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Culture Documents
Bin tp bi:
Nguyn Trung Tp
MC LC
1. Li ni u-k thut s
2. Nguyn l ca vic VIT s
3. CC H THNG S
4. Bin i qua li gia cc h thng s
5. Cc php tnh trong h nh phn
6. M ha
7. Bi tp chng 1-k thut s
8. HM LOGIC
9. cc dng chun ca hm logic
10. RT GN HM LOGIC 1
11. RT GN HM LOGIC 2
12. RT GN HM LOGIC 3
13. BI TP-chng 2-kts
14. CNG LOGIC
15. CNG LOGIC C BN
16. THNG S K THUT CA IC S
17. H TTL
18. HO MOS
19. GIAO TIP GIA CC H IC S
20. BI TP CHNG 3-KTS
21. MCH T HP
22. MCH GII M
23. MCH A HP V MCH GII A HP
24. MCH SO SNH
25. MCH KIM
26. BI TP CHNG 4-KTS
27. MCH TUN T
28. MCH GHI DCH
29. MCH M 1
30. MCH M 2
31. MCH M 3
32. BI TP CHNG 5-KTS
33. MCH LM TON
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Li ni u-k thut s
Li ni u
Gio trnh c bin son nhm cung cp cho sinh vin in t - Vin thng & T ng
ha s kin thc c bn ca mt mn hc c coi l nn tng ca chuyn ngnh.
Ni dung gm tm chng
- Chng 1 v 2 n tp mt s kin thc c bn v h thng s v hm logic m SV c
th hc i s Boole.
- Chng 3 hc v Cng logic, phn t c bn ca cc mch s
- Chng 4, 5 v 6 i vo cc loi mch s c th, bao gm Mch t hp, Mch tun t
v Mch lm ton. y l 3 chng nng ct ca mn hc.
- Chng 7 s hc v B nh bn dn, SV s tm hiu y cu to v vn hnh ca cc
loi b nh bn dn , b nh chnh ca my tnh.
- Cui cng, chng 8 s bn v loi mch gip cho con ngi giao tip vi my, l
cc mch Bin i tng t sang s v ngc li.
hc tt mn hc SV cn c mt kin thc c bn v linh kin in t, gm Diod,
Transistor BJT v FET, phn vn hnh ch ngng v dn. Nu hc i s Boole
nhng hc k trc th s tip thu s d dng, tuy nhin, ni dung n tp chng 1
v 2 cng SV c th hc tip cc chng sau mt cch khng kh khn lm.
C th ni tt c cc mn hc c lin quan n k thut u t nhiu cn kin thc v K
thut s nn trong iu kin cn kh khn khi phi c sch ngoi ng, hy vng y l
mt ti liu khng th thiu trong t sch ca mt sinh vin chuyn ngnh in t-Vin
thng & T ng ha.
Tc gi rt hy vng cung cp cho sinh vin mt ni dung phong ph trong mt gio trnh
trang nh nhng chc khng th trnh khi thiu st. Rt mong c s gp ca c
gi.
Cui cng tc gi xin thnh tht cm n Thc s Phm vn Tn c v ng gp nhiu
kin qu bu gio trnh c th hon thnh.
Cn th, thng 8 nm 2003
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Ngi vit
Nguyn trung Lp
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CC H THNG S
CC H THNG S
H c s 10 (thp phn, Decimal system)
H thp phn l h thng s rt quen thuc, gm 10 s m nh ni trn.
Di y l vi v d s thp phn:
N = 199810 = 1x103 + 9x102 + 9x101 + 8x100 = 1x1000 + 9x100 + 9x10 + 8x1
N = 3,1410 = 3x100 + 1x10-1 +4x10-2= 3x1 + 1x1/10 + 4x1/100
H c s 2 (nh phn, Binary system)
H nh phn gm hai s m trong tp hp
S2 = {0, 1}.
Mi s m trong mt s nh phn c gi l mt bit (vit tt ca binary digit).
