd ^iq=k dks ckt mBk ys x;k gSA* bl izdkj fookn djrs gq, nksuksa U;k;ky; igqprs gSa tgk
kekZfkdkjh mUgsa leqfpr U;k; iznku djrs gSaA

vklhr~ dfLaef'pn~ vf/"Bkus th.kZ/uks uke of.kDiq=k%A l p foHko{k;ks'kkUrja xUrqfePNu~

O;fpUr;r~&
;=k ns'ksFkok LFkkus Hkksxk HkqDrk% Looh;Zr%A
rfLeu~ foHkoghuks ;ks olsr~ l iq#"kk/e%AA
rL; p x`gs ykSg?kfVrk iwoiZ #q "kksikftZrk rqyklhr~A rka p dL;fpr~ Jsf"Buks x`gs
fu{ksiHkwrka Rok ns'kkUrja izfLFkr%A rr% lqfpja dkya ns'kkUrja ;FksPN;k HkzkURok iqu%
LoiqjekxR; ra Jsf"Bueqokp&^^Hkks% Jsf"Bu~! nh;rka es lk fu{ksirqykA** l vkg&^^Hkks%!
ukfLr lk] Ronh;k rqyk ew"koSQHkZf{krk** bfrA
th.kZ/u vkg&^^Hkks% Jsf"Bu~! ukfLr nks"kLrs] ;fn ew"koSQHkZf{krsfrA bZnx` os k;a lalkj%A
u fdfpn=k 'kk'orefLrA ijega u|ka LUkkukFk xfe";kfeA rr~ RoekReh;a f'k'kqeus a
kunsoukekua e;k lg Lukuksidj.kgLra iz"s k;** bfrA
l Js"Bh Loiq=keqokp&^^oRl! fir`O;ks;a ro] LukukFk ;kL;fr] rn~ xE;rkeusu
lk/Ze*~ * bfrA
vFkklkS of.kfD'k'kq% Lukuksidj.keknk; iz"Veuk% rsu vH;kxrsu lg izfLFkr%A
rFkkuqf"Brs l of.ko~Q LukRok ra f'k'kqa fxfjxqgk;ka izf{kI;] rn~}kja c`gfPNy;kPNk| loja
x`gekxr%A

ykSgrqyk

57

i`"V'p rsu of.ktk&^^Hkks%! vH;kxr! dF;rka oqQ=k es f'k'kq;LZ Ro;k lg unha xr%**\
bfrA
l vkg&^^unhrVkRl ';suus r%** bfrA Js"B~;kg & ^^feF;kokfnu~! d Dofpr~
';suks ckya grq 'kDuksfr\ rr~ leiZ; es lqre~ vU;Fkk jktoqQys fuosnf;";kfeA** bfrA
l vkg&^^Hkks% lR;okfnu~! ;Fkk ';suks ckya u u;fr] rFkk ew"kdk vfi ykSg?kfVrka
rqyka u Hk{k;fUrA rniZ; es rqyke~] ;fn nkjosQ.k iz;kstue~A** bfrA
,oa foonekukS rkS }kofi jktoqQya xrkSA r=k Js"Bh rkjLojs.k izkos kp&Hkks%!
vcz.;e~! vcz.;e~! ee f'k'kqjusu pkSj.s kkir%** bfrA
vFk /ekZf/dkfj.kLrewp%q &^^Hkks%! leI;Zrka Jsf"Blqr%**A

l vkg&^^d djksfe\ i';rks es unhrVkPN~;us us vir% f'k'kq%**A bfrA

rPRq ok rs izkp
s %q &Hkks%! u lR;efHkfgra Hkork&d ';su% f'k'kqa grq leFkksZ Hkofr\

58

'kseq"kh

l vkg&Hkks% Hkks%! Jw;rka en~op%&

rqyka ykSglgL; ;=k [kknfUr ew"kdk%A
jktUr=k gjsPN~;us ks ckyda] uk=k la'k;%AA
rs izkp
s %q &^^dFkesrr~**A
rr% l Js"Bh lH;kukexzs vkfnr% loZa o`kkUra fuosn;keklA rrLrSfoZgL; }kofi rkS
ijLija lacks; rqyk&f'k'kq&iznkusu lUrksf"krkSA
'kCnkFkkZ%
vf/"Bkus
foHko{k;kr~
Looh;Zr%
ykSg?kfVrk rqyk
fu{ksi%
HkzkURok
Ronh;k
bZn`d~
,ue~

vkReh;e~
Lukuksidj.kgLre~

of.ktk
';su%
vcz.;e~

LFkkus
/ukHkkokr~
Loijkes.k
ykSgfufeZrk rqyk
U;kl%
Hkze.ka Rok
(ns'kkVua Rok)
ro] Hkonh;k
,rkn`'k%
,re~@,ue~ p iqafl
f}rh;Sdopus mHks
,o :is Hkor%A
vkRelEcfU/
Lukulkexzh
gLrs ;L;
l%] re~
O;kikfj.kk
fgaldizo`fkd%
if{kfo'ks"k%
vU;k;:ie~ vuqfpre~

LFkku ij
/u osQ vHkko osQ dkj.k
vius ijke ls
yksgs ls cuh gqbZ rjktw
/jksgj
i;ZVu djosQ
rqEgkjh
,slk gh
bls] ,rr~ 'kCn iqa- f}- fo,- o- esa ,rr~@,ue~ nksuksa gh
:i gksrs gSaA
viuk
Luku dh lkexzh ls ;qDr gkFk
okykA
O;kikjh osQ }kjk
ckt
?kksj vU;k;

59

ykSgrqyk
leiZ;
foonekukS
rkjLojs.k
pq%
vfHkfgre~
e}p%
vkfnr%
fuosn;kekl
fogL;
lacks;

nsfg
dyga oqQoZUrkS
mPpLojs.k
vonu~
dfFkre~
ee opukfu
izkjEHkr%
fuosnuedjksr~
gflRok
ckskf;Rok

nks
>xM+k djrs gq,
tksj ls
cksys
dgk x;k
esjh ckrsa
vkjEHk ls
fuosnu fd;k
gldj
le>k cq>k dj

vH;kl%
1-

v/ksfyf[krkuka iz'ukuke~ mkjkf.k laLrHkk"k;k fy[kr&

(d) ns'kkUrja xUrqfePNu~ of.kDiq=k% d O;fpUr;r~\
([k) Lorqyka ;kpekua th.kZ/ua Js"Bh fde~ vdFk;r~\
(x) th.kZ/u% fxfjxqgk}kja d;k vkPNk| x`gekxr%\
(?k) LukukuUrja iq=kfo"k;s i`"V% of.kDiq=k% Jsf"Bua fde~ mokp\
() /ekZf/dkfjfHk% th.kZ/uJsf"BukS dFka lUrksf"krkS\

2-

LFkwyinkU;f/R; iz'ufuekZ.ka oqQ#r&

(d) th.kZ/u% foHko{k;kr~ ns'kkUrja xUrqfePNu~ O;fpUr;r~A
([k) Jsf"Bu% f'k'kq% Lukuksidj.keknk; vH;kxrsu lg izfLFkr%A
(x) Js"Bh mPpLojs.k mokp&Hkks% vcze.;e~ vcze.;e~A
(?k) lH;S% rkS ijLija lacks; rqyk&f'k'kq&iznkusu lUrksf"krkSA

3-

v/ksfyf[krkuka 'yksdkuke~ viw.kksZUo;% iznk% ikBek/`R; re~ iwj;r&

(d) ;=k ns'ks vFkok LFkkus ----------------- Hkksxk% HkqDrk ----------------- foHkoghu% ;% ------------l iq#"kk/e%A
([k) jktu~! ;=k ykSglgL; ----------------- ew"kdk% ----------------- r=k ';su% ----------------- gjsr~
v=k la'k;% uA

60

'kseq"kh

4-

rRina js[kkfra oqQ#r ;=k&

(d) Y;i~ izR;;% ukfLr
fogL;] ykSglgL;] lacks;] vknk;
([k) ;=k f}rh;k foHkfDr% ukfLr
Jsf"Bue~] Lukuksidj.ke~] loje~] dk;Zdkj.ke~
(x) ;=k "k"Bh foHkfDr% ukfLr
i';r%] Looh;Zr%] Jsf"Bu% lH;kuke~

5-

lfUkuk lfUkfoPNsnsu ok fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&

(d) Js"B~;kg
----------------------- $ vkg
([k) -----------------------
(x) iq#"kksikftZrk

(?k) -----------------------
() Lukuksidj.ke~
(p) -----------------------

}kS $ vfi
iq#"k $ ----------------------;Fkk $ bPN;k
----------------------- $ midj.ke~
Luku $ vFkZe~

