Metabolism

Chapter 5
Why Study Metabolism?
Classification of bacteria
Oxygen Tolerance
Biochemical reactions
Acids, Ammonia, Gases
Fermentation Products
Food Products
Yogurt, Sour Cream, Bread, Alcohol
Commercial Products
Citric Acid, Plastics
Environmental Cleanup
Chapter 5
Ying & Yang of Metabolism
Metabolism = Anabolism + Catabolism

Photosynthesis requires Respiration

Respiration requires Photosynthesis

Energy Production = Energy
Consumption
Chapter 5
Breakdown
Proteins to Amino Acids, Starch to Glucose
Synthesis
Amino Acids to Proteins, Glucose to Starch
Chapter 5

Chapter 5
Chapter 5
Overview of Metabolism
Source of Energy (Photo- vs.
Chemotroph)
Source of Electrons
Carrier of Electrons
Final Electron Acceptor
Source of Carbon (Auto- vs.
Heterotroph)
Auto- : Carbon Dioxide
Hetero- : Organic Compounds
Chapter 5
Classification based on Metabolism
Where microbes get their energy?
Sunlight vs. Chemical
Photo- vs. Chemo- trophs
How do they obtain carbon?
Carbon Dioxide (or inorganic cmpds.) vs.
Organic Compounds (sugars, amino acids)
Auto- vs. Hetero- trophs
Examples
Photoautotrophs vs. Photoheterotrophs
Chemoautotrophs vs. Chemoheterotrophs
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
Types of -trophs
Type Energy C source Example
Photoauto- Sun CO
2
Purple &
Green sulfur
bacteria
Photohetero- Sun Organic
Compounds
Purple &
Green Non-
sulfur bacteria
Chemoauto- Chemical
bonds
CO2 H, S, Fe, N
bacteria
Chemohetero- Chemical
bonds
Organic
Compounds
Most bacteria,
fungi,
protozoa,
animals
Chapter 5
Source of Electrons
Autotrophs
Photosynthesis
H
2
O, H
2
S
Chemotrophs
Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates (C H
2
O)
Glucose, Lactose, Sucrose, Mannitol, Citrate
Amino Acids

Chapter 5
Electron Carriers
Photosynthesis
NADP + H to NADPH
Respiration
NAD + H to NADH
FAD + H to FADH
Contain Niacin and Riboflavin
Vitamins, not stable
Cant store these molecules
Chapter 5
Final Electron Acceptor
Photosynthesis
CO
2
+ Hs to CH
2
O
Stores energy
Respiration
Aerobic
1/2 O
2
+ H
2
to H
2
O
Anaerobic
Fermentation


Chapter 5
Movement of Electrons
Chemical reactions

Oxidation Reactions

Reduction Reactions

Reactions Coupled
Redox reactions
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
Example of Redox Equations
Chapter 5
Example of Redox Equations

Chapter 5
Example of Redox Equations

Chapter 5
Examples
ATP ADP + P
Oxidation, release energy
ADP + P ATP
Reduction, stores energy
NAD + H NADH
FADH FAD + H
NH
4
+ 1
1/
2
O
2
NO
2
-
+H
2
O + 2H + ATP
2H
2
+ O
2
2H
2
O
Chapter 5
Examples
Cellular Respiration
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6O
2
6H
2
O + 6CO
2
+ 38 ATP
Photosynthesis
6H
2
O + 6CO
2
+ light C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6O
2
Nitrification
NH
4
NO
2
to NO
3

Ammonia to Nitrite to Nitrate
Ammonification
N
2
NH
4
Chapter 5
Respiration
Overview;
Glucose to Carbon dioxide + Water
+Energy
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ O
2
6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O + 38 ATP
Glucose is highly reduced; contains energy
Oxygen receives the electrons to form
energy
4 separate reactions
Glycolysis, Transition Reaction, Krebs
Cycle, Electron Transport, Chemiosomosis
Requires Oxygen
Chapter 5
Steps in Respiration
Electron Donors
Organic Compounds (Glucose preferred)
Electron Carriers
NAD to NADH
FAD to FADH
Electron Acceptors-Terminal
O
2
to H
2
O
Phosphorylation Reactions
ADP to ATP
Chemiosmosis Reactions
Chapter 5
Glycolysis- 10 steps
Glucose is Phosphorylated to form
Fructose 1,6-diphosphate
Split to form 2 Glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate
Final Products are:
2 Pyruvic Acid (C
3
H
4
O
3
)
Compare to original glucose - C
6
H
12
O
6

2 NADH
2 ATP
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
Transition Reaction
Pyruvic Acid Acetyl - Co A + CO
2
+
NADH
C
2
H
4
O
2
Chapter 5
Krebs Cycle
Figure E.3, A29
Acetyl CoA Carbon Dioxide
C
2
H
4
O
2
to CO
2
Energy produced/Acetyl CoA (x2 for
/Glucose)
3 NADH
1 FADH
1 ATP
Metabolic Wheel
Fats, amino acids, etc. enter or leave
Citrate is product of first reaction
Simmons Citrate Media

Chapter 5
Electron Transport Chain
NADH oxidized to NAD
FAD reduced to FADH
Cytochromes shuffle electrons finally to
O
2
Cytochrome Oxidase important in G - ID
H
2
O formed and ATP
3 ATP / 1 NADH
2 ATP / 1 FADH

Chapter 5
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
Fermentation Products from
Pyruvate
Homolactic = Lactic Acid
Yogurt, Lactobacillus
Alcohol + CO
2

Propionic Acid
Butyric Acid
Acetic Acid
Succinic Acid
Butylene to Acetoin
basis for VP Test (Vogues-Proskauer)
Chapter 5
Fermentation Products
Alcohol and Carbon Dioxide
Yeast mostly
Lactic Acid
Humans, muscles without oxygen
Bacteria (Lactobacillus-yogurt)
Butyric Acid
Rancid butter, Clostridium-gangrene
Acetoin
Butanediol fermentation in Klebsiella
Propionic Acid
Swiss Cheese
Chapter 5
Fermentation in Yeast
Chapter 5
Fermentation in Muscle


Chapter 5
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
Photosynthesis
Plants
CO
2
+ H
2
O + Light C
6
H
12
O
6
+ O
2

Water is split to release electrons
Bacteria
H
2
S is used not water
Sulfur or Sulfuric Acid formed
Oxygen not released
Chlorophyll is different
Strict Anaerobe
Purple & Green Sulfur Bacteria
Chapter 5
Chemiosmosis
Production of ATP in Electron Transport
Electrochemical Gradient Formed
between membranes
H+ (Protons) generated from NADH
Electrical Force (+) & pH Force (Acid)
Gradient formed
ATPase enzyme that channels H+ from
High to Low concentration
3 ATP/NADH
2 ATP/NADH
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
Summary of Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
Glycolysis
Transition Rx.
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport
Chain
Anaerobic
Respiration
Pyruvate
Lactic Acid
Mixed Acids
Alcohol + CO
2

Recycle NADH
2 ATP / Glucose