S N trong h nh phn:
N = (anan-1an-2. . .ai . . .a0 , a-1a-2 . . .a-m)2 (vi ai S2)
C gi tr l:
N = an 2n + an-12n-1 +. . .+ ai2i +. . . + a020 + a-1 2-1 + a-2 2-2 + . . .+ a-m2-m
an l bit c trng s ln nht, c gi l bit MSB (Most significant bit) v a-m l bit
c trng s nh nht, gi l bit LSB (Least significant bit).
Th d: N = 1010,12 = 1x23 + 0x22 + 1x21 + 0x20 + 1x2-1 = 10,510
H c s 8 (bt phn ,Octal system)
H bt phn gm tm s trong tp hp
S8 = {0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}.
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S N trong h bt phn:
N = (anan-1an-2. . .ai . . .a0 , a-1a-2 . . .a-m)8 (vi ai S8)
C gi tr l:
N = an 8n + an-18n-1 +an-28n-2 +. . + ai8i . . .+a080 + a-1 8-1 + a-2 8-2 +. . .+ a-m8-m
Th d: N = 1307,18 = 1x83 + 3x82 + 0x81 + 7x80 + 1x8-1 = 711,12510
H c s 16 (thp lc phn, Hexadecimal system)
H thp lc phn c dng rt thun tin con ngi giao tip vi my tnh, h ny
gm mi su s trong tp hp
S16 ={0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F }
(A tng ng vi 1010 , B =1110 ,. . . . . . , F=1510) .
S N trong h thp lc phn:
N = (anan-1an-2. . .ai . . .a0 , a-1a-2 . . .a-m)16 (vi ai S16)
C gi tr l:
N = an 16n + an-116n-1 +an-216n-2 +. . + ai16i . . .+a0160+ a-1 16-1 + a-2 16-2 +. . .+ a-m
m16
Ngi ta thng dng ch H (hay h) sau con s ch s thp lc phn.
Th d: N = 20EA,8H = 20EA,816 = 2x163 + 0x162 + 14x161 + 10x160 + 8x16-1
= 4330,510
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Nhn thy kt qu ca cc bi ton nhn lun khc khng, do phn l ca ln nhn cui
cng l 0,6, lp li kt qu ca ln nhn th nht, nh vy bi ton khng th kt thc
vi kt qu ng bng 0,3 ca h 10.
Gi s bi ton yu cu ly 5 s l th ta c th dng y v
PF(N) = 0,01001.
Kt qu cui cng l:
25,310 = 11001,010012
* i 1376,8510 sang h thp lc phn
Phn nguyn: 1376 : 16 = 86 s d = 0 a0 = 0
86 : 16 = 5 s d = 6 a1 = 6 & a2 = 5
137610 = 560H
Phn l: 0,85 * 16 = 13,6 a-1 = 1310=DH
0,6 * 16 = 9,6 a -2 = 9
0,6 * 16 = 9,6 a-3 = 9
Nu ch cn ly 3 s l: 0,8510= 0,D99H
V kt qu cui cng:
1376,8510 = 560,D99H
i mt s t h b sang h bk v ngc li
T cch trin khai a thc ca s N trong h b, ta c th nhm thnh tng k s hng t
du phy v hai pha v t thnh tha s chung
N = anbn +. . . +a5b5 +a4b4 +a3b3 +a2b2 +a1b1 +a0b0 +a-1 b-1 +a-2 b-2 +a-3 b-3. . .+a-mbm
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N = ...+ (a5b2 +a4b1 + a3b0)b3 + (a2b2 + a1b1 + a0b0 )b0+ (a-1 b2 + a-2 b1 + a-3b0)b-3 +...
Phn cha trong mi du ngoc lun lun nh hn b3 , vy s ny to nn mt s trong
h b3 v lc c biu din bi k hiu tng ng trong h ny.
Tht vy, s N c dng:
N = ...+A2B2+A1B1+A0B0 + A-1B-1 +...