6- leLrina foxzga ok fy[kr&

foxzg%
(d)
([k)
(x)
(?k)

LukuL; midj.ke~
-------------- -------------/eZL; vf/dkjh
-------------- --------------

leLrine~
----------------------fxfjxqgk;ke~
----------------------foHkoghuk%

7- ;Fkkis{ke~ v/ksfyf[krkuka 'kCnkuka lgk;r;k ^^ykSgrqyk** bfr dFkk;k% lkjka'k

laLrHkk"k;k fy[kr&
of.kDiq=k%
LUkkukFkZe~
ykSgrqyk
v;kpr~
o`kkUra
KkRok
Jsf"Bua
izR;kxr%
xr%
iznkue~

61

ykSgrqyk

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
xzUFk ifjp;
egkdfo fo".kq'kekZ (200 bZ- ls 600 bZ- osQ e;) us jktk vej'kfDr osQ iq=kksa dks jktuhfr esa
ikjaxr djus osQ ms'; ls ^iprU=ke~* uked lqifz l dFkkxzUFk dh jpuk dh FkhA ;g xzUFk ikp
Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gSA bUgha Hkkxksa dks ^rU=k* dgk x;k gSA iprU=k osQ ikp rU=k gSa&fe=kHksn%]
fe=klaizkfIr%] dkdksywdh;e~] yCkiz.kk'k% vkSj vijhf{krdkjde~A bl xzUFk esa vR;Ur ljy 'kCnksa
esa y?kq dFkk, nh x;h gSaA buosQ ek;e ls gh ys[kd us uhfr osQ xw<+ roksa dk izfriknu
fd;k gSA

HkkofoLrkj%
^ykSgrqyk* uked dFkk esa nh x;h f'k{kk osQ lUnHkZ esa bu lwfkQ;ksa dks Hkh ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A
1- u df'pr~ dL;fpfUe=ka u df'pr~ dL;fpn~ fjiq%A
O;ogkjs.k tk;Urs fe=kkf.k fjioLrFkkAA
2- vkReu% izfrowQykfu ijs"kka u lekpjsr~A

Hkkf"kdfoLrkj%
1/krq%

Dr%

uh

uhr%
i`"V%
nk%

izPN~
nk

2-

Drorq
iquhroku~
i`"Voku~
nkoku~

Drorq
L=khuhrorh
i`"Vorh
nkorh

vuh;j~

rO;r~

;r~

Y;qV~

r`p~

nkuh;e~

usrO;e~
iz"VO;e~
nkrO;e~

us;e~

ns;e~

u;ue~ usrk

iz"Vk
nkue~ nkrk

.oqy~

rfly~ izR;;&ipeh fofHkDr osQ vFkZ esa rfly~ izR;; dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
;Fkk& xzkekr~ & xzker% (xzke $ rfly~)
vkns% & vkfnr% (vkfn $ rfly~)
;Fkk& Nk=k% fo|ky;kr~ vkxPNfrA
Nk=k% fo|ky;r% vkxPNfrA

uk;d%

62

'kseq"kh
blh izdkj & x`g $ rfly~ & x`gr% & x`gkr~A
rU=k $ rfly~ & rU=kr% & rU=kkr~A
izFke $ rfly~ & izFker% & izFkekr~A
vkjEHk $ rfly~ & vkjEHkr% & vkjEHkkr~A

3-

vfHkr% ifjr% mHk;r%] loZr%] le;k] fud"kk] ^gk* vkSj izfr osQ ;ksx esa f}rh;k
foHkfDr dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
;Fkk& x`ge~ vfHkr% o`{kk% lfUrA
fo|ky;e~ ifjr% nzqek% lfUrA
xzkee~ mHk;r% u|kS izogr%A
gk nqjkpkfj.ke~A
hMk{ks=ke~ fud"kk rj.krkye~ vfLrA
ckyd% fo|ky;e~ izfr xPNfrA
uxje~ le;k vkS"k/ky;% fo|rsA
xzkee~ loZr% xkspkj.kHkwfe% vfLrA

uoe% ikB%

fldrklsr%q
izLrqr ukV~;ka'k lksensojfpr dFkklfjRlkxj osQ lIre yEcd (v;k;) ij vkkkfjr gSA ;gk
rikscy ls fo|k ikus osQ fy, iz;Ru'khy riksnRr uked ,d ckyd dh dFkk dk o.kZu gSA mlosQ
leqfpr ekxZn'kZu osQ fy, os"k cnydj banz mlosQ ikl vkrs gSa vkSj ikl gh xaxk esa ckyw ls
lsrqfuekZ.k osQ dk;Z esa yx tkrs gSaA mUgsa oSlk djrs ns[k riksnRr mudk migkl djrk gqvk dgrk
gS&^vjs! fdlfy, xaxk osQ ty esa O;FkZ gh ckyw ls iqy cukus dk iz;Ru dj jgs gks\* banz mUgsa
mRrj nsrs gSa&;fn i<+us] lquus vkSj v{kjksa dh fyfi osQ vH;kl osQ fcuk rqe fo|k ik ldrs gks
rks ckyw ls iqy cukuk Hkh laHko gSA banz osQ vfHkizk; dks tkudj riksnRr riL;k djuk NksM+dj
xq#tuksa osQ ekxZn'kZu esa fo|k dk Bhd&Bhd vH;kl djus osQ fy, xq#oqQy pyk tkrk gSA

(rr% izfo'kfr riL;kjr% riksnk%)

riksnk% & vgefLe riksnk%A ckY;s fir`pj.kS% Dys';ekuksfi fo|ka ukkhrokufLeA
rLekr~ loS%Z oqQVqfEcfHk% fe=kS% KkfrtuS'p xfgZrksHkoe~A
(o fu%'oL;)
gk fo/s! fdfenEe;k o`Qre~\ dhn`'kh nqcfZq jklhknk! ,rnfi u fpfUrra
;r~&
ifj/kuSjykjSHkwZf"krksfi u 'kksHkrsA
ujks fueZf.kHkksxho lHkk;ka ;fn ok x`gAs A1AA
(fdfpn~ foe`';)
Hkorq] fdesrus \ fnols ekxZHkzkUr% lU;ka ;kon~ ;fn x`geqifS r rnfi oje~A
uklkS HkzkUrks eU;rsA ,"k bnkuha ri'p;Z;k fo|keokIrqa izo` kksfLeA
(tyksPNyuofu% Jw;rs)

64

'kseq"kh

v;s oqQrks;a dYyksyksPNyuofu%\ egkeRL;ks edjks ok HkosrA~ i';kfe

rkor~A
(iq#"kesda fldrkfHk% lsrfq uekZ.k&iz;kla oqQokZ.ka n`"V~ok lgkle~)

gUr! ukLR;Hkkoks txfr ew[kkZ.kke~! rhozioz kgk;ka u|ka ew<ks;a fldrkfHk% lsraq
fuekZraq iz;rrs!
(lkV~Vgkla ik'oZeiq Rs ;)
Hkks egk'k;! fdfena fo/h;rs! vyeya ro Jes.kA i';]
jkeks ccU/ ;a lsraq f'kykfHkeZdjky;sA
fon/n~ ckyqdkfHkLra ;kfl Roefrjkerke~AA2AA
fpUr; rkor~A fldrkfHk% DofpRlsr%q drq ;qT;rs\

65

fldrklsrq%

iq#"k%

& HkksLrifLou~! dFka ekeqi#.kfRlA iz;Rusu d u fla Hkofr\ dko';drk

f'kykuke~\ fldrkfHkjso lsraq dfj";kfe LoladYin`<r;kA
riksnk% & vk'p;Ze!~ fldrkfHkjso lsraq dfj";fl\ fldrk tyizokgs LFkkL;fUr fde~\
Hkork fpfUrra u ok\
iq#"k% & (lksRizkle~) fpfUrra fpfUrre~A lE;d~ fpfUrre~A ukga lksikuekxSjZ V~Vefkjks<aq
fo'oflfeA leqRIyqR;So xUrqa {keksfLeA
riksnk% & (lO;~X;e~)
lk/q lk/q! vktus;eI;frkefl!
iq#"k% & (lfoe'kZe~)
dks=k lUnsg%\ fdp]
fouk fyI;{kjKkua riksfHkjso osQoye~A
;fn fo|k o'ks L;qLrs] lsrjq "s k rFkk eeAA3AA
riksnk% & (loSy{;e~ vkRexre~)
v;s! ekesoksf'; Hknzi#q "kks;e~ vf/f{kifr! uwua lR;e=k i';kfeA v{kjKkua
fouSo oSn"q ;eokIrqe~ vfHky"kkfe! rfn;a HkxoR;k% 'kkjnk;k voekuukA
xq#x`ga xRoSo fo|kH;klks e;k dj.kh;%A iq#"kkFkSjZ os y{;a izkI;rsA
(izdk'ke~)
Hkks ujkske! ukga tkus ;r~ dksfLr Hkoku~A ijUrq Hkofn~Hk% mUehfyra es
u;u;qxye~A riksek=ks.k fo|keokIrqa iz;rekuksgefi fldrkfHkjso lsrfq uekZ.kiz;kla
djksfeA rfnnkuha fo|k;;uk; xq#oqQyeso xPNkfeA
(liz.kkea xPNfr)
'kCnkFkkZ%
fldrk
lsrq%
riL;kjr%

