Biendt Merged

Dn bi in t cng sut 1
Trang 1/ Chng 1_M u Hunh Vn Kim

Mon ho c IEN T CONG SUAT
( Mach ien t cong suat, ieu khien va ng dung )
Tai lieu tham khao:
- tieng Anh: - POWER ELECTRONICS Circuits, devices and applications , M.H. Rashid
Pearson Education Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall 2004.
- tieng Viet: - Bai giang ien tu cong suat 1 & Bai tap, PTS. Nguyen van Nh, Khoa
ien & ien t, HBK TP HCM
- ien tu cong suat, NGUYEN BNH, Hanoi, nha xuat ban KHKT
- ien t cong suat va ieu khien ong c ien, ( dch t tieng Anh )
Chng 1 : M AU
I.1 CAC KHAI NIEM:
- Cac ten goi cua mon hoc:
ien t cong suat (Power Electronics)
ien t cong suat ln.
Ky thuat bien oi ien nang.
- TCS la mot bo phan cua ien t ng
dung hay ien t cong nghiep.
Hnh 1.0 : S o khoi thiet b TCS
- Phan loai cac bo Bien oi (BB - Converter) theo muc ch:
AC --> DC: chnh lu
AC --> AC: BB ap AC, Bien tan.
DC --> DC: BB ap DC
DC --> AC: Nghch lu
- Bo Bien oi = Mach TCS + bo IEU KHIEN
Mach TCS gii han cac s o s dung linh kien ien t lam viec che o ong ngat,
goi la Ngat ien ien T (NBD) hay Ban Dan dung cho bien oi nang lng ien.
Bo IEU KHIEN = Mach ieu khien vong kn (neu co) + Mach phat xung.
Mach phat xung cung cap dong, ap ieu khien cac NBD e chung co the ong ngat theo
trnh t mong muon.
V du Ngat ien Ban Dan: Diod, Transistor, SCR ...
- BB con co the phan loai theo phng thc hoat ong cua NBD.
I.2 NGAT IEN BAN DAN:
Con goi la ngat ien ien t ( NT ), la cac linh kien ien t dung trong mach TCS
c ly tng hoa e cac khao sat cua mach TCS co gia tr tong quat bao gom ( hnh 1.1 ):
- DIODE ( chnh lu ): Phan t dan ien mot chieu co hai trang thai:
BB
http://www.ebook.edu.vn
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

Trang 2/ Chng 1_M u
ON : khi phan cc thuan: V
AK
> 0, co the xem sut ap thuan V
F
= 0, dong qua mach
phu thuoc nguon va cac phan t thu ong khac.
OFF : khi phan cc ngc: V
AK
< 0, co the xem nh h mach.
Diode NDBDMC SCR
Hnh 1.1: Cac loai ngat ien ban dan.
- SCR ( Chnh lu co ieu khien ): Hoat ong nh sau:
OFF : Co the ngat mach ca hai chieu ( VAK > 0 va VAK < 0 ) khi khong co tn hieu
ieu khien : G = 0.
ON : SCR tr nen dan ien ( ong mach ) khi co tn hieu ieu khien: G 0 va phan
cc thuan VAK > 0. iem at biet la SCR co kha nang t gi trang thai dan ien: no khong can
tn hieu G khi a ON, SCR ch tr ve trang thai ngat khi dong qua no giam ve 0.
- Ngat ien ban dan mot chieu ( NBDMC ), goi tat la ngat ien hay TRANSISTOR co
hoat ong nh sau:
OFF : Ngat mach khi khong co tn hieu ieu khien : G = 0. Cung nh cac
TRANSISTOR, NBDMC khong cho phep phan cc ngc ( VS luon luon > 0 ) .
ON : NBDMC tr nen dan ien ( ong mach ) khi co tn hieu ieu khien: G 0 va
tr ve trang thai ngat ma ch khi mat tn hieu G. NBDMC co hai loai chnh : BJT tng ng tn
hieu G la dong cc B, va MOSFET cong suat vi G la ap V
GS
.
Cac NBD ly thuyet tren ch lam viec vi mot chieu cua dong ien, trong khi cac linh
kien ien t cong suat thc te co the dan ien ca hai chieu, luc o mach khao sat se bieu dien
bang to hp cac NBD ly thuyet.
I.3 NOI DUNG KHAO SAT MACH TCS:
au vao khao sat : Mach TCS + tn hieu ieu khien NBD + ac tnh tai.
au ra: hoat ong cua mach: u(t), i(t) cac phan t
=> Cac ac trng ap, dong, cong suat
1. Cac ac trng ap, dong:
- Gia tr cc ai:
- Gia tr trung bnh V
O
, I
O

- Gia tr hieu dung V
R
, I
R
Cac bieu thc cho dong ien trung bnh va hieu dung:
G
[ ] ) (
1
) (
1
2
0
= =
T
R
T
dt t i
T
I dt t i
T
I <1.1>
Cac bieu thc cho ien ap V
O
, V
R
cung co dang tng t.
2. Song hai bac cao va he so hnh dang:
=
+ =
= + =
= =
= + = + + =
1 n
2
n
2
o R
n
n 1
n
2
n
2
n n
T
n
T
n
1 n
n n n n 0 n
1 n
n 0
V
2
1
V V
B
A
tg B A V
dt t n cos ) t ( v
T
2
B dt t n sin ) t ( v
T
2
A
) t n sin( V v v V ) t n cos B t n sin A ( V ) t ( v

va
vi

<1.2>
trong o : V
0
: tr so trung bnh ( thanh phan mot chieu ) cua v(t)
: tan so goc cua v(t), chu ky T=/2 .
v
n
: so ng ha i ba c n co ta n so n
A
n
, B
n
: cac thanh phan sin, cos cua song hai bac n
V
n
,
n
: bien o va lech pha cua song hai bac n .
V
R
: Tr hieu dung cua v(t).
He so hnh dang ( form factor ): t so gia gia tr hu dung va gia tr hieu dung,
v du vi bo bien oi co ngo ra mot chieu:
R
o
DC
V
V
KF =
V
O
: tr so trung bnh ap ra
V
R
: tr so hieu dung ap ra
v du vi bo bien oi co ngo ra xoay chieu:
1
AC
R
V
KF
V
=
V
1
: tr so hieu dung song hai bac 1 (c ban) ap ra
V
R
: tr so hieu dung ap ra
o bien dang (THD - Total harmonic distortion):
oi vi ngo ra DC:
2 2
R o
o
V V
THD
V
=
oi vi ngo ra AC:
2 2
1
1
R
V V
THD
V
= V
1
: song hai bac 1 (c ban)
3. Cong suat va he so cong suat: Bao gom:
- Cong suat tac dung P : bieu th nang lng s dung trong mot n v thi gian.
- Cong suat bieu kien S : tnh bang tch so gia tr hieu dung dong va ap, bieu th
nang lng s dung trong mot n v thi gian neu xem tai la thuan tr.
- He so cong suat HSCS hay cos : cho biet hieu qua s dung nang lng. Khi tai
la thuan tr , nguon ien hnh sin hay mot chieu se co HSCS bang 1.

S
P
HSCS I V S dt t i t v
T
P
R R
T
= = = =

cos ) ( ) (
1
<1.3>
Co nhieu bieu thc tnh cong suat trong mach TCS, phu thuoc vao muc ch s dung:
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

Trang 4/ Chng 1_M u
=
+ =
=
= =
1
2
1
1 1 1
2
1
1 0 0
1
n
n n n o
T
o
I V P
dt t i t v
T
P
I V P I V P
cos
) ( ) (
cos

<1.4>
P
1
:Khi quan tam en thanh phan c ban cua ngo
ra ( hnh sin tan so ), co ien ap va dong ien
bien o V
1
, I
1
, goc lech
1
.
P
O
hay P
DC
: cong suat mot chieu (tai ien mot
chieu) vi V
0
, I
0
la cac tr so ap, dong trung
bnh.
P : cong suat toan phan ngo ra, gom thanh phan mot chieu va song hai bac cao.
cac BB ngo ra ap mot chieu, V
0
, I
0
, P
DC
la cac thanh phan mong muon, song hai bac
cao (cac thanh phan hnh sin ) la khong mong muon, ch tao ra cac tac dung phu.
- Trng hp thng gap: ap nguon hnh sin hieu dung V, dong khong sin, gia tr hieu dung
thanh phan c ban la I
R1
:

1 1 1 1
cos cos
R R
R R
P VI I
HSCS
S VI I

= = =

Ket qua: Ch co trng hp dong mot chieu
phang nguon mot chieu phang, va dong hnh
sin ong pha vi ap nguon(cung hnh sin) la co
HSCS bang 1.

4. Phng phap nghien cu mach:
Hnh vd1: Trng hp nguon hnh sin, dong la xung
vuong HSCS khong the bang 1.
a. Mach ien t cong suat = to hp nhieu mach tuyen tnh thay oi theo trang thai cua cac
ngat ien:
Suy ra e giai mach TCS, ta luon phai kiem tra cac ieu kien e tm ra trang thai cua
cac ngat ien e chon ra s o noi mach.
V du 0: Mach chnh lu hnh (a) co the la cac mach hnh (b), (c), (c) tuy thuoc vao dong
ien tai i
O
:
v
o
o
i
v
(a)
R
D1
D2
L

Mach chnh lu ban song
co diod phong ien D2, v la
nguon xoay chieu.

o
i
v
o
v
(b)
L
R

ban ky v > 0, D1
dan dong i
O
> 0

i
o
v
o
(c)
L
R

Khi D2 dan ien,
D1 khong dan: v<0
va dong i
O
> 0.

o
o
i
v
(d)
R
L

Khi dong i
O
= 0
tng ng khong co
diod dan ien.
b. Giai trc tiep QTQ mach TCS bang PT vi phan hay bien oi Laplace:
Vi ieu kien dau c biet t = 0, ta giai mach ien theo t khi lu y trang thai cua cac
ngat ien. Ket qua thu c cac phng trnh mo ta dong , ap cac phan t mach theo t.
V du1: Khao sat chnh lu 1 diod ta i RL co D phong ien cua v du 0, mo ta hoat ong cua
mach va tnh tr trung bnh ap. Ap nguon sin = 2 v V wt , ieu kien au t = 0, i
O
= 0

Gia s ta ong nguon t = 0 : v > 0, D1 da n ien, mach ien tng ng hnh (b):
phng trnh vi phan mo ta mach ien la:
. = + = 0
o
o o
di
v Ri L i
dt
ieu kien au => sin( ) sin

= +

t
o
V
i t e
Z
2
<vd 1.1>
vi
L
R
= , ( )
2
2 1

-
wL
tong tr tai Z R L va goc pha tg
R
= + =
Khi t = , dong = >
o
i Io 0 phong qua diod phong ien D2. Thc vay, neu D1 tiep tc dan ien se
lam D2 cung dan ien: vo ly. D2 dan ien lam D1 phan cc ngc va mach ien tr thanh (c):
. ( ) ieu kien au = + =
o
o o o
di
Ri L i I
dt
0 0 khi lay lai goc thi gian. Giai ptvp nay:
.

=
t
o o
i I e . au chu ky ke .

= = >
w
o o
i I e I
1
0 <vd 1.2>
Chu ky ke tiep ien ra tng t vi dong ban a u qua tai I
1
> 0. Sau thi gian qua o, He
thong at trang tha i ta xac lap: dang dong ap trong mach lap lai theo chu ky.
Nhan xet: Phng phap nay cho ta cai nhn chnh xac hoat ong cua mach nhng khong
the cho ta phng trnh dong ap qua cac phan t che o ta xac lap.
c. Giai chu ky ta xac lap mach TCS bang PT vi phan hay bien oi Laplace:
ac tnh mach ien che o ta xac lap co the c tnh khi ta khao sat hoat ong trong
mot chu ky vi gia s cac gia tr ban au cua bien trang thai cua mach c biet. Ket qua cho ta
mot he phng trnh e tnh cac gia tr ban au nay khi cho gia tr au bang gia tr cuoi.
V du 2: Giai tiep tuc v du 1 che o ta xac lap.
Gia s ta ong nguon t = 0 : D1 dan ien, phng trnh vi phan mo ta mach ien la:
. ieu kien au = + =
o
o o
di
v Ri L i I
dt
1

=> sin( ) sin

= +

t
o
V V
i t I e
Z Z
1
2 2
<vd 2.1>
ban ky ke, D2 cung dan ien, phng trnh vi phan mo ta mach ien la:
. ( ) ieu kien au , vi = + =
o
o o o o
di
Ri L i I I
dt
0 0 = sin( ) sin

+

w
V V
I e
Z Z
1
2 2
<vd2.2>
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

Trang 6/ Chng 1_M u
=> .

=
t
o o
i I e va cuoi chu ky .

=
w
o
I I e
1
<vd2.3>
<vd2.3>, <vd2.2> cho phep ta tnh I
1
va I
o
t o ve c dang dong i
O
.
Nhan xet: Phng phap nay cho phep ta tnh ac tnh mach trong che o xac lap, nhng
viec rut ra cac ac trng dong, ap cua mach rat kho khan, oi hoi tch phan nhng ham lng giac
co ca ham mu.

d. Khao sat dong ap tren tai bang nguyen ly xep chong:
Nguyen ly xep chong c phat bieu nh sau: Tac dung cua mot tn hieu co chu ky tren he
thong tuyen tnh co the c xac nh bang tong cac tac dung tren he tuyen tnh nay cua cac
thanh phan Fourier hp thanh tn hieu o.
Vay nguyen ly xep chong cho thay y nghia cua cac thanh phan Fourier va cho ta mot
phng phap khao sat ca c mach ien t cong suat che o xac lap, v du dong tai co the tnh nh
sau:
- Gia tr trung bnh dong qua tai co the xac nh bang ca ch tnh dong qua tai khi at len tai
ien ap mot chieu bang gia tr trung bnh ap tren tai.
- Cac song hai (hnh sin) bac cao cua ien ap nguon se tao ra dong ien hnh sin co cung
tan so chay qua tai.
Va dong ien thc s chay qua mach se la tong cua cac thanh phan nay. Phng phap nay
khong cho ta ket ket qua chnh xac v khong the tnh het cac song hai cung nh tong chung lai.
Thc te ta ch can tnh tac dung cua nhng thanh phan co anh hng ln ma thoi.
v
R1
100 ohm
R2
100 ohm
C1
1 microF

Hnh vd2: Mach RC cung cap bang xung vuong
V du 3: Tnh dong va ap trung bnh qua ien tr R2 cua mach ien hnh Vd2. ap nguon v
co dang tren hnh Vd2.a, V = 200 volt.
Giai: Tr trung bnh ap ra:
2 / 6
0 0
1 1
. .
3
T T
o
V
V vdt V dt
T T
= = =

=> tr trung bnh dong ra I
O
= (200/3)/200 = 1/3 A va tr trung bnh ap tren moi ien tr
tai Vo1 = Vo/ 2 = 33.3 V

Vo
Vo1
Io
R2
100 ohm
R1
100 ohm

T
t
V
v

Hnh Vd2.a: dang ap nguon tnh bang so
Hnh Vd2.b: Mach tng ng vi thanh phan
mot chieu
e. Dung bien oi Laplace ri rac.
f. Khao sat mo hnh toan mach TCS bang ma y tnh (dung chng trnh mo phong) hay
khao sat mo hnh thc te trong phong th nghiem:
Thuat toan tong quat e khao sat mach TCS bang may
tnh:
Nhan xet: Viec khao sat bang may tnh ng dung phng
phap so e giai phng trnh vi phan cho ta dong ap qua cac pha n
t theo tng sai phan thi gian t.
I.4 TOM TAT CAC Y CHNH:
Sau khi hoc chng 1, can nam vng cac noi dung sau:
- Cong thc tnh toan tr trung bnh, hieu dung cua dong
ien (ien ap) va y nghia cua no.
- Nguyen ly hoat ong cua cac ngat ien ien t, cach van dung vao khao sat mot mach
ien t cong suat.
I.5 BAI TAP:
1. Tnh va ve dang dong i
O
qua tai. Cho biet qua
trnh lam viec cua mach nh sau:
- t = 0: khoa K ong vi dong ban au qua tai i
O
= 0.
- Sau khi K ong u lau e dong qua tai i
O
xem nh at
gia tr xac lap, ta m khoa K.
e
K
o
i
R
v
v
L
o
v
+
_
R
L
D

Ap nguon mot chieu e = E.
2. Tnh va ve dang dong qua tai i
O
, ap tren tu
v
C
theo thi gian trong cac ieu kien au (khi K ong):
a. L va C khong tch tr nang lng.
b. v
C
(0) = - E; i
O
(0) = 0.
e = E
K
o
i
R
v
L
v
o
v =
+
_
C
v
R
L
C

Bc m au: Xac
nh dong ap qua cac
phan t thi gian t =
0+
Bc 1: Da vao
tn hieu ieu khien va
dong, ap qua cac ngat
ien,
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

Trang 8/ Chng 1_M u

3. Giai lai bai 2 khi co diod D noi
tiep vi nguon.
R u nho e dong ap co tnh dao
ong.

i
v =
C
v
o
o
R
e = E
+
_
v
L
K
v
R
C
L
D

4. Giai lai bai 2 khi co diod D song song ngc
vi RLC. Khao sat them trng hp c:
c. v
C
(0) = - E; i
O
(0) = I
1
khi khoa K ong.
R u nho e dong ap co tnh dao ong.
e = E
K
o
i
R
v
L
v
o
v =
+
_
C
v
R
L
C
D

I.6 CAC TAP CH VA WEBSITE CUA CAC TO CHC KHKT QUOC TE:

Trang 1/ Chng 2 Hunh Vn Kim
Chng 2 : Lhh KEh BTCS
e thc hien cac nga t ien ien t trong chng 1, co the s dung nhieu linh
kien hay nhom linh kien ien t chu c ap cao dong ln, lam viec trong hai che
o:
- Dan ie n hay bao hoa (ON): sut a p qua kenh dan ien rat be , dong phu
thuoc vao tai.
- Khoa (OFF): dong qua no rat be ( 0), kenh dan ien nh h mach.
Cac linh kien chnh: diode, thyristor (SCR), BJT va MosFET.
II.1 DIODE:
La linh kien dan ien mot chieu quen thuoc cua mach ien t.
1. Phan loai:
- Theo sut ap thuan, loai thng (dung silic) t 0.6 en 1.2 V, thng tnh
bang 1V. mach dong ln, ap thap co the dung cong nghe Schottky, e co sut ap
thuan be, 0.2 0.4V.
- Co loai diod dong be dung cho mach x ly tn hieu, diod cong suat chu
dong ln hn cho mach TCS, diod lam viec mach cao tan co tu ien moi noi be.
- Diod cong suat chia lam hai loai: dung tan so cong nghiep (diod chnh lu)
va diod dung cho mach ong ngat tan so cao.
2. a c tnh phuc hoi cua diod (recovery):
- Mo ta: Khi chuyen t trang thai dan ien sang trang thai khoa, co khoang
thi gian ngan diod dan dong ngc goi la thi gian phuc hoi ngc t
rr
(rr: reverse
recovery) trc khi that s khoa nh hnh II.1.1. Dong ien nay ng vi viec xa va
nap ngc lai cac ien tch cua moi noi (tng ng tu ien moi noi) khi diod b phan
cc nghch.

hinh .1.1: hai kieu huc ho i.
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

Trang 2/ Chng 2 http://www.khvt.com
- t
rr
co tr so kha ln diod tan so cong nghiep lam cho chung khong the lam
viec vai chuc KHz, nhng kha be, c vai micro giay diod phuc hoi nhanh (fast
recovery). Ngoai t
rr
, ac tnh phuc hoi cua diode con ac trng qua ien tch Q
RR

la tch phan cua dong ien ngc theo t.
- Anh hng cua ac tnh phuc hoi: Diod phuc hoi nhanh (c dung cho
mach ong ngat tan so cao) co ac tnh phuc hoi hnh II.1.1.b: dong ngc tang dan
en I
RR
va giam ve 0 rat nhanh sau o. S thay oi ot ngot trang thai cua dong
ien nay se tao ra qua ap cho cac phan t mach hay gay nhieu do cac L cua mach
hay ky sinh do toc o tang (giam) dong di/dt ln.
Ta co t
rr
= t
a
+ t
b
t
a
Khi cho t
b
la khong ang ke.
Goi
di
dt
la toc o tang dong am: Ta co
RR
a
I di
dt t
= va
1
2
RR RR a
Q I .t = .Suy ra
2
RR RR
di
I .Q .
dt
=
Vay v i Q
RR
cho trc, e giam I
RR
can phai han che di/dt khi khoa.
- Khong ch diod, SCR vi t cach la chnh lu co ieu khien cung gap van e
tng t.
II.2 THYRISTOR VA SCR:
1. Cau tao va nguyen ly hoat ong SCR:

Ky hieu SCR Cau tao nguyen ly Mach tng ng
hai BJT
Ba cc cu a SCR:
Anod: Dng cc
Katod: Am cc
Gate: Cong hay
cc ieu khien.

hinh .2.1: Ky hieu
va nguye n ly SCR
- Khi mi cap ien, i
G
= 0 : SCR khoa thuan va ngc I
A
la dong ien ro,
rat be, c mA vi V
AK
0.

hinh .2.2: Cau tao mot
SCR dong lJn J ti le thuc
(a) va hong to manh
tinh the ban dan (b)
- Khi SCR phan cc thuan - V
AK
> 0, va co tn hieu ieu khien - I
G
> 0,
SCR chuyen sang trang thai dan ien va co kha nang t gi trang thai dan ien cho
en khi dong qua no giam ve 0.
2. a c tnh tnh ( volt ampe ): Mo ta quan he I
A
(V
AK
) vi dong I
G
khac
nhau.

hinh .2.8 SJ do thi nghie m va da c tuyen volt ame cua SCR
* V
AK
< 0 : Khoa ngc: Chay qua SCR la dong ro ngc, c mA. Khi V
AK
< -
V
RB
ta co hien tng gay ngc, dong | I
A
| tang rat cao trong khi V
AK
van gi tr so
ln => SCR b hong.
* V
AK
> 0 va IG = 0 : Kho a thua n: Ta co la dong ro thuan, cung c mA. Khi
V
AK
> V
FB
ta co hien tng gay thuan: SCR chuyen sang vung dan ien.
Ta phai chon nh mc a p cua SCR ln hn cac gia tr gay nay, he so an toan
ien ap thng chon ln hn hay bang 2.
Khi phan cc thuan, neu I
G
tang len t gia tr 0, V
FB
giam dan. Nh vay, dong
I
G
can phai u ln e co the s dung SCR nh mot ngat ien ien t: SCR chuyen
sang trang thai dan ngay khi c kch bat chap ien ap phan cc thuan.
* Vung dan ien: ng vi trng hp SCR a c kch khi khi va dan
ien, sut ap qua SCR V
AK
= V
F
khoang 1 - 2 volt. Trong vung dan ien co hai ac
trng dong:
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

+ I
L
: dong ca i, la gia tr to i thieu cua I
A
e SCR co the duy tr trang
thai dan khi dong cc cong I
G
giam ve 0 ( kch SCR bang xung ).
+ I
H
: dong gi, la gia tr toi thieu cua I
A
e SCR co the duy tr trang
thai dan ( khi khong con dong cc cong I
G
. Neu dong anode thap hn I
H
, SCR se tr
ve trang tha i khoa.
I
L
khac I
H
v co qua trnh lan toa cu a dong anode t vung phu can cua cc G
en toan bo manh ban dan khi SCR c kch ( co dong cc nen), tng ng mat o
dong giam dan, la m cho he so khuech ai dong ien ta ng. Qua trnh qua o nay con
anh hng en gii han di/dt, c gii thieu trong ac tnh ong cua SCR.
2. ac tnh ong ( ong ngat ):
a. ac tnh m : ( turn on )
Thi gian tre t
on

Gii han toc o tang dong di
A
/dt.

hinh .2.4.a. Ba c
tinh dong : mJ
va khoa cua SCR

hinh .2.4.b. Cau ta o SCR cuc
cong co da ng co die n (1) va
huc ta (2) han bo tren
toan dien tich mieng ban dan
de ta ng di/dt.
b. ac tnh khoa : ( turn off )
- Mo ta qua trnh khoa SCR
- Thi gian am bao tat t
off
t
off
= [ 10 .. 50 ] micro giay vi SCR tan
so cao
[ 100 .. 300 ] micro giay vi SCR chnh
lu.
- Co gii han toc o tang du/dt e tranh t kch dan.
- Co qua trnh dan dong ngc khi khoa (at a p am) nh diod (ac tnh phuc
hoi ngc).
- Can co mach bao ve chong t kch dan (hnh II.2.5).
(2) (1)

C2 = 0.05 0.1 uF; R2 = 33 100 ohm; R1 tang khi ap
SCR tang va/hay dong tai giam, t 20 100 ohm; C1
tang khi dong SCR tang va/hay ap SCR gia m, t 0.1
0.5 uF.
hinh .2.5: Ma ch snubber R1C1 va RC cu c co ng bao ve SCR
khoi cac che do kich da n khong mong muon.
3. ac tnh cong: (hay kch khi cong)
(1) la ac tnh I
G
(V
G
) tieu bieu, (2) la ac tnh I
G
(V
G
) ng vi ien tr R
G
be ,
(3) ng vi ien tr R
G
ln.
Cac thong so gii han ( cc ai ) cua
tn hieu cc cong e tranh h hong SCR:
dong I
Gmax
, ap V
Gmax
va cong suat tieu tan
trung bnh P
Gmax
cua cc cong (Cong suat tieu
tan con phu thuoc be rong xung kch SCR).
Cac so tay tom tat thng ch cung cap cac
thong so gii han (be nhat) cho am bao
kch: V
GT
, I
GT
.

hinh .2.G: Bac tinh cong SCR
Va nh vay iem lam viec cua cong SCR phai nam trong cac gii han nay,
vung c to trong hnh II.2.6.
Trong thc hanh, co the c tnh I
GT
bang cach s dung he so khuech ai
dong cua SCR tnh bang t so I
A
nh mc / I
GT
, he so nay co gia tr t 100 . . 200.
Dong kch SCR se chon t 1.5 . . 5 lan gia tr nay, so cang cao khi can ong ngat tot,
lam viec tan so cao hay kch bang xung.
4. Cac linh kien khac trong ho thyristor:
Thyristor la ho linh kien co t nhat 4 lp vi SCR la ai dien. Thyristor hoat
ong theo nguyen ly phan hoi dng nen luon co kha nang t gi trang thai dan
ien (kch dan). Nhng khong nh SCR, mot so SCR c che tao e co the ieu
khien c qua trnh khoa va la mot ngat ien ien ban dan mot chieu khi ly tng
hoa.

hinh .2.7: Ky hieu cua ca c linh kien hay ga cua ho Thyristor.
a. DARLISTOR: La loai SCR co cau tao noi tang (cascade) e tang he so
khuech ai dong I
A
/ I
G
khi nh mc do ng anode ln va rat ln (vai tra m en va i
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

ngan ampe). Luc o, dong kch van vai ampe. Darlistor la ten thng mai, nhai
theo transistor noi tang la Darlington transistor. Mot so nha san xuat van dung ten
SCR hay Thyristor, nhng chu thch la cc cong c khuech ai (Amplified gate
thyrirstor). S o nguyen ly Darlistor cho hnh II.2.7.
b. TRIAC: La linh kien pho bien th hai cua ho thyristor sau SCR, co mach
tng ng la hai SCR song song ngc, c che tao vi dong nh mc en hang
ngan ampe. Mach tng ng hai SCR song song ngc hoan toan tng thch vi
TRIAC khi khao sat ly thuyet, nen
chung thng c dung
thay the cho nhau trong
cac s o nguyen ly mac
du trong thc te chung co
nhieu tnh chat khac nhau.
TRIAC co kha nang khoa
theo hai chieu, tr nen dan
ien khi co dong kch va
t gi trang thai dan cho
en

hinh .2.8 Bac tuyen v cua TRAC va 0AC
Khi dong qua no giam ve khong.
(Hnh II.2.8) TRIAC co the ieu
khien bang dong G T1 ( con goi
la MT1) ca hai cc tnh va hai
chieu dong ien tai lam s o ieu
khien n gian hn mach tng
ng hai SCR rat nhieu.
Nhc iem rat quan trong
cua TRIAC la de b t kch nhiet
o moi noi cao va co gii han dv/dt
rat thap, kho lam viec vi tai co
tnh cam. Luc o, ngi ta van phai
dung hai SCR song
hinh .2.O: hinh dang ben ngoai cua mot so
TRAC (SCR cu ng tuJng tu )
song ngc.
c. DIAC: Co nguyen tac hoat ong tng t nh TRIAC nhng khong co cc
cong G, ngng ien ap gay rat tha p - thng la 24 V, c dung trong cac mach
phat xung va kch thyristor vi dong xung mot vai ampe.
d. LA SCR ( Light activated SCR ): SCR kch bang tia sang.
Co nguyen tac lam viec nh SCR nhng c kch bang dong quang ien.
Thay v cung cap dong cc cong e kch khi, ngi ta roi sang LA SCR qua ca so
hay ong dan si quang. LASCR rat thch hp cho cac ng dung cao ap, khi cach
ien gia mach kch va ong lc tr nen van e phc tap, giai quyet ton kem.
e. GTO: ( Gate turn off SCR, SCR tat bang cc cong ).
Vi kha nang t gi trang thai dan ien, SCR khong the t tat nguon mot
chieu neu mach kho ng co s o ac biet e dong qua no gia m ve khong. GTO cho
phep ngat SCR bang xung am cc cong. T mach tng ng hai BJT (hnh
1.2a), kha nang nay co the c d oan. Nhng trong thc te, SCR khong the tat
bang cong v cc cong ch moi cho qua trnh dan, sau o khong con tac dung.
GTO co cau tao khac hn, cho phep kiem tra kenh dan ien cua SCR t cc
cong. Gia phai tra la he so khuech ai dong khi kch giam xuong, con kha be -
khoang vai chuc. He so huech ai dong khi tat xap x mi. Ngi ta che tao c
GTO co dong nh mc en hang ngan ampe.
II.3 TRANSISTOR CONG SUAT:
La ai dien cho ngat ien ban dan co the lam v iec vi nguon mot chieu,
c ieu khien bang dong cc B neu la BJT hay ap cc cong G neu la MosFET
hay IGBT.
Giong nh Thyristor, mat na e gia cong transistor cong suat cung co dang
phc tap e cac cc ieu khien kiem soat c toan bo kenh dan ien va lam cho
linh kien chuyen trang thai nhanh (hnh II.3.1).

hinh .8.1: Cau tao cu a BJT cong suat: Cuc B han bo deu tre n toan bo die n tich, cung
ca kha nang dieu khien hieu qua hJn.
1. Transistor co ng suat:
G
S
D
S
G
D

G
C
E

G
C
E

MosFET kenh n (Ky hieu quen dung) Ky hieu IGBT Mach nguyen ly IGBT
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

hinh .8.1: Ky hieu cac transistor
La nhom ngat ien ban dan cho phep ong va ngat theo tn hieu ieu khien,
gom co:- BJT: ieu khie n bang dong cc B
- I
B
= 0 => BJT khoa, khong dan ien
- I
B
u ln (I
B
> I
C
/ ) BJT bao ho a, dan dong tai I
C
ch phu thuoc mach tai.
Vi dong ta i ln, e giam dong ieu khien, cac nha san xuat che tao cac
transistor Darlington vi he so khuech ai dong t vai tram en vai nghn.
- MosFET: la transistor trng co cc cong cach ien, loai tang
(enhancement). MosFET la transistor ieu khien bang ap V
GS
.
- V
GS
0 : transistor khoa
- V
GS
> V
TH
: transistor dan ien (V
TH
t 3 .. 5 volt)
- IGBT (Insulated Gate BJT): Cong nghe che tao MosFET khong cho phep
tao ra cac linh kien co nh mc dong ln, IGBT co the xem la s ket hp gia
MosFET ngo vao va BJT ngo ra e co c linh kien ong ngat dong DC en
hang nghn Ampe ieu khien bang ap cc G. Cung nh thyristor, transistor can
co mach lai, la phan t trung gian gia mach ieu khien va nga t ien, co cac nhie m
vu:
- am bao dang va tr so dong cc B cho BJT (ap cc cong G /v MosFET)
e cac linh kien nay bao hoa .
- Cach ly ien mach ieu khien cong suat theo yeu cau cua s o ong lc
(neu co), tang kha nang an toan cho ngi van hanh, tranh nhieu cho mach ieu
khien.
Nguyen ly ieu khien IGBT giong
nh MosFET.
VCC
VCC
C
i
C
i
CE
v
CE
v
0
R1
R2
vBB
Rt
L
0
Rt
R1
R2
vBB

hinh .8.2: mach thi nghie m qua trinh dong ngat
cua BJT.

hinh .8.8.a va b:
a. Qua trnh ong ngat cua BJT:
Quan sat qua trnh ong ngat cu a BJT vi tai R va RL nh s o tren hnh
II.3.2 va cac dang song tren hnh II.3.3.a va b, ta co nhng nhan xet sau:
- Khi ong (chuyen t khoa sang bao hoa) BJT mat thi gian t
ON
co

tr so
khoang 1 micro giay, va thi gian t
OFF
co tr so vai micro giay e khoa (hnh
II.3.3.a).
- Qua trnh chuyen trang thai khong xay ra tc thi, co thi gian e ap v
CE
va
i
C
thay oi tr so Khi tai tr: v
CE
= V
CC
R
t
. i
C
: ap CE cua BJT tang dan theo
qua trnh giam cua i
C
.
Nh vay co thi gian, du rat be, BJT chu dong ln va ap cao, dan en ton
hao trong BJT khi ong ngat. V du khi ap tren BJT bang 200 volt va dong 20 ampe,
cong suat tc thi tre n moi noi CE luc o la 200*20 = 4000 watt so vi vai chuc
watt khi dan bao hoa.
Hien tng nay ac biet nghiem trong khi
tai co diod phong ien: dong qua tai cuon day
khong thay oi tc thi trong khi diod phong ien
ch co the dan ien khi BJT tat han, moi noi CE se
chu nguyen dong tai cho en khi v
CE
= V
CC
. Nh
vay ton hao trong qua trng ong ngat se tang cao
[da ng dong ap tren hnh II.3.3.b].

Cac ket luan:
B
i
0
R2
vBB
C
0
R
R1

hinh .8.4: cum BJT dong ngat
vJi cac linh kie n hu
* Ton hao trong qua trnh ong ngat cua transistor rat cao, trong thc te no la
nguon nhiet chu yeu lam phat nong transistor ong ngat, no gii han tan so lam
viec cua transistor ong ngat. e han che s phat nong nay ngoai viec s dung
mach lai hieu qua, can chon ung loai transistor ong ngat (loai SWitching) va
dung mach cai thien. Mach cai thien qua trnh khoa transistor cung la la mach
snubber (tng t nh SCR) bao gom diod D, ien tr R va tu ien C tren hnh
II.3.4. Khi BJT chuyen sang trang thai khoa, tu C c nap qua diod D bang dong
tai cua transistor [dang ap (1) tren hnh II.3.3.a]. Nh vay se khong co trng hp
dong tai b cng bc chay qua BJT trong qua trnh khoa. ien tr R han dong
phong qua CE khi BJT dan ien tr lai. Diod D t gap trong thc te, gia tr ien tr R
t 33 en 150 ohm va ien dung C co gia tr trong khoang 0.1 nF en 10 nF phu
thuoc ien ap va tan so lam viec.
* e lam nhanh qua trnh chuyen mach, nh o tang tan so lam viec va giam
ton hao nang lng, can co mach lai hieu qua vi cac kha nang sau:
- Giam t
ON
bang cach cng bc dong cc nen cho BJT.
- Giam t
OFF
khi khong cho BJT bao hoa sau bang cach gi v
CE
khong qua be,
cung cap I
B
va u; cung cap phng tien giai phong ien tch moi noi BE a c
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

nap khi BJT dan ie n.

b. Vung hoa t ong an
toan cua BJT (Safe
Operating Area) (hnh II.3.5
):
La vung cha cac
iem (I
C
, V
CE
) cua BJT khi
lam viec ma khong b hong,
gii han bi:
- cac gia tr cc ai
V
CEmax
, I
Cmax
.
- Gay (moi noi) th
cap (second breakdown), la
trng hp BJT b h hong
do phat nong cuc bo lam
tang dong I
C
trong khi ap van
cao, phan biet vi gay s cap
(primary) khi phan cc
ngc. Hien tng nay la ket
qua cua nhieu nguyen nhan,
xay ra

V
CE

hinh .8.5: vung lam vie c an toan khi han cuc (cuc B)
thuan (FBS0A) cu a transistor 0E0G70E
trong qua trnh ong ngat, nhat la vi tai RL. ieu nay nhan mach tac dung bao ve
cua mach Snubber.
b. Mach lai MOSFET cong suat:
MosFET cong suat co cac u iem: tan
so lam viec cao hn v kenh dan ien khong
co moi noi, mach lai n gian hn v ieu
khien bang ap - khong can cong suat co the
keo thang t cac vi mach cap ien 12 volt (v
du khuech ai thuat toan hay CMOS) khi
khong can tan so ong ngat cao. e at tan so
ong ngat ln, mach lai can cung cap dong
nap khi
G
S
D
0 .. 15volt
C4
330p
Dz7v2
R11
510/3W 22K
D4
47
hinh .8.G: Ma ch lai M0SFET 5 7 A
lam viec J BBB Flyback 5O kh/.
m MOSFET va tieu tan ien tch cho cac tu ien moi noi khi tat. Nh vay cac
mach lai MOSFET cung co yeu cau tng t nh mach lai BJT nhng ch co dong
trong che o qua o va ap lam viec cao (0..10 volt hay 10 volt).Cac hang che tao
ban dan cong suat a che tao nhng module bao gom linh kien cong suat, mach la i
va bao ve lam cong viec cua nha thiet ke tr nen n gian .