Trong :
B=b3 (B0=b0; B1=b3; B2=b6, B-1=b-3 ....)
A2= a8b2 +a7b1 + a6b0 = b3(a8b-1 +a7b-2 + a6b-3) < B=b3
A1= a5b2 +a4b1 + a3b0 = b3(a5b-1 +a4b-2 + a3b-3) < B=b3
A0= a2b2 + a1b1 + a0b0 = b3(a2b-1 +a1b-2 + a0b-3) < B=b3
Cc s Ai lun lun nh hn B=b3 nh vy n chnh l mt phn t ca tp hp s to
nn h B=b3
Ta c kt qu bin i tng t cho cc h s k khc.
Tm li, i mt s t h b sang h bk, t du phy i v hai pha, ta nhm tng k s
hng, gi tr ca mi k s hng ny (tnh theo h b) chnh l s trong h bk .
Th d:
* i s N = 10111110101 , 011012 sang h 8 = 23
T du phy, nhm tng 3 s hng v hai pha (nu cn, thm s 0 vo nhm u v
cui 3 s hng m khng lm thay i gi tr ca s N):
N = 010 111 110 101 , 011 0102
Ghi gi tr tng ng ca cc s 3 bit, ta c s N trong h 8
N=2765,328
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* i s N trn sang h 16 = 24
Cng nh trn nhng nhm tng 4 s hng
N = 0101 1111 0101 , 0110 10002
N = 5 F 5 , 6 8 16
T kt qu ca php i s t h b sang h bk, ta c th suy ra cch bin i ngc mt
cch d dng: Thay mi s hng ca s trong h bk bng mt s gm k s hng trong h
b.
Th d i s N = 5 F5, 6816 (h 24) sang h nh phn (2) ta dng 4 bit vit cho
mi s hng ca s ny:
N = 0101 1111 0101 , 0110 10002
i mt s t h bk sang h bp
Qua trung gian ca h b, ta c th i t h bk sang h bp. Mun i s N t h bk sang
h bp, trc nht i s N sang h b ri t h b tip tc i sang h bp.
Th d:
- i s 1234,678 sang h 16
1234,678 = 001 010 011 100,110 1112 = 0010 1001 1100,1101 11002 = 29C,DCH
- i s ABCD,EFH sang h 8
ABCD,EFH = 1010 1011 1100 1101,1110 11112 = 1 010 101 111 001 101,111 011 1102
= 125715,7368
Di y l bng k cc s u tin trong cc h khc nhau:
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Bng 1.1
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1110
Php tr
Cn lu :
0-0=0;
1-1=0;
1-0=1;
0 - 1 = 1 nh 1 cho bit cao hn
Th d: Tnh 1011 - 0101
1 ? s nh
1011
-0101
--------0110
Php nhn
Cn lu :
0x0=0;
0x1=0;
1x1=1
Th d: Tnh 1101 x 101
1101
x101
---------
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1101
0000
1101
--------------1000001
Php chia
Th d: Chia 1001100100 cho 11000
Ln chia u tin, 5 bit ca s b chia nh hn s chia nn ta c kt qu l 0, sau
ta ly 6 bit ca s b chia chia tip (tng ng vi vic dch phi s chia 1 bit trc
khi thc hin php tr)
Kt qu : (11001.1) 2 = (25.5)10
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M ha
M ha
Tng qut
M ha l gn mt k hiu cho mt i tng thun tin cho vic thc hin mt yu
cu c th no .
Mt cch ton hc, m ha l mt php p mt i mt t mt tp hp ngun vo mt
tp hp khc gi l tp hp ch.
(H 1.1)
Tp hp ngun c th l tp hp cc s, cc k t, du, cc lnh dng trong truyn d
liu . . . v tp hp ch thng l tp hp cha cc t hp th t ca cc s nh phn.
Mt t hp cc s nh phn tng ng vi mt s c gi l t m. Tp hp cc t m
c to ra theo mt qui lut cho ta mt b m. Vic chn mt b m ty vo mc ch
s dng.