ckyqdk
tycU/%
ri%oqQoZu~

jsr
iqy
riL;k esa yhu

66

'kseq"kh

fir`pj.kS%
Dys';eku%
v/hroku~
oqQVqfEcfHk%
KkfrtuS%
xfgZr%
fu%'oL;
nqcqZf%
ifj/kuS%
ekxZHkzkUr%
miSfr
ri'p;Z;k
tyksPNyuofu%
dYyksyksPNyuofu%
oqQokZ.ke~
lgkle~
lksRizkle~

rkriknS%
larkI;eku%
v;;ua o`Qroku~
ifjokjtuS%
cU/qckU/oS%
fufUnr%
nh?kZ'okla x`ghRok
nqefZ r%
oL=kS%
iFkHkz"V%
izkIuksfr] lehia xPNfr
rilk
tyksoZxrs% 'kCn%
rjksPNyuL; 'kCn%
oqQoZUre~
gkliwoZde~
migkliwoZde~

lkV~Vgkle~
vV~Ve~
vf/jks<qe~
mi#.kfRl
vkTkus;e~
lfoe'kZe~
loSy{;e~
oSnq";e~
mUehfyre~

vV~VgkliwoZde~
vV~Vkfydke~
mifj xUrqe~
vojks/a djksf"k
guqeUre~
fopkjlfgre~
lyTte~
ikf.MR;e~
mn~?kkfVre~

firkth osQ }kjk

O;koqQy fd;k tkrk gqvk
i<+k
oqQVqfEc;ksa }kjk
cU/q&ckU/oksa }kjk
viekfur
yEch lkl ysdj
nq"V cqfokyk
diM+ksa ls] igukoksa ls
jkg ls HkVdk gqvk
tkrk gS] lehi tkrk gS
riL;k osQ }kjk
ikuh osQ mNyus dh vkokt
rjaxksa osQ mNyus dh ofu
djrs gq,
glrs gq,
f[kYyh mM+krs gq,] pqVdh
ysrs gq,
tksj ls gldj
vVkjh dks
p<+us osQ fy,
jksdrs gks
vtfuiq=k guqeku~ dks
lksp&fopkj dj
yTtkiwod
Z
fo}Rrk
[kksy nh

67

fldrklsrq%

vH;kl%
1- v/ksfyf[krkuka iz'ukuke~ mkjkf.k laLrHkk"k;k fy[kr&
(d) vu/hr% riksnk% oSQ% xfgZrksHkor~\
([k) riksnk% osQu izdkjs.k fo|keokIrqa izo` kksHkor~\
(x) riksnk% iq#"kL; dka ps"Vka n`"V~ok vglr~\
(?k) riksek=ks.k fo|ka izkIrqa rL; iz;kl% dhn`'k% dfFkr%\
() vUrs riksnk% fo|kxzg.kk; oqQ=k xr%\
2- fHkUuoxhZ;a ina fpuqr&
;Fkk& vf/jks<qe~] xUrqe~] lsreq ]~ fuekZrqe~A
(d) fu%'oL;] fpUr;] foe`';] misR;A
([k) fo'oflfe] i';kfe] dfj";kfe] vfHky"kkfeA
(x) riksfHk%] nqcqZf%] fldrkfHk%] dqVqfEcfHk%A
3- (d) js[kkfrkfu loZukeinkfu dLeS iz;qDrkfu\
(i) vyeya ro Jes.kA
(ii) u vga lksikuekxSjZ V~Vef/jks<qa fo'oflfeA
(iii) fpfUrra Hkork u okA
(iv) xq#x`ga xRoSo fo|kH;klks e;k dj.kh;%A
(v) Hkofn~Hk% mUehfyra es u;u;qxye~A
([k) v/ksfyf[krkfu dFkukfu d% oaQ izfr dFk;fr\
dFkukfu
d%
---------------(i) gk fo/s! fdfena e;k re~\
---------------(ii) Hkks egk'k;! fdfena fo/h;rsA
---------------(iii) HkksLrifLou~! dFka eke~ mi#.kfRlA
(iv) fldrk% tyizokgs LFkkL;fUr fde~\ ------------------------------(v) ukga tkus dksfLr Hkoku~\
4- LFkwyinkU;f/R; iz'ufuekZ.ka oqQ#r&
(d) riksnk% ri'p;Z;k fo|keokIrqa izo`kksfLrA
([k) riksnk% oqQVqfEcfHk% fe=kS% xfgZr% vHkor~A

de~
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

68

'kseq"kh
(x)
(?k)
()
(p)

iq#"k% u|ka fldrkfHk% lsrqa fuekZrqa iz;rrsA

riksnk% v{kjKkua fouSo oSnq";eokIrqe~ vfHky"kfrA
riksnk% fo|k;;uk; xq#oqQye~ vxPNr~A
xq#x`ga xRoSo fo|kH;kl% dj.kh;%A

5- mnkgj.keuql`R; v/ksfyf[krfoxzginkuka leLrinkfu fy[kr&

foxzginkfu
leLrinkfu
;Fkk& ladYiL; lkrR;su
ladYilkrR;su
-----------------------------(d) v{kjk.kka Kkue~
-----------------------------([k) fldrk;k% lsrq%
-----------------------------(x) firq% pj.kS%
-----------------------------(?k) xqjks% x`ge~
-----------------------------() fo|k;k% vH;kl%
6- mnkgj.keuql`R; v/ksfyf[krkuka leLrinkuka foxzga oqQ#r&
leLrinkfu
foxzg%
;Fkk& u;u;qxye~
u;u;ks% ;qxye~
-----------------------------(d) tyizokgs
-----------------------------([k) ri'p;Z;k
-----------------------------(x) tyksPNyuofu%
-----------------------------(?k) lsrqfuekZ.kiz;kl%
7- mnkgj.keuql`R; dks"Bdkr~ ine~
(d) ;Fkk& vya
(i) ------------------------(ii) -------------------------

vknk; uwrua okD;};a jp;r&

fpUr;kA
(^vye~* ;ksxs r`rh;k)
------------------------(Hk;)
------------------------(dksykgy)
([k) ;Fkk& eke~ vuq l xPNfrA
(^vuq* ;ksxs f}rh;k)
(x`g)
(i) ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------(ioZr)
(ii) ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------

69

fldrklsrq%
(x) ;Fkk& v{kjKkua fouSo oSnq";a izkIrqefHky"kflA
(i) ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------(ii) ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------(?k) ;Fkk& lU;ka ;kor~ x`geqiSfrA
(i) ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------(ii) ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------

(^fouk* ;ksxs f}rh;k)

(ifjJe)
(vH;kl)
(^;kor~* ;ksxs f}rh;k)
(ekl)
(o"kZ)

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
(d) dfo ifjp; & dFkklfjRlkxj osQ jpf;rk d'ehj fuoklh Jh lksenso HkV~V gSaA ;s
d'ehj osQ jktk Jh vuUrnso osQ lHkkif.Mr FksA dfo us jkuh lw;Zerh osQ euks&fouksn osQ
fy, dFkklfjRlkxj uked xzUFk dh jpuk dhA bl xzUFk dk ewy egkdfo xq.kk<~; dh
c`gRdFkk (izkr xzUFk) gSA
([k) xzUFk ifjp; & dFkklfjRlkxj vusd dFkkvksa dk egkleqnz gSA bl xzUFk esa vBkjg yEcd
gSaA ewydFkk dh iqf"V osQ fy, vusd midFkk, of.kZr dh xbZ gSaA izLrqr dFkk jRuizHkk uked
yEcd ls lf yr dh xbZ gSA Kku&izkfIr osQoy riL;k ls ugha] cfYd xq# osQ lehi tkdj
v;;ukfn dk;ks osQ djus ls gksrh gSA ;gh bl dFkk dk lkj gSA
(x) i;kZ;okfpu% 'kCnk%&
bnkuhe~ & v/quk] lkEizre~] lEizfrA
tye~
& okfj] mnde~] lfyye~A
unh
& lfjr~] rfVuh] rjf. khA
iq#"kkFkZ% & m|ksx%] m|e%] ifjJe%A
(?k) foykse'kCnk%&
nqcqZf% & lqcqf%
xfgZr%
& iz'kaflr%
izo`k%
& fuo`k%
vH;kl% & vuH;kl%
lR;e~
& vlR;e~