II.4 CAC LINH KIEN CONG SUAT MI:
Hnh II.4.1 - II.4.3 lay t sach Power Electronics cua M.H Rashid cho ta
cai nhn kha toan dien ve cac loai linh kien TCS hien nay.
Nhn chung, theo cau tao chung van thuoc hai ho Thyristor va Transistor. Ve
hoat ong, chung ong vai tro cua SCR (ch kch da n) hay ngat ien ba n dan mo t
chieu (khi co the ieu khien khoa). Hnh II.4.3 trnh bay ky hieu cung vi mo ta s
lc hoat ong, hnh II.4.1 phan loai theo ac tnh. Co the thay la cac linh kien mi
bo sung cong nghe MOS vao ban dan cong cuat e:
- Cai thien toc o ong ngat, nang cao kha nang chu dong, ap v du nh
IGBT co ac tnh tot cua BJT va MOSFET.
- Cung cap va cai thien ac tnh kch ngat cho ho Thyristor, v du nh GTO,
SITH, MCT..
Vi lu y cac tnh chat cua mot linh kien nam trong nhieu muc khac nhau, ta
co the suy ra ac tnh c ban cu a no.

hinh .4.1: So sa nh dac tinh cac linh kie n co ng suat mJi
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005


hinh .4.2: Fham vi ung dung hie n tai va trien vong cu a cac linh kien cong suat mJ i.

hinh .4.8: Tom
tat dac tinh cac
linh kie n cong
suat mJi.
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

II.5 AC TNH NHIET:
4. ac tnh nhiet:
Cac linh kie n cong suat khi lam viec eu
tieu tan nang lng va phat nong, se h hong khi
nhiet o ln hn gia tr cho phep. Muc ch cua
tnh toan nhiet la kiem tra nhiet o moi noi
J
cua
mieng tinh the ban dan phai be hn gia tr cho
phep
Jmax
, co tr so t 150 . . 200
O
C.
Viec giai bai toan nay bao gom :
- Tnh cong suat tieu tan trung bnh trong
chu ky T:
=
T
dt t i t v P ) ( ). ( ; trong o v(t), i(t)
la gia tr tc thi dong, ap qua ngat ien. Co the
tra P trong tai lieu cua nha san xuat, theo hai
thong so: tr so trung bnh va dang cua dong ien
hay co the tch phan tr c tie p.

hinh 2.5.1 Cach la linh kie n cong
suat vo T0 22OAB vao tan nhiet
- Tnh toan truyen nhiet t tinh the ban dan ra moi trong xung quanh:
moi noi vo S tan nhiet moi trng.
Bai toan nay co the c n gian hoa khi cho rang trong che o xac lap,
chenh lech nhiet o tren ng truyen
1 ,
2
t le vi co ng suat tieu tan P va thong
so ac trng cua moi trng truyen goi la ien tr nhiet R
12
:

12 2 1
R P = <1.5> Ap dung vao tnh toan tan nhiet cho ban dan
cong suat:
) R R R ( P
HA CH JC A J
+ + = <1.6> vi cac ien tr nhiet:
+ R
JC
: the hien kha nang tan nhiet cua linh kien, cung cap bi nha san
xuat, c cung cap trc tiep hay thong qua cong suat nh mcP (ky hieu P
diss

trong cac tai lieu tieng Anh), xac nh bang nhiet o moi noi cho phep
Jmax
va nhiet
o vo bang gia tr moi trng qui nh, la
A
= 25
O
C. Ket qua la:
P
diss
. R
JC
=
Jmax
25
O
C
+ R
CH
: ien tr nhiet khi truyen t vo cua linh kien qua tan nhiet, giam
khi ap lc tiep xuc, o nhan be mat ta ng. Ngi ta co n co lp em bang cao su ac
biet va lam cach ien va tang tiep xuc, hay dung keo ( paste ) silicon lam kn cac
khe h gia hai be mat khi s dung mica lam tam em .
+ R
HA
: ien tr nhiet khi truyen t tan nhiet ra moi trng xung quanh,
la bo phan chu yeu cho tan nhiet he thong, t le nghch vi dien tch tan nhiet. Co
the gia m R
HA
khi lam en be mat (tang kha nang bc xa nhiet), hay dung quat e tan
nhiet cng bc. cac he thong cong suat rat ln, co the lam mat bang cach bom
nc qua tan nhiet e giam kch thc bo tan nhiet, tranh choan cho.
e y la khi khong s dung tan nhiet, ien tr nhiet t vo linh kien cong suat
ra moi trng rat ln, v dien tch tiep xuc vi khong kh cua linh kien rat be, dan
en kha nang tieu tan cong suat luc nay rat be so vi gia tr nh mc.
Tnh toan nhiet nh mo ta tren thng c dung cho bai toan kiem tra, khi
chon s bo co the s dung cac gia tr trung bnh hay hieu dung cua dong ien nh
sau:
Dong lam viec trung bnh I
O
< Gia tr trung bnh nh mc I
AVE
hay
Dong lam viec hieu dung I
R
< Gia tr hieu dung nh mc I
RMS
Thytristor, quan he gia hai gia tr nay la :
I
RMS
= 1.57 I
AVE

do dang dong qui nh khi tnh toan nh mc cho diode va SCR la chnh lu
ban song. He so an toan dong thng chon t 1.2 en 2 lan. Viec tnh chon theo
hieu dung thng cho ket qua phu hp hn v dang dong mach ien t cong suat
thng la dang xung.
Sau khi chon gia tr nh mc, khi thi cong can phai the kiem tra nhiet o vo
linh kien ban dan, khong c vt qua 65

. . 70
O
C.
linh kien cong suat co the gan mach in (dong be, > vai chuc A) ta co the
gap gia tr cc ai lien tuc. Khi o, ta chon theo gia tr cc ai lam viec, vi he so
an toan t 2 en 3 lan.
II.6 BAO VE BO BIEN OI VA NGAT IEN BAN DAN:
1.Bao ve dong:
+ Bao ve dong cc ai ( ngan mach qua dong tc thi):
Cau ch tac ong nhanh va
T
2
dt i
CB ( ngat mach t ong Aptomat )
+ Bao ve qua tai ( qua dong co thi gian ):
CB ( ngat mach t ong Aptomat )
R le nhiet
Mach han dong cua bo ieu khien vong kn.
2. Bao ve ap: (qua ap dang xung)
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

Hnh 2.6.1
RC noi tiep mac song song (1), Varistor la loai ien tr giam nhanh khi ap ln
hn tr so ngng (2) va cac bo loc nguon(3) gom mac loc LC hnh .
Snubber song song ngat ien.
II.7 TOM TAT CAC Y CHNH:
Sau khi hoc chng 2, can na m v ng cac noi dung sau:
- Nguyen ly hoat ong va cac ac tnh cua cac ngat ien ien t, so sanh vi
cac linh kien ly tng cua chng 1.
- Cach la chon nh mc dong a p linh kien cong suat cho mot mot mach cu
the.
- Nguyen ly ieu khien cac ngat ien.
Bai tap:
1. Chng minh quan he <1.7> gia nh mc dong trung bnh va hieu dung cua
Thyristor (muc I.3.4.4): I
RMS
= 1.57 I
AVE
.
0
2

e
i
v
o
o
R
1 ohm
E
12 v
0

2. Ve dang dong, ap ra va tnh tr trung bnh dong qua mach nap accu hnh tren, vi
( ) 12 2 sin(100 ) e t t = , xem diod khong co sut ap thuan.
3. Cac cau hoi kiem tra:
b. Theo ban, ac tnh cua r le bao ve qua tai se tnh ba ng gia tr hieu dung
hay trung bnh?
c. Mo ta nguyen ly hoat ong cua SCR.
d. Mo ta nguyen ly hoat ong cua TRIAC theo ban, dong cc cong (khong
dau) se be va ln nhat trong trng hp nao cua 4 che o lam viec sau:
I: I
A
> 0, I
G
> 0 II: I
A
> 0, I
G
< 0, III: I
A
< 0, I
G
< 0 IV: I
A
< 0 I
G
> 0
e. Trnh bay ac tnh volt ampe cua SCR va cac thong so lien quan.
f. Tom tat cac bao ve cho SCR hay Thyristor noi chung.
PHU LUC CHNG 1
A. HNH DANG BEN NGOAI MOT SO SCR:

T022OAB T048 T0118 T02OOAB A00 AFAK
(T02O8AA) (T02OOAE)

B. AC TNH KY THUAT CHI TIET CUA SCR:
Cac datasheet sau cho ta ac tnh ky thuat chi tiet cu a 2 SCR, mot co dang
boulon va mot co dang domino (mo un ADD A-PAK) cua hang International
Rectifier (IR).
Bi ging tm tt mn in t cng sut 1
Trang 1 / Chng 3_K p xoay chiu Hunh Vn Kim
Chng 3 BiEu KhEh C0h0 SuAT X0AY ChEu
III.1 THYRISTOR LA PHAN T ONG NGAT MACH IEN AC:
Th nghiem: Lap mach ien nh hnh 3.1.1
Khi cung cap dong cc cong u ln, TRIAC se dan ien (ON). Vi tai R, dong qua tai
cung dang vi ap. Khi ap nguon qua zero cuoi ban ky, TRIAC se tat neu dong qua cc cong G
khong con. Tren hnh 3.1.2.a, Khoang TRIAC ON c to am, khoang khong c to tng ng
vi TRIAC khong dan ien (OF`) khi dong cc cong b ngat.
Vay TRIAC la phan t co the ong ngat ien AC, no ON khi c kch va OFF khi ma t
dong cc G. e y TRIAC khong ngat khi mat dong kch cho en khi dong qua no ve khong (vi
tai R la cuoi ban ky). ieu nay cung se khong xay ra khi nguon la mot chieu, dong qua thyristor
khong the ve khong.
Khi thay TRIAC bang SCR, ta co cung ket qua nhng SCR ch dan ien ban ky.
T
ie u
khie n
v
v
R
T1 T2
G
i
o

hinh 8.1.1: TRAC lam viec vJi nguon AC ta i
R

hinh 8.1.2: 0ang a ra dieu khien 0h 0FF (a),
co do ng ngat luc a qua /ero (b)
Nhan xet:
- Thyristor co the ong ngat mach ien xoay chieu, no ong mach khi c phan cc thuan
va co dong cc cong u ln, t tat khi ap li ao chieu va phai kch tr lai moi na chu ky.
Qua trnh ong ngat thyristor lam viec vi nguon hnh sin con c goi la chuyen mach
li ( line commutation ).
- ieu khien ON OFF con goi la ieu khien toan chu ky(integral cycle control): Ngat
ien (thyristor) co hai trang thai:
ON: Thyristor co dong cc cong u ln lien tuc: ngat ien ong mach, ap tren tai bang ap
nguon.
OFF: Thyristor khong co dong cc cong: N t trang thai dan => khoa khi ap li qua
zero, va ap tren tai => khong.
- ieu khien ON-OFF co the ieu
khien dong nang lng cung cap nhng
khong the thay oi ien ap cung cap cho tai.
e ieu khien ap ra, ta co the thay
oi thi iem (pha) kch SCR trong moi chu
ky <=> khoang dan ien cua SCR trong chu
kythay oi => ap ra c thay oi nh hnh
3.1.3.

hinh 8.1.8: A ra dieu khie n ha ta i trJ
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

Trang 2 / Chng 3_K p xoay chiu http://www.khvt.com
Phng phap nay goi la ieu khien pha, la mot noi dung rat quan trong cuaTCS, se c
khao sat cuoi chng va con tiep tuc chng chnh lu.
III.2. CAC S O MACH ONG LC:
a. S o mot pha:
- Dung TriAC, hai SCR // ngc.
- Cac s o SCR +Diod (hnh III.2.1. a va b)

Ta i
ie u
khie n
x x x
ie u khie n
D1 D2
SCR1 SCR2
L1
SCR1
L2
SCR2

(a) (b) hinh 8.2.1: SJ do BK cong suat xoay
chieu.
b. S o ba pha:
Nguo n Ta i
(a)
Nguo n Ta i
(b)
Nguo n Ta i
(c)
Nguo n
(d)
TRIAC A
T1 T2
G
TRIAC C
T1 T2
G
D A
D B
D C
R
R
R
SCR A
SCR B
SCR C
SCR A
SCR B
SCR C
SCR1A
SCR1B
SCR1C
SCR2A
SCR2B
SCR2C

hinh 8.2.2: BK cong suat xoay chieu, sJ do ba ha.
II.3 IEU KHIEN ON OFF:
1. Nguyen ly ieu khien cong suat: thay oi t le t
ON
/ T (o rong xung tng oi) cua qua
trnh ong ngat.
Co the chng minh de dang la cong suat trung bnh cua tai:
P
O
= P
MAX
. t
ON
/T
P
MAX
: Cong suat nhan c khi noi trc tiep vao li.
t
ON
: Thi gian thyristor ON. T: Chu ky ong ngat
2. ong ngat luc ap qua iem
khong (zero switching):
a. Nguyen ly: Thyristor ch ong
mach khi ap nguon qua zero.
Khi o, ap tren tai ch co the la so
nguyen ban ky li. Dong qua tai tang

len t zero ngay ca khi tai R. hinh 8.8.1: sJ do BK /ero switching
b. Li ch cua zero switching:
Tranh c kha nang phat xa nhieu vo tuyen hay nhieu lan truyen tren day nguon khi
dong tai b tang ot ngot luc Thyristor bat au dan vi tai R.
c. Mach ieu khien zero switching:
Nguyen ly cua zero switching la ch kch thyristor khi ap nguon qua zero (hnh 3.3.1). Hnh
3.3.2 phat xung khi ap nguon qua zero nen c goi la mach kham pha zero (zero detector). Xung
zero (ZD) nay phai qua cong AND kiem soat bang tn hieu ieu khien K.

hinh 8.8.2 : sJ do kham ha diem khong a va
b, c la da ng a ra hinh b.
(c)
Mach kham pha zero con ong vai tro rat quan trong trong nhng mach ieu khien lam
viec vi li ien xoay chieu.
3. ng dung K ON - OFF:
Nguyen tac chung: Thyristor thay the ngat ien c kh e ong ngat tai AC vi nhieu u
iem, c goi la R le, contactor ban dan SSR ( solid state relay )
hinh 8.8.4: Bac tinh 0FTR0h TriAC
Out
In
ieu
khien
(a)
(b)
Out
In
SCR2
D1
4
7
0
D2
SCR1
0.1u
33
1
2
4
3
T
1
T
2
G
0.1u
33
R
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

hinh 8.8.8: SJ do rJ le ban dan
- S o khoi tong quat (hnh 3.3.3.a): Ngo vao cua SSL noi bo ieu khien TRIAC qua bo
cach ly Optron. Khi diod phat quang cua Optron co dong, transistor ngo ra se bao hoa, tac ong
len mach ieu khien cung cap dong kch cho TRIAC.
- Mach ien k ON OFF tai dung SCR va tiep iem c kh (relay) (hnh 3.3.3.b)

hinh 8.8.5: SJ do rJ le ban dan dung 0FTR0h TRAC
Hn 3.3.4 va 3.3.5 hng dan cach s dung Optron TRIAC e ieu khien ON-OFF .
u iem: SSR khong tao ra tia la ien khi ong ngat, so lan va tan so ong ngat cho phep
rat cao, cong suat ieu khien rat be - co the tac ong trc tiep t mach vi ien t, co the tch hp
vi cac bo ieu khien ien t khac e c nhieu tnh nang mi.
Nhc iem: La cac nhc iem cua thiet b ien t: kha nang qua tai kem, hong khong
phuc hoi c, nhay vi nhieu, nhiet
R le, contactor ban dan thng c dung thay the r le, contactor c kh khi can so lan
ong ngat ln, mach cap ien cho bien ap may han ien tr (han tiep xuc), ieu khien lo ien hay
tac ong nhanh (nh on ap xoay chieu hay UPS)
III.4 IEU KHIEN PHA AP XOAY CHIEU:
ieu khien pha ( KP ): la phng phap thay oi ien ap ra trong he thong co nguon hnh
sin bang cach s dung xung kch cong cac thyristor co cung tan so nhng goc lech pha thay oi so
vi hnh sin li. Nh vay thyristor dan mot phan chu ky li, iem bat au dan cua thyristor se
thay oi theo goc ieu khien, nhng thyristor ch tr ve trang thai khoa khi dong ien ve khong.

hinh 8.4.1: SJ do va dang a ra sJ do dieu khie n ha tai thuan trJ.
Thong so can ban cua KP la goc ieu khien pha (KP) con goi la goc thong cham
(angle of retard, delayed angle), c tnh t v tr tng ng vi = 0 goi la goc chuyen mach t
nhien hay khong co ieu khien. Goc chuyen mach t nhien nay la iem thyristor bat au dan ien
khi ta cung cap dong cc cong lien tuc va tai la thuan tr, tng ng vi trng hp thay the
thyristor bang diode. Co the de dang thay la khi = 0, ap ra se cc ai.
Thong so khac cua s o ieu khien la be rong xung kch thyristor phai am bao pham vi
thay oi goc KP rong nhat, t gia tr ap ra toi thieu ( thng bang 0 ) tng ng =
MAX
en
toi a = 0 ( HT khong ieu khien ).
2. Khao sat s o mot pha:
a. Tai ien tr: ( Hnh 3.4.1 )
Goi ap nguon t sin V v = 2 < 3.4.1 >
vi V , : tr so hieu dung va tan so goc ap nguon
Tai wt = 0, ong nguon. T khong dan nen dong tai i
O
= 0
=> ap ra v
O
= 0, ap tren TRIAC v
T
= v v
O
= v > 0. Thyristor phan cc thuan.
Tai wt = , co dong kch i
G
va v
T
> 0 => T dan ien, ta co:
v
T
= 0, v
O
= v => i
O
= v/R co dang hnh sin nh ien ap.
Tai wt = , v
O
= 0, i
O
= 0 => T tat .
Trong ban ky am, dang ap dong c lap lai, nhng vi gia tr ngc lai (hnh 3.4.1.(b)).
- Tr hieu dung ap tren tai:
( ) + = = =

2 2
2
1 1 2 1 2 1
sin V t d ) t sin V ( dt v V
T T
OR
< 3.4.2>
Kiem tra lai: khi = 0 , ap ra bang ap nguon V
OR
= V . V dong co cung dang vi ap ( tai
thuan tr ), tr hieu dung dong qua tai:
( ) + = =
2
2
1 1
sin
R
V
R
V
I
OR
OR
<3.4.3 >
- Cong suat:

( ) ( )

= = =
T
OR o
T T
o o
T
O
R
V
dt
R
v
dt i v P
2 2
1 1
<3.4.4 >
Bieu thc nay van giong nh trng hp nguon hnh sin v do tai thuan tr, dang dong ap
tren tai van giong nhau.
- Co the chng minh de dang la HSCS cua mach < 1 do dong qua nguon khong hnh sin.
Bai tap: Tm bieu thc tong quat cua HSCS khi ieu khien pha ap AC tai R.
V du: Tm goc KP e cong suat ra bang cong suat cc ai ( khi ong trc tiep vao
nguon).
Giai: Gia i trc tiep bai toan ngc suy t phng trnh <3.4.3> khong thc hien c, t
<3.4.4 >, ta co

( ) ( )

= = =
T T
MAX
T
o
T
O
dt
R
v
P dt
R
v
P
2
1
2
1
2
1
hay ( ) ( )

=
T T
o
dt v dt v
2
2
1 2

=> Ta can co tch phan cua bnh phng ap ra v
O
bang tch phan cua bnh phng ap
nguon v , do tnh oi xng cua hnh sin, suy ra = 90
O
. Co the kie m tra la i bang tnh toan theo
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

< 3.4.3 > va < 3.4.4 >, trng hp nay ap ra v
O
co tr hieu dung la V / 2 .
b. Tai RL:
Khao sat tng t trng hp tai ien tr :
Tai wt = 0, ong nguon. TRIAC T khong dan nen dong tai i
O
= 0
=> ap ra v
O
= 0, ap tren T la v
T
= v v
O
= v > 0. Thyristor phan cc thuan.

hinh 8.4.2 SJ do va dang a ra sJ do dieu khie n ha tai cam kha ng.
Tai wt = , co dong kch i
G
va v
T
> 0
=> T dan ien, v
T
= 0, wt sin V v
dt
di
L i R v
o
o o
2 = = + = < 3.4.5 >
vi ieu kien ban au i
O
= 0 khi wt =
Giai ra :dong tai co dang i
O
= i
O1
+ i
O2
vi
* i
O1
la thanh phan xac lap, xac ng t tac dung cua nguon hnh sin v :
( )
R
wL
tg L R Z ) t sin(
Z
V
i
o
1 2 2
1
2
= + = = pha goc va tai tr tong vi

* i
O2
la thanh phan qua o, la nghiem cua pt khong ve hai:
dt
di
L i R
o
o
+ = 0

R
L
Ae i
t
o
= =
hang thi vi
2
, Hang so tch phan A xac nh t ieu kien ban au

+ = Ae ) sin(
Z
V 2
0 suy ra
bieu thc dong ien ngo ra i
O
nh <2.10> sau
=

) t (
o
e ) sin( ) t sin(
Z
V
i
2
< 3.4.6 >
Cac thanh phan dong ien i
O
c ve tren
hnh 2.13 cho mot ban ky.
Khi wt = + dong ve khong: i
O
= 0 suy ra
0 = +

e ) sin( ) sin( < 3.4.7 >
hay:

hinh 8.4.8 : Cac thanh han cua dong dien
tai ( ve cho mot ban ky )

= + e ) sin( ) sin( < 3.4.7* >
: be rong xung dong hay goc dan cua Thyristor, la nghiem cua < 3.4.7*>. Phng trnh
nay ch co the giai bang phng phap so.
Nhan xet la > nghia la khi ap li ve khong, dong cha ve khong, thyristor se dan
ien mot phan ban ky am.
Hien tng nay co the giai thch bang tac dung cua t cam L luon luon chong lai s thay
oi cua dong ien. Khi thyristor bat au dan, dong qua mach tang len t gia tr khong. V
0 > =
dt
di
L v
o
L
sut ap qua R be hn ap nguon. Khi ap nguon v giam, i
O
giam va 0 <
L
v lam
tang hieu the qua R, cho phep dong qua no van con khi ap nguon a am.
L
v la phan dien tch
gach soc thang ng tren, v
R
la phan co cham hnh 3.4.3.
Trong ban ky am, dang ap dong c lap lai, nhng vi gia tr ngc lai ( hnh 3.4.3).
Tr hieu dung ap ra:

( ) )] ( 2 sin 2 [sin V
t d ) t sin 2 V ( dt v V
2
1 1
2
1
T
2
o T
1
oR

+ + =
= =

+

< 3.4.8>
Bieu thc tnh tr hieu dung dong ra co dang rat phc tap v i
O
co ca ham sin va ham mu,
khong tien tnh toan bang giai tch. Trong phu luc cuoi chng, phng phap tnh toan goc dan,
cac ac trng cua dong ien trong bo bien oi ieu khien pha bang o th c trnh bay.
Cac nhan xet:
* Ap ra bang khong khi =
MAX
= 180
O
.
* Goc toi thieu vi tai RL ( pham vi ieu chnh goc ieu khien pha tai RL ) bang . Khi
giam, goc dan tang. Khi = 180
O
, xung dong ban ky dng noi lien xung dong cua ban ky
am ( dong ien la lien tuc ), ap ra v
O
at cc ai va bang ap vao v, dong ra hnh sin tng ng goc
ieu khien pha la cc tieu ( e con co the ieu khien ) - gia tr nay bang . Co the the vao <2.11>
e kiem tra. Khi kch cac thyristor vi xung co < vi dang thch hp ( xung rong), ap ra khong
thay oi he thong khong con ieu khien c khi > .
* Yeu cau kch xung rong: Khi ieu khien pha ap xoay chieu, xung kch cac thyristor can
la xung rong e am bao mach lam viec bnh thng khi < . oi vi s o mot pha, ngi ta
thng dung xung co be rong ( ) tng ng xung bat au wt = va cham dt wt =
chu ky au. e chng to s can thiet nay, ta quan sat hnh 2.14 mo ta qua trnh qua o bo KP ap
xoay chieu mot pha tai RL kch bang xung rong khi goc KP < .
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005


hinh 8.4.4: 0ua trinh qua do bo BKF a xoay chieu mot ha.
ban ky au tien, T1 se dan ien ngay khi c kch. Do < , goc dan cua T1 ln hn
va en ban ky th hai, khi T2 co xung cc cong, T1 van con dan, nen T2 van b at ap am va
T2 se dan ien ngay khi dong T1 ve khong ( T1 tat ). Ap ra v
O
van bang ap nguon v la gia tr ln
nhat co the co. Nh vay co the xem T2 c kch vi goc KP ln hn gia tr cua mach ieu
khien cung cap nhng van ln hn va goc dan cua no tiep tuc ln hn . Moi viec xay ra
tng t cac ban ky sau. e y la du ca c goc da n thay oi, chung luon ln hn va ap ra v
O
van
bang ap nguon v. Qua trnh qua o nay se cham dt khi dong tr thanh hnh sin va lech pha vi
ap goc .Neu xung kch cac thyristor khong keo dai, T2 se khong the dan ien khi T1 tat. ban
ky th 3, T1 lai dan va en ban ky th 4, T2 cung khong the lam viec nh ta mong muon.
3. S o ba pha:
Trong cong nghiep, e cung cap
c cong suat ln cung nh am bao s
can bang cua li ien, ngi ta dung cac
s o ba pha. S o hnh 3.2.2.(b) dung ba
TRIAC cho tai tr hay ba cap SCR song
song ngc la cac s o cho ra ap dong can
bang, dung c cho ieu khien pha tai
ien xoay chieu.
Trong mot so trng hp ngi ta
con dung cach noi ba mach mot pha oc lap
nh hnh 3.4.5 v ly do n gian. Luc nay
moi pha tai va thyristor ieu khien noi vao
ap day, cac pha khong anh hng lan nhau, tnh toan nh mach mot pha.
Hoat ong cua mach ba pha hnh 3.2.2.(b) vi tai R hay RL hoan toan tng t nh s o
mot pha nhng viec khao sat phc tap hn v cac pha co moi lien quan vi nhau.
Co 2 trng hp (mo ta vi tai noi Y):
- Ch co hai nhanh SCR dan ien: ap pha co do ng tai bang ap day tng ng, ap pha
khong co dong bang 0.
- Ca ba nhanh SCR dan ien: ap pha tai bang ap pha nguon.
Nguon
Tai
Tai
Tai
TRIAC C
T1 T2
G
TRIAC A
T1 T2
G
TRIAC B
T1 T2
G

hinh 8.4.5 SJ do dieu khien ha tai ba ha dung ba
mach mot ha

hinh 8.4.5b: 0ang a ra (a da y) mach dieu khien ha a xoay chieu, sJ do 8 ha hinh 2.5b tai
thuan trJ.
Viec SCR ch ngat khi dong qua no bang khong a lam viec khao sat giai tch BB ba pha tai RL
khong the thc hien c, ch co the mo phong tren may tnh hay qua th nghiem. Nh vay, viec
tnh toan cung da vao cac o th hay chng trnh may tnh.
Ket qua khao sat cung hoan toan tng t: Khi tang goc ieu khien pha, ap ra giam lan.
Goc dan cua ca c thyristor cung phu thuoc vao tnh chat cua tai. Co the chng minh de dang la vi
tai RL, khi nho hn ta cung het ieu khien c ap ra v luc o cac thyristor luon luon dan.
Ap ra bang ap li.
4. ng dung ieu khien pha ap xoay chieu:
a. ieu chnh o sang en co tim, on ap xoay
chieu dung thyristor::
b. ieu chnh ap au vao cua bien ap dung cho
cac ng dung giam hay tang ap:
Trong cong nghiep co nhieu ng dung s dung
ap li qua bien ap co nhu cau thay oi ap ra, mot
chieu hay xoay chieu v du nh han ho quang (dung
vi tai xoay chieu hay mot chieu ), cac bo nguon cho
xi ma, ien phan ( ap thap dong ln ), cac bo nguon
cho thiet b loc tnh ien ( ap cao dong nho )
Viec s dung bo ieu khien ap xoay chieu ban
dan se lam tang tnh kinh te cho thiet ke.
T
G
L
0.1u
0.1u
10k
47k
2k2
220
VAC

hinh 2.1G Bo Light dimmer dung TRAC
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

c. Trong ieu khien ong c
khong ong bo:
Co hai ng dung quan trong:
khi ong ong c va ieu chnh toc
o.
- ieu khien toc o ong c
khong ong bo: Co tac dung rat gii
han.
- Khi ong ong c khong
ong bo: ay la ng dung rat co gia
tr cua ieu khien pha ap xoay chieu.
C KB
BO
IE U KHIE N
L I
SCRs
T1 T2
G
CB
CT

hinh 2.17: Bo khJi dong dong cJ khong dong bo dung
thyristor. CB: hgat dien tu dong (a tomat), CT: bien
dong dien.
Khi ong trc tiep vao li ien, dong khi ong ong c khong ong bo rat ln, t 5 en
7 lan dong nh mc. ieu nay gay anh hng en cac thiet b dung ien khac, nhat la khi cong
suat li b gii han hay cuoi ng day co sut ap ln. Viec dung bo ieu khien ap xoay chieu
dung SCR tang dan ap at vao ong c se lam giam dong khi ong xuong con t 1.5 den 3 lan
dong nh mc, phu thuoc vao che o tai. Co the phan hoi dong ien qua ong c ve bo ieu
khien e kiem soat chnh xac dong khi ong, goc kch cac thyristor ch c phep giam (lam
tang ap ra) khi dong qua ong c be hn gia tr cho phep. Khi ap at vao ong c at gia tr nh
mc, co the dung cong tac t c kh e ngan mach, loai bo bo khi ong neu muon.
Mot kha nang kha c cua thiet b nay la ta co the tang dan ap at vao ong c vi o doc
thay oi va toc o ong c cung tang dan theo ap,va ay chnh la ly do phng phap nay co ten
thng mai la soft start. Nh o co the thay oi thi gian khi ong, t 1 giay en 10 giay hay hn
mot so trng hp ac biet. Nh vay gia toc khi khi ong c kiem soat, ay la yeu cau e
khi ong cac truyen ong cung cap c nang cho mot so dang tai, v du cac may moc lien quan
en cuon hay keo cac san pham dang bang ra t hay gap trong cong nghiep det, giay, in, hay
trong cong nghiep nang vi cac may moc co quan tnh ln.
III.5 TOM TAT CAC Y CHNH:
Sau khi hoc chng ba, ta can nam c cach s dung thyristor (SCR va TRIAC) e ieu
khien cac tai AC dung ien li, bao gom:
- ong ngat mach ien thay cac thiet b c kh quen thuoc. Cac rle contactor ban dan m
ra nhng kha nang mi, trong o kha nang ong ngat khi ap qua zero rat ang chu y.
- ieu khien pha ap xoay chieu. Bang cach thay oi (lam cham) pha cua xung kch cac
thyristor, ap ra cua bo bien oi c ieu khien (giam). Cac ac iem can chu y la: ap ra se thay
oi theo ac tnh cua tai do thyristor ch t tat khi dong giam ve khong; ap ra khong hnh sin dan
en viec tnh toan dong ap ngo ra rat phc tap. Du ieu khien pha ap xoay chieu co mot so ng
dung ang chu y, viec khao sat trong chng ba ch nham muc ch lam quen, dan nhap vao chnh
lu ieu khien pha (chng ba) la mot trong tam cua giao trnh.
BAI TAP & CAU HOI :
1. Nguyen tac ieu rong xung e ieu khien cong suat lo ien. Chu ky ieu rong co the
chon la bao nhieu khi s dung phan t ong ngat la TRIAC hay contactor ban dan.
2. Nguyen ly zero switching, u iem cua no khi ong ngat tai R.
3. Ve dang ap ra cua s o chnh lu ban song (chnh lu mot diod) va ieu khien pha ap
xoay chieu s o mot pha vi tai thuan tr. Chng to la tr so hieu dung ap tren tai trong hai
trng hp eu bang
2
1
hien dung ap nguon.
4. S dung phu luc 1 e tnh goc kch thyristor cua s o ieu khien pha ap xoay chieu tai
R e co tr hieu dung ap ra la 110 v khi ap nguon la 220 v (hieu dung).
Hng dan: v dong ap tren tai R t le ( R v i
o o
= ), suy ra tr so hieu dung ap, dong cung t le:

OR
T
o
T T
o
T T
o
T
OR
I R dt i R dt i R dt v V = = = =

2 1 2 2 1 2 1

Theo v du cua PL 1.2,
B RN OR
I I I = 2 , I
RN
tra bang theo (,), Z / V I
B
2 = . ta co:

RN B RN OR
I V 2 I I 2 R V = = suy ra 25 . 0 4 / 1 I
RN
= = .
Tra o th hnh PL1.2 , vi I
RN
= 0.25 va = 0
o
(tai thuan tr), nhan c = 114
O
.
Th lai bang <2.6> ( )
2 sin V V
2
1 1
OR
+ = ; the = 114
O
= 1.92 rad va V =220 vao,
tnh c tr hieu dung ap ra la 109.7 volt.

PHU LUC 1 : GIAI BAI TOAN IEU KHIEN PHA DONG GIAN OAN TAI RL BANG O TH:
Viec giai tch dong ien cac s o ieu khien pha tai RL eu co the quy ve dang c ban:
mot SCR lam viec vi nguon xoay chieu nh hnh PL1. That vay, bat ky s o, moi luc mot pha
li ch co the co dong qua mot SCR, tao ra mot xung dong ien. Hnh PL1 khao sat trng hp
xung dong dng, tng ng vi ban ky dng cua nguon, xung dong am hoan toan tng t.
hinh
FL1.1
Ta co : nguon hnh sin t sin 2 V v = .
Tai RL co thong so: ( )
R
wL
tg L R Z
1 2 2
= + = pha goc va tai tr tong
Nh a khao sat, phng trnh dong i
O
co dang < 2.10 >:
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005


=

) t (
o
e ) sin( ) t sin(
Z
V
i
2

goc dan la nghiem cua <2.11 >
0 0 = + = =

e ) sin( ) sin( i , t
o
ng tng khi < PL1.1 >
Tr trung bnh dong I
O
:

+
= =
T
o o
T
o
dwt i dt i I
2
1 1

= dwt e ) sin( ) t sin(

Z
V
I
) t (
o
2
2
1
< PL1.2 >
Tr hieu dung dong I
OR
: ( ) ( )

+
= = dwt i dt i I
o
T
o
T
OR
2
2
1 2 1

= dwt e ) sin( ) t sin(

Z
V
I
) t (
OR
2
2
1
2
< PL1.3 >
Ba phng trnh tren co the tnh toan de dang vi s tr giup cua may tnh. Trong thc
hanh, ch co the da vao cac o th e giai cac bai toan lien quan den cac tch phan tren.
1. Tnh goc dan :
S dung may tnh, ngi ta tnh theo , (phng trnh < PL1.1 >). Hnh PL1.2 bao
gom cac ng cong () vi la thong so. Da vao o co the tm mot thong so khi biet hai
thong so con lai.
V du: Cho s o ieu khien pha ap xoay chieu mot pha tai RL.
R = 10 ohm
X
L
= L =10 ohm
a. Tnh goc dan khi = 60
O
Z = (10
2
+ 10
2
)
= 14.1 ohm,
= 45
O

Tra bang :
= 60
O
va = 45
O
=> = 162
O

b. X
L
phai bang bao nhieu e
co goc dan bang 180 ?
= 60
O
va = 180
O
=> = 60
O
=> X
L
= R . tg(60
O
) = 17.32 ohm

2. Tnh tr hieu dung :
o th tren hnh PL1.3 la ket qua
cua tch phan tr so dong hieu dung
qua SCR khi a < PL1.3 > ve he
tng oi, at:
hinh FL1.2 : Bo thi tinh goc dan cua thyristor tai RL

B
OR
RN
I
I
I = vi
Z
V
I
B
2
= Luc o I
RN
ch phu thuoc , la hai thong so khong th nguyen.

= dwt e ) sin( ) t sin( I

) t (
RN
2
2
1

Do o e tnh I
OR
, tra bang e co I
RN
theo , va suy ra I
OR
= I
B
.I
RN

Trong thc te rat hay gap trng hp co n xung dong giong nhau trong mot chu ky, v du n
= 2 nh ieu khien pha ap xoay chieu, s o mot pha (hnh 2.12). Luc o, ket qua se phai nha n
cho n .
That vay, bieu thc cho tr hieu dung dong ien mot xung
( )
= dwt i I
o
OR
2
2
1 1

Bieu thc cho tr hieu dung
dong ien n xung giong nhau trong
mot chu ky:
( )
= dwt i I
o
n n
OR
2
2

suy ra

1
OR
n
OR
I n I =

hinh FL1.8 : Tri hieu dung dong dien sJ do BKF mot
SCR
V du : Cho s o ieu khien pha ap xoay chieu mot pha tai RL, R = 10 ohm, X
L
= 10
ohm, ap nguon 220 V.
a. Tnh tr hieu dung dong qua mach khi = 60
O
Giai:
Z = (10
2
+ 10
2
)
= 14.1 va = 45
O
A Z / V I
B
22 2 = =
Tra bang , vi = 60
O
va = 45
O
I
RN
= 0.45 => A . . I I
B OR
96 13 45 0 2 = =
b. Tnh goc kch e dong hieu dung qua tai la 9 A:

Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

Vi I
OR
= 11 A => 35 . 0 ) 22 2 /( 11 ) 2 /( = = =
B RN RN
I I I .