Th d biu din cc ch v s, ngi ta c m ASCII (American Standard Code for
Information Interchange), m Baudot, EBCDIC . . .. Trong truyn d liu ta c m d
li, d v sa li, mt m . . ..
Vn ngc li m ha gi l gii m.
Cch biu din cc s trong cc h khc nhau cng c th c xem l mt hnh thc
m ha, l cc m thp phn, nh phn, thp lc phn . . . v vic chuyn t m ny
sang m khc cng thuc loi bi ton m ha.
Trong k thut s ta thng dng cc m sau y:
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(H 1.2)
thit lp m Gray ca s nhiu bit ta c th thc hin cc bc lin tip t tp hp
u tin ca s mt bit (gm hai bit 0, 1).
Di y l cc bc to m Gray ca s 4 bit. Ct bn phi ca bng m 4 bit cho gi
tr tng ng trong h thp phn ca m Gray tng ng (H 1.3).
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(H 1.3)
Nhn xt cc bng m ca cc s Gray (1 bit, 2 bit, 3 bit v 4 bit) ta thy cc s gn
nhau lun lun khc nhau mt bit, ngoi ra, trong tng b m, cc s i xng nhau qua
gng cng khc nhau mt bit.
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HM LOGIC
HM LOGIC
Nm 1854 Georges Boole, mt trit gia ng thi l nh ton hc ngi Anh cho xut
bn mt tc phm v l lun logic, ni dung ca tc phm t ra nhng mnh m
tr li ngi ta ch phi dng mt trong hai t ng (c, yes) hoc sai (khng, no).
Tp hp cc thut ton dng cho cc mnh ny hnh thnh mn i s Boole. y
l mn ton hc dng h thng s nh phn m ng dng ca n trong k thut chnh l
cc mch logic, nn tng ca k thut s.
Chng ny khng c tham vng trnh by l thuyt i s Boole m ch gii hn trong
vic gii thiu cc hm logic c bn v cc tnh cht cn thit gip sinh vin hiu
vn hnh ca mt h thng logic.
HM LOGIC C BN
Mt s nh ngha
- Trng thi logic: trng thi ca mt thc th. Xt v mt logic th mt thc th ch tn
ti mt trong hai trng thi. Th d, i vi mt bng n ta ch quan tm n ang
trng thi no: tt hay chy. Vy tt / chy l 2 trng thi logic ca n.
- Bin logic dng c trng cho cc trng thi logic ca cc thc th. Ngi ta biu din
bin logic bi mt k hiu (ch hay du) v n ch nhn 1 trong 2 gi tr : 0 hoc 1.
Th d trng thi logic ca mt cng tc l ng hoc m, m ta c th c trng bi tr
1 hoc 0.
- Hm logic din t bi mt nhm bin logic lin h nhau bi cc php ton logic. Cng
nh bin logic, hm logic ch nhn 1 trong 2 gi tr: 0 hoc 1 ty theo cc iu kin lin
quan n cc bin.
Th d, mt mch gm mt ngun hiu th cp cho mt bng n qua hai cng tc mc
ni tip, bng n ch chy khi c 2 cng tc u ng. Trng thi ca bng n l mt
hm theo 2 bin l trng thi ca 2 cng tc.
Gi A v B l tn bin ch cng tc, cng tc ng ng vi tr 1 v h ng vi tr 0. Y
l hm ch trng thi bng n, 1 ch n chy v 0 khi n tt. Quan h gia hm Y v
cc bin A, B c din t nh bng sau:
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Cn gi l gin Euler, c bit dng trong lnh vc tp hp. Mi bin logic chia
khng gian ra 2 vng khng gian con, mt vng trong gi tr bin l ng (hay=1),
v vng cn li l vng ph trong gi tr bin l sai (hay=0).
Th d: Phn giao nhau ca hai tp hp con A v B (gch cho) biu din tp hp trong
A v B l ng (A AND B) (H 2.1)
(H 2.1)
Bng s tht
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Bng Karnaugh
y l cch biu din khc ca bng s tht trong mi hng ca bng s tht c
thay th bi mt m ta (gm hng v ct) xc nh bi t hp cho ca bin.