70

'kseq"kh

() rqequ~&izR;;&iz;ksx%&
(^rqequ~* izR;; esa ^rqe~* 'ks"k cprk gSA ^rqequ~* bR;srL; ^rqe~* bR;so Hkkxksof'k";rs)
;Fkk&
O $ rqequ~ drqe
Z ~
O xe~ $ rqequ~ xUrqe~
O vf/ $ #g~ $ rqequ~ vf/jks<qe~
O fuj~ $ ek $ rqequ~ fuekZrqe~
O vo $ vki~ $ rqequ~ vokIrqe~
(p) vkRexre~ & ukVdksa esa iz;qDr ;g ,d ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCn gSA tc uV ;k vfHkusrk jaxep
ij vius dFku dks nwljksa dks lqukuk ugha pkgrk] eu esa gh lksprk gS rc mlosQ dFku dks
^vkRexre~* dgk tkrk gSA
(N) izdk'ke~ & tc uV ;k vfHkusrk osQ laokn jaxep ij n'kZdksa osQ lkeus izdV fd;s tkrs
gSa] rc mu laoknksa dks ^izdk'ke~* 'kCn ls lwfpr fd;k tkrk gSA
(t) vfrjkerk & jke ls vkxs c<+ tkus dh fLFkfr dks ^vfrjkerk* dgk x;k gS&jkee~
vfrkUr% vfrjke%] rL; Hkko% vfrjkerkA jke us f'kykvksa ls leqnz esa lsrq dk
fuekZ.k fd;k FkkA foiz&:i/kjh bUnz dks fldrk&d.kksa ls lsrq cukrs ns[k riksnk mudk
migkl djrs gq, dgrk gS fd rqe jke ls vkxs c<+ tkuk pkgrs gksA
fuEufyf[kr dgkorksa dks ikB esa vk, gq, laLr okD;ka'k esa igpkfu;s&
(i) lqcg dk Hkwyk 'kke dks ?kj ykSV vk;s] rks Hkwyk ugha dgykrk gSA
(ii) esjh vk[ksa [kqy xbA
(>) vktus;e~ & vtuk osQ iq=k gksus osQ dkj.k guqeku~ dks vktus; dgk tkrk gSA guqeku~
mNydj dgha Hkh tkus esa leFkZ FksA blfy, bUnz osQ ;g dgus ij fd eSa lh<+h ls tkus esa
fo'okl ugha djrk gw vfirq mNydj gh tkus esa leFkZ gw] riksnk fiQj ls migkl djrs
gq, dgrk gS fd igys vkius iqy fuekZ.k esa jke dks yk?k fy;k vkSj vc mNyus esa guqeku~
dks Hkh yk?kus dh bPNk dj jgs gSaA
(k) v{kjKkuL; ekgkRE;e~&
(i) fo|k/ua loZ/uiz/kue~A
(ii) d d u lk/;fr dYiyrso fo|kA
(iii) ;% iBfr fy[kfr i';fr ifji`PNfr if.MrkuqikJ;rsA
rL; fnokdjfdj.kS% ufyuhnyfeo fodkL;rs cqf%AA
v;srO;% xzUFk%&
dFkklfjRlkxj (laf{kIr fgUnh :ikUrj) jk/koYyHk f=kikBh] us'kuy cqd VLV] ubZ fnYyhA

n'ke% ikB%

tVk;ks% 'kkS;eZ ~
izLrqr ikB~;ka'k vkfndfo okYehfd&iz.khr jkek;.ke~ osQ vj.;dk.M ls m`r fd;k x;k gS ftlesa
tVk;q vkSj jko.k osQ ;q dk o.kZu gSA iapoVh dkuu esa lhrk dk d#.k foyki lqudj if{kJs"B
tVk;q mudh j{kk osQ fy, nkSM+sA os jko.k dks ijnkjkfHke'kZu:i fuU| ,oa nq"deZ ls fojr gksus osQ
fy, dgrs gSaA jko.k dh vifjofrZr eukso`fk dks ns[k os ml ij Hk;kog vke.k djrs gSaA
egkcyh tVk;q vius rh[ks u[kksa rFkk itksa ls jko.k osQ 'kjhj esa vusd ?kko dj nsrs gSa rFkk itksa
osQ izgkj ls mlosQ fo'kky kuq"k dks [kafMr dj nsrs gSaA VwVs kuq"k] ekjs x;s v'oksa vkSj lkjFkh okyk
jko.k fojFk gksdj i`Foh ij fxj iM+rk gSA oqQN gh {k.kksa ckn ks/ka/ jko.k tVk;q ij izk.k?kkrd
izgkj djrk gS ijarq if{kJs"B tVk;q mlls viuk cpko dj ml ij ppq&izgkj djrs gSa] mlosQ
ck;sa Hkkx dh n'kksa Hkqtkvksa dks {kr&fo{kr dj nsrs gSaA

lk rnk d#.kk okpks foyiUrh lqn%q f[krkA

ouLifrxra
x`/za
nn'kkZ;rykspuk AA1AA
tVk;ks i'; ekek;Z f;ek.kkeukFkor~ A
vusu jk{klsUnzs.k d#.ka ikideZ.kk AA2AA
ra 'kCneolqIrLrq tVk;qjFk 'kqJqosA
fujh{; jko.ka f{kiza oSnsgha p nn'kZ l% AA3AA
rr% ioZ r 'k` k HkLrh{.krq . M% [kxks ke%A
ouLifrxr% JhekUO;ktgkj 'kqHkka fxje~ AA4AA
fuorZ; efra uhpka ijnkjkfHke'kZukr~A
u rRlekpjshjks ;RijksL; foxgZ;rs ~ AA5AA

72

'kseq"kh

o`ksga Roa ;qok /Uoh ljFk% doph 'kjhA

u pkI;knk; dq'kyh oSnsgha es xfe";fl AA6AA
rL; rh{.ku[kkH;ka rq pj.kkH;ka egkcy%A
pdkj cgq/k xk=ks oz.kkUirxlke% AA7AA

rrksL; l'kja pkia eqDrkef.kfoHkwf"kre~A

pj.kkH;ka egkrstk cHkTkkL; eguq% AA8AA
l HkXu/Uok fojFkks grk'oks grlkjfFk%A
vus knk; oSngs ha iikr Hkqfo jko.k% AA9AA

73

tVk;ks% 'kkS;Ze~

laifj"oT; oSnsgha okesukus jko.k%A

rysukfHkt?kkuk'kq tVk;qa ks/ewfPZNr% AA10AA
tVk;qLrefrE; rq.MsukL; [kxkf/i%A
okeckgwUn'k rnk O;ikgjnfjUne% AA11AA
'kCnkFkkZ%
f;ek.kke~
jk{klsUnzs.k
ijnkjkfHke'kZukr~
foxgZ;sr~
/Uoh
doph
'kjh
O;ktgkj
fuorZ;
O;ikgjr~
oSnsghe~
oz.kku~
cHkt
irxs'oj%
fo/w;
HkXu/Uok
grk'o%
vknk;
vfHkt?kku
vk'kq
rq.Msu
[kxkf/i%
vfjUne%

uh;ekuke~
nkuoifruk
ijL=khLi'kkZr~
fuU|kr~
/uq/Zj%
dop/kjh
ck.k/j%
vdFk;r~
okj.ka oqQ#
mR[kkroku~
lhrke~
izgkjtfurLiQksVku~
HkXua roku~
tVk;q%
vilk;Z
HkXua /uq% ;L; l%
grk% v'ok% ;L; l%
x`ghRok
groku~
'kh?kze~
eq[ksu] pPok
if{kjkt%
'k=kqneu%] 'k=kquk'kd%

ys tkbZ tkrh@vigj.k dh tkrh gqbZ

jk{klksa osQ jktk }kjk
ijkbZ L=kh osQ Li'kZ ls
fuUnk djuh pkfg,
/uq/Zj
dop /kj.k fd, gq,
ck.k dks fy, gq,
dgk
euk djks] jksdks
m[kkM+ fn;k
lhrk dks
izgkj (pksV) ls gksus okys ?kkoksa dks
rksM+ fn;k
tVk;q (if{kjkt)
nwj gVkdj
VwVs gq, /uq"k okyk
ekjs x, ?kksM+ksa okyk
ysdj
ekj Mkyk
'kh?kz gh
pksap osQ }kjk
if{k;ksa dk jktk
'k=kqvksa dks u"V djus okyk