2 c a vao v ay la tnh tr hieu dung vi 2 xung. Tra bang, I
RN
= 0.35 va = 45
O
cho ta = 85
O

Lu y ap va dong tren tai RL khong cung dang nen tr so hieu dung cua chung khong t le
vi nhau nh trng hp tai R, nh vay khong the da vao phu luc 1 nay giai e giai bai toan
ngc: cho tr hieu dung ap ra tai RL, tm goc kch TRIAC.
3. Tnh tr trung bnh :
Tng t nh tnh toan dong hieu dung, tch phan < PL1.2 > tnh toan tr trung bnh s o
KP mot SCR khi a ve he tng oi:
dwt e ) sin( ) t sin(
I
I
I
) t (
B
O
ON
+
= =
2
1
vi
Z
V
I
B
2
=
Vay tr trung bnh he
tng oi I
ON
ch phu thuoc
, ( hnh PL1.4 ).
Do o e tnh I
O
, tra
bang e co I
ON
theo , va
suy ra I
O
= I
B
.I
ON
.
Tnh toan tr trung bnh
vi SCR ch gap trong chnh lu
ieu khien pha ( chng 3 ), khi
ngo ra la ien mot chieu. Phu
luc nay ch giup tnh toan cho
trng hp dong gian oan, khi
dong ien co nhng khoang
bang zero.
Trong thc te rat hay gap

hinh FL1.4 Tri trung binh dong dien sJ do BKF mot SCR
trng hp co n xung dong giong nhau trong mot chu ky, v du n = 3 nh chnh lu hnh tia 3
pha ieu khien pha. Luc o, ket qua se phai nhan cho n. Chng minh tng t nh trng hp tnh
toan tr hieu dung :
Tch phan dong trung bnh cho mot xung
1
O
I :

+
=

dwt i I
o O 2
1
1

Bieu thc cho tr trung bnh dong ien
n xung
n
O
I :

+
=

dwt i I
o
n
n
O 2
suy ra
1
O
n
O
I n I =

V du : Cho s o chnh lu cau mot pha ieu khien pha ( n = 2 ), tai RL:
R = 10 , X
L
= 10 , ap nguon 220 V.
Tnh tr trung bnh dong
qua tai khi = 100
O
Giai: Z = (10
2
+ 10
2
)
= 14.1 va = 45
O

- Kiem tra dong gian oan: La ieu kien can e s dung cac bang tra.
= 100
O
va = 45
O
=> = 123
O
dong gian oan, v be hn goc dan khi dong lien tuc
cua s o hai xung la 360
O
/ 2 = 180
O
.
- Tnh dong trung bnh qua tai:
Tra bang , vi = 100
O
va = 45
O
=> I
ON
= 0.14
A . . I I
B O
16 6 14 0 2 = =

Bi ging tm tt in t cng sut 1
Trang 1 / Chnh lu iu khin pha Hunh Vn Kim
Chng 4 Chhh Luu BEu KhEh FhA
IV.1 CHNH LU DIOD ( KHONG IEU KHIEN ):
Cac s o chnh lu c phan loai theo so xung cua ap ra.
1. Chnh lu hai xung: Gom s o cau mot pha va s o mot pha co iem gia.
a. Hoat ong tai R:
v
D1 D2
D3 D4
i
o
o
v
v
i
o
o
v
e
- e
R
D1
D2
R
(a) (b)
hinh 4.1.1 SJ do cau mot ha (a) va sJ do mot ha co diem giua
(b) va cac dang song dong, a tai trJ (c)
(c)
Goi ap nguon ( ) wt sin V v 2 = < 4.1.1 > V: la tr hieu dung ap nguon.
Tr trung bnh ap ra:
V dwt wt sin V dt v dt v
T
V
o
T
o o
= =

2 2
2
1
2
1 1
0
2
0
< 4.1.2 >
Vi tai tr: v
o
= i
o

.R => i
o
= v
o
/R => I
o
= V
o
/R < 4.1.3 >
e tm ap ngc at len diod, xet trng hp khi D1 dan, D2 phan cc ngc bang ap
li, vay ap ngc cc ai cua diod se la tr so nh ap li 2 V .
S o hnh 4.1.1(b) s dung bien ap co hai cuon th cap ao pha, ap ngc at vao chnh
lu tang gap oi. That vay, khi D1 dan, ap at vao D2 la:
v
D2
= e e = 2 e ( qui c ap tren SCR hay Diod luon tnh t A qua K ).
Tr hieu dung dong tai : ( )
R
V
dwt dwt i dwt i I
R
v
o o oR
= = = =

0
2
1
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
1
. . .
vi V la tr hieu dung ap nguon. Tr hieu dung dong tai cung chnh la tr hieu dung I
S
cua
dong qua nguon khi tai la R.
Cong suat tieu thu cua tai R la
2
2
.
oR
V
P RI
R
= = giong nh noi trc tiep vao li ien,
tng ng HSCS cua BB bang 1.
Neu ta tnh cong suat mot chieu P
DC
lam cong suat hu dung
, .
DC O O
P V I P = < ,
ieu
nay co the giai thch de dang khi e y gia tr trung bnh V
O
be hn gia tr hieu dung V.
b. Hoat ong tai RL:
Mach ien khao sat la s o hnh 4.1.1.a hay .b vi tai la RL v tr cua R. Phng trnh
mach khi lay lai goc toa o:
i
S

Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

Trang 2 / Chnh lu iu khin pha http://www.khvt.com
hinh 4.1.1.d
( )
dt
di
L i R wt V v v
o o
+ = = = . sin 2 ieu kien au : i
O
(0) = I
1

giai ra: ( )
+ =
t
1 Z
V 2
o
e I wt sin i . vi
R
L
tg
1
va
R
L
=
Khi wt = , dong ien tr lai gia tr ban au I
1
e lap lai xung dong cho ban ky mi :
( )
1 1
2
I e I sin i
Z
V
o
= + =

Giai phng trnh nay, ta c I
1
. Nh vay, bieu thc cho dang dong ra i
o
tng oi phc
tap, tch phan e tnh tr trung bnh dong qua tai
=
0
1
dwt i I
o o
. rat kho thc hien. Trong thc te,
ngi ta thng ch tnh gia tr trung bnh dong ra bang nguyen ly xep chong, Khi gia s he thong
la tuyen tnh, cac thanh phan Fourier cua dong tai se c tao ra t cac thanh phan Fourier cua
nguon kch thch. Tr trung bnh dong ien la dong ien qua tai khi tai c cung cap ap mot chieu
bang tr trung bnh ap ra (cung chnh la thanh phan mot chieu cua khai trien Fourier cua ap ra):
I
O
= V
O
/R , co dang <3.3> v L khong co tac dung oi vi thanh phan mot chieu cua
ien ap.
V du: Tnh dong qua mach chnh lu cau diod tai R = 10 ohm, ap nguon 12 V (hieu dung).
Tr trung bnh ap ra V
o
= v 8 . 10 9 . 0 12 12
2 2
= =
,
Tr trung bnh dong ra: A 08 . 1 10 / 8 . 10 R V I
O O
= = =
c. Hoat ong tai RE: ( hnh 4.1.1.e )
Ngc lai vi tai RL co khuynh hng keo dai goc dan ien cua diod, tai co sc phan ien
lam cho goc dan thu hep. That vay, t s o mach ien hnh 3.1.f co the nhan xet la cac diod ch
dan ien c khi ap nguon ln v hn sc phan ien E cua tai. Goc e diod bat au dan ien:
( )
2
1
2
V
E
V E E v wt
= = = = sin sin th Khi

Khi diod dan ien, ( ) wt V v R E v i E i R v v
o o o
sin / . 2 = = + = = vi . Dang dong la
phan co to tren hnh 4.1.1.f. Khi i
O
= 0 th wt = v tnh oi xng cua hnh sin.
Khi diod tat hay i
O
= 0 , v
O
= E. T hnh 3.1.f bieu thc tnh trung bnh ap ra:

+ = =

+

dwt E dwt wt V dwt v V

o o
. . sin . 2
1 1

I
1
I
1


v
D1 D2
D3 D4
o
o
v
R
E

hinh 4.1.1. (e) ()
va bieu thc tnh trung bnh dong ra: ( )

= = dwt dwt i I
R
E v
o o
.
1
0
1
. I
O
co the c
tnh theo nguyen ly xep chong khi xet mach tng ng oi vi mach ien mot chieu:
I
O
= (V
O
E) /R
e tnh toan cong suat phat nhiet cua ien tr R can tnh toan gia tr hieu dung I
OR
cua
dong ien ra i
O
: ( )

= = dwt dwt i I
R
E v
o OR
. .
2
1
0
2
1
.
2. Chnh lu ba xung: S o hnh tia ba pha:
Trong s o tia 3 pha tren hnh 4.1.2.(a), cac diod noi chung catod, tai la thuan tr. Dong
ien tai chay t li (nguon), qua diod va ve nguon ien theo day trung tnh N.
Nguyen tac phan tch mach: Co the nhan xet la tai moi thi iem, diod nao co ien ap
anod cao nhat se dan va at ap am vao cac diod con lai v cac diod noi chung catod.
V du: tai wt = , v
A
> v
C
> v
B
=> D1 dan ien, D2 va D3 b at ap am. Hnh
4.1.2.(b) trnh bay dang ap, dong ngo ra; dang dong, ap tren diod D1. Goc dan cua moi diod la
2/3. Tr trung bnh ap ra:
V dwt wt sin V V
o
2
6 3
2
2
3
6
5
6
< 4.1.5 >
Ap ba pha:
) t sin( V v
) t sin( V v
t sin V v
C
B
A
3
4
3
2
2
2
2
=
=
=
< 4.1.4 >

o
v
i
o
A
B
C
N
D1
D2
D3 R
(a)

hinh 4.1.2 SJ do chinh luu
hinh tia 8 ha (a) va cac dang
song tai trJ (b)
(b)
Tng t nh a khao sat s o hai xung, v la tai thuan tr, dong ra i
O
co cung dang vi
ap ra v
O
, va tr so trung bnh I
O
van tnh theo < 4.1.3 >: I
O
= V
O
/R.
Ap ngc cc ai at vao diod la bien o ap day 6 V .
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

S o tia ba pha co hai nhc iem: phai s dung trung tnh , dong nguon ch co thanh
phan mot chieu nen ch c dung khi cong suat tai kha nho so vi nguon ien.
3. Chnh lu sau xung: Khao sat vi tai R.
Cac chnh lu chia lam hai nhom: nhom + gom D1, D2, D3, nhom gom D4, D5, D6.
Chnh lu sau xung co dong, ap ra nhap nho 6 lan trong mot chu ky, s dung trong li ien ba
pha. Co ba s o thng dung: cau ba pha, tia sau pha va sau pha co khang can bang.
moi luc, dong ien tai phai i qua mot diod cua hai nhom nay. Cung nh s o ba pha
tia, co the nhan xet la vi nhom +, diod nao co ien ap anod cao nhat se dan ien va at ap am
vao cac diod con lai; vi nhom la ien ap catod thap nhat.
Vi th t cac pha la A > B > C > A , trnh t dan ien cua cac diod c trnh
bay tren hnh 4.1.4: D1 > D6 > D2 > D4 > D3 > D5 > D1
Tren hnh 4.1.3.(b) khao sat cac dang dong ap cua chnh lu cau 3 pha (hnh 4.1.3.(a)), ien
ap v+ va v cua hai au ra so vi trung tnh nguon la ng net am, gom cac phan dng va a m
nhat cua ap ba pha,
ap ra : v
O
= (v+) (v)
tng ng vi cac khoang dan ien cua cac diod theo trnh t hnh 3.4. Moi diod lam
viec 2 / 3, nhng v hai nhom lech pha nen co 6 xung trong mot chu ky.
Va ng vi moi cap diod lam viec, ap tren tai se trung vi mot ap day cua li ien.
a. S o cau ba pha:
o
o
i
v
A
B
C
v+
v-
D2 D3
R
D1
D6 D5 D4

(a) (b)
hinh 4.1.8: Chinh luu cau ba ha (a) va
cac dang song tai trJ (b)

D1 D2 D3
D4 D6 D5
2
3
3

hinh 4.1.4: Thu tu dan dien cua cac
chinh luu va khoang dan

V du khi D1, D6 dan ien, ap ra: v
O
= v
A
v
C
= v
AC

khi D3, D5 dan ien, ap ra: v
O
= v
C
v
B
=v
CB

. . .
Tr trung bnh ap ra V . V dwt ) v v ( V
B A o
=
34 2
6 3
2
6
3 6
6
< 4.1.7 >
Ap ngc cc ai cua s o cau giong nh trng hp s o tia ba pha, v moi nhom + hay
nhom eu hoat ong nh mot s o tia ba pha.
b. S o tia sau pha:
Co the xem s o tia 6 pha nh la ba s o mot pha co iem gia lay t ba pha nguon
noi chung ngo ra nh hnh 4.1.5.(a) . Bien ap ay co the la ba pha hay ba bien ap mot pha, pha
li ien co the noi Y hay .Tren hnh 4.1.5.(a), cac cuon day noi vao ap day ba pha: v
AB
, v
BC
,
v
CA
va cac ap pha ngo ra se t le : v
ab
, v
-ab
, v
bc
, v
-bc
, v
ca
, v
-ca
, tao thanh 6 pha va tng t nh a
khao sat trong cac phan trc, trong cac chnh lu noi chung catod, chnh lu nao co ien ap anod
cao nhat se dan ien. Dang ap va dong ngo ra c ve hnh 4.1.5.(b) . Ap ra nhap nho sau lan
trong mot chu kynh trong s o cau nhng moi diod ch dan ien mot phan sau chu ky, bang
/ 3.
Tr trung bnh ap ra

V V
dwt v V
ab o
=
35 1
2 3
2
6
3 3
3
.
) (
< 4.1.8 >
Vi ap pha th cap pha ab la
: ( ) wt sin V v
ab
2 = < 4.1.9 >. V
la hieu dung ap pha th cap. e y la
hai cong thc < 4.1.7 > va <4.1.8> se
giong nhau neu trong < 4.1.7 > ta
dung ap day thay cho ap pha. Co the
chng minh la ap ngc cc ai at
vao chnh lu la hai lan ap pha th
cap.
So sanh cac iem khong
giong gia hai s o cau ba pha va
tia sau pha (khi cung ac tnh ngo
A
B
C
o
o
v
i
ab
- ab
- bc
bc
ca
- ca
D1
D5
D6
D4
D2
D3
R
(a)
(b)
hinh 4.1.5: SJ do chinh luu sau ha (a) va dang a ra tai trJ (b)
ra) :
S o cau ba pha S o tia sau pha:
- Chnh lu dan ien 1/3 chu ky.
- Co the noi trc tiep vao li, neu co dung bien ap
th kch thc, gia thanh cung be hn.
- Thng s dung cho cong suat ln.
- Chnh lu dan ien 1/6 chu ky nhng
chu ap ngc gap oi.
- Phai dung bien ap.
- Ch dung cho cong suat nho.
c. S o sau pha co khang can bang: ( hnh 4.1.6 )
Gom co hai s o ba pha hnh tia co ngo ra noi song song qua cuon khang co loi thep KCB.
Cac pha ien ap vao cua hai bo chnh lu ngc nhau e chung lam viec hai ban ky cua ien ap
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

li, lam cho cuon day s cap dan dong hai ba n ky, khac phuc nhc iem cua s o hnh tia 3
pha. Cuon khang can bang nay can thiet v ma c du thiet ke ien ap trung bnh hai chnh lu la
bang nhau nhng ien ap tc thi cua chung khong giong nhau. That vay:
( ) ( )
01 02
= v wt v wt <4.1.9>

1
2 2
2 1
1
1 2 2
4.1.10
( ) 4.1.11
o o cb
cb o o
o o o
v v v
v v v
v v v
=
= < >
= + < >

Nh vay ap ra se la trung bnh cong hai ap ngo vao va se nhap nho 6 xung trong mot chu
ky.
Mat khac, khi lay trung bnh hai ve cua <4.1.9>, ta tm c quan he cua cac gia tr trung
bnh:
2 1 1 2
0 4.1.12 4.1.13
cb o o o o o
V V V V V V = = < > = = < >
Khang can bang khong chu ap mot chieu va tr trung bnh ap ra Vo bang vi tr trung bnh
cua moi bo chnh lu, moi bo chnh lu se dan mot na dong ien tai.
Viec tnh toan khang can bang c tr lai trong phan khao sat cac bai toan cua chnh lu.
IV.2 CHNH LU IEU KHIEN PHA ( SCR ):
v
i
o
o
v v
i
o
o
v
o
v
i
o
A
B
C
N
o
o
i
v
A
B
C
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
T?
R
R
T1
T2
T2 T1 T3
T4 T5 T6
T1
T2
T3
T2 T1
T3 T4
L
L
R
L
R
L
hinh 4.2.1: Cac sJ do chinh luu SCR
A
B
C
o
v o
i
ab
- ab
- bc
bc
ca
- ca
o
I /2
o
I /2
o2
v
o1
v
v
cb
KCB
D3
D1
D2
D4
R
D5
D6
hinh 4.1.G: SJ do chinh luu diod G
ha co khang can bang
Vi tnh cach la chnh lu, SCR co the thay the diod trong cac s o a khao sat trong
phan IV.1, ket hp vi kha nang ieu khien pha, ta co the thay oi ap ra khi bat chung dan ien
cham i so vi diod tng ng nh trong cac khao sat sau.
1. S o chnh lu SCR hai xung - hnh 4.2.1.(a) va (b):
Trng hp tai thuan tr:
Xet trng hp s o cau hnh 4.2.1.(a), cac cap SCR T1, T4 va T2, T3 co cung xung kch
khi (tren hnh 4.2.2 la i
GT1
va i
GT2
).
Gia s ong nguon vao luc wt = 0.
i
O
= 0 => v
O
= 0 va v
T1
+ v
T4
= v v
O
> 0 : vay T1 va T4 c phan cc thuan.
wt = , co xung ieu khien, T1 va T4
dan ien: v
O
= v = R.i
O
=> dong tai co cung
dang vi ap. Khi wt = , dong ap ra bang 0,
SCR tat => goc dan = . Tr trung bnh
ap ra:

= = dwt wt sin V dwt v V

o
2
1 1

[ ] 1
2
+ =
cos
V
o
V <4.2.1>
R
V
I
R
v
i
o
o
o
o
=
=
bnh trung tr
tai ien dong thi tc tr Gia
<4.2.2>

Khao sat s o chnh lu dung bien ap
co iem gia (hnh 4.2.1.b) tng t.
hinh 4.2.2: Cac dang a chinh luu 2 xung BK ha
Trng hp tai RL:
Phhg phap khao sat hoan toan tng t trng hp tai tr, wt = , T1 va T4 se dan
ien khi c kch, phng trnh vi phan mo ta mach ien:
wt sin V v L Ri v
dt
di
o o
o
2 = = + =
ieu kien ban au 0 =
= wt
o
i
Co the nhan xe t la phng trnh dong qua
mach co dang hoan toan giong nh trng hp
bo bien oi ap xoay chieu (chng 3):

) (
) sin( ) sin(
t
o
e t
Z
V
i
2

<4.2.3>

( )
R
wL
tg
L R Z
1
2 2
=
+ =
pha goc va
tai tr tong vi

dong ie n tang le n t gia tr khong, ch ve khong
khi ap ra, bang vi ap nguon, co gia tr am. Go c
dan ) ( > , co the xac nh theo <3.4.7*>
va tnh toan thc hanh theo phu luc 1.
hinh 4.2.8: 0ang dong, a ra chinh luu 2 xung, tai
RL vJi dong gian doan
Qua ban ky am, hoat ong cua mach dien ra tng t. Khi wt = + , SCR T2 va T3 dan
ien va v
O
= v, ta van co xung dong dng. Tr trung bnh ap ra ch can tch phan trong ban ky:
( ) [ ] + = = =

cos cos
2 1
2
0
2
1 V
o o
dwt v dwt v V <4.2.3>
nh vay ap ra phu thuoc goc dan , thay oi theo tai RL. Tr trung bnh va hieu dung dong
tai co the nhan c khi tch phan <4.2.3> hay tnh toan thc hanh theo phu luc 1. Nhng co the
de dang tnh tr trung bnh dong tai t tr trung bnh ap ra khi ap dung nguyen ly xep chong, cong
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

thc nhan c giong nh trng hp chnh lu diod.

R
V
o
o
I = <4.2.4>
Trng hp tai dong lien tuc:
Xay ra khi L u ln va goc
ieu khien pha be, goc dan tang en
khi bang . Khi o SCR c kch khi
dong tai cha ve khong. Va nh vay,
cac SCR thay phien nhau dan dong
tai.
Xet chu ky ta xac lap, khi he
thong hoat ong u lau e qua trnh
qua o cham dt, dong ra lap lai trong
moi chu ky li (hnh 4.2.4)

hinh 4.2.4: 0ang dong, a ra khi dong tai lien tuc
0 < wt < , T2, T3 ang dan dong tai. Ap ra v
O
< 0 va T1, T4 c phan cc thuan.
wt : T1, T4 dan ien khi co dong kch. T2, T3 tat v neu tiep tuc dan th dong qua no
se chay ngc t K sang A. Ta co s chuyen mach dong tai t SCR ang dan sang SCR c kch.
Vay khi dong lien tuc, SCR cung catod (hay anod) thay phien nhau dan dong ien tai, goc
dan trng hp tong quat cua 1 SCR la 2 / n ,vi n la so SCR noi chung catod (hay anod).
Vi s o chnh lu 2 xung, n = 2.
Ket qua la dang ap ra khong oi theo tai, co tr trung bnh :

V bang diode, lu chnh ra ap la V vi
2 2
do
+

+

=
= = =

do
do
1 1
o
V
cos V dwt wt sin 2 V dwt v V
<4.2.5>
Khi L bang vo cung, dong tai tr nen phang, khong con nhap nho. ay la trng hp hay
c s dung trong khao sat ly thuyet cac trng hp phc tap hay khi thiet ke, nham n gian
bai toan. Ta goi ieu kien nay la gia thuyet dong lien tuc hay tai dong lien tuc.
ieu kien e dong lien tuc tai RL, s o mot pha:
Nh a khao sat, dong tai lien tuc khi
goc dan cua mot SCR la 2 / n ,vi n la so
SCR noi chung anod (hay catod). e tm ieu
kien cho dong tai la lien tuc, co the giai phng
trnh <3.4.7> e tm ieu kien cho goc dan bang
2 / 2 = :
0
2
wt
v
O
i
O v

hinh 4.2.5: Xung dong mot SCR khi =
wt = + => 0
2
=
=

) (
) sin( ) sin(
t
o
e t
Z
V
i <3.4.7* >.
Vi nhan xet tai moi thi iem, ta cung co tai noi vi li ien xoay chieu qua SCR nh
trng hp bo bien oi ap xoay chieu ( chng hai), va ket qua nghien cu cua chng hai se ap
dung c cho trng hp nay: Dong ien tai se bat au lien tuc khi goc < ( la goc tai
RL). That vay, khi the = va wt = + vao <3.4.7*>, ta co ang thc.
2. S o chnh lu SCR ba xung - hnh 4.2.1.(c):
Hnh 4.2.1.(c) thng c goi la s
o hnh tia ba pha, bao gom ba SCR noi
chung catod (cung co the noi chung anod).
Xung kch cong cac SCR lech 2 / 3 , theo
th t xoay pha A, B, C :
T1 T2 T3 T1 ( hnh 4.2.6 )
iem chuyen mach t nhien hay = 0
cua cac SCR chnh la iem ma ap pha tng
ng bat au cao hn cac pha khac, neu c
kch luc o SCR se dan ien nh diod va ap
ra se la ln nhat. Xet SCR T1,
= 0 + = 2 k wt vi
6
=
hinh 4.2.G: 0ang dong, a ra chinh luu 8 xung, tai thuan
trJ.
Gia s ong nguon vao luc wt = 0.
i
O
= 0 => v
O
= 0 va v
T1
= v v
O
> 0, T1 c phan cc thuan.
Khi + =
6
wt , co xung ieu khien, T1 dan ien:
v
O
= v
A
= R.i
O
, dong tai co cung dang vi ap. Gia s
6
> nh tren hnh ve, tai

wt = , dong ap ra bang 0, T1 tat. Goc dan
6
= .
Khi
3
2
6

+ + = wt , T2 co xung kch cong, noi pha B vao tai. Co the nhan xet dang ap,
dong ra giong nh trng hp T1 dan, nhng cham pha 2 / 3.
Trong chu ky li 2 co 3 xung ap, ch can tch phan 1 / 3 chu ky e tnh tr trung bnh ap
ra. Co the chia lam hai trng hp:
< / 6 : Ap li cha ve khong trc khi kch SCR ke tiep:
= = =
+ +
+

cos V dwt wt sin V dwt v V
o o
2
6 3
2
3
2
3 3
2
6
6 3
2
2 <4.2.6>
> / 6 : Ap li ve khong trc khi kch SCR ke tiep:
[ ] ) cos( V dwt wt sin V dwt v V
o o
6 2
2 3
2
3
2
3
1 2
6 6
+ + = = =

<4.2.7>
> 5 / 6 : Ap pha tng ng khi o be hn khong, SCR khong the dan ien khi
c kch, suy ra pham vi ieu chnh goc kch SCR khi tai R t 0 en 5 / 6.
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

Tr trung bnh dong qua tai co the tnh theo tr
trung bnh ap ra Vo khi ap dung nguyen ly xep
chong.
Trng hp tai dong lien tuc:
Cac SCR thay phien nhau dan dong tai
T1 T2 T3 T1 tng ng vi goc dan
cho mot SCR la 2 / 3 khong phu thuoc goc
ieu pha. Nh vay, dang ap ra khong phu thuoc
tai va tr trung bnh ap ra co dang <4.2.6>.
Pham vi thay oi goc ieu khien pha
theo ly thuyet, la t 0 en . Tr trung bnh ap
ra thay oi t Vdo = V
2
6 3
en Vdo.
hinh 4.2.7: A, dong ra sJ do dieu khien ha 8 xung,
tai dong lien tuc
3. S o chnh lu SCR sau xung tai dong lien tuc Mach ong lc hnh 4.2.1.(d):
Tng t nh chnh lu diod, hoat ong cua s o cau ba pha ieu khien pha co the phan
tch thanh hoat ong cua hai nhom: nhom
dng gom T1, T2, T3 noi chung catod va
nhom am gom T4, T5, T6 noi chung anod.
iem = 0 ( chyen mach t nhien ) cua
cac SCR la cac iem bat au dan ien
cua cac diod cung v tr. Th t ieu khien
cac SCR cung chnh la th t xoay pha
li, cac SCR trong cung mot pha lech
na chu ky li:
T1 T2 T3 T1
T6 T4 T5 T6
Nh vay khoang cach xung gia 2
SCR cung nhom ( T1 va T2 ) la 2 / 3 ,
gia 2 SCR noi tiep ( T1 va T6 ) la / 3 ,
xem hnh 4.2.8.(b). Lu y moi SCR eu
nhan 2 xung: mot e bat au dan ( co to
am ) va mot xung phu t SCR c kch
ngay sau no ( khong to ), e am bao moi
luc co hai SCR lam viec.
Vi gia thuyet dong lien tuc, moi
luc luon comot SCR cua moi nhom dan,
ap ra cua cac nhom v+ va v_ so vi trung
tnh li ve bang net am tren hnh
4.2.8.(a) va ap ra tren tai se lan lt la
cac ap day tng ng vi cap SCR ang
dan.- hnh 4.2.8.(c). Moi chu ky li co 6

hinh 4.2.8: SJ do cau 8 ha dieu khien ha: dang a cac
diem tren sJ do (a), xung kich cac SCR (b), a ra va cac
khoang dan cua SCRs (c)
i
O

(a)
(b)
(c)
v
AB
v
AC
v
BC
v
BA
v
CA
v
BA
xung la mot phan cua hnh sin.
Tr trung ap ra:
= = = =
+ +
+

cos cos ) (
do B A o o
V V dwt v v dwt v V
6 3 3
2
6 6
2
6
6 6
2
<4.2.8>
vi V
do
la ap ra chnh lu diod.
Vi giar thuyet dong lien tuc, ap ra thay oi t Vdo en - Vdo khi goc ieu khien pha
thay oi trong khoang 0 .
Dong tai i
O
co cung dang vi ap ra v
O
, va nh vay khong co gia tr am. Khi > / 3 ap
ra co oan bang 0 : dong gian oan . Khi > 2 / 3 mach khong con hoat ong. Viec tnh tr trung
bnh ap ra thc hien tng t nh trng hp s o ba pha hnh tia, e y ap tren tai la nhng ap
day tng ng vi pha cua SCR dan ien.
IV.3 CAC BAI TOAN CUA CHNH LU IEU KHIEN PHA ( SCR ):
1. Bien luan che o dong ien tai khi tai RL:
- Dong gian oan va lien tuc: V cac ngat ien ban dan ch lam nhiem vu ong ngat mach,
mot cach tong quat:
* Khi cac SCR dan ien (ong mach): ap ra se co dang ap cua ap vao, trong cac bo chnh
lu la hnh sin.
* Khi SCR khoa (ngat mach): dong qua tai bang khong, ap ra se phu thuoc ac tnh tai,
bang 0 neu tai RL, bang sc phan ien khi tai la ong c, accu hay bang ap tren tu khi tai co ien
dung song song.
Nh vay ap tren tai thay oi theo trang thai dan ien cua cac SCR, phu thuoc vao goc ieu
khien pha va a c tnh phu tai. Vi bo chnh lu m xung, be rong cua moi xung dong trong mot
chu ky 2 ch co the
m
2
. Dau bang tng ng trng hp dong lien tuc , khi o SCR ke tiep
c kch khi cac SCR ang dan cha tat, hay cac SCR thay phien nhau dan dong tai. Dau nho
hn cho trng hp dong gian oan co luc dong tai bang khong. Hnh 4.2.3 va 4.2.4 cho ta
dang dong trong hai trng hp.
Cung co the s dung phu luc 1 cua chng hai kiem tra che o dong ien cho tai RL. Be
rong cua moi xung dong chnh la goc dan cua s o chnh lu 1 SCR vi lu y goc ieu khien
pha trong phu luc 1 c tnh vi iem chuyen mach t nhien la wt = 0 . Nh vay, trong chnh
lu nhieu pha, iem chuyen mach t nhien so vi goc toa o lech goc , va ta phai s dung goc
+ thay cho trong khi s dung phu luc 1 nay.
Cung theo phu luc, co the bien luan che o dong tai bo chnh lu tai RL khi tnh toan goc
dan , ieu kien e dong ien tai lien tuc la:
goc dan ( )
m
,
+
2
<4.3.1>
la goc tai ( )
R
wL
tg
1
= , m la so xung.
Vi tai RLE, moi th tng t nhng cac phng trnh co thay oi, trong cac tai lieu tham
khao co the tm c cac o th e tra goc dan la mot ham cua goc tai , goc ieu khien pha ,
va he so tng ng vi sc phan ien E.
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

- Trung bnh ap ngo ra khi dong gian oan va lien tuc: e y vi s o ieu khien pha, ap
nguon la hnh sin co dang xoay chieu. Khi ap giam dan en gia tr am, dong qua SCR giam ve
khong neu khong co SCR ke tiep c kch e ap at vao tai tiep tuc dng. Nh a khao sat,
nang lng tch tr trong t cam L cua tai RL giup keo dai xung dong, lam tang phan co gia tr am
cua ap ngo ra. Ket qua la khi xung dong keo dai, tr trung bnh ap ra giam, at gia tr on nh khi
dong lien tuc.
- Bieu thc tong quat e tnh gia tr trung bnh ap ngo ra khi dong lien tuc: Nh vay che
o dong lien tuc, dang ap ra khong phu thuoc tai v ch bao gom nhng xung hnh sin, la cac ap
li cua SCR dan. T o, co the tnh c bieu thc tong quat cua chnh lu m xung hnh tia
c noi vao nguon m pha:
, V sin V cos V V
m
m
do do o
= =
2
<4.3.2>
Vdo la ap ra chnh lu diod cung s o, V la tr hieu dung ap pha.
Vi nhan xet s o cau, moi luc se co hai chnh lu dan ien va ap ra khi o chnh la ap
day, <4.3.2> co the dung cho ca s o cau vi m bang hai lan so pha va V la ap day.
- So sanh tr so trung bnh ap ngo ra cac che o dong tai khac nhau: Trng hp tai R va
tai dong lien tuc la hai trng hp gii han, thng c s dung trong thiet ke, khi khong ro ac
tnh tai hay khi can tnh toan gan ung.
Hnh 4.3.1 cho ta quan he trung bnh ap ra V
O
cua chnh
lu cau mot pha theo goc ieu khien pha vi tai R, RL vi dong
gian oan va dong lien tuc. (ac tnh V
O
() tai RL vi dong gian
oan c ve ay ch la mot trng hp tieu bieu, mot cach
tong quat no la mot ng cong nam gia ac tnh tai R va dong
lien tuc).
- Gia thuyet dong tai phang, lien tuc : Khi L tang, s nhap
nho cua dong tai giam i, va khong con khi L bang vo cung.
Trng hp tai co L bang vo cung con goi la gia thuyet dong tai
phang, lien tuc lam cho cac tnh toan dong ien tr nen n
gian, c dung trong thiet ke hay khao sat cac trng hp phc
tap.
hinh 4.8.1: quan he v
o
() vJi
cac loai tai khac nhau. vdo:
trung binh a ra chinh luu diod.
2. Tnh tr trung bnh dong ien tai :
Tr trung bnh dong tai thng tnh theo tr trung bnh ap ra khi ap dung nguyen ly xep
chong cac thanh phan Fourier cua ap ra len tai. Thanh phan mot chieu cua dong tai la do thanh
phan mot chieu cua ap tren tai tao ra, cong thc <4.3.2> co gia tr cho tat ca cac s o chnh lu
tai RL.

R
V
o
o
I = <4.3.2> hay khi tai RLE :
R
E V
o
o
I
= <4.3.3>
Cung co the s dung phu luc 1 cua chng 2 e tnh gia tr trung bnh cua dong tai, t o
suy ra gia tr trung bnh ap ngo ra, khong can tch phan.
3.Dong ien qua SCR va bien ap au vao:
e khao sat dong ien qua cac phan t mach ien, ngi ta thng dung gia thuyet dong
tai phang, lien tuc nham n gian cac tnh toan. Vi cung phng phap, cac dang dong thc te
cung co the c phan tch vi khoi lng tnh toan ln hn.
Hnh 4.3.2.(b) trnh bay cac dang dong ien qua cac phan t cua bo chnh lu cau ba pha
vi tai dong lien tuc, phang. Nh a khao sat trong cac muc trc cua chng, moi SCR dan ien
1/3 chu ky (ghi bang ca c ch so t 1 6). Dong ien cuon day th cap bien ap gom dong qua ca c
SCR cua pha tng ng, v du i
a
= i
T1
i
T4
khi quy c dong qua SCR chay t anod sang catod.
Dong qua cuon s cap t le vi dong th cap theo t so bien ap K. Ta co:
Tr trung bnh I
av
va hieu dung I
RMS
dong qua SCR :

3
0
2
1 3
2
o
I
o av
dwt I I = =
<3.24> ( )
3
0
2
2
1 3
2
o
I
o RMS
dwt I I = =
<4.3.4>
o
o
i
v
A
B
C
i
a A
i
i
C c
i
R
T2 T1 T3
T4 T5 T6
L
(a) (b)
hinh 4.8.2
2/3
2
1 1 2
2 3 3
4 4 5 5 6
6
2
2
wt
wt
wt
i
a
Io
Io
Tr hieu dung dong qua cuon th cap bien ap, tnh cho pha a :
( ) ( ) 3 2 2
3
2
0
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
/ I dwt I dwt i I
o o a aR
= = =

<4.3.5>
Ket qua nay co c khi e y tch phan trong dau can se gap oi so vi tch phan tng
ng cua dong hieu dung qua SCR.
Dong ien qua cuon s cap I
AR
bien ap t le vi dong cuon th cap I
aR
qua t so bien ap K
cua ap th cap / ap s cap:

A
a
V
V
aR AR
K I . K I = = vi <4.3.6> ; V
a
va V
A
la tr hieu dung ap pha th va s cap
bien ap => Cong suat bieu kien cua bien ap: S = 3. (V
a
.I
aR
+ V
A
.I
AR
)/2 = 3.V
a
.I
aR

the quan he ap pha th cap V
a
va ap ra V
O
<4.3.6> va cac quan he dong ien dong tai va
dong qua bien ap, ta co cong suat bieu kien bien ap:

o o o o
I V I V S
=
cos
cos
. .
3
6 3
2 3
2
3
<4.3.7> Vi s o nay, ay cung la cong
suat bieu kien cua bo chnh lu, suy ra he so cong suat: = cos . 3 HSCS <4.3.8>
Bai tap: Tnh tr hieu dung cua song hai bac 1 cua dong nguon, suy ra he so cong suat cua
bo chnh lu ieu khien pha.
e n gian cac bieu thc, ta gia s t so bien ap bang 1, bien o dong nguon se la I
O
va
dang dong pha A c ve lai tren hnh 4.3.2 (c). Tnh gia tr hieu dung I
1R
cua i
A
khi s dung truc
1
4
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

tung la truc oi xng cua dang dong:

/ 3
1
0
1
4
.cos .
2
2 2 6
sin
3
R O
R O O
I I wt dwt
I I I

=
= =

khi tch phan dang song, he so 2 xuat
hien do tnh gia tr hieu dung.
Cong suat tac dung cua bo chnh lu
tieu thu t nguon AC:

1 1
6
3. . .cos 3. . .cos
O R O
P V I V I
= =
3
A
A
i
T1
T4
6
2
wt
o
I
0
2
hinh 4.8.2.c: 0ang dong va a ha A
v theo hnh 4.3.2.c, goc lenh pha gia ap va dong moi pha la
/ 3
6 2

+ =
Suy ra HSCS cua mach bang:
6
3. . .cos
3.cos
3 . 2
3 .
3
O
O
R
O
V I
P
HSCS
V I
V I
= = =
Co the nhan xet la HSCS cua mach khong the bang 1 ngay ca khi chnh lu diod (dong-ap
cung pha) v dong qua mach khong hnh sin. Mot nhan xet khac la gia thuyet t so bien ap k bang
1 khong anh hng en HSCS v ca I
R
va I
R1
eu co k.
4. Bien ap cua bo chnh lu:
Bien ap co 2 nhiem vu trong s o
chnh lu: Thay oi ien ap cho thch hp vi
tam hoat ong cua BB va cach ly ien li
tai nham am bao an toan trong mot so
trng hp.
Thong so bien ap gom co: ap, dong
cac cuon day s th va cong suat bieu kien
S
BA
. S
BA
cho phep anh gia o ln cua bien
ap va he so s dung (hay o hieu qua s
dung) bien ap khi so sanh vi cong suat bieu
kien S cua nguon AC. trng hp ly tng,
t so nay bang 1.
o
I
o
2I
o
I
3
3
0
2
0
2
hinh 4.8.8: 0ang dong thu va sJ ca bien a noi YY
dung cho chinh luu tia 8 ha.
Hoat ong cua bien ap tr nen xau i khi t trng loi thep co thanh phan 1 chieu nh
trng hp chnh lu 1 SCR hay s o tia 3 pha vi bien ap thong thng noi YY hay Y. Khi
o: - Sc t ong cua mach t khong bang khong nh ta van gia thuyet (bien ap noi YY).
- Loi thep b t hoa khong oi xng (bien ap noi Y)
Ket qua la dong t hoa tang cao, loi thep co the b phat nong do bao hoa t cuc bo .
5. S chuyen mach cua SCR trong chnh lu ieu khien pha:
che o dong lien tuc, mot SCR khi c kch se lam tat mot SCR ang dan. Ta noi la co
hien tng chuyen mach. Trong cac phan trc, ta cho la s chuyen mach khong co thi gian,
dien ra tc thi. Thc te luon luon co t cam noi tiep cac chnh lu, co the la t cam cua ng
day hay cua bien ap cap ien va nh vay dong qua chnh lu khong thay oi tc thi. Co khoang
thi gian hai chnh lu cung lam viec. V vay, hien tng chuyen mach con goi la s trung dan
gia 2 hay nhieu hn chnh lu noi chung anod hay catod.

