6.2.

Bo v qu in p
Bo v van khi c xung in p t li
Bo v van khi c xung in p do chuyn
mch
Bo v van khi qu p di hn


I. Bo v van khi c xung in p t
li
1. tng bo v: lc xung in p t li
Nguyn nhn xung in p t li nh gii
thiu trn. bo v, cn gim bin
xung bng cch lc xung
X
1
, cha lc
X
2
, cha lc
Sau lc
xung
t
2. Lc xung bng mch RC
Mt mch RC mc u vo nh hnh v c th
hn ch c nh xung in p
Bn cht ca hin tng np, x t
in p t np bin thin theo
U
C
= E(1 e
-t/RoC
)
in p t x bin thin theo
U
C
= U
C0
e
-t/RC
)

E
R
0

R
1
2
K
i
C

A
B
u
C

+ +
i
R

a)
i
C
,u
C

u
C

i
C

I
0

E
t
b)
0
u
C

C
C
C
R
R
R
3. Lc xung pha th cp bin p
Mch RC mc u ra ca bin p c dng bo
v van khi ct bin p non ti. Trng hp xu
nht xy ra khi mch b ngt m dng kch t
bin p c gi tr cc i, nng lng tch lu
trong cun dy bin p W
t
= (Li
2
)/2 x ra gy
qu p
C
R
C
R
C

R
2

R
1

Tnh ton thng s cho mch bo v
Gi thit nng lng in t ca cun dy c
cp y cho mch t bo v, by gi W
t
=
(L
2BA
i
2
)/2 = (CU
2
max
)/2
Trong thc t t nhn mt na nng lng ca
cun dy bin p l ln ri nn (CU
2
max
) =
(L
2BA
I
0m
2
)/2 Sau khi bin i biu thc trn ta
c:

Trong : S
BA
- cng sut biu kin bin p
[kVA]; I
0
- dng in khng ti % ca bin p;
U
max
- in p cc i; C- in dung [F]


2
max
7
0 BA
fU 2
10 I S
C
t
=
in tr c tnh:
Trong : L
BA
= 10u
nm
.U/2fS
BA

u
nm
- in p ngn mch phn trm ca
BA [%]; U - in p hiu dung th cp
BA.
Trong mch ba pha
Cng sut cc in tr c tnh:
P = 3(U.2tfC)
2
R.10
12
[W]
Cho mch ba pha: P = 5(U.2tfC)
2
R.10
12

[W]
Cc h s 3, 5 trong cc cng thc cui l
xt ti s bin dng ca in p ti

C
L
2 R
BA
>
C
L 3
2 R
BA
>
Thng s ca mch bo v c chnh lu cu
T c tnh:
in tr c tnh:


in tr x nng lng ca t:
R
2
=5.10
3
/(fC) [kO]
( )
max d
2
max
7
0 BA
U U f 2
10 I S 5 , 1
C
t
=
C
L 3
3
2
R : pha ba cho ,
C
L
3
2
R
BA
1
BA
1
= =
C

R
2

R
1

4. Lc xung in p bng bin p cch
li
Xt phn ng ca cun dy
in cm
Khi c mt xung in p a ti
cun dy c in cm L,
dng in ca cun dy bin
thin nh hnh v. S bin thin
dng in nh trn thy rng
xung dng in c bin
thp hn so vi xung p.

L,R
L

U
0

K
R
u
R

i
R

u
L

a)
e
L

i
L
, u
L

U
0

t
I
Lmax

b)
i
L

Bn cht ca bin p
Vic hnh thnh in p
th cp bin p l do s
bin thin t thng trong li
thp, s bin thin t thng
ny l do dng in s cp
bin thin.
T trn thy rng, dng
in lc c thnh phn
xung in p, do th
cp bin p c lc xung
u
U
1
U
2

i
1

U
1

i
1
, u
U
2

II. Bo v van do xung in p do
chuyn mch
T bn cht ca hin tng
chuyn mch nu trn, ngi ta
phi to mt mch ngoi van bn
dn cho cc in tch qu
chy
Bo v van trong trng hp ny
ngi ta dng mch RC mc song
song vi van nh hnh v
Khi cc in tch chy
mch RC ngoi van bn dn, lm
gim xung in p trn pn ca
van.
ng tr in tch v
ngun
R
T
C
R
T
C
Tnh ton thng s mch bo v
Qu in p c th c nh gi qua h s qu
p