74

'kseq"kh

vH;kl%
1- v/ksfyf[krkuka iz'ukuke~ mkjkf.k laLrHkk"k;k fy[kr&
(d) tVk;ks! i'; bfr dk onfr\
([k) tVk;q% jko.ka fda dFk;fr\
(x) ks/o'kkr~ jko.k% fda drqZe~ m|r% vHkor~\
(?k) irxs'oj% jko.kL; dhn`'ka pkia l'kja cHkt\
() grk'oks grlkjfFk% jko.k% dq=k virr~\
2- mnkgj.keuql`R;
;Fkk& xq.k $
nku $
(d) dop $
([k) 'kj
$
(x) oqQ'ky $
(?k) /u
$
() n.M $

f.kfu&izR;;iz;ksxa
f.kfu
&
f.kfu
&
f.kfu
&
f.kfu
&
f.kfu
&
f.kfu
&
f.kfu
&

Rok inkfu jp;r&

xqf.ku~ (xq.kh)
nkfuu~ (nkuh)
------------------------------------------------------------------

3- jko.kL; tVk;ks'p fo'ks"k.kkfu lfEefyr:is.k fyf[krkfu rkfu i`Fkd~&i`Fko~Q Rok

fy[kr&
;qok] l'kj%] o`%] grk'o%] egkcy%] irxlke%] HkXu/Uok] egkx`kz%]
[kxkf/i%] ks/ewfPZNr%] irxs'oj%] ljFk%] doph] 'kjh
;Fkk&
jko.k%
;qok
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

tVk;q%
o`%
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

75

tVk;ks% 'kkS;Ze~
4- lfU/a@lfU/foPNsna
;Fkk& p
$
(d) gr
$
([k) rq.Msu
$
-------------(x)
$
-------------(?k)
$
-------------()
$

ok oqQ#r&
vknk;
v'o%
vL;
----------------------------------------

pknk;
--------------------------cHktkL;
vsuknk;
[kxkf/i%

5- ^d* LrEHks fyf[krkuka inkuka i;kZ;k% ^[k* LrEHks fyf[krk%A rku~ ;Fkkle{ka ;kst;r&
d
[k
doph
virr~
vk'kq
if{kJs"B%
fojFk%
i`fFkO;ke~
iikr
dop/kjh
Hkqfo
'kh?kze~
irxlke%
jFkfoghu%
6- v/ksfyf[krkuka inkuka@foykseinkfu etw"kk;ka nks"kq ins"kq fpRok ;Fkkle{ka fy[kr&
eUne~
iznk;
(d)
([k)
(x)
(?k)
()
(p)
(N)
(t)
(>)
(k)

inkfu
foyiUrh
vk;Z
jk{klsUnzs.k
ikideZ.kk
f{kize~
foxgZ;sr~
o`%
vknk;
okesu
vfrE;

iq.;deZ.kk
nsosUnzs.k

glUrh
iz'kalsr~
foykse'kCnk%
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

vuk;Z
nf{k.ksu

vufrE;
;qok

76

'kseq"kh

7- (d) v/ksfyf[krkfu fo'ks"k.kinkfu iz;qT; laLrokD;kfu jp;r&

(i) 'kqHkke~
----------------- (iv) [kxkf/i%
----------------(ii) grlkjfFk%
----------------(v) okesu
----------------(iii) doph
----------------([k) mnkgj.keuql`R; leLra ina jp;r&
;Fkk& =k;k.kka yksdkuka lekgkj%
&
(i) ipkuka oVkuka lekgkj%
&
(ii) lIRkkuka inkuka lekgkj%
&
(iii) v"Vkuka Hkqtkuka lekgkj%
&
(iv) prq.kk eq[kkuka lekgkj%
&

f=kyksdh
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
(d) dfo ifjp;
egf"kZ okYehfd vkfndkO; jkek;.k osQ jpf;rk gaSA dgk tkrk gS fd okYehfd dk n;]
,d O;k/ }kjk hMkjr kSp;qxy (if{k;ksa osQ tksM+s) esa ls ,d osQ ekj fn;s tkus ij
mldh lgpjh osQ foyki dks lqudj nzfor gks x;k rFkk muosQ eq[k ls 'kki osQ :i esa
tks ok.kh fudyh og 'yksd osQ :i esa FkhA ogh 'yksd ykSfdd laLr dk vkfn'yksd
ekuk tkrk gS&
ek fu"kkn izfr"Bka Roexe% 'kk'orh% lek%A
;RkSpfeFkquknsdeo/h%
dkeeksfgre~AA
([k) Hkko foLrkj
tVk;q&lw;Z osQ lkjFkh v#.k osQ nks iq=k Fks&lEikrh vkSj tVk;qA tVk;q ipoVh ou osQ
if{k;ksa dk jktk Fkk tgk vius ijke ,oa cqfdkS'ky ls 'kklu djrk FkkA ipoVh esa
jko.k }kjk vigj.k dh x;h lhrk osQ foyki dks lqudj tVk;q us lhrk dh j{kk osQ fy,
jko.k osQ lkFk ;q fd;k vkSj ohjxfr ikbZA bl izdkj jkt&/eZ dh j{kk esa vius izk.kksa dk
mRlxZ djus okys tVk;q dks Hkkjrh; laLfr dk egku~ uk;d ekuk tkrk gSA
(x) lhrk fo"k;d lwpuk nsrs gq, tVk;q us jke ls tks opu dgs os bl izdkj gSa&
;keks " k/hfeok;q " eUos " kfl
egkous A
lk p nsoh ee izk.kk% jko.ksuksHk;a re~AA

77

tVk;ks% 'kkS;Ze~

Hkkf"kdfoLrkj%
(?k) okD; iz;ksx
z fxje~
z irxs'oj%
z 'kjh
z fo/w;
z oz.kku~
z iikr
z rq.Msu
z O;ikgjr~
z vk'kq
z vfHkt?kku

&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&

Nk=k% e/qjka fxje~ mokpA

if{kjkt% tVk;q% irxs'oj% vfi dF;rsA
'kjh jko.k% fu%'kL=ks.k tVk;quk vkkUr%A
ohj% 'k=kqizgkjku~ fo/w; vxzs vxPNr~A
fpfdRld% vkS"k/su oz.kku~ fojksfirku~ vdjksr~A
o`{k% dqBkjs.k fNUu% lu~ HkwekS iikrA
'kqdk% rq.Msu r.Mqyku~ [kknfUrA
tVk;q% jko.kL; ckgwu~ O;ikgjr~A
Lodk;Ze~ vk'kq lEikn;A
jke% ous vusdku~ jk{klku~ vfHkt?kkuA

() L=khizR;;&
Vki~ izR;;&d#.kk] nqf[krk] 'kqHkk] fuEuk] j{k.kh;k
hi~ izR;;&foyiUrh] ;'kfLouh] oSnsgh] deyi=kk{kh
fr izR;;&;qofr%
iafq Yy 'kCnksa ls L=khfy in fuekZ.k esa Vki~&hi~&fr izR;; iz;qDr gksrs gSaA Vki~ izR;;
dk ^vk* rFkk hi~ izR;; dk ^bZ* 'ks"k jgrk gSA
;Fkk&
z ew"kd $ Vki~
ewf"kdk
z ckyd $ Vki~
ckfydk
z v'o
$ Vki~ v'ok
z oRl
$ Vki~ oRlk
z glu~
$ hi~ glUrh
z ekuq"k% $ hi~
ekuq"kh
z ekfuu~ $ hi~
ekfuuh
z jktu~
$ hi~ jkKh

,dkn'k% ikB%

i;kZoj.ke~
izLrqr ikB~;ka'k i;kZoj.k dks ;ku esa j[kdj fy[kk x;k ,d y?kq fucUk gSA orZeku ;qx esa iznwf"kr
okrkoj.k ekuo&thou osQ fy, Hk;j vfHk'kki cu x;k gSA ufn;ksa dk ty dyqf"kr gks jgk gS]
ou o`{kksa ls jfgr gks jgs gSa] feV~Vh dk dVko c<+us ls ck<+ dh leL;k, c<+rh tk jgh gSaA
dy&dkj[kkuksa vkSj okguksa osQ /q, ls ok;q fo"kSyh gks jgh gSA oU;&izkf.k;ksa dh tkfr;k Hkh u"V
gks jgh gSaA oSKkfudksa osQ vuqlkj o`{kksa ,oa ouLifr;ksa osQ vHkko esa euq";ksa osQ fy, thfor jguk
vlEHko izrhr gksrk gSA i=k] iq"i] iQy] dk"B] Nk;k ,oa vkS"kf/ iznku djus okys ikniksa ,oa o`{kksa
dh mi;ksfxrk orZeku le; esa iwokZis{k;k vf/d gSA ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa gekjk drZO; gS fd ge
i;kZoj.k osQ laj{k.kkFkZ mik; djsaA o`{kksa osQ jksi.k] unh&ty dh LoPNrk] mQtkZ osQ laj{k.k] okih]
owQi] rM+kx] m|ku vkfn osQ fuekZ.k vkSj mudks LoPN j[kus esa iz;Ru'khy gksa rkfd thou lq[ke;
,oa minzo jfgr gks losQA