Io
v1
v2
T1
T2
La
La
i1
i2
(a)

( )
1
2
2
2 sin
2 sin
m
v V wt
v V wt
=
=
<4.3.9>
V1
V2
2
m
V = 2 Vsin
m
k
V
Gian o vect ien ap
Hnh 4.3.4.(a) cho ta mach ien e khao
sat s chuyen mach trong he m pha hnh tia,
gia SCR 1 cua pha 1 va SCR 2 cua pha 2. Khi
kch T2, T1 ang dan dong tai Io, gia s khong
oi trong thi gian khao sat. Ta co s chuyen
mach dong tai t T1 sang T2, va co ca c phng
trnh:

(b)
hinh 4.8.4: A ra khi co chuyen mach (trung dan).

1 2 1 2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
2
2 2
0
vi
ieu kien ban a u :
khi chon lai goc toa o la iem ch
o k a a a
k k k
o
wt wt
di di di di di
I i i v v v L L L
dt dt dt dt dt
v V wt V V
m
i I i

= =
= + = = = =
= =
= =
;
sin , sin
;
1 1 2
1
2
uyen mach t nhien
suy ra :
o a
di v v
v v L
dt
+
= =
<4.3.10>
trong o v
k
c goi la ap ngan mach. Nh vay, s chuyen mach lam cho ngo ra b sut ap
mot lng :

0
1
1
. ; .
2 2 2
o
a o
x a a a a
I
mX I di m m
U L dwt wL di X wL
dt

+
= = = =

<4.3.11>
Giai <4.3.10> e tm i
2
, dung ieu kien khi t = + th i
2
= I
o
, ta co phng trnh
xac nh goc chuyen mach :
[ ]
2 2
2
1
| 0
2
2
cos cos
2
vi ieu kien au
k wt
a
k
a
i v dt i
L
V
i wt
wL
=
= =
=
suy ra ( )
2
2
+ = cos cos
a o
k
X I
V
<4.3.12>
va goc chuyen mach (trung dan) tng ng thi gian co cac SCR cung dan ien.
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

vi V
k
la hieu dung ap day gia hai pha tham gia chuyen mach.
5. Chnh Lu tai RLE va che o nghch lu:
v
o
v
i
o
T2 T1
T3 T4
R
L
E

o
I
+
+
_
_ Vo
E
R

(a) (b)
hinh 4.8.5 (a) Chinh luu cau mot ha tai RLE. (b) mach tuJng
duJng d/v thanh han mot chieu khi Vo, E < 0 .
( c)
(c ) dang dong, a ra khi dong
gian doan
Trong trng hp tai co sc phan ien E nh hnh 4.3.5(a), khi dong tai i
O
bang khong, ap
ra v
O
bang E. Khi T1, T4 c kch, ap ra v
O
= v, pt vi phan mo ta mach ien la:
0 = + + = =
= wt o
dt
di
o o
i E L Ri v v
o
au kien ieu vi <4.3.13>
Phng trnh nay la c s e tnh bieu thc dong ra i
O
va t o bien luan cac che o hoat
ong cua bo bien oi tng t nh a thc hien vi tai RL:
Neu E > 0, sc ien ong nay xung oi vi ap ra v
O
, lam dong ien mau ve khong, ni
rong vung dong gian oan. E > 0 cung tao ra kha nang SCR khong the dan ien khi c kch
neu luc o E ln hn ap nguon v .
Nh a khao sat 4.1, s o chnh lu diod hai xung khi tai co E, goc kch SCR se nam
trong khoang
min
- en
V
E
2
1
sin
min
.
Tr trung bnh ap ra Vo khong thay oi khi dong lien tuc va tang len (E > 0) so vi tai RL
khi dong gian oan, v ap ra v
O
se bang E khi dong bang 0 . Khi ap dung nguyen ly xep chong,
mach ien oi vi thanh phan mot chieu hnh 4.3.5.(b) cho ta:
Io = ( Vo E )/ R <4.3.14>
Khi tai co sc phan ien, co the co hien tng
nghch lu. Hien tng nay xay ra khi Vo , E < 0 va
|Vo| < |E|(hnh 4.3.6). Khi o van co dong Io > 0,
ap ra bo chnh lu va sc ien ong tai oi dau, tai
tr nen cung cap va bo bien oi se nhan nang lng
v bieu thc cong suat a oi dau (hnh 4.3.5.b):
P = V
o

.
I
o
< 0 ngc vi trng hp
tai thu ong (nh R), tng ng vi HSCS < 0.
hinh 4.8.G
Co the chng minh c la bo bien oi chuyen c nang lng nay ve li khi tnh tch
phan cong suat ra.
Tom tat ieu kien xay ra nghch lu:
- Tai co sc phan ien E < 0 (cung chieu vi dong ien).
- Trung bnh ap ra V
o
< 0 va |V
o
| < |E|.
Goc nghch lu an toan:
Khi tang, ap ra bo chnh lu Vo giam, sau o nho hn zero. Khi gan 180
O
, co the
xay ra hien tng ot bien nghch lu. Hien tng nay xuat hien khi cac SCR chuyen mach that
bai: SCR c kch khong chuyen sang trang thai dan ien c va SCR ang dan tiep tuc dan
ien ban ky ke tiep. Ap ra v
O
ang am tr nen dng, dong ien ot ngot tang len rat cao goi la
ot bien nghch lu. Goc nghch lu c nh nghia bang . Goc nghch lu an toan la gia
tr toi thieu e khong xay ra ot bien nghch lu. Xet trng hp T2, T3 ang dan ien tren hnh
3.19, vi nhan xet la ap v se dng khi wt > , goc nghch lu an toan bang 0
O
trong trng
hp cac SCR ly tng, co chuyen mach tc thi. Trong thc te, sau khi c kch, ta mat mot goc
cho chuyen mach (cac SCR trung dan) va goc w.t
OFF
tng ng thi gian t
OFF
e SCR b tat
phuc hoi kha nang khoa, nh vay goc nghch lu an toan se bang + w.t
OFF
.
6. Song hai ap va dong ngo ra:
Nh ta a biet chnh lu m xung cho ra ien ap mot chieu nhap nho m lan trong mot chu
ky li ien. Khi khai trien Fourier, tn hieu co chu ky nay gom co:
- Thanh phan mot chieu hay trung bnh, la phan hu dung hay mong muon.
- Cac thanh phan hnh sin co tan so k.m.w, con goi la song hai bac n, n = km; vi k la so
nguyen, w la tan so li ien tnh bang rad/s. Thanh phan nay khong nhng khong hu ch vi tai
mot chieu, ma con gay ra cac tac dung khong mong muon nh: lam tang gia tr hieu dung cua
dong ien, dan en tang phat nong; oi vi ong c mot chieu con tao ra mo men phu gay rung.
Khi dong tai lien tuc, tr hieu dung V
Rn
cua song hai bac n cua ien ap ra bang:

( )
2
2 2
2
1
sin 1 ( 1) sin
m
Rn m
n
V V n
= + <4.3.15>
Bieu thc nay co c khi ta khai trien Fourier cua dang ap ra cho
cac song hai bac cao.
Trong o, V
do
la tr trung bnh ap ra chnh lu diod cung s o.
Cung nh tnh toan vi thanh phan mot chieu cua ien ap, ta co
the tm ra cac thanh phan song hai dong ien bac n khi giai mach ien
tng ng bo chnh lu tai RLE cho cac song hai ien ap (hnh 4.3.7):
I
n
R
Vn jnwL

hinh 4.8.7:
2 2
) nwL ( R / V I
Rn Rn
+ = <4.3.16>
Theo tnh chat cua cac thanh phan Fourier, tr hieu dung cua dong ien la:
+ =
n
o R
Rn
I I I
2 2
) ( vi I
O
la tr trung bnh cua dong ien.
n
2
Rn
I c goi la hieu dung tong cac song hai, bieu th o nhap nho (khong
phang) cua dong ien.
Ch so n c tnh t m en . Trong thc te, v nwL va V
Rn
giam nhanh theo n , ngi
ta ch tnh toan vi vai song hai au tien (k = 1 .. 3).
Ngoai viec loc ngo ra, mot bien phap rat hu hieu e giam song hai dong, ap ngo ra la
tang so xung cua ap ngo ra, co hai cach:
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005


- Tang so pha: T he 3 pha, ta co the tao ra 6, 12, 24
pha bang cach noi tiep cac cuon day th cap (co ien ap
thch hp) cua biep ap 3 pha co nhieu cuon th cap tren 1
pha. Hnh 4.3.8 trnh bay cach thc hien 12 pha t 6 pha A,
B, C, -A, -B, -C (ch ve pha 1 va pha 12). Pha 1 c tong
hp t pha A va C vi t le thch hp.
Goc Ao1 = 15
O
, oA1 = 120
O
cua tam giac oA1 cho ta:

1 1
sin120 sin15 sin 45
o A oA
= =
Suy ra ien ap cac cuon day oA, A1 theo ap ra o1.
A
B
C - C
- A
- B
o
1
12

hinh 4.8.8:
Phng an nay con co u iem la thch hp vi cong suat ln. Nhc iem la bien ap co
cong suat bieu kien tang cao (tng ng he so s dung bien ap thap) do gia tr hieu dung dong
ien qua cuon day tang khi goc dan cua mot chnh lu giam v so xung m tang.
- Noi noi tiep va/hay song song cac bo chnh lu co nguon lech pha. ay la phng ap
hieu qua hn oi vi ca ba: nguon, BB va ngo ra. Noi dung se c trnh bay trong phan sau.
V du: Cho bo chnh lu ba pha cau tai R co loc LC ngo ra hnh 4.3.9.(a), ap nguon co hieu
dung 100 volt (ap pha), tan so 50 Hz. Goc K pha = 60
O
, tai R 100 ohm. Mach loc LC bang bao
nhieu e bie n o nhap nho ap ra ( nh nh) bang 10 volt?
Cac gia thiet e n gian tnh toan:
- Sau khi qua mac loc LC, cac song hai bac ln hn c ban (k = 1, ng vi tan so nhap nho
ngo ra 6 xung, bang 300 Hz) la khong ang ke. Nh vay ch can khao sat song hai c ban.
- Dong qua bo chnh lu la lien tuc e co the ap dung <4.3.15>.
Hnh 4.3.9: (a) la mach ong lc trong o v
O
la ap ra bo chnh lu, v
C
la ap ngo ra bo loc
LC; (b) la mach tng /v hai c ban, v
1
la song hai c ban - bac k = 1 cua ap ra bo chnh lu, v
C1

la song hai bac k = 1 cua ap qua tu C theo gia thiet tren cung chnh la ap ngo ra mach loc; (c)
la cac dang song trong mach trong o V
O
la trung bnh ap ra chnh lu.
v
o
v
v
C C1
v
v1
v
v
o
C1
o V
L
R
C
R
1/jnwC
jnwL

hinh 4.8.O: (a) (b) (c)
Ta co
( ) ( )
2 6 2
6
sin .sin .100 2.34 100 234
48.9
1
v
tnh 4.3.15 n 6 ; 60 V v
m
m
Vdo V

= = = =
< > = = =

Hnh 4.3.9.b cho ta:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2 1
1
1
1
1
1
R
nwL
C
LC w n
jnwL R jnwC
R jnwC
V
V
+
=
+
=
// /
// /

Yeu cau cua au bai la bien o nhap nho ap ra ( nh nh) ba ng 10 volt, suy ra tr so
hieu dung song hai c ban qua ien dung C la v 53 3 2 2 10
1
. ) /( = =
C
V .
Phng trnh tren cho phe p tnh toan gia tr Lva C. V ch co mot phng trnh cho hai a n
so, can phat bieu them mot ieu kien cho L va C trc khi giai.
e y: ( ) ( ) LC w n LC w n
R
nwL
2 2
2
2
2 2
1 + v tan so trong mach se kha ln so vi tan
so cong hng cua LC (mach loc ch cho tan so thap qua),

( )
6 90 3
100 6 53 3
9 48 1
9 48
53 3
2 2 2 2
1
1
=

= = E LC
LC w n
V
V
C
.
.
.
. .
.
.

Co nhieu phng an e chon LC, ay chon C = 100 uF suy ra L = 0.039 H. Gia tr LC
nh vay co the thc hien de dang trong thc te.
Kiem tra lai:
phan tnh toan : nwL/R = 6*100*0.039/100 = 0.74 << (1 n
2
w
2
LC) = - 12.86
Khao sat song hai bac ln hn c ban, vi k = 2 :
v V 60 ; 1 ; vi 3.32 tnh
2
8 23 2 234 . = = = = = > < m k n V
do
va

( ) ( ) ( )
volt 63 0
5 37
8 23
10 9 3 100 12 1
2
100
100 12
2
6 2 2
2
2
.
.
.
.
= =
+
=

V
V
C
. Vay song hai bac
k = 2 la khong ang ke so vi thanh phan c ban bac k = 1, ung nh gia thiet.
Kiem tra dong lien tuc: Cong thc <4.3.15> ch ung trong trng hp dong lien tuc, e
am bao ket qua can phai kiem tra s lien tuc cua dong ien. Tuy nhien, gia i tch mach ien chnh
lu ieu khien pha tai RLC trong ie u kien dong gian oan rat phc tap va thng khong can thc
hien khi thiet ke v khi dong bang khong, ap ra se bang a p tren tu ln hn ap li trong khoang
nay (chnh la ap ra ngo ra khi dong lien tuc). Nh vay nhap nho ap tren tai khi dong gian oan se
be hn tnh toan da vao gia thuyet dong lien tuc.
7. ac tnh ngoai bo chnh lu:
nh nghia ac tnh ngoai: V
o
= f (I
o
). Co cac ac
tnh:
- Ap ra giam khi I
o
tang v cac sut ap: chuyen mach,
qua chnh lu, ien tr day dan va bien ap (neu co).
- Khi dong tai lien tuc, ap ra bo chnh lu khong phu
thuoc tai nen ap ra on nh, sut ap theo tai t hn.
- Khi dong gian oan khong co sut ap do chuyen
mach, va khong co phan ien ap am nen ap ra cao hn.
I
o
vung dong lien tuc

hinh 4.8.1O
- Khi tai co sc phan ien E, o (suat) sut ap tang cao trong vung dong gian oan v khi o
E cung la mot bo phan tao ra ien ap ngo ra.
Tnh pham vi ieu chnh goc KP khi cho trc pham vi thay oi phu tai:
Goi E
B
la ap ra BB ly tng, ch phu thuoc va ap nguon.
E
B
= E + V , trong o E la sc ien ong tai, V bao gom tat ca sut ap co the co.
Tong quat, E
B
va E co the > 0 hay < 0 trong khi luon co V > 0. Do o khi thiet ke co the chon
min
theo E
max
+ V (vi E
max
> 0) e am bao cac sut ap khi dong max va
max
theo
E
min
< 0 trong chieu nghch lu khi tnh en trng hp dong bang 0.
max
can phai kiem tra
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

them goc nghch lu an toan:
max
< .
IV.4 NOI SONG SONG VA NOI TIEP CHNH LU:
1. Noi song song bo chnh lu:
ieu kien thong thng e noi
song song hai bo chnh lu la:
- hai bo chnh lu giong nhau.
- luon luon co ap trung bnh
ngo ra bang nhau.
Khi o dong trung bnh qua
moi bo chnh lu la dong trung bnh
tai.
CHNH LU 1
CHNH LU 2
N
g
u
o
n
Ta i
o
I
I
o
o
I
2
2

hinh 4.4.1
e cai thien chat lng BB, hai bo chnh lu se lam viec lech pha nhau (nh hai cau 3
pha tren hnh 4.4.1 la /6) e nhap nho ap tren tai co bien o giam, tan so tang gap oi so vi
nhap nho ap ra cua mot bo chnh lu (la m = 12 so vi m = 6 cua cau ba pha). Cuon khang can
bang can c them vao e ri phan ap chenh lenh cua hai bo chnh lu.
Cung nh s lech pha nay ma dong nguon (la s xep chong cong dong quahai bo chnh
lu) se co t song hai bac cao hn khi lam viec thong thng.
Ta rat hay gap bo chnh lu 6 pha co khang can bang ieu khien pha. S o chnh lu 6
pha co khang can bang ieu khien pha co c khi thay cac D trong hnh 4.1.6 bang SCR.
Hnh ve 4.4.2 ben lay ap v
AB
lam goc
pha, qua o co the thay la
( ) ( )
01 02
= v wt v wt <4.4.1>, cung
dang.
Trung bnh ap ra giong nh chnh lu 3
pha tia, la <.4.2.6> khi gia s dong lien tuc.
e tnh gan ung ap tren cuon khang
can bang, ta tm cac thanh phan Fourier cua
ien ap:
k = 1, tan so 3w :
( ) ( ) ( )
01 02 02
3 3 3 3 = = v wt v wt v wt
hinh 4.4.2
va <4.4.1> cho ta v
cb
= v
01
- v
02
= 2 v
01
(3wt) <4.4.2>. Suy ra hieu dung thanh phan tan
so 3w cua ap qua cuon khang gap oi song hai bac 3 ap ra chnh lu tnh theo <4.3.16>
tng t, khi k = 2, co the CM thanh phan tan so 6w ap tren cuon khang bang 0. Cac thanh
phan tan so cao hn co the bo qua. Trong mot so tai lieu, ngi ta tch phan tr hieu dung ap tren
cuon khang t <4.4.2> e lam ap tren cuon khang va thiet ke vi tan so 3 w.
Khang can bang thc ra la mot bien ap t ngau v khong co t trng mot chieu (thanh
phan trung bnh cua dong tai qua 2 cuon day kh lan nhau), neu goi i
la dong t hoa, can co ieu

kien sau e ca hai bo chnh lu luon co dong (am bao hai chnh lu luon lam viec):

1
0 hay
2 2
o o
o m
I I
i i I

= > vi I
m
la bien o dong t hoa.
Neu t cam L
T
cuon day be, can tnh gia tr toi thieu e han che dong t hoa theo cong
thc:
min
2
2
2
vi = (1-cos )
3
LT LT
m T LT
T o
Q Q V
I L Q
L I
= = trong o I
omin
la dong tai toi thieu,
Q
LT
la tch phan xung (ban ky) ap tren cuon khang can bang. ( Xem tai lieu TCS TS Nguyen
van Nh, NXB HQG 2002, ap dung vao trng hp cu the)
2. Noi noi tiep bo chnh lu:
Khac vi song song hai bo chnh
lu, viec noi tiep hai bo chnh lu ch
can chung co cung kha nang dan dong,
ta co the xay dng mot chien lc ieu
khien ap ra cua tng bo chnh lu e co
ket qua tong cong la tot nhat, v du nh
mot bo chnh lu co the dung diod
(khong ieu khien) khi pham vi chnh ap
ra be, tng ng vi ieu khien bo chnh
lu SCR con lai (hnh 4.4.3).
Viec s dung ap nguon lech pha
Ta i
N
g
u
o
n
i
o
CHNH LU 2
CHNH LU 1
o1
v
o2
v
v
o
hinh 4.4.8: v
O
= v
O1
+ v
O2

cung cap cho hai bo chnh co tac dung lam tang tan so, giam bien o nhap nho ngo ra cung nh
giam nhap nho dong nguon, la tong cua dong qua hai bo chnh lu.
Mot v du kha quen thuoc cua noi tiep hai bo chnh lu la cau 3 pha co the xem la noi tiep
hai bo chnh lu 3 pha hnh tia.
IV.5 CHNH LU HON HP SCR VA DIOD:
1. Cac s o:
Viec s dung hon hp SCR va diod trong cung s o chnh lu khong thay oi kha nang c
ban cua chnh lu ieu khien pha la ieu khien c ap ra, no co them u iem la lam n gian
s o ong lc va ieu khien, va thng c s dung trong cac he thong cong suat trung bnh va
nho vi yeu cau chat lng khong cao.
(a)
v
o
v
i
o
v
o
(b)
v
o
i
A
v
C
(c)
o
B
o
i
T2 T1 T1
T3
T2 T3 T1
D2
D5 D6 D4 D4 D4 D3
Df Df
hinh 4.5.1
Hnh 4.5.1 trnh bay 3 s o chnh lu cau hon hp thng gap: mot pha va ba pha.
2. Khao sat s o chnh lu mot pha (hnh 4.5.1.a va .b) tai RL:
S o hnh 4.5.1.a co diod phong ien Df . Df thng c s dung khi tai la cuon day e
tao ra ng phong cho dong ien qua cac cuon day khi ngat nguon, tranh qua ien ap trong mach
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

ien co cam khang khi dong ien giam ve khong ot ngot.
Xet chu ky lam viec au tien. Tai wt = , kch T1: T1 va D4 dan, ap ra v
O
bang ap vao v
nh cac s o cau 1 pha khac.
Tai wt = , v bat au am. Df dan ien v c phan cc thuan: v
O
= 0, dong ien tai khep
mach qua Df, dong qua cau chnh lu bang khong, SCR tat. Dong ien qua tai cuon day luc o
suy giam theo ham mu cho en khi wt = + , SCR T2 co xung kch khi, chnh lu ban ky ke.
Nh vay v
O
co dang cua ap ra tai ien tr (hnh 4.5.2.a) ngay khi tai la RL. Tr trung bnh
ap ra tnh theo <4.2.1>
[ ] 1
2
+ =
cos
V
o
V
Hnh 4.5.2.b ch ra cac khoang dan ien cua cac linh kien trong mot chu ky ta xac lap
(khi dong ien thay oi co chu ky) cua s o hnh 4.5.1.a co diod phong ien Df.
Trong trng hp s o hnh 4.5.1.a khong co diod phong ien Df: dang ap, dong ngo ra
khong thay oi. Tai wt = , D3 se dan ien vi T1 trong khoang dan cua Df va nh vay, ap ra v
O

van bang 0 (e chng minh, co the gia s D4 tiep tuc dan ien => D3 phan cc thuan, tr nen dan
ien lam D4 tat). Tng t, cuoi ban ky am, D4 dan ien vi T1 trong khoang dan cua Df.
Vi s o hnh 4.5.1.b, khi hoan oi v tr cac
chnh lu, ap ra khong thay oi nhng khoang dan
cua cac chnh lu thay oi. D2 va D4 ong vai tro
cua Df . Phan bo dong qua cac chnh lu ve hnh
4.5.2.c.
S o hnh 4.5.1.a thng c dung vi Df
khi can mach ieu khien n gian cho phep mach
ieu khien co iem chung vi mach ong lc, trong
khi s o hnh 4.5.1.b khong can dung Df vi tai RL.
Nhng khi o, cac SCR lai khong the noi chung
Kathod, dan en yeu cau cach ly mach ieu khien
ong lc.

hinh 4.5.2 dang a, dong cua chinh luu
cau hon hJ SCR 0iod (BK khong toan han)
Co the tong quat hoa ket qua khao sat s o mot pha: Co the ieu khien pha bang cach s
dung Diod va SCR trong s o cau. V dong ien phai qua hai chnh lu trong s o cau nen co
the ieu khien mot chnh lu e thay oi ap ra. Diod se t ong dan ien khi phan cc thuan lam
cho ap ra khong the am.
V du: Cho bo chnh lu mot pha hon hp hnh 4.5.1.a co diod phong ien. Ap nguon
220 VAC. Tai RL, R = 10 ohm, L u ln e co the xem dong tai la phang. Tnh tr trung bnh dong
qua SCR, Diod goc K pha = 45
O
.
Trung bnh ap ra: <3.14> cho ta:
V
O
= 0.45*220*(1 + cos 45) = 169 volt
Trung bnh dong ra: I
O
= 169/10 = 16.9 A
Theo hnh 4.5.3, tr trung bnh dong qua
SCR, Diod s o chnh lu:

[ ]
A
I dwt I I I
o o D T
34 6
360
135
9 16
2
1
2
. . = =
=
= =

0
2
wt
= /4
v
O
i
O O
= I
v
Df T1, D4 Df T2, D3

hinh 4.5.8

Trung bnh dong qua diod phong ien Df:

[ ]
A
I dwt I I
o o Df
22 4
180
45
9 16
1
2
0
. . = =
=

Trong cac bai toan thiet ke, nh mc dong ngo ra I
O
c gi khong oi trong khi goc K
pha thay oi, cho nen nh mc dong qua SCR, Diod c chon theo ieu kien lam viec xau
nhat cua no, la bang vi dong ngo ra I
O
.
3. Khao sat s o chnh lu cau ba pha hon hp (hnh 4.5.1.c) tai RL:
Giong nh s o cau 3 pha 6 SCR, ta chia cac chnh lu lam hai nhom: nhom + gom cac
SCR, co ieu khien pha va nhom gom cac diod. Khao sat s hoat ong cua cac nhom nay cho ta
ien ap cac au day ngo ra v
+
va v_ la cac net am tren hnh 4.5.4, ap ra v
O
van la cac ap day
nhng gom ca cac xung khong ieu khien pha, nen ngo ra nhap nho 3 lan trong chu ky.
Hnh 4.5.4 ve cac dang ien ap khi < / 3. Khi = 0 ap ra tr ve dang chnh lu cau ba
pha diod, ngo ra la 6 xung nh nhau.
Khi > / 3 ap ra co khoang bang
khong do Df hay cac diod va SCR tren cung
pha dan (khi khong co Df). V khoang dan
ien cua cac diod la ca c khoang ien ap pha
am nhat khong oi trong khi khoang dan cac
SCR thay oi v co ieu khien pha, dong ien
ban ky dng va am cua mot pha khong lech
180
O
. ay la nhc iem ln cua ho s o
nay, no han che cong suat tai ap dung v tao ra
nhieu hai dong ien cho li.
Trung bnh ap ra khi dong lien tuc co
the c tnh theo tong hai chnh lu ba pha
tia, mot vi goc ieu khien va mot khong
ieu khien:

3 6
(1 cos )
2
o
V V
= + <4.5.1>

hinh 4.5.4: dong, a ra khi chinh luu cau 8 ha BK
khong hoan toan
V du: Gia s dong tai lien tuc, phang. Ve dang dong qua nguon trong hai trng h p
= 36
O
va = 90
O
. Tnh he so cong suat bo chnh lu trong hai trng hp.
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

Dang ap hai au bo chnh lu va dong ien pha A trong hai trng hp nh sau:
Khi a = 36
O
dong qua pha A gom hai xung bien o 2/3 va bang = /2 khi = /2
> /6 (xem hnh ve).
- Khi a = 36
O
dong hieu dung qua pha A bang:
2 2 / 3 2
2 3
R o o
I I I
= =
i
. Cong sua t tai P
O
=V
O
.I
O
vi V
O
tnh theo<3.33a> va he so cong
suat:
3 6
2 5 5
2
3
(1 cos ) 3(1 cos )
2
3
o o
o
V I P
HSCS
S
V I

+ +
= = =
i
i i
= 0.863
hinh 4.5.5: 0ong qua nguon cua chinh luu
cau 8 ha BK khong hoan toan
- Khi a = 90
O
dong hieu dung qua pha A bang:
2 ( ) ( )
2 2
o
R o o
I
I I I

= = =
i
va he
so con g suat
3 6
2 2
1
2
(1 cos ). 3
3. .
o o
o
V I P
HSCS
S V I
+
= = = = 0.551
Vay HSCS luon luon cao hn chnh lu ieu khien hoan toan (ch dung SCR).
IV.6 BO CHNH LU AO CHIEU:
1. Cac s o:
Chnh lu ieu khien pha du co the cung cap ap ra > 0 va < 0
nhng dong ra ch cho phep > 0 (lam viec phan t I va IV cua mat
phang tai V
O
, I
O
) hnh 4.6.1 . e co the ao chieu dong ien tai, co
hai s o chnh:
- S dung cac tiep iem ao chieu (hnh 4.6.2.a): Hnh ve
ang co tiep iem T ong, cung cap 1 chieu dong tai, neu T ngat va
N ong dong tai se c phep ao chieu.

o
Phan t I
Pha n t IV
I
V
o

hinh 4.G.1
Li
Li
_
I
Tai
o
_
Li
Tai
_
+ +
+
T
T
N
N

hinh 4.G.2 SJ do nguyen ly: (a) Bao chieu dung tie diem (b) BBB dao chieu
- BB ao chieu: Gom hai bo chnh lu cung cap hai chieu dong tai, hnh 4.6.2.(b) la s o
nguyen ly va hnh 4.6.3 la s o cu the vi cac bo chnh lu hnh tia.
2. Nguyen ly ieu khien BB ao chieu:
e hai BB cung cap cung gia tr V
O
cho tai, cac goc k pha cua hai BB se co quan he
nh sau khi gia s dong tai la lien tuc:
BB 1 cung cap ap trung bnh V
O1
vi
goc 1, BB 2 cung cap ap V
O2
va 2.
V
O
=V
O1
= V
do
.cos 1 = V
O2
= -
V
do
.cos 2 => cos 1 = - cos 2

hay 1
+
2 = neu 1 > 0 : BB 1 la chnh
lu => 2 < 0 : BB 2 la nghch lu.

o
o
v
i
C
B
A
N
K
C
B
Tai
v
o2
v
o1
T4 TG
T2 T1
T5
T8

hinh 4.G.8
Du cac tr trung bnh hai BB la bang nhau, gia tr tc thi cua chung khong bang nhau
lam xuat hien dong ien can bang (con goi la tuan hoan circulation) ch chay qua hai bo chnh
lu khi chung cung lam viec. Dong can bang co the rat ln neu ta khong co tong tr han che
chung. Ngi ta co cac cach ieu khien sau:
- ieu khien rieng: Moi luc ch cho mot bo chnh lu lam viec tng ng vi chieu dong
ien hoat ong hay mong muon. Nh vay khong co dong can bang. Vi cung ien ap V
O
tren tai,
khi ao chieu dong th mot BB la chnh lu, bo con lai la nghch lu va ngc lai.
Can co thi gian ca hai BB khong lam viec khi chuyen BB lam viec e tranh trng hp co
the ca hai BB cung dan ien.
- ieu khien chung (ong thi): Hai BB cung co xung ieu khien nhng ch co mot bo co
dong tai, dong can bang c han che bang cuon khang KCB va qui luat ieu khien thch hp. Co
hai cach phoi hp : tuyen tnh va phi tuyen.
Phoi hp tuyen tnh: Goi
1
,
2
la goc ieu khien pha hai bo chnh lu. Cac ap trung bnh
V
O1
= V
O2
= V
O
cho ta
1
= -
2
, tng t nh a khao sat ieu khien rieng. Ap tren
cuon khang can bang v
cb
= v
o1
v
o2
khong co thanh phan mot chieu (tr trung bnh
bang 0) co the tnh tng t nh khang can bang cua bo chnh lu sau pha co khang can
bang (muc IV.4.1). Dong can bang co tac dung lam dong qua cac BB luon lien tuc.
Phoi hp phi tuyen: e giam nho kch thc cuon khang can bang trong khi van han che
dong can bang gia tr mong muon, ngi ta ieu khien cho ap ra nghch lu ln hn ap ra
chnh lu:

2
= + -
1
hay
1
+
2
>
IV.7 S DUNG NGAT IEN CHUYEN MACH CNG BC CHO CHNH LU:
Viec s dung ngat ien ong ngat theo ieu khien nh GTO hay to hp transistor + diod
trong cac s o chnh lu cho phep:
- nang cao he so cong suat cua BB nh cac s o chnh lu ieu khien goc oi xng
(symmetrical angle control) hay ieu rong xung, cai thien dang (giam bien o song hai bac cao)
dong nguon.
- phat tra cong suat phan khang ve nguon nh s o ieu khien goc tat (extinction angle
control).
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

1. Chnh lu ieu khien goc tat: (Hnh 4.7.1)
- S o lam viec mat phang tai.
Trung bnh ap ra s o cau mot pha khi goc dan = :

0
1 2
2 sin . (1 cos )
o
V
V V wt dwt

= =

v
o
v
o
i
i
D4 D3
Df
GTO2 GTO1

hinh 4.7.1.a: Chinh luu cau 1 ha 0TO
- Khi gia s dong tai phang, lien tuc:
i
o
= I
o
khong oi
dong nguon la xung vuong, sm
pha vi ap nguon v goc ( ) / 2
Vay ht cung cap c cong suat phan
khang cho nguon. Tuy nhien, do dong
khong sin, hieu qua thc s cua phng an
nay khong cao.
wt
2
GT02 Df GT01 Df
o
v
i
o
v
Do ng qua nguo n i
go c s m pha

hinh 4.7.1b: A ra chinh luu cau 1 ha dieu khien goc tat
2. Chnh lu ieu khien goc oi xng hay ieu rong xung: (Hnh 4.7.2)
- Khi s dung mach ien
hnh 4.7.1.a , co the ong ngat cac
GTO theo luat phc tap hn e cho
ra cac bo chnh lu co he so cong
suat tien en 1 nh dang ap hnh
4.7.2.
Tnh toan tung t nh s
o ieu khien goc khoa, HSCS
khong bang 1 mac du dong nguon
cung pha vi ap v khong hnh sin.
Ta co the tang so xung trong mot
ban ky e ieu che dong hnh sin
(xem chng 6).
o
2
v
wt
Df Df
i
GT02
o
v
GT01
( )

hinh 4.7.2: A ra sJ do dieu khien goc doi xung
u iem ln nhat cua s o
nay la HSCS khong giam nhieu khi
giam ap ngo ra ve 0 nh khi s
dung SCR.
3. Chnh lu lam viec hai
phan t I va II:
Vi viec s dung ngat ien
chuyen mach cng bc, ta co the
cho dong ien tai ao chieu khi ap
mot chieu tren tai ln hn gia tr
o
i
Ta i
tch c c
A
C
B
o
v
L
C
Q6
Q3 Q2
Q5
Q1
Q4
L
L
hinh 4.7.8: BBB lam viec hai han tu (dung 0BT)
ap nguon chnh lu diod nh hnh 4.7.3. Moi ngat ien bao gom mot IGBT co diod song song
ngc. Khi ap tren tai ln hn ap chnh lu diod, dong qua diod ve 0 va ta co the ieu khien
khoang dan cua cac IGBT e tra nang lng ve nguon.
Vay s o hnh 4.7.3 co V
o
V
do
va I
o
co the > 0 hay < 0
IV.8 MACH KCH SCR IEU KHIEN PHA:
1. Nguyen ly ieu khien pha:
Hieu mot cach n gian nhat, mach kch
cac SCR trong s o ieu khien pha se cung cap
cho cc cong mot dong ien cung tan so ( ong
bo) vi li ien nhng pha thay oi c theo
tn hieu ieu khien. Theo nh nghia, goc lech
pha nay se bang 0 trong trng hp ap ra la cc
ai vi tai R, tng ng vi viec thay SCR <-- D.
hinh 4.O.1
e tang o chnh xac, dang song nay can co o doc ln tai thi iem kch SCR, nh dang
xung tren hnh 4.9.1. Cung tren hnh nay, goc e tnh goc ieu khien pha (ng vi trng hp
= 0) lech vi li v mot goc phu thuoc s o va cach lay tn hieu li e ong bo mach kch.
Nguyen ly ieu khien pha thng dung cho bo ieu khien s dung vi mach tng t la so
sanh, co s o nh hnh 4.9.2.a .
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

Phat xung ieu khien pha theo
nguyen ly so sanh co hat nhan la mach so
sanh vi ngo vao la hai tn hieu: Uk la tn
hieu ieu khien la tn hieu mot chieu, Ub
la tn hieu ngo ra mach ong bo, la tn hieu
cung tan so li, co o doc khong oi dau
trong khoang =
min
en =
max

(thng la 0 va ) la khoang thay oi cua
goc ieu khien pha . Khi U
k
= U
b
, ngo
ra bo so sanh thay oi trang thai, anh dau
thi iem kch SCR. Thay oi ap U
k
se
ieu khien goc ieu khien pha . Hnh
4.9.2.(b) ve cac dang song vi ap ong bo
rang ca tang.
Khi e y goc KP xac nh khi
so sanh u
b
va U
k
tng ng vi so
sanh hieu so u
b
U
k
va 0, do o nguyen
ly nay con goi la nguyen ly thang ng
(thay oi khi ta nang ha theo chieu
so sanh
U
u
Ta o ap
ong bo
b
k
Li
Kch SCR

(a)
(b)
hinh 4.O.2
thang ng ap ieu khien). T dang u
b
co the tm c quan he (u
b
,U
k
) va suy ra quan he
trung bnh ap ra Vo va U
k
.
2. Ham truyen BB:
Cac BB cua TCS eu co ham truyen gan ung theo dang:
( )
1
s B
B
K
H s K e
s
=
+
<4.8.1>
vi K
B
= V
o
/U
k
va la thi gian tre cua BB, c lay bang thi gian trung bnh gia 2
lan phat xung ieu khien, la T/ 2m oi vi bo chnh lu SCR, T la chu ky li, m: so xung. Trong
mot so tai lieu khac c lay bang T/ m.
V du: Tm ham truyen cua bo chnh lu KP, s o cau 3 pha, ap li 220 V (ap pha), s
dung ap ong bo nh hnh 3.28.b , bien o ap ong bo U
b
= 10 volt.
Gia s dong ta i lien tuc, trung bnh ap ra V
o
= 2.34 Vcos . T hnh 3.28.b ta co hai tam
giac ong dang: =
k
b
U
U
vi ap ong bo co
min
= 0 va
max
=
suy ra 2.34 220cos 514.8cos
10 10
k k
O
U U
V