Trong : U
Nmax
- in p ngc cc i; k
AT
- h
s an ton; U
CM
- in p chuyn mch
H s qu p cc i c th la chn theo biu
thc: |
max
= 1/k
AT
+ 0,5
Cc gi tr in tr R v t C c tnh theo cc
gi tr in tr (R
max
, R
min
) v t C
TT
theo hm
|
max
c tnh ny c v di dng tng i trn
hnh v
CM AT
max N
U k
U
= |
Cc ng cong tnh ton
Cc gi tr thc ca van bn dn c tnh t cc
biu thc:

Trong : U
CM
- in p chuyn mch, L
CM
- in khng
chuyn mch; Q
T
- in tch qu ; R
T
, C
T
- cc gi
tr tng i tra t hnh v
20 40 60 100
80
20
40
60
80
I
T
=5A
I
T
=10A
I
T
=20A
I
T
=50A
I
T
=100A
Q
T

-di
T
/dt
0,1
1,0
10
100
1 1,5 2,0 25
|
max

R
max
,R
min
,C
T
T

C
TT

R
max

R
min

T
CM CM
T
CM
T
T
Q 2
L . U
R R ;
U
Q . 2
C C = =
S v d
A B C
III. Bo v van khi qu p di hn
1. Mc ni tip cc van
Van bn dn b qu in p khi U
CPV
<k.U
max

Trong trng hp ny van bn dn c mc ni
tip gim in p trn van, khi in p
lm vic bng tng in p trn cc van
U
LV
= U
V1
+ U
V2
+......+U
Vn


Mong mun khi mc ni tip c tnh ca cc
van mc ni tip c c tnh hon ton ging
nhau
Khi mc ni tip, cc van c chn cng thng
s, ca cng mt nh ch to, cng thi im
xut xng.

V
1
V
2
V
n

U
V1

U
V2
U
Vn

U
LV

2. c tnh ca van khi mc ni tip
Gi thit c hai van mc ni tip. Khi c
tnh ca van s bng tng hai c tnh hon
ton ging nhau nh hnh a hay cc c tnh
khng hon ton ging nhau nh hnh b
V
1
V
2
V
1
+V
2
U
LV
U
V1
U
V2
V
1

V
2

V
1
V
2
V
1
+V
2
U
LV
U
V1,V2
V
2

V
1

a)
b)
Khi c tnh ging nhau nh hnh a, in p
trn cc van c phn b bng nhau, c nh th
ny l rt l tng.
Tuy nhin, trong thc t c tnh ca cc van
bn dn thay i. S thay i in hnh l
dng in r tng ln khng ging nhau, ng
c tnh c dc khc nhau.
Khi c tnh ca van khc nhau, in p trn
van phn b khc nhau
Nhim v by gi l phi phn b li in p
cho cc van bn dn
3. Phn b li in p trn cc van bn
dn
Ngi ta c th c mt s cch phn b li
in p trn van:
c.
R
R
R
R
C
C
V
2

V
1

b.
C
C
V
2

V
1

d.
D
D
D
D
V
2

V
1

V
2

V
1

a.
R
R
Trong cc s trn, phn b in p bng
in tr nh hnh a l thng c s dng nht
Nguyn l phn b in p:
Tuy nhin, cc gi tr in tr van thay i lm
cho cc ng thc trn khng gi c, do ng-
i ta thng chn cc ga tr in tr bng
nhau. Cc in tr ny thng chn
R~(510)(U
N
/I
r
)
V
2
V
1

R
2

R
1

V
n

R
n

Vn n
Vn n
2 V 2
2 V 2
1 V 1
1 V 1
R R
R . R
.....
R R
R . R
R R
R . R
+
= =
+
=
+