CASING AND TUBING

1. American Petroleum Institute (API) has developed

guides for the petroleum practices and equipment.
Casing and tubing are important in oil drilling and
production.
2. APIs pecification !A states that casing" liners and
tubing must be seamless or electric #elded.
$. Casing ph%sical characteristics
&rade
'eight
(ange
)iameter
*urst
Collapse
+ield point and pipe bod%
*ia,ial effect
1
$.1 &rade
-he pipe grade indicates the pipes %ield strength
and certain special characteristics.
-he grade usuall% consists of a letter and a 2 or $.
digit number such as /.01.
Pipe /.01 has a minimum %ield strength of 01"111
psi. -he average %ield strength is usuall% 11"111 psi
greater than the minimum %ield or 21"111 psi for /.
01 pipe.
-he minimum value is used in burst and collapse
resistance calculations" #hereas the average is used
for bia,ial evaluation.
3,amples of API &rades4
5.61" 7.!!" 8.!!" C.9!" /.01" :.01"
C.2!" P.11!" P111" ;.1!1
2
C pipe is a controlled %ield pipe used primaril% in
environments such as 5
2
(corrosive environment).
: grade pipe has the same burst" collapse and %ield
values as / pipe. -he hardness of the pipe is a
critical value due to potential h%drogen
embrittlement in 5
2
environment.
:.01 pipe is more e,pensive than /.01 pipe.
-here are also non.API grades of pipe available but
used API equations in determining the burst and
collapse. uch pipes li<e ==.1!! pipe manufactured
b% Algoma mills.
$.2 'eight
-he pipe usuall% defined in pounds per foot. -he
#eight is defined b% the API b% the follo#ing
equation.
3
'
:
> (#
pe
:) ? e
#
#here '
:
> Calculated #eight of a pipe of length
:" lb
'
pe
> Plain.end pipe" lb@ft
: > :ength of pipe including end finish" ft.
e
#
> 'eight gain or loss due to end
finishing" lbA for plain.end pipe" e
#

equals Bero.
-he cross.sectional area4
A
p
> 1.22'
pe
square inches
$.$ (ange
Pipe range is a value for appro,imating the length of
a section of pipe. -he follo#ing table illustrates
some of the API standards #ith respect to range
definitions.
4
API (ange :ength
(ange (feet)
1 2 $
Casing
-otal range length" inclusive
(ange length for 2!C or more of carload4
Permissible variation" ma,imum
Permissible length" minimum
1D.2!
D
10
2!.$6
!
20
$6.60
D
$D
-ubing
-otal range length" inclusiveE
(ange length for 2!C or more of carload4
Permissible variation" ma,imum
Permissible length" minimum
21.26
2
21
20.$2
2
20
.
.
.
Pup Foints
:engths G 2" 6" D" 0" 11 and 12 ft
-olerance . $ in.
E *% agreement bet#een purchaser and manufacturer" the total range
length for (ange 1 tubing ma% be 21 G 20 ft.
$.6 )iameter
-he drilling engineer must consider $ t%pes of
diameter data #hen planning the tubular program4
outer" inner and drift diameters.
Hor drilling considerations" the drift diameter is
usuall% considered as the bit siBe that can safel% run
through the casing.
5
$.! *urst
-he burst rating of the casing is the amount of
internal pressure that the pipe can #ithstand prior
to failure.
-he internal %ield pressure for pipe is calculated
using the follo#ing equation.
OD
t Y 2
0.875 = P
P
B
#here
P
*
> *urst pressure rounded to the nearest 11 psi.
+
P
> pecified minimum %ield strength" psi.
t > /ominal #all thic<ness" in.
=) > =utside diameter" in.
-he factor 1.09! accounts for minimum #all
thic<ness.
3,ample 1
6
Calculate the internal %ield (burst) pressure for
2D.61 lb@ft" /.01 grade" 9.D2! in. pipe. Assume it
has a #all thic<ness (t) of 1.$20 in. Ise the API
minimum #all thic<ness factor of 1.09!. (ecalculate
the results and 2!C #all thic<ness.
olution4
-he internal %ield (burst) is calculated using the
follo#ing equation.
=)
t + 2
1.09! P
P
*
=
> D"122 psi
Hor 2!C #all thic<ness
> D!$0 psi

If the pipe is to be use in sour gas condition" a
thic<er pipe is necessar%.
3,ample 2
7
in. 9.D2!
in.) (1.$20 psi) (01"111 2
1.09! =
in 9.D2!
in.) psi)(1.$20 2(01"111
1.2! P =
A drilling engineer must design a production casing
for sour gas service. -he ma,imum anticipated
surface pressure for the !.! in. =) pipe is 21"011
psi. -he engineers compan% philosoph% dictates that
pipe used in sour service #ill not have a %ield
strength greater than 21"111 psi. After the
engineer revie#ed the available" commonl% used
#eight and grades of casing" he realiBed that the
string must be speciall% rolled to meet his
requirements.
)etermine the #all thic<ness requirements
for the pipe. Ise a %ield strength of 21"111 psi and
assume the API tolerance of 09.!C #all thic<ness.
(ound up the #all thic<ness to the nearest 1@0J in.

olution4
-he API equation for internal %ield resistance.
=)
t + 2
1.09! P
P
*
=
in !.!
t psi) (21"111 2
1.09! psi 21"111 =
t > 1.92D in.
(ound up to the nearest one.eighth is4 t > 1.9!1 in.
or
K
0
D
.
$.D Collapse
8
Collapse resistance depends on the )@t ratio. -his
can be divided into four categories4
+ield strength collapse pressure
Plastic collapse
-ransition collapse
3lastic collapse
API provides tables and recommended appropriated
equations for the four t%pes of categories.
$.9 Pipe bod% %ield strength
-his is the a,ial load required to %ield the pipe.
P
+
> 1.90!6 (=)
2
G I)
2
)+
P
3,ample
A section of 11.9! in." !!.11 lb@ft" /.01 casing is to
be run into a #ell. It has a #all thic<ness of 1.62!
in. )etermine the pipe bod% %ield strength.
olution4
-he I) is computed as follo#s4
9
I) > =) G2t
> 11.9! G 2(1.62!)
> 2.9D inci
-he %ield strength is4
P
+
> 1.90!6 (=)
2
G I)
2
)+
P
> 1.90!6(11.9!
2
G 2.9D
2
)(01"111)
> 1"29!"929 lb 1"29!"111 lb
$.0 *ia,ial effects
*urst and collapse resistances of casing are
altered #hen the pipe is under a tension (or
compression) load.
-he qualitative changes are4
-%pe of load (esults
-ension *urst G increase resistance
Collapse G decrease resistance
Compression *urst G decrease resistance
Collapse G Increase resistance
10