= =

i va K
B
= V
o
/ U
k
co dang cosin, la mot
ham phi tuyen.
Thi hang = T/2m = 0.02 / (2*6) = 0.00167 giay.
Vi dang ap ong bo rang ca tang nh hnh , khi U
k
tang , tang lam ap ra giam khong
phu hp vi ieu khien theo sai lech. Trong thc te, ng i ta thay the U
k
bang (U
b
U
k
) nh
vao mach di mc nh trong v du cuoi chng.
3. Mach kch chnh lu ieu khien pha theo nguyen ly so sanh:
Nguyen ly so sanh c s dung rong rai khi thiet ke bang vi mach tng t (analog).
a. S o khoi:
Hnh 4.8.3 cho ta s o khoi ay u mach kch chnh lu ieu khien pha. Khoi lech pha
hieu chnh o lech pha cua ap li sao cho mach kham pha zero cho ra cac xung goc pha = 0.
Tn hieu zero nay se ong bo cac mach phat xung theo nguyen ly lam tre hay kch khi mach tao
ap ong bo. Nh ta a biet, mach so sanh xac nh thi iem kch SCR khi Ub bang Uk . Mach
n on ngo ra bo so sanh xac nh be rong xung kch SCR.
Cac mach va c ke thuoc vao khoi phat xung kch SCR, khac nhau moi pha. Trong s
o chnh lu nhieu pha, moi pha se co t nhat mot khoi phat xung kch SCR, cac ngo ra cua chung
c a va khoi logic e phoi hp, am bao s o nhieu pha lam viec ung. Khoi khuech ai va
ghep nang mc cong suat xung va noi vao cc cong SCR, co the phai am bao cac ieu kien cach
ly ien gia cac SCR vi nhau, SCR va mach ieu khien.
Lech pha
Kha m pha
ZERO
Ta o a p
ong bo
n o n so sa nh
L00C
K. a i
&
ghe p
cac SCR
cua
chnh lu
Pha
li
Xung t cac
pha
khac
= 0
u
U
Mach phat xung K pha

b
k

hinh 4.8.8
c. Mach phat xung ieu khien pha dung khuech ai thuat toan (KTT):
12V
_12V
_12V
Kham pha zero Ta o xung ong bo
So sa nh
Ma ch n o n
C2O
O.1u
C21
O.1u
01O
022
02O
018
R25
1Ok
R84
2k2
R82
1OOk
R27
8k8
R28
8k8
R88
8k8
R2O
1k
R2G
15k
R8O
1Ok
u5B
5
6
7
u5C
10
9
8
u50
12
13
14
u5A
TLO84
3
2
1
4
1
1
DB
DK
SCR

hinh 4.8.4.(a)
Mach kham pha zero U5A so sanh tn hieu DB la sin li chnh lu va ngng mot chieu,
cho ra xung dng khi DB qua zero [dang song (1) tren hnh 4.8.4(b)].
U 5D la mach tch phan e tao ap ong bo Ub. Khi ngo ra U5A cao, U 5D tch phan
xuong vi thi hang gan bang R27*C20 co tr so be tao canh xuong cua ap ong bo. Khi ngo ra
U5A thap, U 5D tch phan len vi thi hang bang R32*C20 co tr so ln cho ta canh len cua rang
ca, la o doc lam viec. Diod D18 co anod noi ngo vao cua KTT gi cho gia tr Ub trong
khoang t V en U
bmax
.
U 5C la bo so sanh dung KTT, cho ra xung dng [dang song (4)] khi Ub > Uk. Canh
len cua ngo ra U5C la thi iem kch SCR.
U5B la bo so sanh cua mach n on khong t gi, xac nh be rong xung kch SCR, thng
lay bang 1 mili giay cho cac s o chnh lu. Be rong nay thay oi theo thi hang C21*R26 cua
mach vi phan [dang song (3)]. Diod D19 khong cho ngo vao U 5B co gia tr am,
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

bao ve ngo vao KTT va xa nhanh tu C26, gi
khong oi be rong xung trong suot khoang thay
oi cua .
S o hnh 4.8.4.a cho ra xung kch SCR
hai ban ky[dang song (5)], co thong so ch
phu thuoc hai tu ien (C20, C21) va hai ien tr
(R32, R26); dung ap mot chieu e ieu khien
goc cho thay kha nang che tao vi mach ieu
khien pha. Trong cong nghiep, nhng vi mach
ieu khien pha eu co s o khoi tng t,
nhng ky thuat mach thay oi e co the dung
mot nguon, cac tr tu thng noi xuong iem
chung e giam so chan s dung.
3. Ap ong bo dang cosin va khoi lech
pha:
Nh a trnh bay trong phan nguyen ly,
ap ong bo cua mach phat xung ieu khien pha
can co o doc khong oi dau trong khoang
bang 0 en
max
.
Hnh 4.8.4.(b)
Nh vay co the co cac dang rang ca vi (a) o doc dng, (b) o doc am va (c ) dang
cosin [tren hnh 4.8.5].
Dang (a) rat de thc hien nhng co bat li la khi U
k

tang, goc kch tang tng ng ap ra V
o
giam. Dang (b) co
ac tnh ngc lai, rat kho thc hien. Ap ong bo rang ca
cho ta goc ieu khien pha thay oi tuyen tnh vi ap ieu
khien U
k
. ieu nay lam cho quan he trung bnh ien ap
ngo ra va U
k
khong the tuyen tnh, v quan he V
o
() co cac
ham sin, cos. ay la mot bat li cho he thong ieu khien t
ong v kho hieu chnh he thong phi tuyen.
ong bo cosin cho ta quan he (Uk) co dang
Arccos, ham nay se b kh bo khi dong qua chnh lu la lien
tuc, khi o, Vo() co dang cos (<3.22>). Thc vay, neu goi
bien o hnh cosin la Ubmax, khi Uk = Ub ta co:
Uk = Ub = Ubmax. Cos hay
( )
max Ub
Uk
cos
1
= <4.8.2>
va <3.22> viet lai sin vi , cos V V V V
m
m
do do o
2
= =

(a)

(b)

(c)
0
0
0
2
2
2

hinh 4.8.5

hinh 4.8.G
Cac bat li co the ke ra la: mot dang cos ch co the kch cho mot SCR thay v mot pha nh
ong bo rang ca (hnh 4.8.5), pham vi thay oi goc kch hep v khong the giam ve khong va ap
ong bo thng co nguon goc li nen bien o khong co nh va de b nhieu e tao ham
cosin, ngui ta thng lay ap li qua bien ap giam va cho lech pha. Co the s dung mach lech
pha dungRC, RC va KTT, mach xoay pha bang bien ap va RC hay chon pha thch hp. Hnh
4.8.6 cho ta cac vector ap pha va day cua li ien ba pha. Cac ap pha va day cua li ba pha co
cac o lech pha 30
O
, 60
O
, 90
O
, 120
O
. Co the chon trong o cac thanh phan thch hp e co ham
cosin cho mach ieu khien pha.
V du e kch SCR cho mach 1 pha, ta can lech 90
O
. T hnh 4.8.6, nhan xet pha A va ap
day BC lech 90
O
. Mot v du khac, s o ba pha tia (hnh 4.2.1 va 4.2.6) oi vi SCR pha C la
T3, = 0 khi ap day CB bang khong. Ham cosin kch SCR T3 la ao cua pha A (pha A).
Cac phng phap lam lech pha trnh bay tren cung ng dung vao khoi lech pha trong s
o khoi tong quat cua mach kch SCR ieu khien pha (hnh 4.8.4.a). Khoi lech pha can thiet cho
viec s dung mach kham pha zero tm ra iem = 0 khi ap li khong qua zero = 0 (hnh
3.28).
V du s o ba pha tia (hnh 4.2.1) e kch SCR pha A la T1, co the lam cham ap pha A
goc 30
O
hay dung ap day AC a vao mach kham pha zero.
4. Mach khuech ai xung va ghep vi khoi ong lc:
Cac muc tren ay ch trnh bay cach tao ra xung ieu khien pha SCR, cac tn hieu nay can
c khuech ai e co u nang lng (dong) kch cac SCR. Mach khuech ai xung chu yeu la
khuech ai dong, v ap at vao cc cong SCR kha be, khoang vai volt trong khi dong kch cong co
the en 5 ampe cho SCR co dong anod vai tram ampe. Khi ghep trc tiep mach kch vao cc
cong, mach khuech ai thng ch la cac mach theo phat (tai cc phat E). Co the s dung them
cac tang khuech ai transistor ghep trc tiep va tu gia toc (xem chng 4, phan mach lai
transistor).

hinh 4.8.7 (a)
VCC
02
01
8k8
8k8
8k8
01
BAX
8.8 ohm
02
47n
1OO
SCR

(b)
Mot bai toan hay gap cua thiet b ien t cong suat la yeu cau cach ly mach ieu khien va
mach ong lc. Viec cach ly mach ieu khien co mc nang lng be va mach ong lc cong suat
ln am bao an toan cho ngi van hanh va thiet b, tang cng kha nang chong nhieu va trong
trng hp mach ien t cong suat con la s bat buoc khi cac ngat ien khong co iem chung
(common hay mass) nh cac s o cau.
Va nh vay can phng tien e ghep khong ien xung ieu khien vao cc cong cua SCR
hay cac cc ieu khien transistor. Co hai moi trng thong dung: t bien ap xung, va quang
cac bo ghep LED quang ien t vi ten thng mai OPTRON.
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

Hnh 4.8.7.(a) va (b) trnh bay cac dang song va mach khuech ai xung va ghep vi SCR
cho bo chnh lu cau ba pha. Cac diod D1, D2 , transistor Darlington Q1 thc hien ham OR va
khuech ai dong. Bien ap xung BAX cc thu C cua transistor qua ien tr han dong 3.3 ohm.
Nguon VCC co the la 24V va t so giam ap cua BAX la 4 :1 e giam dong qua transitor va nguon
cap ien. Tu ien 47 nF va ien tr 100 ohm noi cang gan SCR cang tot e chong nhieu khi day
noi mach ieu khien va SCR dai. Cac thong so tren co the dung cho SCR co nh mc trung bnh
dong en 250 A.
Khi Q1 bao hoa, ap nguon VCC co the xem nh at vao s cap bien ap. ien ap nay cam
ng qua th cap tao nen dong kch cho SCR. Dong qua cuon s cap bien ap gom dong t hoa va
dong phan anh t th cap. Khi be rong xung u be, loi thep bien ap cha bao hoa va ta co ien
the va dong ien cam ng th cap. Khi Q1 tat, dong t hoa bien ap phong qua diod D3 va giam
ve khong. Nh vay bien ap xung chu t hoa mot cc tnh va can phai thiet ke sao cho khong bao
hoa. Khi xung u rong, dong kch t tang cao, loi thep b bao hoa va t thong khong thay oi, ap
cam ng giam en bang khong. Hien tng nay cung xay ra khi ta co chuoi xung va dong t hoa
cha ve khong th a co ke tiep. Be rong xung kch SCR (xung hep) khoang 1 mili giay
IV.9 NG DUNG CHNH LU IEU KHIEN PHA:
La thiet b bien oi nang lng ien t xoay chieu mot chieu, bo chnh lu c s
dung rong rai trong cong nghiep va cac nganh ky thuat khac can ien mot chieu, v nguon ien la
xoay chieu.
Trong cong nghiep, ta quan tam en hai nhom ng dung: Truyen ong ien ong c mot
chieu va cac bo nguon mot chieu cho cac qua trnh cong nghe khac nhau.
Trong a so trng hp, du thong so ac trng la ien ap nhng ai lng anh hng trc
tiep en chat lng phu tai la dong ien. Trong ong c, dong ien tao ra momen chuyen ong.
cac qua trnh ien hoa, dong ien quyet nh so lng va chat lng san pham va s phat nhiet.
Do o, cac bo chnh lu ieu khien pha c s dung rong rai, mach loc co the khong can thiet
hay ch la cuon khang co loi thep e san phang dong ien. Trong mot so trng hp ac biet, loc
LC mi c s dung.
Tuy nhien trong cac bo nguon cap ien cho mach ien t, chat lng ien ap ngo ra c
yeu cau rat cao. Ngi ta s dung hai dang bo bien oi:
- Chnh lu diod co loc C hay LC va mach on ap transistor (on ap tuyen tnh) a c khao
sat tng oi ay u trong cac tai lieu ve mach ien t, khong c e cap en trong giao trnh
nay. Khi cong suat ln va rat ln, co the s dung chnh lu SCR va loc LC e gi on nh ap ra
thay cho on ap tuyen tnh. Nhc iem cua phng an nay la o bang phang cua ap ra kem.
- Ngay nay tat ca cac c cong suat, bo nguon xung c s dung tng oi pho bien v
cac u iem ve kinh te va ky thuat cua no. Bo bien oi nay se c khao sat trong cac chng ke
tiep.
1. Cac bo nguon mot chieu ieu khien pha:
Nh a phan tch tren, cac bo nguon mot chieu cong nghiep co ai lng tac ong trc
tiep la dong ien. Co the ke cac ng dung: nap accu, ien phan, xi ma, may han ien mot
chieu S o khoi cac thiet b chnh lu co ieu khien nh sau:
Li Tai
Bien ap Chnh lu Lo c (co the kho ng ca n)
Li Tai
Chnh lu Bie n ap K pha a p AC
(a) (b)
hinh 4.O.1: Bo nguon 0C dung chinh luu dieu khien ha
Trong o:
- Loc: Mach loc thng la cuon khang e loc dong ien, co the khong can.
- Chnh lu diod hay SCR bien oi AC DC, la s o nhieu pha khi cong suat ln e
giam o nhap nho (song hai) va phan eu tai tren cac pha li, khai thac tot nguon ien.
- Bien ap: Giam, tang ap nguon en gia tr thch hp; cach ly li va tai, am bao an toan
cho ngi van hanh may san xuat.
- ieu chnh ap/dong ra thc hien qua ieu khien pha chnh lu trong s o hnh 3.34.(a)
va bo bien oi ap xoay chieu (b). Bo nguon mot chieu co s o hnh (b) co ngo ra hoan toan
giong nh s o hnh (a) v ien ap ieu khien pha s cap se c chnh lu th cap. S o
nay se co hieu qua kinh te ln trong hai trng hp:
+ Ap ra be va dong rat ln: Trong cac thiet b co dong ra en vai ngan ampe ien
ap vai chuc volt, viec thay the chnh lu SCR bang diod giam c gia thanh v SCR at
tien hn diod, tang hieu suat thiet b nh diod co sut ap be hn SCR. Cac li ch nay rat
ln khi so sanh vi viec them bo ieu khien pha ap xoay chieu.
+ Ap ra ra t ln va dong be: Trong cac bo nguon cho thiet b tao tnh ien tan so cong
nghiep, ngi ta s dung ap rat ln, t vai chuc en hang tram kV vi dong ien khoang
di 10 A. ieu chnh ap pha s cap bien ap va dung chnh lu diod th cap, ngi ta
tranh c viec phai ieu khien nhieu SCR mac noi tiep e co the chu ien ap cao, rat
phc tap va ton kem.
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

Viec chon s o cho bo nguon mot chieu
thong thng c quyet nh bi gia thanh bo
chnh lu va bien ap giam ap, trong o s o
cau 3 pha c dung cho cac mach cong suat
ln va va sau pha co khang can bang s dung
bo chnh lu hieu qua nhat.
2. ieu khien ong c mot chieu:
a. S o khoi va ac tnh c ong c:
Hnh 4.9.2.(a) cho ta s o khoi cua he thong
truyen ong ien mot chieu dung bo chnh lu
ieu khien pha . Truyen ong ien con c goi
la dan ong ien (electric drive) hay cung cap
sc keo bang ien bao gom ong c ien va
thiet b ieu khien no (controller). Bo chnh lu
ieu khien pha cho phep cung cap va ieu
khien dong nang lng cho ong c mot chieu
t li ien xoay chieu cong nghiep. Cuon kch
t ong c co the cung cap t chnh lu diod
hay SCR.
Trong hnh 4.9.2.(a), bo chnh lu bao
gom ca bien ap (neu can bien oi ap li ra gia
tr thch hp), cuon khang loc c s dung
Li
Chnh lu Loc (co the khong can)
Kch
t
(a)

w
I, M
wo
0
U
(b)
hinh 4.O.2

e san phang dong, va ni rong khoang lam viec vi dong lien tuc, gan ay thng khong dung v
kch thc to, gia thanh cao. ong c mot chieu la loai kch t oc lap hay hon hp.
Cac quan he ien t cua ong c che o xac lap:
U
R
L
E

hinh 4.O.8
=
= =
=
+ + =
Ce E
I k I Ce M
k Ce
I R E U
<3.38>
suy ra:
( ) I R U w
Ce
=
1
<3.39>
( khi bo qua phan ng phan
ng )
U: ien ap phan ng ong c. E, I: sc
ien ong, dong ien phan ng cua ong
c. R: ien tr tng ng cua cac sut ap
tren phan ng. : Phan ng phan ng cua
ong c, luon c bo qua khi khao sat
truyen ong ien. Ce: Hang so ien t cua
ong c mot chieu, t le (he so k) vao t
thong cua cuon kch t. M: momen ong
c, che o xac lap bang momen can tren
truc. : toc o, tnh bang rad/giay.
<3.39> cho thay khi ieu chnh ap cung cap, quan he toc o dong ien hay quan he toc
o momen (con goi la ac tnh c ong c) la nhng ng thang song song nh hnh 4.9.2.(b).
Ngi ta ch ieu chnh ap di gia tr nh mc giam ap va toc o luc o nho hon gia tr nh
mc, goi la ieu chnh di toc o c ban. e co momen ln, t thong khi o la nh mc. Viec
ieu chnh tren toc o c ban c thc hien bang cach giam t thong vi ap at vao ong c
bang gia tr nh mc. Co the chng minh la cong suat c nhan c tren truc e ong c khong b
h hong van xap x cong suat nh mc khi o. Viec ieu chnh t thong thc hien bang mot bo
chnh lu SCR th hai, se cho phep giam ap cung cap cho cuon kch t khi ap at vao phan ng
at gia tr nh mc.
b. Cac bai toan cua he thong ieu khien ong c:
Co cac bai toan sau cua he thong ieu khien ong c:
- ieu khien toc o: La bai toan gi toc o khong oi theo tai, la yeu cau quen thuoc nhat.
- ieu khien dong ien va momen: Theo <3.38>, momen va dong ien cua ong c t le, ieu
khien dong va momen he truyen ong s dung mot c cau vi hai muc ch:
* Bao ve ong c va bo bien oi trong che o xac lap va qua o.
* Theo yeu cau cua may moc truyen ong.
- ieu khien v tr va he tuy ong.
- ieu khien gia toc va giam toc chuyen ong:
(khi ong, ham ong c)
IV.10 TOM TAT CHNG:
Chng ba khao sat cac s o chnh lu ieu khien pha. III.1 trnh bay chnh lu diod vi
muc ch lam quen, v cac cong thc cho chnh lu diod la trng hp rieng cua chnh lu ieu
khien pha, goc ieu khien pha = 0
O
. Cac khao sat chnh lu ieu khien pha trong chng nay
a c n gian hoa, gii han cac ieu kien ly tng: tai R va tai dong lien tuc va phang. Mot
so van e cua bo chnh lu thc te hay lien qua en thiet ke cung c gii thieu. Cac s o ieu
khien pha c gii thieu kha chi tiet nhng gii han mot so s o thng gap. Phan ng dung
c trnh bay dang tng oi tong quat, nhng s o ieu khien dong, ap c gii thieu kha
ky v chien lc ieu khien nay a c s dung het sc rong rai trong ien t cong suat.

BAI TAP VA CAU HOI:
1. Tnh trung bnh ap ra V
o
ap ra cua bo chnh lu ca u 1 pha ieu khien pha, tai dong lien tu c khi go c ie u
khien pha bang 0, 45, 90 o. Biet ap nguon la 120 volt. Tnh ap ngc cc ai at vao SCR, khong e y
en sut ap qua SCR.
ap so: 0
o
45
o
90
o
. Ap ngc cc ai tren SCR la 169.7 volt.
V
o
108V 76.4V 0V
* Lu y : Khi e y sut ap tren SCR, lay bang 1.5V , ket qua se la:
ap so: 0
o
45
o
90
o

V
o
105V 73.4V 0V
2. Lam lai bai 1 khi s dung cau hon hp SCR va diod, co diod phong ien.
ap so: 0
o
45
o
90
o
. Ap ngc cc ai SCR va diod van la 169.7 volt.
V
o
108V 92.2V 54V
3. Tnh chon dong ien cho SCR va diod cua bai 2. khi dong tai khong oi, bang 25A trong suot khoang
thay oi cua t 0 en 180 o. Tnh vi s o hnh 3.23.a.
Hng dan: Khi dong tai phang - lien tuc, 25A cung chnh la bien o cua dong qua DCR, diod.
T hnh 3.24VD, ta nhan xet c cac ket qua sau:
- SCR va diod cua cau chnh lu se co goc dan ln nhat, bang 180
O
khi goc kch bang 0
O
khi o,
dong trung bnh qua chung la 12.5 A ( hay dong hieu dung la 17.7A ).
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

- Diod phong ien se co go c dan ln nhat tien en 360
O
khi goc kch bang 180
O
tng ng dong
trung bnh la 25 A.
4: a. Ve mach ong lc bo chnh lu ieu khien pha, s o mot pha ieu khien khong hoan toan ( hon
hp SCR + diod). Mo ta ngan gon hoat ong.
b.Ve va chu thch ay u dang xung kch SCR va dang ap, dong qua tai vi goc kch = 30
O
. Cho
biet tai RL ( tai dong lien tuc ), nguon hnh sin: wt sin V e 2 = .
c. Vi ieu kien cau b, tnh tr trung bnh ap, dong ngo ra. Cho biet tr so hieu dung ap nguon la
220 volt, tan so nguon 50 Hz, R =10 ohm va L = 0.01 henry.
Chu y: Gia tr cua L trong cau c. la khong can thiet cho viec xac nh dang ap ra hay tr trung bnh dong
ien, ch can thiet cho viec ve dang dong nhng trong e khong yeu cau.
5. Cho chnh lu tia 3 pha ieu khien pha [hnh 3.7.( c)], ap nguon 220/380V. Tai (10 +j10) . S dung phu
luc 1 cua chng II e tnh tr trung bnh ap, dong ra bang 60
O
va 90
O
.
Hng dan: Goc tai = tg
-1
(10/10) = 45
O
. Goc kch quy ve trng hp s o 1 SCR = 30
O

1. = 60
O
:
Tra phu luc 1, o th hnh PL1.2 cho ta (+ = 60 + 30, = 45 ) 130
> 2/3 .suy ra dong tai

lien tuc (hnh 3.13), tr trung bnh ap ra la:
<3.22> cho ta Vo = 128.7 volt Tr trung bnh dong Io = 12.87 A
2. = 90
O
.
Kiem tra tng t, (+ = 90 + 30, = 45 ) 90
< 2/3 : dong ien gian oan, can tch phan e

tnh tr trung bnh ap ra:
[ ]
( ) ( ) [ ] volt . cos cos
wt cos V dwt . wt sin V V
o
8 53 90 90 30 90 30
2 2
2
2 220 3
2
3
2
3
= + + + =
= =

+ +
+
+ +
+

Ttr trung bnh dong ra khi o: Io = 5.38 A
6. Cho chnh lu cau 3 pha ieu khien pha, cap ien t nguon 220/380V qua bien ap ba pha noi Y/Y. Tai
ong c (RLE), R =0.2 , L = 0.02 H. Gia s dong tai lien tuc, tnh:
a. Tnh t so bien ap k e trung bnh ap ra la 240 V goc kch be nhat ttnh toan = 15
O
.
b. Vi t so bien ap cua cau a, tnh ap ra khi = 45
O
.va = 90
O
.
c. Trong ieu kien cau b, khi gan them diod phong ien Df, cac tr trung bnh nay tr nen bao nhieu.
d. Trong ieu kien cau b, gia s cac song hai dong ien cao hn bac 1 bang khong, tnh hieu dung
song hai dong khi = 15
O
, = 45
O
, = 90
O
.
Trong cac tnh toan khong e y sut ap do chuyen mach, bien ap va qua cac chnh lu.
Hng dan: a. Ap pha th cap la 102.5 V suy ra k = 0.47 . b. Vo (45
O
) = 169.7 V, Vo (90
O
) = 0 V. c. Ve
dang ap ra, Df se dan ien khi v
o
0, suy ra Vo (45
O
) = 169.7 V, nhng
( )

=
3 / 2
2 / 2
6 o
o
dwt wt sin 2 380 90 V > 0 V d. Tnh bien o hai bac 1 ( w = 300Hz), suy ra dong.
CAU HOI:
1. Hay trnh bay cac dang dong ra cua chnh lu ieu khien pha tai RL khi L thay oi t 0 ( tai
thuan tr ) en khi L bang vo cung ( tai dong lien luc va phang ).
Ve dang ap ra cua chnh lu ieu khien pha, s o 1 pha tai RL goc kch bang 60
O
khi L
thay oi t 0 en khi L bang vo cung.
2. Chuyen mach la g? Tai sao goi chnh lu ieu khien pha la bo bien oi chuyen mach li.
3. Pham vi thay oi cua goc ieu khien pha bang bao nhieu.
Hng dan: Tai RL, [ 0, 180
O
]. Khi tai co sc phan ien, pham vi ieu khien giam xuong
4. Tac dung cua diod phong ien oi vi tai cam khang.
5. Ve dang xung kch SCR, ap ra cua s o chnh lu ieu khieu pha, s o 3 pha cau 6 SCR =
60
O
. Giai thch yeu cau can xung kep, co the s dung dang xung nao khac khong.
6. Trnh bay hai nguyen ly c ban e thc hien s o kch SCR cho BB ieu khien pha. Giai thch
tai sao tan so nguon ien co anh hng ac tnh cua cac mach kch nay.
7. Hay cho biet ngan gon cac ng dung cua chnh lu va chnh lu ie u khien pha va ac iem cua
chung.
8. Giai thch s o ieu khien ma ch kn hnh 3.39, tong quat ho a hai yeu cau ieu khien ap va dong
cua bo bien oi .

Trang 1 / B bin i p mt chiu Hunh Vn Kim
CHNG 5 B0 BEh B0 AF M0T ChEu

Bo bien oi ap mot chieu
(BBA1C) hay goi ay u la bo bien
oi xung ien ap mot chieu, s dung cac
ngat ie n ban dan s o thch hp e
bien oi ap nguon mot chieu thanh
chuoi cac xung ap, nh o se thay oi
c tr trung bnh ap ra V
o
(hnh 5.0.1).
BB Ap
Mot chieu
Va o Ra
t t
hinh 5.O.1 Binh nghia BBBA1C
V the BBA1C con c goi la bo bam ien ap (hacheur hay chopper).
Dang ap ra BBA1C thay oi theo theo chu ky T gom thi gian co xung t
on
va
khoang ngh T t
on
.
Co cac nguyen ly ieu khien:
- ieu che o rong xung (PWM viet tat Pulse Width Modulation) khi
chu ky T khong oi, thay oi thi gian ong ien t
on
. = t
on
/T goi la o rong
xung tng oi.
- ieu che tan so khi t
on
khong oi, chu ky T thay oi.
- ieu khien hon hp, khi ca T va t
on
eu thay o i.
Hai phng pha p sau t thong dung trong thi gian gan ay, no gan lie n vi
nhng mach ien cu the, thng la n gian. Chat lng cua chung thng khong
cao vi nhc iem ln nhat la tan so lam viec cua he thong b thay oi.
Trong mot so tai lieu, cac bo bien oi xung ien ap mot chieu ong ngat
nguon ien cung cap cho tai nh a nh nghia tren c xep vao nhom
FORWARD, phan biet vi cac bo bien oi lam viec qua trung gian cuon day goi la
FLYBACK. Ngoai ra, con co mot so s o co o tong quat khong cao, khong c
trnh bay trong chng nay.
V.1 KHAO SAT BO BIEN OI AP MOT CHIEU LOAI FORWARD:
Bo bien oi ap mot chieu loai FORWARD
c phan loai theo so phan t mat pha ng tai ma
no co the hoat ong. Mat phang tai, tng t nh
mat phang ac tnh c trong truyen ong ien, la
tap hp cac iem bieu dien tr trung bnh dong, ap
tren tai Vo, Io; gom 4 phan t nh hnh 5.1.1.
Hnh 5.1.2 cho ta cac s o bo bien oi ap mot
chieu loai FORWARD.

phan t
th I
Vo, I, >0
pha n t
th II
Vo >0, Io <0
pha n t
th 4
Io >0; Vo,
pha n t
th III
Vo, Io <0

hinh 5.1.1: Cac han tu mat
hang tai
V
o

Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

Trang 2 / B bin i p mt chiu http://www.khvt.com
V
Vo
i
o
V
o
i
V
o
i Vo
(c) (a) (b)
S1
S2
01
02
+
_
S1
_
+
02
R
L
E
S1
S2
01
02
_
+
S8
04
08
S4

hinh 5.1.2: SJ do cac bo bie n doi (a) mo t ha n tu; (b) hai han tu; (c) ba han tu
i
(b1)
o
V
Vo
S4
08
S1
+
_
02

1. Khao sat bo bien oi la m vie c
mot phan t mat pha ng tai:
Tren hnh 5.1.2.(a) ngat ien ban dan
mot chieu S1, nh ta a biet ch co the dan
ien mot chieu t au + cu a nguon. V the
tr so tc thi ap, dong ra v
O
, i
O
va tr so
trung bnh cua chung Vo, Io
hinh 5.1.8: 0ang song cua BBB mot
tai RLE
ch co the dng, va bo bie n oi nh vay ch lam viec c phan t th nhat cua
mat phang tai.
Xet chu ky ta xac lap khi cac dang song se lap lai moi chu ky, tren
hnh 5.1.3. (a) trnh bay tn hieu ieu khien ngat ien S1. Tn hieu cao (hay 1)
tng ng ngat ien ong, thap (hay 0) la ngat.
Ta i t = 0, S1 ong. Phng trnh vi pha n mo ta he thong:

min o
dt
di
o
I ) ( i , E L Ri V
o
= + + = 0 au kien ieu vi
<5.1.1>
Giai ra : ( ) ( )
R
L
R
E V
1 xl
/ t
min 1 xl xl o
, I e I I I t i = = =

vi <5.1.2>
: thi hang ien t, I
xl1
: dong qua mach khi xac lap ( t ).
( ) ( )

= =
/ t
min 1 xl 1 xl max on o
on
e I I I I t i <5.1.3>
Khi
on
t t > , S1 ngat dong tai khong thay oi tc thi, khep mach qua diod phong
ien D2. Phng trnh vi phan mo ta he thong khi chon lai goc thi gian:
hinh 5.1.2.b1 BBB
lam viec 2 han tu
va v

max
) ( , I i E L Ri
o
dt
di
o
o
= + + = 0 0 au kien ieu vi <5.1.4>
Giai ra : ( ) ( )
R
E
2 xl
/ t
max 2 xl 2 x o
I e I I I t i

= = vi <5.1.5>
Va ( ) ( )
( )
min
/ t T
max 2 xl 2 xl on o
I e I I I t T i
on
= =

<5.1.6>
<5.1.3> va <5.1.6> cho phep tnh ra I
max
, I
min
va dang cua i
O
theo t nh hnh
5.1.3.(b).

( )
( )
( )
( )
R
E
e
e
R
V
R
E
e
e
R
V
T
on
t
T
on
t
I I = =

1
1
1
1
/
/
/
/
min max
;
va nhap nho dong ra: ( )
min max
I I I =
2
1
<5.1.7>
Tr trung bnh ap ra:
T
t
T
V t
o
on on
, V V = = =

vi <5.1.8> , va dong ra
R
E V
o
o
I

= khi s dung nguyen ly xep chong cho thanh phan mot chieu cua ap ra
v
O
.
Tnh gan ung: Khi T << , co the tnh ga n ung khi cho i
O
thay oi theo
ng thang va lay trung bnh ap tren cac phan t ngoai t ca m L trong <5.1.1> e
tnh ao ha m dong:
( ) ( ) = = + = 1 V V V RI E V L
o o
dt
di
o
. T o tnh c:

( )
( )
( )
min on
L
V
max on min
L
V
o
I t I t i I t i + = = + =
1 1

v i
O
thay oi theo ng tha ng,
tr trung bnh dong
R
E V
I I
o
min max
I

+
= =
2
<5.1.9>
va nhap nho dong ( ) = =

1
2 2 L
VT
I I
min max
I <5.1.10>
gia tr nay cc ai khi
L
VT
I
8 2
1
= = o luc , <5.1.11>
Nhan xet: nhap nho dong khong phu thuoc tr trung bnh dong tai Io va
ien tr tai R. Khi E hay R tang, Io gia m trong khi I kho ng oi. V I
min
= Io
I, ong ien se gian oan
khi Io < I [ hnh 5.1.3.(c)]. Khi do ng gian
oan, trong mot chu ky co khoang thi gian
i
O
= 0, v
O
= E, tr trung bnh ap ra Vo se
tang, ba ng : ( ) [ ] E t T Vt V
x on
T
o
+ =
1
<5.1.12>
vi
x
t : khoang thi gian co dong
Co the tnh c t
X
khi ap dung cac
cong thc t <4.7> en <4.10> cho chu ky
gia nh bang t
X
(hnh 5.1.4) va ieu kien
I
min
= 0:

hinh 5.1.4: 0a ng song vJi chu ky
gia dinh t
X

Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

( )
LV VRt
LE VRt
t
t
x x
L
Vt
R
E V
ox
on
on
x
on on x
I I
2
2
2
1
+
+
= = = = = va

LE VRt
LV VRt
on x
on
on
t t
2
2
+
+
= <5.1.13>.
Cong thc nay cung cho ta ieu kien e bo bien oi co dong gian oan: o
la chu ky
x
t T vi t
X
tnh theo <5.1.13>.
V du 4.1: a. Tnh cac thong so va ve dang dong a p tren tai cua BB ap
lam viec1/4 mp tai. V = 100 V, T = 100 microgiay, t
ON
= 30 microgiay, R = 5
ohm,L = 0.001 henry, E = 20V
Gia s dong lien tuc: = 30/100 = 0.3, suy ra:
I = (100*30*10
-6
*(1-0.3))/(2*10*10
-3
)= 0.105A
Vo = 100.(30/100)= 30 volt; Io = (30 20)/5 = 2 A.
Imax = Io + I = 2.105 A.
Imin = Io I = 1.895 A > 0 , gia thuyet dong lien tuc la ung.
Kiem tra lai: = 0.01 / 5 = 0.002 giay, t <5.1.7>,
I
min
=
( )
( )
A
E E
E E
e
e
8953546 1
5
20
1
1
5
100
3 2 6 100
3 2 6 30
.
/
/
=

I
max
=
( )
( )
A
E E
E E
e
e
1053454 2
5
20
1
1
5
100
3 2 6 100
3 2 6 30
.
/
/
=

, suy ra I = 0.1049954 A .
Nh vay sai so gia hai cach tnh la khong ang ke.
Kiem tra cac thi hang: T = 100 E-6 << = 0.002 giay phu hp vi gia
thuyet.
b. Gia s E thay oi, tnh gia tr E e dong tr nen gian oan.
Biet rang I khong thay oi theo E, trng hp gii han cua dong lien tuc
xay ra khi Imin = 0 va Io = I = 0.105 A. <5.1.9> cho ta :
E = V R.Io = 30 5*0.105 = 29.475 volt.
Kiem tra lai, the gia tr E nay vao <5.1.13>, t
X
= 100 micro giay = T. Vay
khi E > 29.475 volt th t
X
< 100 micro giay va dong bat a u gian oan.
Bai ta p 4.1: Suy ra <5.1.10> t <5.1.7> .
at T/ = va a co t
ON
/T = , the vao <5.1.7> khi lu y

= =

e e e e
T on
t
;
.
:

( )
( )
( )
( )
R
E
R
V
R
E
R
V
e
e
I
e
e
I
=

1
1
1
1
.
min
.
.
max
; <BT5.1.1>
V T << nen s dung gan ung :
! 2
2
1
x x
x e + =
cho cac ham mu cua

<BT5.1.1>:
[ ] [ ]
R
E
R
V
R
E
R
V
R
E
R
V
I + = =
=

+
+
2 2 1
2 1
2 1 1
2 1 1
1
2
2 2
.
) / (
) / . (
) / (
) / ( .
max

tng t : [ ]
R
E
R
V
I =

2
1
.
min
,
suy ra [ ] ( ) = =

1
2 2
1
L
T V
R
V
I
.
.
. v = L/R
Bai tap 4.2: Bien luan che o dong ie n BB
lam viec mat phang tai theo sc phan ien E va :
Khi t
ON
giam hay E tang, dong ien giam. Vi
t
ON
= t
GH
,ng vi
gh
= t
GH
/ T, ta co trng hp gii
han gia dong lien tuc va gian oan khi I
min
= 0. Khi
t
ON
< t
GH
hay E ta ng, do ng gian oan va ngc lai.
Khi I
min
= 0, <BT5.1.1> cho ta phng trnh:

( )

= =

2
1
1
1
gh
gh gh
gh
e
e
q
V
E
gh
.
Hnh 5.1.5 cho ta quan he q
gh
(
gh
) vi la
thong so,
hinh 5.1.5: Bien luan dong
gia n doan (tinh toan chinh
xac)
bieu thc gan ung ap dung khi = T/ << 1.
Cung
gh
, khi q > q
gh
dong se gian oa n. Va ngc lai, cung gia tr , q
khi <
gh
, dong cung se gian oan.

