NORMALISATION

DEFINITION
NORMALIZATION IS THE PROCESS OF REMOVING DATA REDUNDANCY AND
DEPENDENCY FROM A DATABASE.
WHEN THE DATABASE DESIGN IS FULLY NORMALIZED, THERE IS NO
REPETITION OF DATA ACROSS TABLES WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE FIELDS
USED TO LINK THE TABLES TOGETHER.

PURPOSES FOR DATABASE NORMALISATION
TO REDUCE DATA REDUNDANCY BY STORING EACH FACT WITH IN THE
DATABASE ONLY ONCE
PRODUCE CONTROLLED REDUNDANCIES TO LINK TABLES
TO PUT DATA INTO THE FORM THAT IS MORE ABLE TO ACCURATELY
ACCOMMODATE CHANGE
TO AVOID CERTAIN ANOMALIES LIKE UPDATING, INSERTION AND DELETING
ANOMALIES
TO FACILITATE ENFORCEMENT OF CONSTRAINTS
TO MAINTAIN DATA CONSISTENCY
STAGES OF NORMALISATION
NORMALISATION
Student
number
Student
name
Date of birth Course
numbe
r
Course name Lecturer
number
Lecturer
name
12345 Heathcote F 03/06/79 Ec3211
Ec1011
Ec4521
Maths Yr 1
Computing Yr 1
Physics Yr 1
T223459
T345267
t318743
Peat L
Todd M
Chapman H
22433 Head J 06/04/79 Ad6611
Ec1011
Bm763
4
Art Yr 1
Computing Yr 1
French Yr 1
T886554
T345267
T165555
Lowry B
Todd M
Burke D
128867 Harrison E 07/04/79 Ec1011
ad6611
Computing Yr 1
Art Yr 1
T345267
t886554
Todd M
Lowry B
Students
1NF
A TABLE IS SAID TO BE !NF IF IT CONTAINS NO REPEATING ATTRIBUTES OR
GROUP OF ATTRIBUTES
BREAK THE TABLE INTO TWO TABLES; STUDENT AND COURSE TABLES
STUDENT TABLES ATTRIBUTES: STUDENT NUMBER, STUDENT NAME, DATE OF
BIRTH, COURSE NUMBER
COURSE TABLE: COURSE NUMBER, COURSE NAME, LECTURER NUMBER,
LECTURER NAME
NORMALISATION: 1NF
Students Course
COURS
E
NUMBE
R
COURSE NAME LECTUR
ER
NUMBE
R
LECTURE
R NAME
EC3211 MATHS YR 1 T223459 PEAT L
EC1011

COMPUTING YR
1

T345267

TODD M

EC4521 PHYSICS YR 1 T318743 CHAPMAN
H
AD6611 ART YR 1 T886554 LOWRY B
BM7634 FRENCH YR 1 T165555 BURKE D
STUDE
NT
NUMBE
R
STUDENT
NAME
DATE OF
BIRTH
COURS
E
NUMBE
R
12345 HEATHCOT
E F
03/06/79 EC3211
12345 HEATHCOT
E F
03/06/79 EC4521
12345 HEATHCOT
E F
03/06/79 EC1011
22433 HEAD J 06/04/79 AD6611
22433 HEAD J 06/04/79 EC1011
22433 HEAD J 06/04/79 BM7634
128867 HARRISON
E
07/04/79 EC1011
128867 HARRISON
E
07/04/79 AD6611
NORMALISATION: 2NF
A TABLE IS SAID TO BE IN 2NF IF IT IS IN !NF AND NO COLUMN THAT IS NOT PART
OF THE PRIMARY KEY IS DEPENDENT ON ONLY ONE PORTION OF THE PRIMARY
KEY, I.E., A TABLE IS IN 2NF IF IT CONTAINS NO PARTIAL DEPENDENCIES
STUDENT: STUDENT NUMBER, STUDENT NAME, DATE OF BIRTH
REGISTER: STUDENT NUMBER, COURSE NUMBER
COURSE: COURSE NUMBER, COURSE NAME, LECTURER NUMBER, LECTURER
NAME


student course
studies
student
register
course
Is included
on
for
becomes
2NF
STUDEN
T
NUMBER
COURSE
NUMBER
12345 EC3211
12345 EC4521
12345 EC1011
22433 AD6611
22433 EC1011
22433 BM7634
128867 EC1011

128867 AD6611
STUDE
NT
NUMBE
R
STUDENT
NAME
DATE OF
BIRTH
12345 HEATHCOTE
F
03/06/79
22433 HEAD J 06/04/79
128867 HARRISON
E
07/04/79
Course table remains unchanged, note, we now
have three tables
THIRD NORMAL FORM (3NF)
A TABLE IS IN THIRD FORMAL FORM CONTAINS NO NON-KEY DEPENDENCIES
A TABLE IN THIRD NORMAL FORM, ALL ATTRIBUTES DEPEND ON THE KEY, THE WHOLE KEY,
NOTHING BUT THE KEY
THE COURSE TABLE CONTAINS FIELDS FOR LECTURER NUMBER AND LECTURER NAME, BUT
CLEARLY LECTURER NAME DEPENDS ONLY ON LECTURER NUMBER AND SHOULD NOT
THEREFORE BE IN THIS TABLE.
A NEW RELATION HAS TO BE CREATED, GIVING US A DATABASE IN 3NF CONTAINING FOUR
RELATIONS
TRANSITIVE DEPENDENCY IS WHEN AN ATTRIBUTE IS INDIRECTLY FUNCTIONARY
DEPENDENT ON A KEY (DEPENDENCY IS THROUGH ANOTHER NON-KEY ATTRIBUTE)
3NF CONTINUED
STUDENT: STUDENT NUMBER, STUDENT NAME, DATE OF BIRTH
REGISTER: STUDENT NUMBER, COURSE NUMBER
COURSE TABLE: COURSE NUMBER, COURSE NAME, LECTURER NUMBER,
LECTURER NAME
LECTURER: LECTURER NUMBER, LECTURER NAME

3NF CONTD
COURSE
NUMBER
COURSE NAME LECTURER
NUMBER
EC3211 MATHS YR 1 T223459
EC1011

COMPUTING YR
1

T345267

EC4521 PHYSICS YR 1 T318743
AD6611 ART YR 1 T886554
BM7634 FRENCH YR 1 T165555
Lecturer
number
LECTURER
NAME
T223459 PEAT L
T345267 TODD M
T318743 CHAPMAN
H
T886554 LOWRY B
T165555 BURKE D
THANK YOU!