izfr% les"kka izkf.kuka laj{k.kk; ;rrsA b;a lokZu~ iq".kkfr fofokS%S izdkjS%] riZ;fr p
lq[klk/uS%A i`fFkoh] tya] rstks] ok;q%] vkdk'k'pkL;k% ize[q kkfu rokfuA rkU;so
fefyRok i`FkDr;k okLekda i;kZoj.ka jp;fUrA vkfoz;rs ifjr% leUrkr~ yksdksusus fs r
i;kZoj.ke~A ;Fkktkrf''k'kq% ekr`xHksZ lqjf{krfLr"Bfr rFkSo ekuo% i;kZoj.koqQ{kkSA ifj"ra
izn"w k.kjfgra p i;kZoj.keLeH;a lkalkfjoaQ thoulq[ka] lf}pkja] lR;lY ia ekf ydlkexzhp
iznnkfrA izfrdksi%S vkrfrks tu% fda drq izHkofr\ tyIykouS%] vfXuHk;S%] HkwdEiS%]
okR;kpozQS %] mYdkikrkfnfHk'p lUrIrL; ekuoL; Do eye~\
vr,o izfrjLekfHk% j{k.kh;kA rsu p i;kZoj.ka jf{kra Hkfo";frA izkphudkys
yksdeyk'kaflu "k;ks ous fuolfUr LeA ;rks fg ous ,o lqjf{kra i;kZoj.keqiyH;rs
LeA fofo/k fogxk% dyowQftrSLr=k Jks=kjlk;ua nnfrA

i;kZoj.ke~

79

lfjrks fxfjfu>Zjk'p ve`rLoknq fueZya tya iz;PNfUrA o`{kk yrk'p iQykfu

iq"ikf.k bU/udk"Bkfu p ckgqY;su leqigjfUrA 'khryeUnlqxU/ouiouk vkS"kkdYia
izk.kok;aq forjfUrA

ijUrq LokFkkZU/ks ekuoLrnso i;kZoj.ke| uk'k;frA LoYiykHkk; tuk cgqeYw ;kfu

oLrwfu uk'k;fUrA ;U=kkxkjk.kka fo"kkDra tya u|ka fuikR;rs ;su eRL;knhuka typjk.kka p
{k.ksuoS uk'kks tk;rsA unhtyefi rRloZFkkis;a tk;rsA ouo`{kk fufoZod
s a fN|Urs O;kikjokZuk;]
;su vo`f"V% izo/Zr]s oui'ko'p 'kj.kjfgrk xzkes"kq minzoa fon/frA 'kqok;qjfi o`{kdrZukr~
lVkiUuks tkr%A ,oa fg LokFkkZU/ekuoSfoZfreqixrk izfrjso rs"kka fouk'kd=khZ ltkrkA
i;kZoj.ks fofreqixrs tk;Urs fofo/k jksxk Hkh"k.kleL;k'pA rRloZfenkuha fpUruh;a
izfrHkkfrA
/eksZ j{kfr jf{kr% bR;k"kZopue~A i;kZoj.kj{k.kefi keZL;Sokfefr "k;%
izfrikfnroUr%A rr ,o okihowQirMkxkfnfuekZ.ka nsok;rufoJkex`gkfnLFkkiup

80

'kseq"kh

keZfls% ksrks:is.kkh re~A oqQDoqQjlwdjliZuoqQykfnLFkypjk] eRL;dPNiedjizHk`r;ks

typjk'pkfi j{k.kh;k%] ;rLrs LFkyeykiuksfnuks tyeykigkfj.k'pA izfrj{k;So lEHkofr
yksdj{ksfr u la'k;%A
'kCnkFkkZ%
iq".kkfr
vtkr% f'k'kq%
oqQ{kkS
tyIykouS%
okR;kpoSzQ%
yksdeyk'kaflu%
Jks=kjlk;ue~
fxfjfu>Zjk%
;U=kkxkjk.kke~
vis;e~
o`{kdrZukr~
nsok;rue~
LFkyeykiuksfnu%

iks"k.ka djksfr
vuqRiUutkrd%
xHksZ
tykS?kS%
okrpoSQz %
lektdY;k.kdkek%
d.kkZe`re~
ioZrkuka izikrk%
;U=kky;kuke~
ikrqe~ v;ksX;e~
o`{kk.kke~ mPNsnkr~
nsoky;%] efUnje~
Hkwfeeykilkfj.k%

iq"V djrk gS
vtUek f'k'kq
xHkZ esa
ck<+ ls
vk/h] coaMj
turk osQ dY;k.k dks pkgus okys
dku dks vPNk yxus okyk
igkM+ksa ls fudyus okys >jus
dkj[kkuksa osQ
u ihus ;ksX;
isM+ksa osQ dkVus ls
efUnj
Hkwfe dh xUnxh dks nwj djus okys

vH;kl%
1- vkksfyf[krkuka iz'ukukeqkjkf.k laLd`rHkk"k;k fy[kr&
(d) izd`rs% izeq[krokfu dkfu lfUr\
([k) LokFkkZU/% ekuo% d djksfr\
(x) i;kZoj.ks fod`rs tkrs d Hkofr\
(?k) vLekfHk% i;kZoj.kL; j{kk dFka dj.kh;k\
() yksdj{kk dFka laHkofr\
(p) ifj"o`Qra i;kZoj.ke~ vLeH;a d d nnkfr\

81

i;kZoj.ke~
2-

LFkwyinkU;f/R; iz'ufuekZ.ka oqQ#r&

(d) ouo`{kk% fufoZosda fN|UrsA
([k) o`{kdrZukr~ 'kqok;q% u izkI;rsA
(x) izd`fr% thoulq[ka iznnkfrA
(?k) vtkrf''k'kq% ekr`xHksZ lqjf{kr% fr"BfrA
() i;kZoj.kj{k.ka /eZL; ve~ vfLrA

3-

mnkgj.keuql`R; injpuka oqQ#r&

(d) ;Fkk& tys pjfUr bfr
&
LFkys pjfUr bfr
&
fu'kk;ka pjfUr bfr &
O;ksfEu pjfUr bfr &
fxjkS pjfUr bfr
&
HkwekS pjfUr bfr
&
([k) ;Fkk& u is;e~ bfr
&
u o`f"V bfr
&
u lq[ke~ bfr
&
u Hkko% bfr
&
u iw.kZ% bfr
&

4-

typjk%
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------vis;e~
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

mnkgj.keuql`R; infuekZ.ka oqQ#r&

;Fkk&fo $ o`Q $ fDru~
fofr%
(d) iz $ xe~ $ fDru~
----------------------([k) n`'k~ $ fDru~
----------------------(x) xe~ $ fDru~
----------------------(?k) eu~ $ fDru~
----------------------() 'ke~ $ fDru~
----------------------(p) Hkh $ fDru~
----------------------(N) tu~ $ fDru~
----------------------(t) Hkt~ $ fDru~
----------------------(>) uh $ fDru~
-----------------------

82

'kseq"kh

5-

funsZ'kkuqlkja ifjorZ;r&
;Fkk&LokFkkZU/ks ekuo% v| i;kZoj.ka uk'k;fr (cgqopus)A
LokFkkZU/k% ekuok% v| i;kZoj.ka uk'k;fUrA
(d) lUrIrL; ekuoL; eya oqQr%\ (cgqopus)
([k) ekuok% i;kZoj.koqQ{kkS lqjf{krk% HkofUrA (,dopus)
(x) ouo`{kk% fufoZosda fN|UrsA (,dopus)
(?k) fxfjfu>Zjk% fueZya tya iz;PNfUrA (f}opus)
() lfjr~ fueZya tya iz;PNfrA (cgqopus)

6-

i;kZoj.kj{k.kk; HkoUr% fda dfj";fUr bfr fo"k;s ip okD;kfu fy[krA

;Fkk& vga fo"kkDre~ vodja unh"kq u ikrf;";kfeA
(d) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------([k) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(x) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(?k) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------() --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7- (d) mnkgj.keuql`R; milxkZu~ i`FkDRok fy[kr&