Bai tap 4.3: Tm be rong xung t
X
cua BB lam viec mat phang tai, tai RL
trong che o dong ien gian oa n: (hnh 5.1.4)
<5.1.3> vi I
b
= 0 cho ta ( )

=
/
max
on
t
R
E V
e I 1 . The ket qua nay vao
<5.1.6>, e y phai thay T bang t
X
v ay la dang xung cu a dong gian oan, ket qua
nhan c:
( ) [ ] { }

+ =
. .
ln e e t
E
E V
x
1 1
Th lai: vi = 0.01 giay, T = 100 microgiay, t
ON
= 30 microgiay, E = 44 V,
V = 100 V, tnh c t
X
= 68 microgiay, cung ket qua vi <5.1.13>, e y = L/R.
2. Khao sat bo bien oi lam viec hai phan t mat phang tai I va II:
Trong hnh 5.1.2.(b), hai ngat ien ban dan mot chieu lam viec ngc pha
nhau: khi S1 ong, S2 ngat va ngc lai. Ky hieu:
2 1 S S =
Nh vay, cac ngat ien S1, S2 va diod D1, D2 cho phep dong tai i
O
chay
theo hai chieu, trong khi ap ra ch co the dng: bo bien oi co the lam viec
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

phan t th nhat va hai.
Viec ong ngat ao pha hai ngat ien mac noi tie p khong de dang trong thc
te khi ta e y thi gian turn on cua ngat ien ba n dan bao gi cung be hn thi
gian turn off. Khi o co the xay ra ngan mach nguo n tam thi khi ngat ien turn off
cha kp OFF trong khi ngat ien turn on a ON (s trung dan). e tranh hien
tng nay ta can them vao mot khe thi gian u ln (phu thuoc vao loai ngat ien)
ca hai ngat ien eu khoa lam trung gian cho qua trnh chuyen mach.
Khao sat bo bien oi nh vi s o
lam viec mo t phan t cho ra cung ket qua,
cac cong thc t <5.1.1> en <5.1.11> eu
co the ap dung. Nhng cac dong ien eu
co the ln hay nho hn zero, suy ra khong
co che o dong gian oan.
Cac dang dong ap c ve tre n hnh
5.1.6 :
Dang dong i
O
hnh (a) tng ng vi
trng hptr trung bnh dong ra Io >> 0.
Diod D1

hinh 5.1.G: Ca c truJng hJ dong
dien cua BBB lam viec nhieu hJn
mat hang tai
va ngat ien S2 khong co dong, thc te mach hoat ong nh bo bien oi mot phan
t.
Dang dong (b) xay ra khi sc phan ien tai E xap x tr trung bnh ap ra Vo,
tr trung bnh tien ve 0 va ca 4 linh kien cong suat eu tham gia dan ien.trong
tng giai oan nh tren hnh.
Dang dong ( c) xay ra khi tr trung bnh dong ra Io << 0. Ch co D1 va S2
lam viec.
V
o
R
E V
o
V E I
o
> < =

0 . Khi S2 ong, dong i
O
qua R, L, S2 ve E co
bien o tang dan. Cuon day c nap nang lng. Khi S2 ngat, dong qua L khong
thay oi tc thi phong qua D1 ve nguon. Nh vay tai E du co sc ien ong be
hn nguon V nhng van co the a nang lng ve nguon nh bo bien oi ap mot
chieu khi co tr so trung bnh ap ra Vo thch hp (Vo < E).
V du 4.2: Khao sat BB ap mot chieu hnh 5.1.2 (b) voi nguo n V = 100 volt,
sc ien o ng tai E = 40 volt, R = 5 ohm, L = 1 mH, T = 100 micro giay. Ve dang
dong ra trong cac tr ng hp o rong xung tng oi la n lt la 0.5; 0.3; 0.2.
a. = 0.5. I = 100*0.0001*0.5(1 0.5)/(2*0.001)= 1.25 ampe.
Trung bnh ap ra Vo = 0.5*100 = 50 volt => Io = (50 40)/5 = 2 ampe.
Vay Imin = 2 1.25 = 0.75 ampe; . Imax = 2 + 1.25 = 3.25 ampe, tng ng
vi trng hp dong ien da ng (a) cua hnh 5.1.6.
b. = 0.4 I = 100*0.0001*0.4(1 0.4)/(2*0.001)= 1.2 ampe.
Vay Imin = 0 1.2 = 1.2 ampe; . Imax = 0 + 1.2 = 1.2 ampe, tng ng vi
trng hp dong ien dang (b) cua hnh 5.1.6.
b. = 0.3 I = 100*0.0001*0.3(1 0.3)/(2*0.001)= 1.05 ampe.
Vay Imin = 2 1.05 = 3.05 ampe; . Imax = 2 + 1.05 = 0.95 ampe,
tng ng vi tr ng hp dong ien dang (c) cua hnh 5.1.6.
BB tang ap:
BB ap mot chieu lam viec 1 phan t ch
co the cung cap ap ngo ra be hn ap nguon nen
con co ten goi la BB giam ap.
Xet BB hai phan t hnh 5.1.2.b, khi la m
viec phan t th II, ch co S2 va D1 lam viec
(ve lai tren hnh 5.1.7). Nang lng cua s tai E
c tra ve nguon ( i
O
< 0 ) nhng ta van
co trung bnh ap ra V
O
be hn ap nguon V. S o
hnh 5.1.7 c goi la BB tang ap, khi
V
o
i
o
v
S2
01
+
E
R
L
_

hinh 5.1.7: BBB ta ng a
ap cua phia cung cap (ap tai) V
O
be hn ap nguon V (pha nha n).
BB tang ap, ta nh nghia t
ON
la thi gian dan ien cua S2, cong thc
tnh tr trung bnh V
O
se thay oi, tng ng vi viec thay the bang (1 - ) trong
<5.1.8>
Ta co V
O
= V

.(1 - ) <5.1.8*>
dong qua tai I
O
= (V
O
E)/R < 0 tng ng V
O
< E.
Can lu y <5.1.8*> ch ung khi dong tai i
O
lien tuc, nh vao kha nang tch
tr nang lng dang dong ien cua t cam L. Khong co sc ien ong cam ng
cua L, dong khong the chay t ta i E co ien ap be ve nguon V ln c.
BB tang ap la mot s o trong nhom BB ap mot chieu dang FLYBACK,
co kha nang tang-giam ap vi t cam L c xem nh la mot thanh phan cua
BB.
3. Khao sat bo bien oi lam viec bon phan t mat phang tai:
Hnh 5.1.2.(c) cho ta s o cau cua bo bien oi lam viec bo n phan t mat
phang tai. Ta cung co the s dung s o vi hai nguon nh hnh 5.1.8. Trong s o
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

cau, cac nga t ien S1, S4 cung cap ien ap dng va cac ngat ien S2, S3 cung
cap ien ap am cho tai. Cac diod song song ngc vi ngat ien am bao dong
ien lu thong hai chieu. Co the ly luan tng t e chng minh kha nang lam
viec bon phan t mat phang tai cua s o s dung hai nguon: S1 cung cap ien
ap dng cho tai va ien a p am bang S2.
Cac s o lam viec 4 phan t mat phang tai dung
e cung cap cho tai:
- ap ao chieu (lam viec phan t I hay III)
- dong va ap ao chieu (lam viec I, II hay III, IV)
- dong va ap co dau bat ky phu thuoc yeu cau.
tng ng vi nhieu cach ieu khie n cac ngat
ien bo bien oi. Co hai cach chnh:
- ieu khien chung hay hoan toan:
3 2 4 1 S S S S = = = . Khi o dang ap ra luon co hai cc
tnh: v
O
dng khi S1 ong va a m khi S1 ngat dang
song hnh 5.1.9.(a), nhng ap ra la dang
V
Vo
i
o
V
S1
S2
D1
D2
_
+

hinh 5.1.8: BBB lam
viec bon han tu ma t
hang tai, sJ do hai
nguon
xung co bien o thay oi trong khoang V en +V, lam cho nhap nho dong ien
tang gap oi so vi dang xung mot cc tnh 0 .. V:

( )
2
1
I I
VT
L
I
= =
max min
<5.1.14>
vi = t
ON
/T; t
ON
la thi gian ON cua S1, S4.
Phng an ieu khien chung cho phep thay o lien tuc ap ra t a m sang
dng khi thay oi o ro ng xung tng oi t
ON
/T :
( ) ( )
1
2 1
o on on T
V V t V T t V = =

<5.1.15>
Dong tai co the dng hay am phu thuoc vao tng quan gia trung bnh ap
ra V
O
va s tai E (theo nguyen ly xep chong).

O
O
V E
I
R
=
- ieu khien rieng hay khong hoan toan: Moi luc ch ong ngat mot trong
hai nhom S1, S4 cung cap ap dng va S2, S3 cung cap ap am cho tai - dang song
ap ra tai thuan tr c ve tren hnh 5.1.9.(b).
Phng an ieu khien rieng cung cap
xung mot cc tnh cho ap ra. Cong thc tnh
toan nh trng hp BB mot phan t. Co
the thay de dang rang BB cung cap ap ao
chieu, lam viec phan t I hay III phu thuoc
vao cap ngat ien lam viec va nh vay cach
hinh 5.1.O.(a) dang so ng a ra
tnh toan se giong nh khao sa t BB mot
phan t.
u iem cua cach ieu khien nay la
nhap nho dong, ap ra be hn, s o ieu
khien n gian.
Ngoai viec dong tai khong the ao
chieu, s o ieu khien can co tn hieu chon
dau cho ien ap ra (tng ng vi chon nhom
ngat ien lam viec). ieu nay se lam he
thong khong lam viec c hay tac ong
cham quanh iem ap ra bang khong.
Trong thc te co nhieu s o ieu khien
khac nhau na m gia hai nguyen ly ieu khien
tren, dau hieu e phan nhom la ieu khien
rieng luo n yeu cau
BK chung
hinh 5.1.O.(b) dang song a ra BK
rieng
tn hieu chon cc tnh ap ra trong khi ieu khien chung luon luon co the thay oi ap
ra lien tc
quanh gia tr 0 volt.
4. Khao sa t s o hnh 5.1.2.b1
tai RLE: Bo bien oi lam viec hai
phan t I va IV.
Cac ngat ien S1 va S4 cu ng
ong va cung khoa vi o rong xung
tng oi = t
on
/T.
Khi e y ngat ien ban dan ch
dan ien mot chieu, dong qua tai ch co
the la chieu + quy c: i
O
0 .
t
V
i
o
on
t
T
S1, S4 D2, D3
Tx
E
hinh 5.1.1O: a, dong BBB hinh 5.1.2.b1
khi do ng gian doan
S1, S4 dan ie n: v
O
= V > 0
S1, S4 khoa: Nang lng tch tr trong L cho phep tai phong ien ve nguon
qua ca c diod D2 va D3: ap ra v
O
= - V < 0.
Nh vay bo bien oi co dang ap ra V, tuy thuoc vao tng quan thi gian
gia xung ap dng va am ma ap ra co the dng hay am (hnh 5.1.10).
Tnh toan mach khi dong tai lien tuc:
Khi co tai thch ng, dong tai lien tuc: i
O
tang trong khoang t
on
va giam
(cha bang 0) trong thi gian con lai cua chu ky.Vay ta co dang ap, dong cu a BB
4 phan t va trung bnh ap ra c tnh theo <5.1.15> va nha p nho dong tnh bang
<5.1.14>. Tr trung bnh dong van la I
O
= (V
O
E)/R. Luon nh la dong ra i
O

Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

ch co the dng, khi I
O
giam, dong co xu hng tien en gan oan.
Khi dong gian oan, ca c tnh toan tr nen phc ta p hn.
Bai tap: Tm ieu kie n e co ap ra V
O
< 0, ieu kien e co dong lien tuc.
5. Khao sat song hai ap dong tren tai RLE:
a. Song hai ien ap:
Co the phan la m hai trng hp: dong lien tuc va gian oan. Khi dong lien
tuc, dang ap ra ch phu thuoc o rong xung tng oi . Khi dong gian oan, dang
ap ra con phu thuoc sc pha n ien E. Tuy nhien ch ca n khao sat trng hp dong
ien gia n oan, trng h p dong lien tuc tng ng vi t
X
= T . Khai trie n
Fourier cho dang ap ra v
O
hnh 5.1.3.c :

( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) T w B A tg B A V
nwt V V nwt B nwt A V v
n n n n n n
n
n n o
n
n n o o
/ /
sin cos sin
= = + =
+ + = + + =
=

2
1 2 2
1 1
va ,
vi

Vo c tnh ba ng <5.1.12>; A
n
, B
n
co the tch phan theo dang song v
O
hnh 5.1.3.c, khi e y chu ky T tng ng vi 2:
+ = =

2
2
2
0
1
2
0
1
T t
T t
o n
x
on
dwt nwt E dwt nwt V dwt nwt v A
/
/
sin sin sin
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x
n
E
on
n
V
n x
n
E
on
n
V
n
nwt nwt B nwt nwt A sin sin ; cos cos

= = 1 1
<5.1.16a>
Bien o va o lech pha cua song hai bac n trng hp dong lien tu c t
X
=
T la:
( ) [ ]
on on on
n
V
n
nwt nwt tg nwt V cos / sin ; cos = =

1 1
1 2
n
<5.1.16b>
b. Song hai dong ien tai RLE:
Song hai do ng ien tai RLE c tnh khi ap dung nguyen ly xep chong, nh
a khao sat trong chng chnh lu K pha (muc IV.3.6 ).
6. S la m viec song song cac bo bien oi:
Tng t nh bo nguon chnh lu, s dung song song cac bo bien oi co 2
tac dung:
- Tang cong suat ngo ra thay v noi song song cac ngat ien e tang cong
suat BB.

Khi cong suat ta i ln vt qua kha nang cua cac ngat ien co san, viec song
song nhieu ngat ien e ap ng cong suat thiet ke tuy n gian nhng co nhieu
han che: mach phc tap, san xuat n chiec, he so an toan khi tnh chon ngat ien
tang.. Viec song song nhieu bo bien oi cung cap cho mot tai tuy phc tap ve
nguyen ly nhng se co nhieu u iem ve ky thuat nh: module hoa thiet ke, s
dung toi u linh kien, cho phep ng dung nhieu thuat toan ieu khien e tang chat
lng ngo ra cu ng nh kha nang s dung nguon..
Hnh 5.1.11a cho ta s o hai BB cung cap cho mot tai, hai BB thng co
thong so hoat ong giong nhau: cung V
O
, kha nang tai dong.. nhng lam viec lech
pha chu ky. Chung c noi chung ngo vao va chung ngo ra qua cac cuon khang
co nhiem vu ri phan ap che nh lenh xoay chieu. Moi BB se dan do ng tai.
Ap trung bnh tren tai: v
01
= v
02
(wt ) => V
01
= V
02
= V
0

Ap tren cuon khang L: v
L
= (v
01
- v
02
)/2 ch co cac hai boi le 1, 3, 5
Co the chng minh de dang la ap tren tai ch co hai boi chan, nghia la se
nhap nho tan so goc 2w.
B
B

1
B
B

2
V
T
A
I
v
o2
v
o1
v
o
_
+
L
L
hinh 5.1.11a: hai BBB cung ca cho
mot ta i

V
B
B

1
B
B

2
i
n
_
+
L
C

hinh 5.1.11b: Cai thien do ng nguon bang
bo loc ngo vao va dieu khie n lech ha cac
BBB
- Cai thien chat lng do ng, ap ngo ra va dong nguon cung cap khi ieu
khien lech pha cac BB.
Ta biet tan so lam viec cua
BB cang cao th cac anh hng
cua song hai bac cao len tai mot
chieu cang be, nhng tan so hoat
ong cua BB b gii han bi
kha nang cua ngat ien. Nh a
chng minh phan tre n, khi ieu
khien lech pha chu ky hai
BB giong nhau noi song song,
nhap nho dong, ap co tan so gap
oi tan so la m viec cua BB va
nh vay chat lng dong, ap ngo
Do ng nguo n mo t BB th c te (ne t nho ), ga n u ng
(ne t a m)
I
o
do ng nguo n khi la m vie c song song hai BB
t
t
hinh 5.1.12: 0ang dong nguon i
n
cua mot va
hai BBB giong het nhau lam viec song song
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

ra a c ca i thien.
Kha nang s dung nguon
mot chieu cung c cai thien
khi cac
lech ha 18O
0
.
BB la tai cua chung lam viec lech pha. Khi o gia tr hieu dung cua dong nguon
se tien gan en ga tr trung bnh cu a chung hn. Hnh 5.1.12 ve dang dong cung
cap cho 1 BB va 2 BB lam viec lech pha chu ky. Dong nguon la nhng xung
hnh thang co be rong bang khoang dan cua ngat ien S nhng ta co the gia s
xung dong co dang ch nhat co bien o la tr trung bnh dong ta i e tnh toan de
hn khi t cam tai L u ln.
Song ha i bac cao la m cho ta khong tan dung cong suat nguon ien, co the
gia m bt bang mac loc LC ngo vao nh hnh 5.1.11b.
V.2 BO BIEN OI A P MOT CHIEU LOAI FLYBACK:
Cac bo bien oi ap mo t chieu khi lam nguon cho cac thiet b ien t can co
them bo loc LC (hay RC khi cong suat be) e ap ra phang. Trong cac bo nguon
xung hien ai ta hay gap bo bien oi loai flyback, no cho ra chuoi xung dong, qua
trung gian cuon day e nap tu ngo ra thay v cac xung ap nh BB dang
FORWARD. Bo bien oi ap mot chieu xep vao loai flyback khi chu ky hoat ong
gom hai pha:
Pha 1: Ngat ien ong (ON). Cuon day c nap nang lng t nguon, tai
s dung na ng lng tch tr trong tu ien song song ( tu loc ngo ra ).
Pha 2: Ngat ien ngat (OFF). Cuon day chuyen (phong) nang lng qua ta i
va nap nang lng vao tu ien.
v
C
v
L
L
i
C
i
i
s
V
C
v
v
L1
L1
i
C
i
V
n:1
i
L2
L
i
i
s
C
v
C
i
i
L2
V
i
s
V
C
v
C
i
(a)
(b)
(c) (d)
+
_
L
o
0
C
S1
+
_
o
0
C
S1
T
L1
L2
+
S1
o
0
C
_
L
S1
S2
0
0
+
_
o C

hinh 5.2.1: Cac sJ do BBB da ng Flyback:
Nh vay, nguyen tac hoat ong bo bien oi loai FLYBACK oi nghch vi
cac bo bie n oi xung ien ap da ng FORWARD, khi tai c noi nguon khi ngat
ien ong (ON) va s dung na ng lng tch tr khi ngat ien khoa.
Co 4 s o c trnh bay tren hnh 4.8:
(a) Bo bien oi ao cc tnh: c dung cho khao sat c ban v co so phan t
la t nhat.
(b) S o tang giam ap.
(c) S o tang giam ap co bien ap.
(d) S o tang ap.
S o (a) co so phan t t nhat, (b) co cu ng hoat ong vi (a) nhng khong
ao cc tnh, (c) tng t nhng s dung bien ap va (d) tang a p.
BB tang ap a c khao sat muc V.1.2 la trng hp rieng cua s o
hnh (d), khi bien ap t ngau ch con lai cuon day s cap.
V.3 MACH TAT SCR:
Ngoai ho transistor hay GTO co the ong ngat theo mach lai cac ngat ien
a tm hieu chng 1, ta co the s dung SCR la m ngat ien ban dan lam viec vi
ien mot chieu khi s dung them mach phu, goi la mach tat SCR. Cung giong nh
chnh lu, qua trnh tat SCR con c goi la qua trnh ao lu hay chuyen mach.
Nguyen ly tong quat cua mach tat SCR la tao ra mo t ng dan ien tam
thi thay the SCR , lam cho dong qua no ve khong trong th i gian am bao tat t
q
>
t
off
.
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

1. V du mach tat SCR: Mach hai trang thai ben dung SCR (hnh 5.3.1).
Ta i t = 0, kch T1. T1
dan ien va C c nap qua
T1 va R2 en ap nguon V vi
cc tnh nh hnh ve. T2 co
ien ap phan cc la v
C
, bang
ap nguon V khi dong nap tu
tien ve 0 .
Khi kch T2, T2 dan ien va tu
ien C at ap am vao T1. T1
khong the dan ien va phuc
hoi trang thai
v
C V
+ -
T1 T2
C
R2 R1
+
_

hinh 5.8.1: Mach hai
trang thai ben dung SCR
khoa. Tu ien C c nap qua R1 en gia tr ap nguon V vi dau ngc lai, chuan
b lam tat T2 khi T1 c kch. Thi gian T1 b at ap am c goi la t
q
- thi gian
am bao tat SCR, can phai ln hn t
off
la thi gian can thiet cho SCR phuc hoi kha
nang khoa.
Nh vay e tat SCR, ngi ta co the dung tu ien vi ien tch co dau thch
hp, tao ng dan ien tam thi lam cho dong qua SCR ve khong trong thi gian
t
q
u e SCR phuc hoi kha nang khoa.
2. S o ao lu (chuyen mach) cng ca c SCR.
Viec tat SCR bang cach dung tu ien at ap am vao AK nh v du tren c
goi la chuyen mach cng cac SCR.
e khao sat ta xem s o tong quat hnh 5.3.2 vi gia thiet do ng tai I
o

khong oi trong thi gian chuyen mach, V la ap tren tu trc thi iem chuyen
mach. Khi khoa K ong, ( ) 0 = =
T C
v v V lam T tat, dong tai I
o
chuyen qua mach C.
pt cho v
C
khi chuyen mach:

( )
( )
; 0 = =
= =
C
o
dv
o C dt
I
T C C
I C v V
v v t t V

khi t = tq la thi gian am bao
tat T1, ap tren tu bang 0 :

( )
0 . . = =
C q o q
v t CV I t
Khi C nap en gia tr nguon, dong
qua no ve 0, T2 t tat, dong tai khep
mach qua D
f
. Tu ien C a co na ng
lng cho chu ky lam viec mi. Nh
vay, ien lng C.V tch tr trong C
phai duy tr c dong tai trong thi
gian am bao chuyen mach t
q
hay
t
q
= V .C / I
O
<5.3.1>
o
I
c
v
v
T
v
- V
T
t
f
t
q
T
C K
0

hnh 5.3.2
3. Bo bie n oi la m viec mot phan t dung SCR (hnh5.3.3.a):
Trong mach hnh
5.3.3.a, T1 la SCR
chnh da n dong ien
tai, T2 la SCR phu , ch
lam nhiem vu tat (con
goi la chuyen mach)
SCR chnh. e khao
sat mach, ta co gia
thuyet dong tai khong
thay oi:
i
O
= I
o
= hang
so
trong thi gian mach
tat SCR hoat ong.
V
+
_
v
C
o
i
o
v
T1
T2
C
R
0
0
L
+
_

hinh 5.8.8: (a)BBB ma t hang tai dung SCR; (b) cac
dang so ng
Nguon c noi vao u lau e C c nap en ap nguon V theo cc tnh
nh hnh ve qua ien tr R. R co gia tr rat ln, khong anh hng en hoat ong
sau nay cua mach.
Tai t = 0, kch T1. T1 dan ien. dong qua no gom dong tai I
o
va dong phong
ien cua tu C qua T1, D
p
va L. ay la mach cong hng LC khong co ton hao khi
ta xem cac linh kien la ly tng. Dong phong ien cua C la hnh sin va ap qua no
co dang cos.
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

Khi ien ap tren tu ien ao cc tnh (ngc vi dau tre n hnh 5.3.3.a),
diod D
p
khong cho phep no xa theo chieu ngc lai va nh vay tu ien C a
chuan b c ien tch co dau thch hp e tat T1 khi T2 c kch, nh s o
nguyen ly hnh 5.3.2. Thi gian ao cc tnh tu ien la chu ky dao ong
2
T
LC = cung chnh la thi gian on toi thieu cua BB.
Khi kch T2, T2 dan v
T1
= v
C
< 0 : T1 tat v dong tai I
o
chuyen qua C. C
c nap bang dong tai I
o
,nh nguyen ly chuyen mach cng nh a khao sat.
ieu kien e co s chuyen mach thanh cong la
.
o q
I t
C
V
> , t
q
> t
off
la thi gian tat
cua SCR T1.
Khi C nap en gia tr nguon V, dong qua no ve 0, T2 t tat, dong tai khep
mach qua D
f
.
Tu ien C a co nang lng
cho chu ky lam viec mi.
Thi gian off toi thieu cua
BB la 2.t
q
, de cho ap tren
tu co the thay oi t V en
+ V, am bao tat c SCR
chu ky tiep.
Nhc iem ln cua
mach nay la phai co pha
ao cc tnh ap tren tu ie n,
ieu nay lam tang ton hao
nang lng, gia m
+
_
v
C
C
v
+
_
(b) (c)
T1 T2
T
C
T4 T8
T1 T11
C
T22 T2

hinh 5.8.8.b va c: Cac mJ rong cua mach tat hinh
5.8.8.a
tan so la m viec cho phe p cu a mach. Cu ng ho chuyen mach cng con co cac mach
tren hnh 5.3.3.b va 5.3.3.c khong s dung cuon day va cung khong co pha ao cc
tnh ap tren tu ien. Tu tat C nam gia cau SCR, chung c kch theo chu trnh
thch h p e cung cap ap am tat SCR chnh (s o b). S o (c) co ieu khien phc
tap hn khi dong tai lan lt chay qua cac nhanh cua ca u SCR.
Trong thc te, trong mach con nhieu t cam noi tiep vi SCR, co the la t
cam cua nguon ien, day dan hay la cuon day c them vao e chong nhng ot
bien dong lam anh hng ket qua tnh toan tren.
M rong ao lu cng cho BB lam viec hai
phan t:
Khi BB lam viec nhieu hn mot phan t, can co
diod phong ien song song ngc vi SCR. V du nh
s o hnh
5.3.4. Mach nay hoat ong tng t nh s o 5.3.3.a
nhng cac tnh toan cho bo chuyen mach cng thay oi
hoan toan.
e chuan b tat SCR chnh T, tu ien cu ng c
nap vi c c tnh nh hnh ve. Khi SCR phu Tp c
kch, dong qua tu C chia lam hai nhanh: cung cap dong
tai I
O
thay cho SCR chnh T (a m bao T tat), khep mach
qua D tao thanh mach dao ong LC. Ta co the nhan
xet nhiem vu cua L la han che toc o pho ng ien cua C
qua D. V do ng tai I
O
ang chay qua L khi Tp c kch,
gia tr ban a u cua dong qua C la I
O
lam thay oi thi
gian xa tu C.
+
_
v
C
o
I
L
T
T
C
0
L
+
0

hinh 5.8.4 MJ rong cua
mach ta t hinh 4.14 cho
BBB lam viec nhieu hJn
mat hang tai
L la cuon khang co tr so rat be, ch tham gia qua trnh chuye n mach ma
khong anh hng hoat ong cua tai.
Bai tap 5.4: Khao sat mach tat hnh 4.3.3.b.

hinh BT5.4 (a) Mach
dong luc (b) mach
die u khien va a tren
tu C
v
C
+
_
I
o
T1, T4
t
t
T2. T3
T
V
t
V
- V
v
C
T1
C
T
T4
T2
T8
0
_
+
Cac gia thiet:
- Tai t = 0, ap tren tu co cc tnh nh tren hnh, dong qua tai bang I
O
.
- Dong tai kho ng oi, phang trong suot thi gian khao sat (tai co L rat ln).
- Mach ong lc ay u va dang xung ieu khien ve tren hnh BT4.4.a.Mo ta
hoat ong cua mach, ve dang ap ra va dang dong qua ca c phan t.
H ng dan: Da ng ap tren tu nh tren hnh ve, C c nap bang nguon dong
tai I
O
, co gia tr thay oi t V <> +V.
3. Bo bien oi lam viec hai phan t dung SCR (hnh 5.3.5) dung ao lu
mem:
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005


- +
S1 = - S2
ON
OFF
T1
T2
T22
T11
t
t
t
t
t
o
I
t
o
V
C
v
T1
01
T2 02
L C
T11
T22
+
_
hinh
5.8.5
V chuyen mach cng can mot tu
ien noi song song vi SCR, e BB co
the lam viec nhieu hn mot phan t, ta
can them vao cuon khang L ben canh
diod phong ien D th ao lu me m
diod phong ien c noi song song
ngc trc tiep vi SCR.
Ket qua cua cach noi nay la ch
co dong qua SCR giam ve zero khi
chuyen mach, v
AK
khong co ap am.
ay la ac trng cua ho chuyen mach
mem.
Nguyen ly hoat ong:
Trong BB hai phan t, mot ngat
ien ban dan cau tao t hai SCR: S1
(S2) bao gom SCR chnh dan dong ien
tai T1 (T2) va SCR phu T11 (T22). Cac
linh kien phu LC s dung chung. Tren
s o co ghi dau cc tnh ie n ap
hnh 5.3.6
tren tu C thi iem t
O
, khi chuan b tat SCR T1 ang dan dong tai I
O
. Khi kch
T11, dong phong ien cua C (mui ten oi) mot phan cung cap cho ta i I
O
, mot phan
khep mach qua D1, T11 e tao thanh dao ong LC.
cuoi ban ky dao ong LC, ap
tren tu ao cc tnh, chuan b tat T2
pha ke tiep bang viec kch T22. Dang
dong, a p qua cac phan t c ve tren
hnh 5.3.6, khi i
C
> I
o
dong qua SCR T1
bang 0. Vay thi gian co i
C
> I
o
chnh
c
o
v
I
T
f
v
i
c K
T
0
C
L
0

la thi gian am bao tat t
q
cho T1.
Khao sat ly thuyet chuyen mach mem:
Hnh 5.3.7: Mach ien tnh toan ao lu
mem
Khoa K ong mach vi ap dong qua cac phan t mach nh tren hnh 5.3.7

hinh 5.8.8: da ng dong qua tu die n vJi cac ti so A khac nhau nhung cung t
q
.
Tai t = 0, dong qua L khong thay oi tc thi nen dong qua SCR van
bang I
O
, ta co pt:

0
0
(0) ;
2
(0) (0) 0
2
I
2
1
+ =
= =
+ =
=
= =
=
=
=

vi va
;
ieu kien au

giai ra sin t
co dang hnh sin
vi bien o
va tan so goc
C L
C C
L C
C
C
C
C
L
C
max
v v
di dv
v L i C
dt dt
dv
v LC
dt
V
v
dv
i
dt
V L
i
C
V L
C
LC

Nh a gii thieu tren, thi gian
am bao tat t
q
tng ng vi thi gian
i
C
> I
o
, phu thuoc hai thong so L, C (hay
I
max
va w).
Hnh 5.3.9: Khao sat ham h(A) va g(A)
1
.
2
cos cos
2
q
O
O Max q
Max
wt
I
I I t
w I
= =

ieu kien toi u c chon la toi thieu nang lng tch tr trong L (hay C)
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

va bien trung gian cho khao sat la A = I
max
/I
o
:
Ta co
2
1 1
. 1
. ( )
2 4 2cos (1/ ) 8cos (1/ )
t le vi
q
Max
o
t
L I A
W V I A h A
A A

= = = .
h(A) --> min A = 1.55 Co the suy ra:

. . . .
1 1
2 1.786 0.185
( ) 2 . ( )
= = = = va
o q o q q q
o o
I t I t V t V t
A
C L
V g A V I A g A I
.
Ta n so dao ong rieng cu a mach LC:
1 ( ) 0.277
2 . 2
= = =
o
q q
g A
f
t t LC
.
e y be rong xung toi thieu (a m bao ieu kien chuyen mach) la bang
chu ky dao ong hay tan so cc ai co the cua BB la f
O
va ap ban au tren tu la
V/2.
V.4 NG DUNG:
La thiet b cung ca p nguon mot chieu thay oi c, cac ta i cua BB xung
ap mot chieu cung chnh la tai cua s o chnh lu nhng BB lai la m viec v i
nguon mot chieu. V vay, pham vi ng dung cua hai BB that s khong trung
nhau. Cac ng dung cua BB xung ap mot chieu co the chia lam hai nhom:
- S dung nguon mot chieu ap khong oi, co the la li ien mo t chieu hay
accu. ay la cac ng dung ac trng cua BB xung ap mot chieu. Ngay nay ngoai
cac li mot chieu cua he thong giao tho ng cong cong bang ien a xay dng t
lau, ch pho bien cac ng dung nguon la accu hay pin.
- S dung nguon mot chieu chnh lu diod t li xoay chieu cong nghiep.
Nhom nay khai thac cac u iem cua BB xung ap mot chieu ma chnh lu ieu
khien pha khong the co c la mach ieu khien va ong lc n gian, he thong
tac ong nhanh va cha t lng ieu khien de dang nang cao.
1.Nguyen ly ieu khien bo bien oi:
Co hai nguyen ly thng dung: ieu rong xung va so sanh co tre.

Uk
B
Dao ong tam giac
u

hguyen ly dieu rong xung
at
Phan hoi
SO SANH SMIT
on
off
S

So sanh co tre (Smit trigger)
hinh 5.4.1
nguyen ly ieu rong xung (PWM), bo bien oi co the xem nh mach
khuech ai tn hieu:
U
K
--> Mach Phat xung --> BB --> ap ra V
O

Mach phat xung so sanh tn hieu ieu khien U
K
va song mang u
B
, thng
co dang tam giac. T o co the suy ra quan he gi a o rong xung tng oi va
U
K
. Khi thay oi U
K
ap ra V
O
se thay oi, va viec gi ngo ra ac tnh mong
muon se phu thuoc vao he thong ieu khien t ong.
Khi s dung bo so sanh co tre (sosanh Smit), ta a ket hp mach thay oi o
rong va viec ieu khien he thong. Bo so sanh co nhiem vu so sanh ac tnh ngo
ra (phan hoi) va tn hieu at e ong ngat ngat ien:
Khi a t > Phan hoi + : HT tac ong nga t ien e tang ngo ra.
a t < Phan hoi : HT tac ong ngat ien e giam ngo ra.
vung tre c them vao e giam tan so ong ngat. He tho ng K nay n
gian, chat lng ngo ra c am bao nhng khong the rat cao v ngo ra luon con
sai so, ta n so ong ngat thay oi theo tai. Nguyen ly nay con co cac ten: r le co
tre, ieu khien theo ap (dong) ngo ra.
S o ieu khien vong kn BB xung ap mot chieu hoan toan giong vi
chng lu ieu khien pha, cung co vong phan hoi dong ien va vong phan hoi ien
ap (hay toc o khi oi tng ieu khien la ong c). Nhng khi s dung cac s o
han dong cc ai, khoa tc thi cac ngat ien khi dong vt qua gia tr gii han
nh hnh 4.18, co the bo qua vong dong ien khi cong suat tai be.
2. ieu khie n ong c mot chieu:
Vi kha nang thay oi c ien ap mot chieu ngo ra, bo bien oi ap mot
chieu co the s dung cho ieu khien ong c mot chieu nh cac s o chnh lu .
Co hai nhom ng dung ln:
* S dung cho cac phng tien van tai s dung truyen ong ien. No thay
the cac he thong s dung ien tr va ca c ngat ien c kh co ien, co them kha
nang thu hoi lai ong nang chuyen ong khi cho ong c lam viec trong che o
ham tai sinh (tr thanh may phat, a nang lng tr ve li mot chieu).
* ieu khien ong c cong suat nho la m bo phan chap hanh trong cac he
thong t ong (truyen ong ong c chap hanh servo motor). Cac u iem la:
- Tac ong nhanh nh lam viec tan so cao, s o n gian, kch thc be.
- De da ng thc hien s o la m viec bon phan t (ao chieu ong c) so vi
chnh lu SCR.
Ngi ta cung dung BB ap mot chieu cho ieu khien dong qua cac nam
cham ien (solenoid) lam viec trong che o tuyen tnh, nguyen ly cung tng t
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

nh ieu khien ong c.
3. Cac bo nguon mot chieu - cap ien hay o n ap xung:
Bo cap ien con goi la bo nguon cho cac thiet b ien hay ien t dung trong
o lng, ieu khien, thong tin hay dan dung , thng co cac yeu cau cao ve
chnh xac, song hai hay o nhap nho ngo ra. Trc ay, cac bo cap ien thng s
dung mach tuyen tnh: ien li c gia m ap qua bien ap cach ly, chnh lu diod,
loc phang va mach on ap tuyen tnh e gi on nh ap ngo ra. S o khoi nay tuy
am bao chat lng ngo ra cao nhng co mot so nhc ie m: trong lng cao v s
dung bien ap gia m ap 50Hz, hieu suat thap v tieu tan cong suat qua pha n t sut
ap. Viec s dung bo bien oi ap mot chieu khac phuc hai nhc iem nay nhng
bu lai mach ien phc tap hn va chat lng ngo ra khong tot bang: o on ap kem
hn va ap ra khong that s phang. Co hai s o khoi chnh cho cap ien xung:
a. S dung bo bien oi ap mot chieu thay cho mach on ap tuyen tnh:
LuJi
Bieu khien
Fhan ho i
Tai
Bien a 5Oh/
Loc 5O h/
BBBXA 1C Loc tan so cao
hinh 5.4.2
Hnh 4.28 cho ta s o khoi bo cap ien mot chieu, trong o bo bien oi
xung ien ap mot chieu c s dung thay cho mach on ap tuyen tnh. Hieu suat
cua mach tang v phan t cong suat lam viec trong che o ong nga t thay cho
khech ai. He thong loai nay thng gap trong cac thie t b san xuat cach ay kha
lau, khi ban dan ong ngat ap cao cha pho bie n.
b. Cap ien mot chieu s dung bien ap tan so cao: Hnh 5.4.3
Hieu qua kinh te cua cap ien ong ngat thc s ro rang khi s dung cac bo
bien oi xung pha ap li ien the cao. Bien ap cach ly li tai lam viec tan
so cao co kch thc, trong lng be va gia thanh ha lam thay oi han bo mat thiet
b. Bo bien oi xung ap mot chieu co hai dang:
(transistor hay MosFET).
Bien a tan
so cao
Loc 5O h/
Fhan ho i
Tai
Bieu khien 1
Loc tan so cao BBBXA 1C
LuJi
Bieu khien 2 Ca ch ly

hinh 5.4.8
- Khi s dung bo ieu rong xung, phai s dung bo bien oi lam viec bon
phan t va ket hp nguyen ly ay keo e bien ra ap xoay chieu thc chat la xay
dng bo nghch lu, nh o co the ghep qua bien ap tan so cao.
Mach ieu khien gom co hai bo phan cach ly ien vi nhau: mot lay tn hieu
phan hoi t tai va mot lai mach cong suat co ien ap li.
4. Nghch lu:
BB ap mot chieu la c s e xay dng bo nghch lu: BB DC AC. V
du BB lam viec 4 phan t ma t phang tai co the la bo nghch lu mo t pha khi tr
trung bnh ngo ra bang khong va thanh phan hu dung chnh la song hai bac 1.
V.5 TOM TAT CHNG:
Chng 5 khao sat cac BB ie n ap mot chieu, go m nhieu s o khac nhau.
Bai giang ac trong tam vao BB da ng FORWARD, la dang pho bien trong cong
nghiep. BB dang FORWARD ong ngat nguon cung cap cho tai, ap ngo ra la
nhng xung ap ch nhat co tr trung bnh thay oi theo o ro ng xung tng oi .
Dong qua tai co L la nhng xung tam gia c ( lie n tuc hay gian oan ) khi tnh toan
gan ung, nhap nho cc ai khi = .
Cac cong thc quan trong can nh la: tnh tr trung bnh, nhap nho cua ap
(hay dong) ngo ra (hay ngat ien). Viec khao sat he thong BB ap mot chieu tai
luon luon da vao nguyen ly xep chong nh a khao sat bo chnh lu. Che o
dong gian oan luon luon c at ra khi BB ch cho dong chay mot chieu, hau
qua cua no la ap ra luon cao hn gia tr tnh toan. Khi thiet ke s bo hay tnh toan
gan ung ta thng gia thiet la dong tai lien tuc e bai toan c n gian.
Muc V.3 gii thieu mach tat SCR gom hai nhom cng va mem. Muc V.4
trnh bay cac ng dung, can oi chieu vi ng dung cua chnh lu (chng 3) e
thay s khac biet cua ac tnh hai BB co ngo ra ien mot chieu.
BAI TAP VA CAU HOI:
1. Cho BB ap mot chieu va mach ieu khien a n gian hoa nh hnh BT1.a ,
trong o U1D la mach tao xung tam gia c tren tu C ( hnh BT1.b ), U1C la mach
ao, U1A va U1B la hai mach so sanh dung khuech ai thuat toan. Ve dang ap ra
v
o
, tm quan he tr trung bnh ap ra Vo/ V theo UK / UB (UB la bien o
xung tam giac). Neu cac ac iem cua phng phap ieu khien nay .
e n gian, cho ap ra bao hoa cua Khue ch ai thuat toan la ap nguon VCC
va sut ap qua cac moi noi transistor bang 0 .
Hc k 2 nm hc 2004-2005