Bng Karnaugh ca n bin gm 2n . Gi tr ca hm c ghi ti mi ca bng. Bng
Karnaugh rt thun tin n gin hm logic bng cch nhm cc li vi nhau.
Th d: Hm OR trn c din t bi bng Karnaugh sau y
Dng din t quan h gia cc hm v bin theo thi gian, ng thi vi quan h
logic.
Th d: Gin thi gian ca hm OR ca 2 bin A v B, ti nhng thi im c mt
(hoc 2) bin c gi tr 1 th hm c tr 1 v hm ch c tr 0 ti nhng thi im m c
2 bin u bng 0.
(H 2.2)
Qui c
Khi nghin cu mt h thng logic, cn xc nh qui c logic. Qui c ny khng c
thay i trong sut qu trnh nghin cu.
Ngi ta dng 2 mc in th thp v cao gn cho 2 trng thi logic 1 v 0.
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Bng s tht
Bng s tht
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Tt c biu thc logic vn ng khi [thay php ton (+) bi php (.) v 0 bi 1] hay
ngc li. iu ny c th chng minh d dng cho tt c biu thc trn.
Th d:
nh l De Morgan
nh l De Morgan cho php bin i qua li gia hai php cng v nhn nh vo php
o.
nh l De Morgan c chng minh bng cch lp bng s tht cho tt c trng hp
c th c ca cc bin A, B, C vi cc hm AND, OR v NOT ca chng.
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l mt tng chun.
Mi s hng ca tng chun c gi l minterm.
l mt tch chun.
Mi s hng ca tch chun c gi l maxterm.
Phn sau y cho php chng ta vit ra mt hm di dng tng chun hay tch chun
khi c bng s tht din t hm .
Dng tng chun
c c hm logic di dng chun, ta p dng cc nh l trin khai ca Shanon.
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(1)
H thc (1) c th c chng minh rt d dng bng cch ln lt cho A bng 2 gi tr
0 v 1, ta c kt qu l 2 v ca (1) lun lun bng nhau. Tht vy
f(i,j) l gi tr ring ca f(A,B) khi A=i v B=j trong bng s tht ca hm.
Vi 3 bin, tr ring ca f(A, B, C) l f(i, j, k) khi A=i, B=j v C=k ta c:
Nhc li tnh cht ca cc hm AND v OR: b1.b2.... bn = 1 khi b1, b2..., bn ng thi
bng 1 v a1 + a2 + ... + ap = 1 ch cn t nht mt bin a1, a2, ..., ap bng 1
Tr li th d trn, biu thc logic tng ng vi hng 1 (A=0, B=0, C=1) c vit
ng thi.
Biu thc logic tng ng vi hng 2 l ng thi
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Tng t, vi cc hng 3, 5 v 7 ta c cc kt qu
:
(2)
Cch chng minh nh l Shanon th hai cng ging nh chng minh nh l Shanon
th nht.
Vi hai bin, hm f(A,B) c th trin khai theo bin A
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Vy:
Cng nh dng chun th nht, f(i,j) l gi tr ring ca f(A,B) khi A=i v B=j trong
bng s tht ca hm.
Vi hm 3 bin:
S s hng trong trin khai n bin l 2n. Mi s hng l tng (OR) ca cc bin v tr
ring ca hm.
- Nu tr ring bng 0 s hng c rt gn li ch cn cc bin (0 l tr trung tnh ca
php cng logic)
A + B + C + f(0,0,0) = A + B + C nu f(0,0,0) = 0
- Nu tr ring bng 1, s hng trin khai = 1
A+B+
+ f(0,0,1) = 1 nu f(0,0,1) = 1
v bin mt trong biu thc ca tch chun.
Ly li th d trn:
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Cc tr ring ca hm nu trn.