;Fkk& laj{k.kk;
&
le~
---------------------(i) izHkofr
&
(ii) miyH;rs

&

----------------------

(iii) fuolfUr

&

----------------------

(iv) leqigjfUr

&

----------------------

(v) forjfUr

&

----------------------

(vi) iz;PNfUr

&

----------------------

(vii) mixrk

&

----------------------

(viii) izfrHkkfr

&

----------------------

83

i;kZoj.ke~
([k) mnkgj.keuql`R; v/ksfyf[krkuka leLrinkukaa foxzga fy[kr&
;Fkk& rstksok;q%
&
rst% ok;q% pA
fxfjfu>ZZjk%
&
fxj;% fu>Zjk% pA
---------------------&
(i) i=kiq"is
---------------------(ii) yrko`{kkS
&
---------------------&
(iii) i'kqi{kh
---------------------(iv) dhVirk S
&

ifj;kstukdk;Ze~
(d) fo|ky;izk.ks fLFkrL; m|kuL; o`{kk% iknik'p dFka lqjf{krk% L;q% rnFk iz;Ru%
dj.kh;% bfr lIrokD;s"kq fy[krA
([k) vfHkHkkodL; f'k{kdL; ok lg;ksxsu ,dL; o`{kL; vkjksi.ka dj.kh;e~A (;fn LFkkue~
vfLrA) rfgZ fo|ky;&izk.ks] ukfLr psr~ LofLeu~ izfros'ks] x`gs okA) ra lo
nSufUnU;ka fyf[kRok f'k{koaQ n'kZ;rA

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
(d) fPo izR;; dk iz;ksx &
vHkwrrn~Hkkos fPo & tks oLrq igys u gks mlosQ gks tkus esa fPo izR;; dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA fPo izR;; dk iz;ksx osQoy Hkw rFkk o`Q /krqvksa osQ lkFk gksrk gSA 'kCn
osQ vfUre Loj dk ^bZ* gks tkrk gSA
;Fkk& vh re~
& vuL ; (vLoho`QrL;) va re~ vh o`Qre~ (Loho`Qre~)
".khf;rs & v".kL; ".k% f;rs
czhHkofr
& vcz.k% cz Hkofr
nzohf;rs
& vnzoL; nzo% f;rs
([k) fuEufyf[kr 'kCn;qXeksa osQ Hksn ns[kus ;ksX; gSa&
lYi% & lRlYi%
vkpkj% & lnkpkj%
tu%
& lTtu%
lfr% & lRlfr%
efr%
& lUefr%

84

'kseq"kh
(x) vk"kZopu & f"k osQ }kjk dgk x;k opu ^vk"kZopu* dgykrk gSA
(?k) ipro & i`Foh] ty] vfXu] ok;q vkSj vkdk'kA bu ikp roksa ls gh ;g 'kjhj
curk gSA

lekukUrj 'yksd o lwfDr;k

i;kZoj.k ls lEcfU/r fuEu mfDr;k ,oa 'yksd i<+us ;ksX; rFkk ;kn djus ;ksX; gSa&
z
gekjh laLfr esa o`{k oUnuh; gSa blfy, o`{kksa dks dkVuk] m[kkM+uk oftZr gSA
n'kowQilek okih n'kokihleks n%A
n'knle% iq=kks n'kiq=kleks nzqe%AA
(eRL;iqjk.ke~)
z

rqylh dk ikS/k Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dk ,d egRo iw.kZ v gSA u osQoy kkfeZd vfirq
fpfdRlk dh n`f"V ls Hkh ;g j{kk djus ;ksX; gSA blhfy, ?kj osQ vkxu esa blosQ jksi.k
dk ego gSA iqjk.k vkSj oS|d xzUFkksa osQ vuqlkj rqylh dk ikSkk ok;qiznw"k.k dks nwj
djrk gSA dgk x;k gS&
^rqylh* dkuus pSo x`gs ;L;kofr"BrsA
rn~x`ga rhFkZfeR;kgq% uk;kfUr ;efdjk%AA
rqylhxU/eknk; ;=k xPNfr ek#r%A
fn'kks n'k iqukR;k'kq Hkwrxzkeka'prqfoZ/ku~AA

rqylh dk jl rhozToj dks u"V djrk gSA dgk x;k gS&

ihrks ejhfppw.ksZu rqylhi=ktks jl%A
nzks.kiq"ijlksI;soa fugfUr fo"kea Toje~AA

(i|kskj[k.Me~)

o`{kkjksi.k dk ego&
rkj;sn~ o`{kjksih rq rLekn~ o`{kku~ izjksi;sr~A
rL; iq=kk HkoUR;so iknik uk=k 'kal;%AA

('kk~xZ/j)

}kn'k% ikB%

ok~eu%izk.kLo:ie~
izLrqr ikB NkUnksX;ksifu"kn~ osQ NBs v;k; osQ ipe [k.M ij vkkkfjr gSA blesa eu] izk.k
rFkk oko~Q (ok.kh) osQ lanHkZ esa jkspd fooj.k izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA mifu"kn~ osQ xw<+ izlax dks
ckskxE; cukus osQ ms'; ls bls vk#f.k ,oa 'osrosQrq osQ laokn:i esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA
vk"kZ&ijaijk esa Kku&izkfIr osQ rhu mik; crk, x, gSa ftuesa ifjiz'u Hkh ,d gSA ;gk
xq#lsokijk;.k f'k"; ok.kh] eu rFkk izk.k osQ fo"k; esa iz'u iwNrk gS vkSj vkpk;Z mu iz'uksa
osQ mkj nsrs gSaA

'osrosQrq% & Hkxou~! 'osrosQrqjga

oUnsA
vk#f.k% & oRl! fpjthoA
'osrosQrq% & Hkxou~!
fdfpRiz"VqfePNkfeA
vk#f.k% & oRl! fde| Ro;k
iz"VO;efLr\
'osrosQrq% & Hkxou~! iz"VqfePNkfe
fdfena eu%\
vk#f.k% & oRl! vf'krL;kUuL;
;ksf.k"B% rUeu%A
'osrosQrq% & d'p izk.k%\
vk#f.k% & ihrkuke~ vika
;ksf.k"B% l izk.k%A
'osrosQrq% & Hkxou~! osQ;a oko~Q\

86

'kseq"kh

vk#f.k% & oRl! vf'krL; rstlk ;ksf.k"B% lk okd~A lkSE;! eu% vUue;a] izk.k%
vkikse;% oko~Q p rstkse;h Hkofr bR;I;o/k;Ze~A
'osrosQrq% & Hkxou~! Hkw; ,o eka foKki;rqA
vk#f.k% & lkSE;! lko/kua k`.kqA eF;ekuL; nu% ;ksf.kek] l mQoZ% leqnh"kfrA
rRlfiZ% HkofrA
'osrosQrq% & Hkxou~! O;k[;kra Hkork ?k`rksRifkjgL;e~A Hkw;ksfi JksrqfePNkfeA
vk#f.k% & ,oeso lkSE;! v';ekuL; vUuL; ;ksf.kek] l mQoZ% leqnh"kfrA
rUeuks HkofrA voxra u ok\
'osrosQrq% & lE;xoxra Hkxou~!
vk#f.k% & oRl! ih;ekukuke~ vika ;ksf.kek l mQoZ% leqnh"kfr l ,o izk.kks
HkofrA
'osrosQrq% & Hkxou~! okpefi foKki;rqA
vk#f.k% & lkSE;! v';ekuL; rstlks ;kssf.kek] l mQoZ% leqnh"kfrA lk [kyq
okXHkofrA oRl! mins'kkUrs Hkw;ksfi Roka foKkif;rqfePNkfe ;nUue;a
Hkofr eu%] vkikse;ks Hkofr izk.kkLrstkse;h p Hkofr okfxfrA fdp
;kn`'keUukfnda x`kfr ekuoLrkn`'keso rL; fpkkfnda Hkorhfr enqins'klkj%A
oRl! ,rRlo n;su vo/kj;A
'osrosQrq% & ;nkKki;fr Hkxou~A ,"k iz.kekfeA
vk#f.k% & oRl! fpjthoA rstfLo ukS v/hre~ vLrqA
'kCnkFkkZ%
iz"Vqe~
iz"VO;e~
vf'krL;
vf.k"B%
vUue;e~

iz'ua drqZe~
iz"Vqa ;ksX;e~
Hkf{krL;
yf?k"B%] y?kqre%
vUufodkjHkwre~

iz'u djus@iwNus osQ fy,

iwNus ;ksX;
[kk;s gq, dk
vR;Ur y?kq vFkok lokZf/d y?kq
vUu ls fufeZr

87

ok~eu%izk.kLo:ie~
vkikse;%
rstkse;%
vo/k;Ze~
foKki;rq
Hkw;ksfi
leqnh"kfr
lfiZ%
v';ekuL;
mins'kkUrs
rstfLo
ukS v/hre~

tye;%
vfXue;%
voxUrO;e~
izcks/;r
iqujfi
leqfk"Bfr] leq|kfr]
leqPNyfr
?k`re~] vkT;e~
Hk{;ek.kL;] fuxh;Zek.kL;
izopukUrs
rstks;qDre~
vko;ks%ifBre~