VCC
VCC
_VCC
_VCC
v
o
UDK
u1C
10
9
8
u10
12
13
14
C
R2
R1
R8
R4
R4
u1B
5
6
7
u1A
3
2
1
4
11
01 08
02 04

u
B
+UB
-UB

hinh BT1.a hinh BT1.b
2.. Cho mach chopper (bo bien oi xung ien ap mot chieu) lam viec mat phang
tai (hnh 4.3.a), co cac tho ng so: R = 0.5 ohm, L = 0.02 henry, ap nguon V =
550 V, va tan so lam viec 5 kHz.
1. Tnh o rong xung tng oi e dong qua tai bang 200 A khi sc phan
ien E la 120 V.
2. Cung vi dong trung bnh qua tai I
O
bang 200 A, tm L e nhap nho dong
ien luon be hn 20% cua dong trung bnh I
O
qua tai vi mo i gia tr cua . ( khi o
E se phai thay oi khi thay oi e I
O
luon bang 200 A )
Hng dan: cau 1: tnh trung bnh ap ra, suy ra ..
cau 2: nhap nho dong qua tai cc ai khi =

u
B

UK
Trang 1/Nghch lu c lp v bit tn Hunh Vn Kim
CHNG 6 h0hCh Luu B0C LAF vA BEh TAh
Nghch lu oc lap la bo bien oi ien mot chieu ra xoay chieu vi ien ap va tan so ngo
ra co the thay oi cung cap cho cac tai xoay chieu, phan biet vi nghch lu phu thuoc la che o
ac biet cua chnh lu ieu khien pha, cho phep chuyen nang lng t pha mot chieu ve li
xoay chieu co ap va tan so co nh khi goc ieu khien pha > 90
O
a c nhac en trong
chng 3. Nghch lu oc lap c ng dung rong rai trong cong nghiep va dan dung, co the phan
ra lam cac nhom sau:
1. Ngo ra ta n so cong nghie p (nho hn 400 Hz) khong oi: cac bo nguon xoay chieu ban
dan s dung lam nguon cho cac thiet b ien thay the ien li. Co the ke bo lu ien (UPS
Uninterruped Power Supply) cung cap nguon lien tuc cho tai, bo oi tan cung cap ien cho cac
thiet b s dung nguon khac tan so li
2 Ngo ra tan so cong nghiep thay oi: dung e ieu khien toc o ong c xoay chieu, luon
co au vao la ien li nen con goi la bien tan.
3. Ngo ra trung tan hay cao tan:
T 500 Hz en 25 KHz khi s dung SCR hay cao hn khi dung transistor la cac bo nguon
cho cac cong nghe ien: nung nong dung dong ien cam ng trong moi trng dan ien, hay
chuyen thanh rung ong sieu am cua cac vat lieu t giao. ac trng cua nhom nay la he so cong
suat cua tai rat thap, can mac tu ien song song nen tai co tnh cong hng.
day tan so tren 25 KHz con co cac bo nghch lu 1 pha lam trung gian cho cac bo bien
oi ap mot chieu khi muon s dung bien ap tan so cao nham giam trong lng va kch thc thiet
b (cac bo nguon xung a gii thieu trong chng 5). Trong cong nghiep con co cac bo dao ong
cong suat hnh sin s dung en ien t hay transistor, lam viec tan so t 50 KHz en vai MHz
dung cho toi cao tan hay nung nong ien moi.
Khac vi cac BB a hoc, cac s o nghch lu hoat ong rat khac nhau. Ngay ca khi
cung s o ong lc, co the dung nhieu cach ieu khien e cho ra tnh chat khac nhau.
VI.1 PHAN LOAI NGHCH LU:
1. Nghch lu song song va noi tiep:
La cac dang nghch lu s dung SCR cho ong ngat, co tu ien mach tai e am bao
chuyen mach. Trong mach ien gom R tai, t cam L va ien dung C tao thanh mach cong hng
LCR, lam cho dong qua SCR giam ve zero va SCR t tat. Hnh 6.1.1 bao gom hai mach nghch lu
song song: (a) la s o cau, (b) la s o ghep bien ap; ( c) tng ng vi nghch lu noi tiep.

V
V
o
V
V
C
L
R
SCR1
SCR2
L1 L2
+
_
+
_
SCR1
SCR2
R
SCR3
SCR4
C
T
SCR1 SCR2
C
L
+
_

(a) (b) ( c)
hinh G.1.1: hghich luu noi tie (c) va song song (a. sJ do cau; b. sJ do bien a co diem giua).
+ -
+
_
Hc k 2 nm 2004-2005

Trang 2/Nghch lu c lp v bit tn http://www.khvt.com
a. Nghch lu song song: (hnh 6.1.1.a va .b)
Dang song cac phan t tren s o 6.1.1.a c ve tren hnh 6.1.2.b. Cac SCR 1 va SCR 4
co cung dang xung kch cung nh SCR 2 va SCR3. Khi SCR 1 va SCR 4 dan ien, tu ien C c
nap en ien ap co cc tnh nh tren hnh ve. ien ap nay se at ien ap am vao SCR 1 va SCR
4, lam tat chung khi ta kch
SCR2 va SCR3. T cam L
au vao cach ly nguon va
cau chnh lu, lam cho dong
ien cung cap vao cau chnh
lu khong thay oi tc thi,
tranh kha nang chap mach
tam thi qua SCR 1 va SCR
2 (hay SCR 3 va SCR 4) khi
cac SCR chuyen mach.
Do co t cam gia
bo nghch lu va nguon nen

(a) (b)
hinh G.1.2: 0ang a, dong cua hL noi tie (a) va song song (b)
Tr so va dang ap ngo ra thay oi theo ac tnh tai. Tren hnh 6.1.2b, ap ra khong con dang xung
vuong va co the gan giong hnh sin khi tai co t cam (tai RL).
b. Nghch lu noi tiep: (hnh 6.1.1.c)
Mach ien hnh 6.1.1.c la dang n gian nhat trong nhom mach nghch lu noi tiep, co
mach tng ng la LCR noi tiep khi SCR dan ien. V du nh khi SCR 1 c kch, dong qua
mach se ve khong khi ap tren tu ien at gia tr cc ai (co dau nh tren mach ien) va SCR se t
tat. V the mach con goi la nghch lu chuyen mach tai. Khi SCR 2 c kch, tu ien se phong
qua no va dong ve khong khi ap tren tu ien ao cc tnh, chuan b cho chu ky ke tiep dang
song hnh 6.1.2.a.
Hai mach nghch lu nay c dung lam bo nguon trung hay cao tan (nhom th 3 trong
phan gii thieu au chng). Va nh vay, ngoai nhiem vu tat (chuyen mach) SCR, cac tu ien
trong hai nghch lu nay con la mot phan cua tai, gop phan vao viec cai thien he so cong suat cua
mach.
2. Nghch lu nguon dong va nguon ap:
a. Nghch lu nguon dong:
i
N
i
o
V
v
C
o
i
v
C
Mach tng ng
(C la tu chuyen
mach)
Tai RL
N
L
i
C
i
+
L =
S3
S2
S1
_
S4
R
L
C
hinh G.1.8
La mach nghch lu co L bang vo cung ngo vao, lam cho tong tr trong cua nguon co
gia tr ln: tai lam viec vi nguon dong. Hnh 6.1.3 trnh bay s o nguyen ly va mach tng
ng cua NL nguon dong mot pha tai RL. Dong nguon i
N
phang, khong oi mot gia tr tai,
c ong ngat thanh dong AC cung cap cho tai:
S1, S4 ong: i
O
> 0 ; S2, S3 ong: i
O
< 0
Vay tai nhan c dong ien AC la nhng xung vuong co bien o phu thuoc tai.
b. Nghch lu nguon ap:
Hnh 5.4 trnh bay s o nguyen ly va mach tng ng cua NL nguon ap mot pha. ac
trng cua NL nguon ap la nguon co tong tr trong bang khong (la accu hay co ien dung rat ln
ngo ra) e co the cung cap hay nhan dong tai. Mot ac trng khac la ngat ien luon co diod song
song ngc e nang lng t tai co the t do tra ve nguon.
Ap nguon mot chieu c ong ngat thanh nhng xung ap hnh vuong co bien o xac nh
e cung cap cho tai.
o
i
v
V
o
v
o
i
o
Mach tng ng
Tai RL
+
S2
S1
S3
S4
_
C
R
L
hinh G.1.4
VI.2 KHAO SAT NGHCH LU NGUON DONG:
1. S o mot pha :
- Khao sat trng hp n gian: tai R, t cam nguon rat ln.
Mach ien hnh 6.1.1(a) va (b) cho ta dang c ban cua NL nguon dong mot pha la viec
tan so cao. Tu C tao ra kha nang chuyen mach cua bo nghch lu. SCR 1 va 4 khi c kch cung
cap xung dong dng cho tai , nap tu C theo cc tnh nh hnh ve chuan b tat chung theo nguyen
tat chuyen mach cng. Kch SCR 2 va 3 se lam SCR 1 va 4 tat va cung cap xung dong am cho tai.
Khao sat chu ky ta xac lap mach ien hnh 6.1.1.a:
L
N
co tr so rat ln dong nguon phang, bang I.
Kch SCR 1 va 4, co cac phng trnh:

2
0
0
2
vi la gia tr au
; <6.2.1>
sau 1/2 chu ky, (v tnh oi xng) <6.2.2>
o o
o C
t RC
o o C
T RC
o C C
v dv
I C v V
R dt
v A Be v V A B
T
v V V A Be
= + = +
= + = + = +
= = +
/
/
( )
( )
( )

N
Tch phan cong suat qua cuon day L trong chu ky:
Hc k 2 nm 2004-2005

( )
( ) ( )
2 2
0 0
2
2
0
0
2
2 2
2 2
0 0
2 1
2
1 2
4
1 1
hay <6.2.3>
suy ra:
khi chuyen ve he n v tng oi, khi
T T
L o o
T
T
t RC
o
T RC t RC
o
T RC T RC
P I V v dt V v dt
T T
VT
v dt V At Be
T RC
V e e
v t
RC
e e
T

= = => =

= =

+
=
+

/ /
/
/
/
/ /
/ /
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
1 2
2
1 1
at ; :
<6.2.4>
k k
o
k k
t t k wRC
T
v e e
k
V
e e

= = =
+
=
+
/ /
/ /
( )

o th ien ap tren cac phan t va ap ra tai he n v tng oi v
O
()/V vi cac gia tr k
khac nhau c trnh bay tren hnh 6.2.1 (a) va (b). Nhan xet la cac quan he co dang ham mu, thi
gian v
O
< 0 chnh la thi gian am bao tat tq cho cac SCR.

(a) (b)
hinh G.2.1: (a) la dang a, dong qua cac han tu va (b) v
O
()/v vJi cac gia tri k khac nhau.
Bai tap: tnh gia tr cua tq, tnh gia tr I cua dong chay qua nguon.
Hng dan: v
O
(tq) =0 =>
2
1 2 0
T RC tq RC
e e tq

+ =
/ /

2 2
2 2
0 0
2 2
T T
O O
v v
P V I dt I dt
T R VT R
= = => =

/ /
.
- Khao sat trng hp thc te: tai la RL, va ien khang nguon khong vo cung ln. Khi o
cac dang dong, ap co tnh dao ong, ap tren tu C sau khi qua gia tr cc ai se giam xuong, keo
theo giam tq, nhat la khi tan so lam viec thap. Khi o, ngi ta dung cac diod chan, cho phep gi
ap tren tu gia tr max - hnh 6.2.2 (a) va (b).

V
+ -
+ -
Co Diod cha n
Kho ng Diod chan
C
v
t
v
C
t
L
+
_
SCR1
SCR2
R
SCR3
SCR4
C1
C2
D1 D3
D4 D2

hinh G.2.2.(a) mach dong luc va (b) dang a ra co va khong co diod chan.
- Khao sat gan ung nghch lu nguon dong: Trong thc te, tai thng la RL. Khi tnh toan
gan ung, ta co cac gia thiet sau du ien khang nguon khong ln vo cung:
* Xung dong cung cap cho tai la xung hnh
vuong, bien o I.
* Tu C va tai RL lam thanh mac loc cong hng,
lam cho ap tren tai v
C
co dang hnh sin va nh vay ch
co song hai bac 1 cua dong cung cap la i
1
tao ra cong
suat.
Mach tng ng c ve tren hnh 6.2.3.a khi
L
i
i
1
C
i
o
v
L
R
C

hinh G.2.8.a
ch xet thanh phan c ban (ba c 1). Hnh 6.2.3.b cho ta ca c vector: V
C
la ap ra, I
1
la hai c ban cua
dong ra i
O
; I
C
, I
L
lan lt la dong qua C va tai RL, ta co:
V
C
la ap ra, lech dong ra I
L
goc cua tai RL. I
1
sm pha V
C
goc e co ap am can thiet
tat c cac SCR (phan gach ng tronghnh 6.2.3.c).
V
I
I
I
L
C
C
1

wt
v
i
i
1
o
o
I
- I
V

hinh G.2.8.b va c.
Ta co - goc lech pha = .tq .
- Hieu dung hai bac nhat dong i
O
la
1
2 2
= I a I vi a = 1 s o 1 pha va
3
2

s o 3 pha ( dung cong thc phan VI.3.1, hnh 6.3.1).
T o th vec t, ta co:
SCR 1 va 4 dan | kch SCR 2 va 3
Hc k 2 nm 2004-2005


1 .sin
.sin 1 .sin
tan
.cos .cos
.cos

= = =
L
C L C
L
L
C
I
I I I B
I
I B
I
vi
1
.
= = =
L L
C C
I Y
B
I Y C Z
, Z la tong tr tai RL,
2 2
( ) = + Z R wL va ta co
1
1 sin
tan
cos

=

B
B
. e tnh cac dong, ap ta tnh cong suat P bang
hai cach t nguon mot chieu (cung cap) va tai (tieu thu) khi xem hieu suat he thong bang 1:

1
2 2 1
. . .cos . . .cos . .
cos .2 2

= = = =
C C C
P V I V I V a I V V
a

T ap ngo ra V
C
co the suy ra cong suat P cua mach va dong nguon I.
Bai tap: Tnh mach nghch lu nguon dong s o mot pha. Ap nguon mot chieu 500 V, tan
so lam viec 1 KHz, R = 15 ohm va L = 0.001 H
- Tnh gia tr ien dung C e am bao thi gian tat SCR la 30 sec.
- Tnh gia tr hieu dung ap ra V
C
, suy ra cong suat tren tai P va dong nguon I.
2. S o ba pha : (hnh 6.2.4.b)
e tao ra he thong ba pha, cac ngat ien phai
c ong ngat theo mot th t khong thay oi oi vi
cac he thong ba pha, goi la LOGIC BA PHA. Nghch
lu nguon dong s dung logic ba pha co hai ngat ien
lam viec cung luc. ay cung chnh la th t ieu khien
cac SCR trong chnh lu cau ba pha. Nhan xet la ay
ch co hai ngat ien lam viec cung luc v dong nguon
Logic ba pha:
( hai ngat ien lam viec cung luc ).
nhom + S1 > S2 > S8 > S1
nhom SG > S4 > S5 > SG
chung S1 > SG > S2 > S4 > S8 > S5
khong oi (nguon dong) ch co the chay qua mot SCR cua nhom + mot SCR cua nhom . V du
khi S1, S6 ang dan, S2 c kch se lam tat S1 (Hnh 6.2.4.a).
(a)
i i i
N
i
A
C B
V
+
L =
S1
S5
S3
_
S6 S4
S2
(b)
hinh G.2.4: 0ang a, dong cua hL nguon dong 8 ha (a) mach dong luc (b)
Hnh 6.2.4 cho ta cac dang song va ma ch nguyen ly cua nghch lu nguon dong 3 pha.
Dong nguon, xem nh khong oi mot trang thai cua tai, oc phan bo cho cac SCR nh hnh
(a): moi luc ch co hai SCR lam viec, xung dong tren moi pha co dang ch nhat, ap ra thay oi
theo ac tnh tai. Cung giong nh nghch lu mot pha, dong qua tai i
A
sm pha hn ien ap v
A

(hnh 6.2.4.a). ay chnh la ieu kien e co s chuyen mach: khi xem tu chuyen mach la thanh
phan cua tai, tai se co tnh dung va at c ap am vao SCR ang dan khi SCR mi c kch.
Viec tnh toan gan ung nghch lu nguon dong 3 pha thc hien giong nh s o mot pha
nhng vi quan he gia bien o va thanh phan c ban (he so a) cua dong ien thay oi.
Mot nhan xet khac la nang lng ch chay mot chieu t nguon qua tai, lam ap ra thay oi
theo tai, tang cao khi khong tai v nang lng tch tr tai tang cao.
Ta co the thay oi ap ra bang cach thay oi ap nguon hay mac song song vi tai mot mach
ieu chnh cong suat phan khang.
Hnh 6.2.5.a cho ta mot v du ve nghch lu nguon dong cu the. Co the thay ay la s phat
trien cua s o 6.2.2.a thanh ba pha, SCR ang dan se tat khi mot SCR noi chung anod (catod)
c kch theo logic moi luc co hai ngat ien la m viec. Qua trnh tat T1 khi T3 c kch c ve
tren hnh (b), cac tu ien se at ap am vao T1 va nap en cc tnh ngc lai, chuan b tat T3
xung dong ke tiep. Cac diod c them vao e tranh tnh trang tu ien C b xa qua tai tan so
lam viec thap. Hnh (c) cho ta cac dang song tren cac phan t cua mach.

hinh G.2.5: SJ do, dang a, dong cua mot hL nguon dong 8 ha .
VI.3 KHAO SAT NGHCH LU NGUON AP:
1. S o mot pha :
Co the xem BB ap mot chieu lam viec 4 phan t ieu khien chung chng 4 vi ap ra
co tr trung bnh bang khong la mot trong nhng bo nghch lu nguon ap mot pha, c goi la s
o cau khi dung 4 ngat ien (hnh 6.1.4) hay na cau dung hai nguon (hnh 5.1.8).
Hnh 6.3.1 cho ta hai dang mach khac cua nghch lu nguon ap 1 pha ngoai s o cau hnh
6.1.4, la s o na cau dung mot nguon (a) va s o ay keo (b). Hai s o nay ch co the dung
Hc k 2 nm 2004-2005

cho cac bo nghch lu v cau phan ap dung tu va bien ap ch lam viec vi tn hieu xoay chieu.
Co the nhan xet de dang la trnh t ong ngat cac ngat ien cua cac s o nay se giong
nh BB ap mot chieu lam viec 4 phan t nhng luat ieu khien se thay oi, c ban nhat la
am bao trung bnh ap ra bang khong.
Cac ngat ien nh vay phai
co kha nang ong ngat theo s o
ieu khien, khong phu thuoc tai.
Hien nay cap cong suat di 100
kW ngi ta thng dung linh kien
ho transistor ( IGBT, transistor
Darlington, MosFET) va co the dung
SCR + mach tat hay GTO cong suat
cao hn.
Viec tnh toan dang dong, ap
V
V
o
V
o
V
S1
+
_
S2
D1
D2
C1
C2
T
S1
D1 D2
S2
+
_

(a) (b)
hinh G.8.1: hL nguon a, sJ do mot ha
tai RL co the dung cac cong thc a xay dng trong chng 5.
2. S o ba pha :
Nghch lu nguon ap nhieu pha co the bao gom nhieu bo nghch lu mot pha lam viec lech
pha mot goc qui nh cua he nhieu pha tng ng, v du 2/3 he 3 pha. Thng gap nhat la
nghch lu nhieu pha c tao thanh t nhng na cau nh hnh 6.3.2.b la s o ba pha, gom 3
nhanh lam viec lech nhau 2/3 tng oi mot. Vi nguon la nguon ap va co diod phong ien song
song vi moi ngat ien, nang lng truyen c hai chieu gia nguon va tai lam cho ap ra co
dang cac xung vuong co bien o la bien o ap nguon. Khac vi nghch lu nguon dong, nghch lu
nguon ap ba pha co the s dung logic ba pha co hai hay ba ngat ien lam viec cung luc.
Hnh 6.3.2.a gom dang xung ieu
khien cac ngat ngat ien, dang ap, dong ra
tai RL cua mot s o nghch lu ba pha
nguon ap. Nhan xet la moi luc co 3 ngat
ien lam viec. Dang dong va ap pha ve tren
hnh 5.11.a la cua mach tai RL noi Y.

Logic ba pha:
( ba ngat ien lam viec cung luc).
pha A S1 > S4 > S1
pha B S2 > S5 > S2
pha C SG > S8 > SG
S1>SG>S2>S4>S8>S5>S1

(a)

V
C B
A
S5 S4
+
S3 S1
S6
S2
_
D1 D2 D3
D6 D5 D4
(b)
hinh G.8.2: hL nguon a ba ha, cac dang song (a) va mach
dong luc (b).
Dang song ngo ra nghch lu nguon ap 3 pha co dang xung ieu khien hnh 6.3.2a c goi
la dang song 6 nac, c xem la can ban cho viec khao sat ac tnh NL nguon ap ba pha.
e tnh toan ap ngo ra nghch lu nguon ap, ngi ta thng gia s nh nguon co iem
gia n, ap cac pha v
An
, v
Bn
, v
Cn
, ap day v
AB
, v
BC
, v
CA
co cac quan he:

0 = + +
=
=
=
CA BC AB
An Cn CA
Cn Bn BC
Bn An AB
v v v
v v v
v v v
v v v

Khi ieu khien 4 1 S S = (S1 va S4 lam viec ngc pha), ta co the chng minh la cac ap
pha v
An
, v
Bn
, v
Cn
va cac ap day hoan toan xac nh t luat ieu khien cac ngat ien. He thong
nh vay con goi la ieu khien hoan toan (toan phan). He thong c goi la ieu khien khong
hoan toan neu co khoang thi gian ca hai ngat ien cua na cau eu khong lam viec. Khi o, ap
ra se phu thuoc vao dong phong ien qua diod, va nh vay ap ra se phu thuoc tai.
Hnh 6.3.2.a cho thay ap day v
AB
la xung vuong. e tnh cac ap pha tai, ta gia s tai noi
hnh sao, oi xng va co trung tnh la N. Ta co cac quan he sau khi bo qua ch so N cua ap pha tai:

0 = + +
=
=
=
C B A
A C CA
C B BC
B A AB
v v v
v v v
v v v
v v v
suy ra:
) (
3
1
) (
3
1
) (
3
1
BC CA C
AB BC B
CA AB A
v v v
v v v
v v v
=
=
=

T ay co the tnh c ap pha v
A
co dang nac thang va khao sat trong mot chu ky ta xac
lap dang dong bao gom cac oan ham mu la dong ien qua RL khi ap thay oi nhay cap.
Cung co the tnh ap pha tai theo ap ngo ra bo nghch lu:
) 2 (
3
1
) 2 (
3
1
) 2 (
3
1
Bn An Cn C
Cn An Bn B
Cn Bn An A
v v v v
v v v v
v v v v
=
=
=

khi e y
Nn C Cn Nn B Bn Nn A An
v v v v v v v v v + = + = + = , , vi v
Nn
la ap gia trung tnh N
cua tai va trung tnh nguon n va
Nn Cn Bn An
v v v v . 3 = + + . Cac cong thc nay khong phu thuoc
vao nguyen ly hoat ong cua s o nghch lu ba pha.
Khac vi nghch lu nguon dong ch co mot s o ieu khien nh a trnh bay, nghch lu
nguon ap co the c ieu khien bang nhieu thuat toan khac nhau.
Hc k 2 nm 2004-2005

3. Nghch lu a bac (nhieu nac):
Muc ch lam cho dang ap ra gan vi
hnh sin hn (hnh 5.12).
Co nhieu cach thc hien NL a bac:
- S dung nguon co nhieu cap ien ap
va nhieu ngat ien noi tiep.
- Noi tiep nhieu bo NL mot pha co
nguon rieng (cell nghch lu mot pha).
- Noi tiep nhieu bo NL mot pha lam
viec lech pha qua bien ap ngo ra.
0
wt
2

hinh G.8.8: 0ang song a ra hL 5 nac dien a.
a. Nghch lu nhieu bac dung nguon nhieu cap ien ap: (hnh 6.3.3)
- Nhieu cap ap nguon dung tu phan ap.
- So cap bang so tu ien n + 1.
- nguyen ly lam viec: Ngat ien pha trong (S13 hay S23) ch c khoa khi ngat ien
ngoai no (S12 hay S22) a khoa va nh the mot cap ien ap se c noi vao tai qua diod kep khi
cac ngat ien gia no va tai lam viec.
V
V
/2
/2
V1
V2
V3
V4
V5
v
o
_
+
C
C
C
C
R
L

hinh G.8.4:
a. hguyen ly hL nam nac dung nguon nhieu ca dien a
b. Thuc hien nguyen ly hinh a. bang sJ do dung diod
ke(011 .. 021)
V
V
/2
/2
o
v
_
+
C
C
C
C
018
028
022
021
S11 011
012 S12
S18
S14
S24
S28
S21
S22

b. Nghch lu nhieu bac dung cac cell nghch lu mot pha: (hnh 5.15)

~
~
~
~
E1
S14
S18 S12
S11
R
R
E1

A
B
C
~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~
E11 E12 E18
E28 E22 E21
E88 E82 E81
R
R
R
L
L
L
hinh G.8.5.a: Mot cell nghich luu mot ha
va ky hieu (ve vJi tai R)
hinh G.8.5.b: hghich luu da bac ba ha dung to hJ ba
cell nghich luu mot ha cho moi ha tai.
- Nh co the nhan xet trong phan khao sat NL ba pha sau nac, cac dang ap na c thang nay
c tao ra t viec cong (tr) cac dang xung vuong lam viec lech pha nhau. Khi ta cong (tr)
nhieu ap ra cua NL mot pha, ta co the tong hp c dang ap nghch lu a bac.
- So bac: Moi cell co the co 3 mc: +V, 0, -V; tren mot nhanh co N cell tao thanh 2N+1
bac.
Nghch lu a bac cho phep tao ra cong suat ln, ap cao t cac cell cong suat be, ap thap.
Tuy nhien, BB yeu cau cac nguon mot chieu cach ly vi nhau.
c. Nghch lu a bac ghep bien ap ngo ra: (hnh 6.3.6)
- Moi cap co be rong nh nhau.
- S dung bien ap e cong cac xung vuong thanh ap nac thang.
- So bac bang 2 lan so bo nghch lu mot pha.
- n gian nhat nhng kch thc ln, hieu suat khong cao.
NL1
NL2
Nguon
mot chieu
V
V
o1
o2
V
o

hinh G.8.G: hguyen ly cong hai dang a nghich luu
dung bien a de tao ra dang song nac thang

hinh G.8.7.b: 0ang song 12 nac thang
Bang tong hJ a 8 ha tu G thanh han 1 ha lech 8O
0
:
Pha U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6
A 1
1/ 3

-1/ 3
-1
- 2/ 3
B
1/ 3
1
2/ 3
1
1/ 3
C -1
- 2/ 3
-1
-1/ 3

1/ 3

hinh G.8.7.a: Tong hJ dang song 12 nac tu G nguon
nghich luu mot ha
0
2
1
3
A
B
C
1
3
U1 U4 U5 U6 U2 U3
U1 U2 U3
U6 U5 U4
U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6

Hnh 6.3.7 giai thch nguyen ly tong hp dang song 12 nac thang ba pha t 6 bo NL mot
pha lam viec lech 30
O
, dau cho biet phai ao cc tnh cuon day. Moi pha tai c cung cap
bang mach noi tiep 5 cuon th cap cua bien ap ngo ra cac bo NL mot pha vi bien o co t le
theo bang tren hnh 6.3.7.a.
4. Tnh toan gan ung nghch lu nguon ap:
ng dung mach tng ng hnh 6.3.8 khi xem song hai bac cao co tac dung khong ang
ke. v
1
, i
1
la thanh phan c ban (bac 1, tan so goc w), TAI chnh la mach tng ng cua phu tai,
c tnh tan so lam viec w.
Hc k 2 nm 2004-2005

Nguon v
1
co tr hieu dung c tnh t khai trien Fourier
ap ngo ra BB (muc VI.4). T mach tng ng, ta tnh c
dong tai (xem nh bang i
1
), cong suat tieu thu, suy ra nh hoat
ong cua tai.
e anh gia tac dung cua ap ra BB khong hnh sin, ta
tiep tuc s dung nguyen ly xep chong e tnh toan dong, ap, cong
suat cua cac song hai bac cao, cong viec cung tng t nh tnh
toan vi thanh phan c ban.
1
v
i
1 T
A
I

hinh G.8.8: Tinh toan gan dung
nghich luu nguon a
VI.4 IEU KHIEN AP RA VA HAN CHE
SONG HAI:
1. Phan tch song hai ien ap:
Dang song ieu rong xung tren hnh
6.4.1 cho phep ta phan tch song hai hau het cac
dang ap ra cua mach nghch lu nguon ap

hinh G.4.1: 0ang xung cJ ban cho han tich song
hai nghich luu
thng gap. Truc tung c di en v tr truc oi xng xung ap co be rong a e khai trien Fourier
cua ap ra khong co thanh phan sin. Ngoai ra, v ap ra co /2 la tam oi xng, song hai ap ra
khong co tan so boi chan (n 2k):
( )
2 1
cos
n
n k
v V nwt
= +
=

k = 0, 1, 2, 3 vi tch phan theo bien t:

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) [ ]
2
4 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
1
na
n
V
n
a wt
a wt
n
V
n
a
a
n
V nwt V
dwt nwt V dwt nwt v dwt nwt v V
sin sin
cos cos cos
/
/
/
/
/
/
=
=
= =
= = =

ra suy
<6.4.1>
Khi a = /2 (xung ch nhat)
1
4 4 4 4 4 2
3 5 7 9
4
1,3,5, 7,9.. , , , , , ( 1)
n
V V V V V
n
V
n V
n

= =
Bai tap 6.1:
1. Chng minh dang song lech pha hnh 5.10 co goc lech pha = 2 / k khong co hai bac
boi k:
Khi hai na cau ieu khien lech pha = 2 / k , be rong xung se la va bien o cac song
hai la
k
n
n
V
n
V

=
.
sin
4
, 0 =
n
V khi n la boi so cua k .
V the trong cac bo nghch lu ba pha, tai khong bao gi co hai bo i 3 v cac pha c ieu
khien lech nhau 2 / 3 va ta co the bo qua hai boi 3 trong viec tnh toan song hai ien ap ngo ra.
2. Chng minh DANG SONG 6 NAC hnh 6.3.2a:
- cac thanh phan Fourier cua ap day van bang 3 cac thanh phan tng ng cua ap pha.
- T so gi a cac song ha i bac cao tren thanh pha n c ban (bac 1) cua ap day va ap pha la
nh nhau.
2. ieu khien ap ra:
ieu khien ap ra la mot yeu cau can thiet cho
cac bo nghch lu v:
- Gi on nh ien ap ngo ra, tranh cac sut ap
do tai, nguon va ca do cac phan t trong mach.
- Ap ra can ieu khien theo yeu cau cua tai. V
du nh vi tai ong c, khi lam viec vi nguon ap can
cung cap ien ap t le vi tan so lam viec e ong c
khong b bao hoa.
f
U/Um
(a)
(b)

hinh G.4.2: Bac tinh u / = hang so
theo ly thuyet (a) va thuc te (b)
V
o
i Vo
S1
S2
01
02
_
+
S8
04
08
S4
(a)
(b)
hinh G.4.8: Bieu khien a ra bang lech ha
Ta co cac phng phap sau:
a. Thay oi ap nguon cung cap:
Lam bien o ap ra thay oi, thng s dung khi nghch lu la nguon dong hay ap ra co dang co
nh. Khi o, bo NL thng c cung cap ien DC t bo nguon chnh lu ieu khien pha hay qua
BB ap DC.
b. ieu che o rong xung: Mot xung va nhieu xung.
Mach ieu khien phc tap hn v ket hp ca ieu khien ap va tan so vao cung s o nhng
mach ong lc n gian va kinh te hn.
Co hai trng hp: k hoan toan khi luon co 1 ngat ien lam viec mot na cau hay k
khong hoan toan khi co luc khong co ngat ien lam viec. Khi ieu khien hoan toan, ap ra c
xac nh t luat ieu khien ngc lai vi k khong hoan toan v khi khong co ngat ien lam viec
tren nhanh na cau, ap ngo ra phu thuoc dong phong ien (hnh 5.21 va 5.22).
hinh G.4.4: SJ do dieu rong nhieu xung (hL mot ha) khi
dieu khien hoan toan (sJ do cau hay hai nguon)

hinh G.4.5: 0ang a, dong hL nguon a mot
ha khi dieu khien khong hoan toan (mach
dong luc hinh G.8.1)
Hc k 2 nm 2004-2005

V du 6.1: Tnh toan dang dong cua bo nghch lu 1 pha, s o cau vi ieu khien lech pha
hnh 6.4.3. Ap nguon V, tai RL, chu ky T, goc lech pha ie u khien , o rong xung a p
( ) = 2 / T q , q tnh bang giay.
Xet chu ky tc xac lap, khi dong ien lap lai theo chu ky T.
Goi gia tr dong qua tai khi t = 0 la I
1
. Ta co phng trnh vi phan khi S1, S4 ong:
Ri L V
dt
di
+ = vi ieu kien au i (0) = I
1
,
suy ra ( )

+ =
/ t
R
V
R
V
e I i
1
vi R L/ = . Khi t = q, i = I
2
vi
( )

+ =
/ q
R
V
R
V
e I I
1 2
<vd6.1.1> . Luc nay, S4 ngat, S3 ong. Dong qua tai khong thay
oi tc thi,chay qua S1, D3. Ta co phng trnh vi phan:
Ri L
dt
di
+ = 0 vi ieu kien au i (0) = I
2
, khi lay lai goc toa o. suy ra

=
/ t
e I i
2
. Khi q t
T
=
2
, i = - I
1
v co s oi xng hai ban ky dng va am; ta co
( )
=
/ q
T
e I I
2
2 1
<vd6.1.2>
Cac pt <vd6.1.1>, <vd6.1.2> cho phe p ta tnh c cac gia tr I
1
, I
2
, va ve c dang dong
tai.

+
=
2
1
1
2
/
/
T
q
e
e
R
V
I ,
( )
( )

+

= =
2
2
2
2
1
2 1
/
/
/ /
T
q
T
T
T
e
e e
R
V
q
e I I
Kiem tra lai: khi q = T/2 th
2
1
1
1
2
2
I I
T
T
e
e
R
V
= =

+

/
/

Bai tap 6.2: Khao sat ap ra cua bo nghch lu co be rong xung khong oi khi tan so thay
oi (gia s ieu khien hoan toan).
Goi q la be rong xung tnh bang giay,
la khong oi trong bai tap nay. Tan so f cua
bo nghch lu thay oi, ln nhat ng vi tr
so chu ky toi thieu 1/f
MAX
bang 2.q . Be rong
xung tnh bang o bang:
q f q w = = 2 . Bien o song hai

hinh BTG.2
bac n = 1 (thanh phan c ban) la ( ) q f V
V V
. . sin sin = =

4
2
4
1
. e co ket qua khao sa t tong
quat, at tan so f = f/f
MAX
vi f
MAX
= 1/2.q hay f = f. f
MAX
va ham so khao sa t la:
( )
2
4
1 1
'
'
sin /
f
V
V V

= = , trong o f thay oi trong khoang 0 .. 1.

V co dang hnh sin. vi khoang tan so thay oi hp ly, kha xa tan so cc ai f
MAX
, ap ra co
the xem la tuyen tnh theo tan so. Nguyen ly nay cho phep xay dng s o ieu khien rat n gian
e thc hien nguyen ly V/ f = hang so.
Bai tap 6.3: Khao sat song hai cua bo nghch lu ieu khien lech pha theo goc lech pha.
(gia s ieu khien hoan toan).
Nh a chng minh, khi hai na cau ieu khien lech pha , ta co dang xung ieu rong, be
rong xung la va song hai bac n la:.
2
4
=
n
n
V
n
V sin , n ch co cac gia tr le va
thay oi trong khoang t 0 .. .
Khao sat ha m so
( ) 2
1
4

= =
n
n
V
n V
n
V sin
.
'
theo cho ta o
th sau vi n = 1, 5, 7, 11, 13 . Cac hai bo i ba
khong can xet khi dang song c ng dung
cho he ba pha
3. Han che song hai ngo ra:
a. Cac phng phap:

hinh BT5.2
Cac song hai bac cao co cac tac dung:
- Gay phat nong phu: do dong khong hnh sin va hai bac cao lam tang ton hao trong day
dan va loi sat.
- Gay momen phu: do cac thanh phan 3 pha bac cao tao ra trong ong c xoay chieu.
Co nhieu phng phap e han che song hai bac cao, chia lam hai nhom:
- S dung bo bien o i a cap: Dang song nac thang von co song hai rat be: Khi so sanh
dang song nac thang va thanh phan c ban (bac 1) tng ng, co the nhan xet la song hai bac cao
khong ang ke ke ca tan so (n1). f
O
, n: so nac thang.
e thay oi ap ngo ra, ta thay oi o rong xung cac bo bien oi mot pha.
Bai tap 3: Dung MatLAB hay MathCAD phan tch song hai cua dang song 12 nac thang
hnh 5.17, dung so lieu cua bang hnh 6.3.7.a.
- ieu che o rong xung (PWM): khi s dung nhieu xung cho mot ban ky va co be rong
khac nhau, cac song hai co tan so ln hn c ban f
O
se giam nhanh, nhng cac thanh phan tan
so > (n-1) f
O
co gia tr rat ln. ieu nay khong anh hng ln en hoat ong cua tai v dong ien
cua song hai tng ng khong ln. Tac dung co the la: gay tieng on, nhieu tan so cao, phat nong
trong loi thep.
Co nhieu phng phap: ieu che o rong xung hnh sin (SPWM) cung vi cac cai tien, triet
tieu cac hai chon trc, dung bo so sanh co tre (ieu rong thch nghi), ieu rong vevtor khong
gian (SVPWM).
b. Ch tieu anh gia ky thuat ieu rong xung (PWM) cua bo nghch lu:
* Ch so ieu che m: la t so gia bien o V
1m
cua thanh phan c ban (hai bac 1) cua ap ra
bo NL c khao sat va bien o thanh phan c ban V
1_sixstep
cua ap ra khi ieu khien 6 nac thang.
e y ay cung la t so cua hai gia tr hieu dung:

1 1 1
2 2
1 _
m m R
six step
V V V
m
V V V

= = =
vi V la ap nguon DC va V
1R
la hieu dung thanh phan c ban ap ra.
* Song hai dong (ap) co the anh gia qua THD% cua dong (ap) ngo ra:
Hc k 2 nm 2004-2005

He so meo dong ien ngo ra
2 2
2 2
2 1 2
1 1 1
% 100 100 100
nR nm
n R R n
I
R R m
I I
I I
THD
I I I

= =
= = =

trong o
I
R
, : gia tr hieu dung, I
1R
:hieu dung thanh phan c ban, I
1m
:bien o thanh phan c ban
va I
nm
:bien o thanh phan bac n cua dong ra.
Bieu thc cho he so meo ap ra cung co dang tng t.
Khi tai la RL, hien dung thanh phan bac n dong ien I
nR
:

( )
2
2
1 1 1
hay
nR nR nR nR nm
nR
R R m
V V I V V
I
nwL I n V n V
R nwL
= =

+

Neu e y V
nR
/V
1R
thng bang 1/n, dong bac cao thng giam rat nhanh (t le 1/ n
2
).
c. SPWM (Sinusoidal Pulse Width
Modulation) ieu che o rong xung hnh sin:
V
ref
V
o
V
c
7
3
2
4
6

hinh G.4.G.a: hguyen ly cua dieu rong xung hinh sin
La phng phap co ien, so sanh ap
chuan hnh sin v
REF
tan so f
O
va song mang tam
giac v
C
tan so f
C
e co luat ong ngat cac
nhanh cau NL.

hinh G.4.G.b: Chi so dieu che cua dieu rong xung
hinh sin. v
rm
: bien do a chuan v
re
.
v
m
: bien do song mang tam giac v
c
.

hinh G.4.G.c: Su tuJng duJng cua dieu
rong xung va nac thang
Co the chng minh khong
kho khan la t so chieu cao nac

hinh G.4.G.d: Cac dang song dieu rong xung hinh sin
thang v
av
tren bien o cc ai
V
CMAX
cua song mang v
c
bang o rong xung tng oi t
ON
/ T cua ap ra v
O
trong khoang khao sat.
T pho hnh 5.23d cua dang song v du hnh 5.23c, co the nhan xet la cac song hai co tan so
khong lan can cua boi so song mang n.f
C
rat be, ung vi y nghia cua phep ieu che.
10.087793
0
y
m
128 0 m
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
0
2
4
6
8
10
12

hinh G.4.G.e: Fho cua dang song dieu rong xung hinh sin hinh d
Ch so ieu che m tr nen phi tuyen khi v
rm
/ v
re
> 1: bien o song mang be hn ap chuan
(hnh 6.4.7.b), hay he thong ch tuyen tnh khi m < 0.785 hay thanh phan c ban ap ra bang 0.5
bien o ap nguon mot chieu.
d. ieu che o rong xung hnh sin cai tien:
Bang cach thay oi hnh dang cua ap chuan, chat lng cua SPWM co the c cai thien,
chu yeu la cac ac tnh:
- Giam so lan ong ngat trong khi gi c ac tnh song hai bac cao thap.
- Quan trong hn, la ni rong pham vi thay oi ap ra trong khi van gi c quan he tuyen
tnh cua ch so ieu che m.
- Lam n gian s o ieu khien.
V du nh khi bo sung vao a p chuan v
REF
thanh phan th t khong (song hai bac 3), ta co
the n i rong vung tuyen tnh cua ch so ieu che m en 0.907 (hnh 6.4.7). Co nhieu cach thc
hien:
Hc k 2 nm 2004-2005


Hnh 6.4.7.a: Dang song chuan Vref khi ni
rong vung tuyen tnh cua PWM (modified
SPWM)
Hnh 6.4.7.bb: ch so ieu che m tng ng.

- dang ap chuan hnh (a): la n gian nhat, khi nhan xet la do hai boi 3 khong ton tai trong
he 3 pha, ta co the nang cao thanh phan c ban trong VRef va tr bt i mot lng hai bac 3 sao
cho bien o ap chuan van bang bien o song mang tam giac:

2 1
6
3
cos( ) cos(3 ) ; 0 1
REF
v M x x M =

e. ieu che theo mau:
Khi ieu khien dung vi x ly, viec tao ra va so
sanh cac dang song thc hien bang phan mem. Ta co
the thay the song hnh sin bang dang song nac thang
e giam khoi lng tnh toan nh hnh 6.4.8.a .
Co the ieu che oi xng hay khong oi xng.
Khi ieu che oi xng, so gia tr hnh sin trong mot
chu ky bang boi so ieu che N = f
C
/ f
O
(tan so lay
mau bang tan so song tam giac). Be rong xung ky
lay mau th n c tnh theo cong thc (t hnh
6.4.8.b):

hinh G.4.8.a: hguyen ly dieu che theo mau: thay
the hinh sin bang dang nac thang

hinh G.4.8.b: Bieu che doi xung hinh G.4.8.c: Bieu che khong doi xung

( )
1( ) ; 2( ) 1( )
2 2
S C a
S
C
T U u n
T n T n T T n
U

= =

.2
( ) sin( )
a M
n
u n U
N
=
Vi T
s
: chu ky lay mau; u
a
(n): ap chuan tai ky lay mau th n; U
C
,

U
M
: bien o song
mang tam giac va ap chuan hnh sin. T cac bieu thc tren, co the tnh trc ham sin(n.2 /N)
cha vao ROM va tnh ra cac o rong theo T
S
, t so U
M
/ U
C
.
Khi ieu che khong oi xng, so lan
tnh ham sin tang len gap oi (hnh 6.4.8.c).

f. ieu che vector khong gian - SVM
(con goi la ieu rong xung vector khong
gian - SVPWM):
La phng phap tien tien nhat hien
nay, thch hp viec ng dung cac phan t
tnh toan cho ieu rong xung hnh sin.
- Vector khong gian cua ap ba pha:
la c s cua ky thuat ieu che vector khong
gian, mo ta hoat ong he thong ba pha di
dang vector. Ta co cac trng hp sau (khi
ieu khien hoan toan):

hinh G.4.O: vector ha khong gian
* He ba pha hnh sin oi xng V
m
sin t , V
m
sin (t -2/3), V
m
sin (t -4/3) co the bieu
dien bang vector V
quay goc
e
la toc o (ien) cua t trng quay.
* Nghch lu 6 nac thang co the bieu dien bang bo 6 vector
1
V
,
2
V
,
3
V
,
4
V
,
5
V
,
6
V
mo
ta sau trang thai cua cac ngat ien trong bo nghch lu (hnh 6.4.9 va 6.4.10). Sau vector nay lam
thanh luc giac eu va ap ra lan lt i qua cac nh. Khi phan tch cac vector khong gian nay theo
cac vector c he 1, a = e
j2/3
, a
2
= e
-j2/3
, ta co cac trang thai ong ngat cua cac ngat ien tng
ng.
Nhan xet la ap ra khong thay oi c bien o va vector khong gian la gian oan, di
chuyen nhay cap lam song hai bac cao co bien o ln.

hinh G.4.1O: vector ha khong
gian cua hL sau nac thang (G
ste)
Vd
S1 S2 S3
S5 S6 S4
+
_
a b c

Trang
thai
hgat dien
dong
a ha tai
v
an

a ha tai
v
bn

a ha tai
v
cn

vector
khong gian
1 S1,S5,S6 2Vd/3 -Vd/3 -Vd/3

1
V
(1,0,0)
2 S1,S2,S6 Vd/3 Vd/3 -2Vd/3

2
V
(1,1,0)
3 S4,S2,S6 -Vd/3 2Vd/3 -Vd/3

3
V
(0,1,0)
4 S4,S2,S3 -2Vd/3 Vd/3 Vd/3

4
V
(0,1,1)
5 S4,S5,S3 -Vd/3 -Vd/3 2Vd/3

5
V
(0,0,1)
6 S1,S5,S3 Vd/3 -2Vd/3 Vd/3

6
V
(1,0,1)

Hc k 2 nm 2004-2005

* Khi ieu rong xung hnh sin vi tan so song mang la f
C
= N.f
O
, he thong se gom N vector
trang thai nam tren ng tron coban knh thay oi theo ap ra mong muon.
Ky thuat ieu che o rong xung vecto khong gian la mo ta cac vector trang thai nay theo
cacvector cua NL sau nac thang. e co c bien o ap ra mong muon, ta bo sung them hai trang
thai
0
(0, 0, 0) V
va
7
(1,1,1) V
tng ng vi ba ngat ien S1, S2, S3 cung ngat va cung ong, tng
ng ap ra bang khong.
- Cong thc cho ieu che vector khong gian:
e thc hien vector khong gian * V
co bien o V* bang bo nghch lu ba pha, ta co the

phan tch * V
thanh hai thanh phan nam tren 2 vector lan can cua NL 6 nac thang, v du nh

hinh G.4.11.a: Fhan tich a ra thanh
cac thanh han khong gian

pha a
pha b
pha c
Tc Tc
Ts
to ta tb
2
to
2
Vo
Vo
V1
V1
V2
V2
V7 V7
S4 S4 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1
S2 S2 S2 S2 S5 S5 S5 S5
S3 S3 S6 S6 S6 S6 S6 S6
ta tb
2
to to
2

hinh G.4.11.b:
tren hnh 6.4.11.a, vector ien ap * V
co v tr t = gia 1 V
va 2 V
(goc 1/6 th 1) co the

phan tch thanh hai thanh phan
a
V
,
b
V
nam tren 1 V
va 2 V
vi:

3 3
3
*sin( ) sin
*sin( ) sin
a
b
V V
V V

=
=

suy ra:
2
3
3
2
3
*.sin( )
*.sin( )
Va V
Vb V
=
=

Goi T
C
la chu ky ieu che o rong xung, trong
khoang thi gian nay, trung bnh ap ra phai tng ng vi ap
ieu khien. T bieu thc vector:

o
V3
V4
V2
V5
V6
V1
w t
T
s
c
T
e
V
*
hinh G.4.11.c:
* 1 2
a b
a b
C C
t t
V V V V V
T T
= + = +

va
C O a b
T t t t = + + ta suy ra:

a
a C
V
t T
V
= va
b
b C
V
t T
V
= , thi gian con lai - -
O C a b
t T t t = co ap ra bang zero, co the
chon
0
(0, 0, 0) V
hay
7
(1,1,1) V
, sao cho so lan chuyen mach la t nha t. Hnh 6.4.11.b trnh bay dang
song ong ngat oi xng, goc c lay v tr gia cua khoang thi gian lay mau Ts, giong nh
trng hp ieu che theo mau phng an oi xng (hnh 6.4.11.c). Can lu y la chuoi ong ngat
t
o
, t
a
, t
b
c chon lai khi thay oi to hp vevtor 6 nac sao cho so lan chuyen mach la t nhat.
ieu kien e cac tnh toan tren co y ngha la
C a b
T t t > + , tng ng * V
nam pha trong

hnh luc giac eu hnh 6.4.9. Suy ra bien o ap ieu khien cc ai V* :

2
* .cos 0.577
3 6 3
d
d d
V
V V V
= = = ; Vd: ap cap ien mot chieu,

2
3
d
V chnh la bien o cua ap 6 nac thang (
1
V

6
V
)
tng ng vi ch so ieu che m gii han bang:
*
max
2
1
0.577
0.907
d
GH
six step d
V V
m
V V

= = =
Trng hp khao sat tren c goi la lam viec trong vung di ieu che (undermodulation
region), khi o m thay oi tuyen tnh theo bien o ap chuan. Khi muon co ap ra tang cao, ta can
m rong vung ieu khien ien ap bang cach tang cao ap chuan V*, he thong lam viec trong vung
qua ieu che (overmodulation), m khong con tuyen tnh va ta can thay oi cong thc tnh ta, tb.
g. Triet tieu cac song hai chon trc: Bang cach s dung nhng dang song co o rong xung
co nh a c tnh toan.
Vi dang song ieu rong xung co cac goc chuyen mach co nh, song hai ngo ra se la ham
so phu thuoc cac goc chuyen mach nay. Vi n goc chuyen mach, co the cho n song hai bang
khong e nhan c n phng trnh co an so la cac goc chuyen mach. Khi giai ra ta c thong so
cua dang song co cac song hai chon trc b triet tieu.
u iem cua phng phap nay la rat
hieu qua khi ta chon cac thong so hp ly: tac
dung cua song hai giam ang ke trong khi
tan so ong ngat van be. Bat li ln nhat cua
phng an nay la dang song ra co nh, phai
thay oi ap nguon ien mot chieu e thay
oi ien ap ngo ra va bien o mot so song
hai khac co the tang cao.

V du: Tnh cac goc
1
,
2
e dang
song v hnh 6.4.12.a khong co cac song hai
bac 5, 7.

hinh G.4.12: 0ang song dieu rong xung hinh sin (a)
va han tich chunh thanh cac dang cJ ban (b)
Dang song ieu rong xung hnh 6.4.12.a co the phan tch thanh cac dang song c ban nh
hnh 6.4.12.b va nh vay, ta co:
v
O
= v
O1
v
O2
+ v
O3
,
vi v
O1
, v
O2
, v
O3
la cac dang c ban co bien o 2V, 2V, V va o rong 2
1
, 2
2
va .
Dang tong quat cua bien o cac song hai la:

=
+
n
n n
V
n
V
1 2
2 2 1
4
. sin . sin
Viet ra bieu thc cua hai bac 5 va 7 :

=
+
+
7
7 2 7 2 1
4
7
5
5 2 5 2 1
4
5
1 2 1 2
sin . sin sin . sin
;
V V
V V
Cho V
5
va V
7
bang khong, giai ra
1
= 56.7
,
2
= 66.4
. ay chnh la cac thong so cua

(a)
(b)
Hc k 2 nm 2004-2005

dang song khong co hai bac 5 va 7.
Khi o V
1
= 1.068 V, tng ng vi gia tr hieu dung V
1R
= 0.755 V
Th tnh hai bac 11, 13: V
11
= 0.521V V
13
= 0.156 V
Cac tr so nay kha ln.
Co the ni ro ng phng pha p nay e tnh cac goc chuyen mach sao cho:
min
=
j
i k k
k
V a
2
, trong o
k
V la bien o cua cac song ha i ien a p can han che, co bac lay
t i en j;
k
a la cac trong so, co the la ham so cua k.
h. ieu che o rong xung s dung bo so sanh co tre:

at
Phan hoi
SO SA NH SMIT SO SA NH SMIT
Out
pha
Pha A
3 2
hinh 5.22.a: SJ do nguyen ly dieu rong xung dung bo
so sanh co tre
Khi cac ai lng mong muon noi ngo ra
BB qua mach loc cho qua tan so thap nh: dong
ien cua ong c khong ong bo, co the dung s
o hnh e ieu khien bo nghch lu. Tn hieu
at ay la ngo ra mong muon, hnh sin. Bo so
sanh se yeu cau mach ong lc ong ngat sao cho
tn hieu phan hoi sau khi qua bo t le bam theo tn
hieu at. V du nh ieu khien dong ong c
xoay chieu: tai moi thi iem, khi dong ien con
be hn gia tr at bo ieu khien se ong nguon
dng vao tai e lam tang dong tai. Khi dong tai

hinh 5.22.b: Cac dang song dieu rong xung
dung bo so sanh co tre han hoi dong dien:
i
ref
: tin hieu dat dong; i
O
: han hoi dong
v
O
: dang a ra; v
1
: hai cJ ban cua dien a ra
vt qua gia tr at, mach ieu khien se ong vao nguon am lam dong giam xuong. Nh vay ngo
ra se c gi gia tr gia tr at vi sai so nh trc, song hai khi o rat be.
S o ieu khien nay con s dung trong cac bo nghch lu can ap ra hnh sin. Khi o mot
bo loc LC se c s dung ngo ra bo nghch lu va nh vay co the ieu khien ap ra nay bam
theo dang song mong muon hnh sin.
Bat li ln nhat cua phng phap nay la tan so ong ngat phu thuoc ac tnh tai, rat kho
khong che. Thong thng, ngi ta s dung ngat ien co the ong ngat tan so rat cao nh
MOSFET, IGBT hay khong che thi gian ong (ngat) toi thieu. phng an sau, chat lng ngo
ra se b anh hng khi he thong lam viec ngoai vung tnh toan.
V.3 MACH IEU KHIEN NGHCH LU:
1. Mach tao logic ba pha:
V
f
Uk
S1
S2
. . .
S3
S4
U?
CD4017
CLK
14
ENA
13
RST
15
CO
12
Q0
3
Q1
2
Q2
4
Q3
7
Q4
10
Q5
1
Q6
5
Q7
6
Q8
9
Q9
11
1
2
3
4
5
6
hinh 5.8Oa: Mach tao logic ba ha
Hnh 5.30 trnh bay nguyen ly cua mach tao ra logic ba
pha, co the c s dung trong nghch lu nguon dong hay
nghchlu nguon ap n gian (ieu che o rong mot hay
nhieu xung). Cac s o ieu che xung hnh sin hay
CLK
Q0
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
S1
S2

hinh 5.8O.b: Cac dang song logic ba ha,
moi luc co hai ngat dien ban dan lam viec.
ieu khien bang vi x ly cung co nhng khoi co cung chc nang e am bao th t cua he ba pha.
CD4017 la vi mach em vong Johnson 10 trang thai: sau moi xung ong ho CLK lan lt
co mot ngo ra len 1 (hnh 5.30.b), Q6 a ve chan Reset e he thong ch con 6 trang thai tng
ng vi logic 3 pha. Cac mach OR to hp cac ngo ra bo em lam thanh cac xung ieu khien ngat
ien ban dan theo s o moi luc co hai ngat ien lam viec (tren hnh 5.27.b ve tn hieu ieu khien
hai ngat ien S1 va S2, cac ngat ien khac cung tng t xem muc V.3 va V.4 ve logic 3 pha).
Bai tap : S dung cac Set Reset Flip Flop e suy ra cac tn hieu ieu khien s o nghch
lu nguon ap hnh 6.3.2.a (moi luc co 3 ngat ien lam viec) t logic ba pha dung CD4017 tren.
2. Mach tao ap chuan hnh sin dung ROM va DAC (bien oi so tng t):
Trong cac s o SPWM
hay ieu khien ngo ra bam
theo hnh sin chuan dung pha n
cng, hat nhan cua mach ieu
khien la bo tao hnh sin co bien
o va tan so ieu khien c.
Vi s o SPWM, hat nhan
nay cung cho ra dang song tam
giac co tan so la boi so va
ong bo vi hnh sin chuan.
ieu nay se am bao
V
f
Uk
PC
BEu KhEh
BEh AF
ROM
ROM
ref
Data
ref
Data
ref
Data
DAC
DAC
DAC
DAC
ref
Data
+v
ROM
ROM
dia chi
Pha A
Pha B
Pha C
VFC

hinh 5.81: Mach tao a chuan hinh sin va song mang rang cua
cho sJ do dieu che do rong xung hinh sin (SFMw)
ap ra giong nhau ca c pha va loai bo kha nang co song hai tan so thap hn tan so c ban (cua
hnh sin chuan).
Trong mach tao ap chuan hnh sin dung ROM va DAC, bien o hnh sin chuan va cac song
tam giac c lay mau (thc chat la tnh toan) va cha trong ROM. e tai hien lai cac dang song,
cac gia tr nay c oc lai tuan t va chuyen oi ra tn hieu tng t (analog) bang DAC. Tan so
tai hien (playback) f c tong hp bang bo bien oi ien ap - tan so VFC t ap ieu khien
Uk :
Hc k 2 nm 2004-2005

f = k .Uk = N . f
O
, vi k : he so t
le (Hz/ volt); f
O
: tan so ngo ra mong muon; N : so
mau cua mot hnh sin chuan.
f chnh la tan so xung ong ho cua bo em
chng trnh PC cung cap a ch cho ROM cha
gia tr bon dang song: ba cho hnh sin ba pha va
mot cho song tam giac. Cac DAC bien oi t so ra
ien ap, tao ra cac tn hieu mong muon. e thay
oi bien o cac hnh sin, DAC c s dung la
loai nhan va tn hieu ieu khien bien o c a
vao chan ap chuan REF cua no.
Khoi ieu khien ien ap KU co the n
gian thc hien quan he U / f = hang so, hay gom
600
300
25 12.5 50
k = 24 k = 12
k = 6
f
f
c
o
c c

hinh 5.82: quan he tan so song mang
C
va tan
so ngo ra
0

ca viec bu giam toc theo tai.
Vi s o hnh 5.31 ta co s ong bo gia cac hnh sin chuan 3 pha va song mang tam
giac. V ch co mot song mang dung cho ba pha hnh sin, tan so song mang f
C
can la boi sau cua
tan so ngo ra f
O
e cac dang song ngo ra giong nhau. ieu nay se khong that s can thiet khi t so
f
C
/ f
O
kha ln (vai chuc).
Hnh 5.32 la mot v du minh hoa qui luat thay oi f
C
theo f
O
(ng am tren hnh) vi
f
CMAX
= 600 Hz va f
CMIN
= 300 Hz. k
C
= f
C
/ f
O
la boi so ieu che. Khi tan so be hn 12.5 Hz
ta khong can co s ong bo gia hai tn hieu. Mot kho khan khac phat sinh la khi k
C
thay oi, co
s thay oi khong lien tuc cua song hai bac 1 cua ien ap ra.
3. Mach ieu khien nghch lu dung chng trnh ROM:
Vi nhan xet trang thai cua cac ngat
ien ban dan trong bo nghch lu ie
khien o rong xung la ong hay ngat
mot cach tuan t co chu ky, khong
thay oi neu dang song ngo ra
khong oi (nh dang song triet tieu
cac hai chon trc a khao sat); co
the ghi trang thai ong ngat sau cac
khoang thi gian bang nhau cua
V
f
Uk
PC
B0 TAh
S0
ROM
en cac
ngat ien
2 : Bia chi quet trong chu ky
1 : Bia chi chon chu ky
1
2
ong bo VFC

hinh 5.88: Mach dieu khien nghich luu dung chuJng trinh R0M
cac ngat ien thanh chng trnh cua bo nh ch oc ROM. Chng trnh nay se c truy xuat
tuan t e ieu khien cac ngat ien cua bo nghch lu, tao ra dang song mong muon . Hnh 5.33
trnh bay mot s o khoi thc hien nguyen ly nay. ien ap ieu khien U
at
c bien thanh tan so
qua bo bien oi ien ap/tan so VFC, lam xung nhp cho bo em chng trnh PC, la bo phan cung
cap a ch cho ROM. PC la bo em nh phan co so trang thai bang so trang thai tao thanh dang
song ieu khien nghch lu trong mot chu ky ap ra. Noi dung cua ROM a c tnh toan sao cho
am bao ap ra co tr so mong muon (ieu khien ap) va song hai bac cao be (han che hai bac cao).
Khi thay oi U
at
,tan so xung nhp PC thay oi va tan so ngo ra c c thay oi theo t le.
e thay oi dang song ngo ra theo tan so, ROM cha nhieu dang song ng vi cac tan so
khac nhau va khoi o tan so se thay oi phan a ch do no quan ly e ch en vung d lieu tng
ng. Co the xem dang song mot chu ky mot tan so la mot trang va cac trang thai cua cac ngat
ien trong mot dang song la nhng dong trong mot trang. Vay PC cung cap a ch cac dong va bo
o tan so cung cap a ch trang. Tn hieu ong bo t PC yeu cau bo o tan so ch c phep thay
oi ngo ra au cac trang e tranh nhng thay oi dang song khong kiem soat.
V du:
- Tan so ngo ra nghch lu f
O
thay oi t 1 .. 64 : Chon moi Hz la mot dang song, suy ra
ROM co 64 trang dang song, ia ch trang gom 6 bit.
- Chon moi dang song co N = 255 trang thai (chon chia chan cho 3) co the a ch hoa
bang 8 bit. Vay PC la bo em nh phan 8 bit nhng c reset trang thai th 255 va ROM can 14
chan a ch, tng ng dung lng la 128 Kbit hay 16 Kbyte.
- Tan so xung nhp cua PC la N. f
O
= 255.f
O
, cc ai bang 255*64 = 16.32 kHz .
- Co the s dung bo e m 6 bit e lam bo o tan so, thi gian m cong la 64/16320 = 3.92
mili giay ( em c 64 xung tan so xung nhp bang 16.32 kHz).
- Khi quy nh s thay oi cua bien o U
at
va khoang tan so ngo ra tng ng, co the suy
ra he so cua VFC.
u iem cua phng phap nay la co the ieu khien ien ap va han che song hai bac cao
vi chat lng kha tot trong khi mach x ly rat n gian. Nhc iem ln nhat la dang song moi
tan so la a nh trc, khong the thay oi theo ieu kien thc te v du nh ap li giam so vi
tnh toan, hay can bu sut ap theo tai ... , so dang song la hu han.
4. S dung vi x ly cho ieu khien nghch lu:
Viec s dung cac phan t tnh toan cho ieu khien co cac ac tnh:
- Chc nang ieu khien phong phu, thay oi de dang.
- Tnh tch hp cao: giam kch thc he thong, giam kha nang hong hoc.
- Thc hien c cac thuat toan ieu khien t n gian en rat phc tap vi gia thanh
khong tang theo t le.
- Ngoai kha nang ieu khien, vi x ly con ap ng c cac yeu cau cua mot thiet b cong
nghiep hien ai ma gia thanh khong tang nhieu: ieu khien t xa, ghi nhan trang thai lam viec
(loi), noi mang thong tin, giao dien han thien vi ngi dung
He thong ieu khien nh vay la mot may tnh cho muc ch ieu khien, co the co bo giao
tiep vi cac ngoai vi tng t e lay ac tnh dong ap, co kha nang tnh toan manh e thc hien
c cac thuat toan phc tap (tnh ma tran, sin cos) vi o chnh xac can thiet. e ieu khien chat
lng cao, thng phai dung vi x ly > 8 bit + DSP (bo x ly tn hieu so).
V.6 BIEN TAN:
La bo bien oi ien xoay chieu cua li cong nghiep thanh ien 3 pha co tan so thay oi,
bien tan hien c ng dung rong rai trong cong nghiep e ieu khien toc o ong c AC. ay la
phng an hieu qua nhat:
- Co the s dung ong c khong ong bo re tien, chac chan
- ieu khien tan so ong c AC la phng ap co hieu suat cao, chat lng tot.
Cac bo bien tan co mach ong lc at tien, s o ieu khien phc tap, ch c pho bien
trong thi gian gan ay nh s phat trien vt bac cua cong nghe che tao ban dan, ca lnh vc vi
mach va cong suat.
Hc k 2 nm 2004-2005

Co hai dang bien tan: Bien tan trc tiep (cyclo-converter) va bien tan qua trung gian mot
chieu.

hinh G.G.1.a: A ra (mot ha) bien tan truc tie su
dung BBB dao chieu la hai cau 8 ha, dieu khien
chung tuyen tinh. a, b la hai goc BKF cua hai bo
chinh luu, thay doi theo luat tam giac.
hinh G.G.1.b: A ra (mot ha) bien tan truc tie su dung
BBB dao chieu la hai cau 8 ha su dung ngat dien
chuyen mach cuJng buc, tao ra a co tan so cao hJn tan
so luJi dien.
- Bien tan trc tiep chnh la bo bien oi ao chieu (chnh lu ieu khien pha ao chieu),
c ieu khien e co ap ngo ra thay oi cc tnh co chu ky: ap ra xoay chieu nay ch co the co
tan so kha be so vi tan so li ien. Bo bien oi ao chieu hnh 4.6.3 co the lam thanh mot pha
cua bo bien tan trc tiep vi thuat toan ieu khien thch hp. Khi thay the SCR bang ngat ien co
ieu khien khoa, ta co the nhan c nhieu tnh nang tot hn.
- Bien tan co trung gian mot chieu co s o khoi nh hnh 6.6.2, gom hai bo phan: chnh
lu au vao va nghch lu au ra. To hp hai BB nay lam ra nhieu s o khac nhau vi kha
nang va pham vi s dung rat khac biet. Thuat toan ieu khien bien tan cung rat phong phu, va
hien van tiep tuc phat trien cung vi viec ng dung cong cu ieu khien mi nham nang cao chat
lng hoat ong.
Co hai loai: Bien tan vi nghch lu nguon
dong (NLND) va nghch lu nguon ap (NLNA).
Cac bien tan nay can am bao cac yeu cau:
- Thc hien c logic ba pha, thay oi tan
so ra.
- ieu khien ap theo ac tnh cua tai, v du
neu tai ong c phai am bao mach t khong bao
hoa bang quan he U/f = hang so nh a khao sat.
- Han che c song hai ap (dong). ac
NL
NA
3 3
Li Tai
NL
ND
3 3
Li Tai
L
C
L
hinh 5.84: Bien tan co trung gian mot chieu
tnh nay phu thuoc vao s o ong lc, algorit ieu khien nghch lu.

Nguyen ly ieu khien ong c AC dung bien tan:
Khi tan so thay oi, t trng quay cua cac cuon day xtator co toc o thay oi theo quan
he
p
f
n
o

=
60
; trong o n
o
tnh bang vong/phut, f : tan so (Hz) va p la so oi cc.
Rotor se quay theo t trng quay vi o trt s hau nh khong oi.
Co hai nguyen ly chnh cho ieu khien ong c khong ong bo dung phng phap thay oi
tan so:
- ieu khien U/f hang: khi tan so thay oi, ien ap at vao cuon day cung thay oi t le e
tranh viec tang mat o t thong dan e tang dong t hoa.
-ieu khien vector ong c KB:
La phng an hien ai, s dung cac vi x ly mi co kha nang tnh toan rat manh e ieu
khien ong c KB.
Phng an nay khac phuc nhc iem quan trong cua cac s o ieu khien U/f hang la
momen ong c thap, ac biet khi tan so lam viec nho hn 3 Hz. BB ieu khien U/f hang ch
cung cap cho ong c mot ien ap ba pha tng ng tan so lam viec, dong qua ong c thay oi
theo trang thai cua ong c.
Bang cach khong che oc lap dong t hoa (tao ra t thong khe h) va dong rotor (tao ra
momen quay), bien tan ieu khien vector co the ieu khien c momen ong c KB nh a
lam vi ong c mot chieu, ben canh kha nang ieu khien toc o thong qua s thay oi tan so.
Co hai s o ieu khien vector: co phan hoi v tr rotor (co cam bien v tr) va khong dung
cam bien (sensorless). S o au tien cho phep ieu khien chnh xac nhng phai dung ong c
che tao rieng trong khi phng an sau co the dung ong c KB thong thng.
Khi bien tan c dung e ieu khien toc o ong c, s o ieu khien con co cac chc
nang: han che sut toc khi hoat ong, bao ve qua tai, ieu khien thi gian tang, giam toc.
V.7 NG DUNG:
1. Cac bo nguon tan so cao:
Nh a gii thieu trong muc phan loai, ta co the nung nong cam ng cac vat lieu an ien
bang dong ien cam ng. Day tan so lam viec thay oi t tan so cong nghiep en vai tram KHz:
- Tan so lam viec giam khi cong suat tang.
- Tan so can phai tang tang khi be day lam viec giam (toi be mat thep).
Co the s dung NL noi tiep hay song song vi ngat ien la thyristor trong cac bo nguon
tan so cao. tan so ln hn 100 KHz, co the dung transistor hay cac en chan khong truyen
thong.
Nh a khao sat V.2, cac s o NL song song co dang NL nguon dong vi tai cong
hng la cuon day lam viec va ien dung bu cos cho no. Trong thi gian gan ay, ngi ta bat
au dung transistor vi cac s o co chuyen mach khi dong (ap) bang khong.
2. Cap ien ong ngat (bo nguon xung) s dung nghch lu:
Bo nghch lu co the dung cho bo cap ien ong ngat co s o khoi hnh 4.21 cua chng 4, bien
oi ien mot chieu thanh xoay chieu, cung cap cho bien ap tan so cao. Nh o kch thc va gia
thanh bien ap nay va mach loc ngo ra giam ang ke.
Mach nghch lu co dang s o na cau khi cong suat nho hn 500 w va s o cau khi ln
hn. Trong hnh 5.7.1.a, T1 la bien ap giam (tang) ap, ta co ngo ra mot chieu sau khi chnh lu va
loc phang. e co ap ra on nh, ngo ra c phan hoi e thay oi o rong xung bo nghch lu.
Hc k 2 nm 2004-2005

Vi s o na cau, ieu khien khong
hoan toan c s dung. Do ngo ra bien
ap c chnh lu, tai bo nghch lu c
xem la thuan tr.
Hnh 6.7.1.b la mach ieu khien,
tac dung ay keo (push pull - hay luan
phien dan ien cua S1 va S2) nh bo
chia hai dung flipflop. ay la hat nhan
cua vi mach TL494.

23. Bo nguon xoay chieu khong
gian oan (bo lu ien hay
uninterrupted power supply):
V
S1
+
_
S2
D1
D2
C1
C2
T1
T1
L1
C3

hinh 5.25.a: mach dong luc han nghich luu cua ca dien
dong ngat (bo nguon xung) sJ do nua cau
Uk
u
B
S1
S2
Dao ong tam giac
1
2
3
4
5
6
2
CLK
Q
- Q

hinh 5.25.b: mach dieu khien nghich luu day keo ( dung
trong ca dien dong ngat )
Nap
Accu
Nghch
lu
Li
Tai
Chuyen mach
ieu khien

hinh G.7.2: SJ do khoi bo nguon xoay chieu khong gian doan
Hnh 6.7.2 trnh bay s o khoi bo lu ien (UPS), c s dung cho cac thiet b dung ien
quan trong khong the mat ien bat ng nh may chu cua mang may tnh hay cac may ien t y te.
UPS se cung cap ien tam thi khi mat li trong khi ch lu d lieu ang lam viec hay cho chay
may phat d phong. S o khoi bao gom bo nghch lu s dung accu va bo chuyen mach (r le
hay TRIAC). Bnh thng tai dung ien li, ch chuyen sang s dung nguon nghch lu khi mat
nguon nen UPS co s o khoi nh vay c goi la loai OFF-LINE. Thi gian chuyen mach phai
u be, khoang vai chuc msec e tai xem nh c cung cap ien khong gian oan. Bo nap accu t
ong am bao he thong luon san sang lam viec. Co loai UPS khong co bo chuyen mach va bo
nghch lu luon lam viec, nh la bo bien tan co khau trung gian mot chieu vi nguon d phong la
accu mach mot chieu (loai ON-LINE).
cac bo UPS cong suat be (< 1.5 kW), mach nghch lu la mot pha s dung bien ap co
iem gia, thch hp vi accu co ien ap be (12V hay 24V). Ap ra c dieu khien bang cach
thay oi o rong xung. Mot vi mach tng t TL494 co kha nang lam viec 50 Hz c s dung
cho ieu khien nghch lu (SG3524).

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Dn bi in t cng sut 1

Trang 1/ Chng 1_M u Hunh Vn Kim

= + = = pha goc va tai tr tong vi

= dwt e ) sin( ) t sin(

= dwt e ) sin( ) t sin(

= dwt e ) sin( ) t sin( I

= = = = sin sin th Khi

dwt E dwt wt V dwt v V

= = dwt wt sin V dwt v V

> nh tren hnh ve, tai

la dong t hoa, can co ieu

Mach phat xung K pha

> 2/3 .suy ra dong tai

< 2/3 : dong ien gian oan, can tch phan e

cho cac ham mu cua

= = , trong o f thay oi trong khoang 0 .. 1.

co bien o V* bang bo nghch lu ba pha, ta co the

(goc 1/6 th 1) co the

nam pha trong

= = = ; Vd: ap cap ien mot chieu,

. ay chnh la cac thong so cua

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