ty esa ifj.kr
vfXu dk ifj.kkeHkwr
le>us ;ksX;
le>kb;s
,d ckj vkSj
mQij mBrk gS
?kh
[kk;s tkrs gq, dk
O;k[;ku osQ vUr esa
rstfLork ls ;qDr
ge nksuksa }kjk i<k gqvk

vH;kl%
1- vkksfyf[krkuka iz'ukukeqkjkf.k laLrHkk"k;k fy[kr&
(d) 'osrosQrq% loZizFkee~ vk#f.ka dL; Lo:iL; fo"k;s i`PNfr\
([k) vk#f.k% izk.kLo:ia dFka fu:i;fr\
(x) ekuokuka psrkafl dhn`'kkfu HkofUr\
(?k) lfiZ% d Hkofr\
() vk#.ks% erkuqlkja eu% dhn`'kaa Hkofr\
2- (d) ^v* LrEHkL; inkfu ^c* LrEHksu nRrS% inS% lg ;Fkk;ksX;a ;kst;r&
v
c
eu%
vUue;e~
izk.k%
rstkse;h
oko~Q
vkikse;%
([k) v/ksfyf[krkuka inkuka foykseina ikBkr~ fpRok fy[kr&
---------------------------(i) xfj"B%
---------------------------(ii) v/%
---------------------------(iii) ,dokje~

88

'kseq"kh
(iv) vuo/hre~
(v) fdfpr~

-------------------------------------------------------

3- mnkgj.keuql`R; fuEufyf[krs"kq f;kinss"kq

;Fkk& izPN~ $ rqequ~

(d) kzq $ rqequ~

([k) oUn~ $ rqequ~

(x) iB~ $ rqequ~

(?k) $ rqequ~

() fo $ Kk $ rqequ~

(p) fo $ vk $ [;k $ rqequ~

^rqequ~* izR;;a ;kstf;Rok infuekZ.ka oqQ#r&

iz"Vqe~
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4- funsZ'kkuqlkja fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&

(d) vga fdfpr~ iz"Vqe~ -----------------A (bPN~ & yV~ydkjs)
([k) eu% vUue;a -----------------------A (Hkw & yV~ydkjs)
(x) lko/kua -----------------A (Jq & yksV~ydkjs)
(?k) rstfLouko/hre~ -----------------A (vl~ & yksV~ydkjs)
() 'osrosQrq% vk#.ks% f'k";% -----------------A (vl~ & y~ydkjs)
5- mnkgj.keuql`R; okD;kfu jp;r&
;Fkk& vga Lons'ka lsforqe~ bPNkfeA
(d) ----------------------------------------- mifn'kkfeA
([k) ----------------------------------------- iz.kekfeA
(x) ----------------------------------------- vkKki;kfeA
(?k) ----------------------------------------- i`PNkfeA
() ----------------------------------------- voxPNkfeA
6- (d) lfU/a oqQ#r&
(i) vf'krL; $ vL;
-------------------------- --------------------------(ii) bfr $ vfi $ vo/k;Ze~
(iii) dk $ b;e~
--------------------------(iv) ukS $ v/hre~
-------------------------- --------------------------(v) Hkofr $ bfr

89

ok~eu%izk.kLo:ie~
([k) LFkwyinkU;f/R; iz'ufuekZ.ka dq#r&
(i) eF;ekuL; nu% vf.kek mQ?o leqnh"kfrA
(ii) Hkork ?k`rksRifkjgL;a O;k[;kre~A
(iii) vk#f.ke~~ mixE; 'osrosQrq% vfHkokn;frA
(iv) 'osrosQrq% okfXo"k;s i`PNfrA
7- ikBL; lkjka'ka ipokD;S% fy[krA

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
xzUFk ifjp;& NkUnksX;ksifu"kn~ mifu"kRlkfgR; dk izkphu ,oa izfl xzUFk gSA ;g lkeosn osQ
mifu"kn~ czk.k dk eq[; Hkkx gSA bldh o.kZu ifr vR;f/d oSKkfud vkSj ;qfDrlaxr gSA
blesa vkReKku osQ lkFk&lkFk mi;ksxh dk;ks vkSj miklukvksa dk lE;o~Q o.kZu gqvk gSA
NkUnksX;ksifu"kn~ vkB v;k;ksa esa foHkDr gSA blosQ NBs v;k; esa ^roefl* dk foLrkj ls
foospu izkIr gksrk gSA

HkkofoLrkj%
vk#f.k vius iq=k 'osrosQrq dks mins'k nsrs gSa fd [kk;k gqvk vUu rhu izdkj dk gksrk gSA mldk
fLFkjre Hkkx ey gksrk gS] e;e ekal gksrk gS] vkSj lcls y?kqre eu gksrk gSA fi;k gqvk ty
Hkh rhu izdkj dk gksrk gS& mldk LFkfo"B Hkkx ew=k gksrk gS] e;Hkkx yksfgr (jDr) gksrk gS
vkSj vf.k"B Hkkx izk.k gksrk gSA Hkkstu ls izkIr rst Hkh rhu rjg dk gksrk gS & mldk LFkfo"B
Hkkx vfLFk gksrk gS] e;e Hkkx eTtk (pchZ) gksrh gS vkSj tks y?kqre Hkkx gS og ok.kh gksrh gSA
tks [kk;k tkrk gS og vUu gSA vUu gh fuf'pr :i ls eu gSA U;k; vkSj lR; ls vftZr
fd;k gqvk vUu lkfRod gksrk gSA mls [kkus ls eu Hkh lkfRod gksrk gSA nwf"kr Hkkouk vkSj vU;k;
ls vftZr vUu rkel gksrk gSA dF; dk lkjka'k ;g gS fd lkfRod Hkkstu ls eu lkfRod gksrk
gSA jktlh Hkkstu ls eu jktl gksrk gS vkSj rkel Hkkstu ls eu dh izof` k Hkh rkelh gks tkrh gSA
bl lalkj esa ty gh thou gS] vkSj izk.k tye; gksrk gSA rSy (rsy)] ?k`r vkfn osQ Hk{k.k
ls ok.kh fo'kn gksrh gS vkSj Hkk"k.kkfn dk;ks esa lkeF;Z dh o`f djrh gSA blfy, ok.kh dks
rstkse;h dgk tkrk gSA
NkUnksX;ksifu"kn~ osQ vuqlkj eu vUue; gS] izk.k tye; gS vkSj ok.kh rstkse;h gSA

90

'kseq"kh

Hkkf"kdfoLrkj%
1-

e;V~ izR;; izkpq;Z osQ vFkZ esa iz;qDr gksrk gSA

;Fkk&
iqafYy
L=khfy
'kkfUr $ e;V~
'kkfUre;%
'kkfUre;h
vkuUn $ e;V~
vkuUne;%
vkuUne;h
lq[k $ e;V~
lq[ke;%
lq[ke;h
rst% $ e;V~
rstkse;%
rstkse;h

2-

e;V~ izR;; dk iz;ksx fodkj vFkZ esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
;Fkk&
iqafYy
L=khfy
e`r~ $ e;V~
e`.e;%
e`.e;h
Lo.kZ $ e;V~
Lo.kZe;%
Lo.kZe;h
ykSg $ e;V~
ykSge;%
ykSge;h
ty dks thou dgk x;k gSA ^^tho;fr yksdku~ tye~** ;g ipHkwrksa osQ vUrxZr
Hkwrfo'ks"k gSA blosQ i;kZ;okph 'kCn gSa&
okfj] ikuh;e~] mnde~] mne~] lfyye~] rks;e~] uhje~] vEcq] vEHkl~] i;l~ vkfnA
ty dh mi;ksfxrk osQ fo"k; esa fuEufyf[kr 'yksd nz"VO; gS&
ikuh;a izkf.kuka izk.kLrnk;Roaa fg thoue~A
rks;kHkkos fiiklkrZ% {k.kkr~ izk.kS% foeqqP;rsAA
eul~ (uiqald fy) 'kCn dk :i
izeu%
eulh
eukafl
f}
**
**
**
r`eulk
euksH;ke~
euksfHk%
peuls
**
euksH;%
iaeul%
**
**
"k**
eulks%
eulke~
leufl
**
euLlq
lEcks/u
gs eu%!
gs eulh!
gs eukafl!
z vEHkl~] i;l~] ;'kl~] rstl~] uHkl~] vkfn 'kCnksa osQ :i Hkh eul~ dh rjg gksrs gSaA
v;srO;% xzUFk%&
mifu"knksa dh dgkfu;k& MkW- Hkxokulg] us'kuy cqd VLV] ubZ fnYyhA

3-

4-