- Hm Z c gi tr ring f(0,0,0) = 0 tng ng vi cc gi tr ca bin hng 0 l
A=B=C=0 ng thi, vy A+B+C l mt s hng trong tch chun.
- Tng t vi cc hng (4) v (6) ta c cc t hp
- ngha ca nh l th hai:
Nhc li tnh cht ca cc hm AND v OR: b1.b2.... bn =0 ch cn t nht mt bin
trong b1, b2,..., bn =0 v a1 + a2 + ... + ap =0 khi cc bin a1, a2, ..., ap ng thi bng 0.
Nh vy trong th d trn:
Z = (hng 0).(hng 4).(hng 6)
Tht vy, hng 0 tt c bin = 0: A=0, B=0, C=0 ng thi nn c th vit (A+B+C)
= 0. Tng t cho hng (4) v hng (6).
Tm li,
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Ly o hai v:
Ly o hai v:
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Dng s
n gin cch vit ngi ta c th din t mt hm Tng chun hay Tch chun
bi tp hp cc s di du tng (tn) hay tch (). Mi t hp bin c thay bi mt
s thp phn tng ng vi tr nh phn ca chng. Khi s dng cch vit ny trng
lng cc bin phi c ch r.
Th d :Cho hm Z xc nh nh trn, tng ng vi dng chun th nht, hm ny ly
gi tr ca cc hng 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, ta vit
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RT GN HM LOGIC 1
RT GN HM LOGIC
thc hin mt hm logic bng mch in t, ngi ta lun lun ngh n vic s
dng lng linh kin t nht. Mun vy, hm logic phi dng ti gin, nn vn rt
gn hm logic l bc u tin phi thc hin trong qu trnh thit k. C 3 phng
php rt gn hm logic:
- Phng php i s
- Phng php dng bng Karnaugh
- Phng php Quine Mc. Cluskey
Phng php i s
Phng php ny bao gm vic p dng cc tnh cht ca hm logic c bn. Mt s
ng thc thng c s dng c nhm li nh sau:
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Theo (1)
Vy
Theo (3)
V kt qu cui cng:
-Qui tc 2:Ta c th thm mt s hng c trong biu thc logic vo biu thc m
khng lm thay i biu thc.
Th d:Rt gn biu thc:
Thm ABC vo c:
C + AC
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):
Tha s chung:
Tm li:
+C).(A+C)
Biu thc khng i nu ta thm vo mt tha s c tr =0, v d B.?
Theo (2)
Vy:
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Vy f(A,B,C) = A+B
Dng bng Karnaugh
Dng bng Karnaugh cho php rt gn d dng cc hm logic cha t 3 ti 6 bin.
Nguyn tc
Xt hai t hp bin AB v A
= A , bin B c n gin .
Phng php ca bng Karnaugh da vo vic nhm cc t hp k nhau trn bng
n gin bin c gi tr khc nhau trong cc t hp ny.
Cng vic rt gn hm c thc hin theo bn bc:
V bng Karnaugh theo s bin ca hm
Chuyn hm cn n gin vo bng Karnaugh
Gom cc cha cc t hp k nhau li thnh cc nhm sao cho c th rt gn hm ti
mc ti gin
Vit kt qu hm rt gn t cc nhm gom c.
V bng Karnaugh
- Bng Karnaugh thc cht l mt dng khc ca bng s tht, trong mi ca bng
tng ng vi mt hng trong bng s tht.
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(H 2.3)
Vi 3 bin ABC, ta c: ABC = 000, 001, 011, 010, 110, 111, 101, 100 (s nh phn
tng ng: 0, 1, 3, 2, 6, 7, 5, 4)
Lu l ta c th thit lp bng Karnaugh theo chiu nm ngang hay theo chiu ng.
Do cc t hp cc ba tri v phi k nhau nn ta c th coi bng c dng hnh tr
thng ng v cc t hp ba trn v di cng k nhau nn ta c th coi bng c dng
hnh tr trc nm ngang. V 4 t hp bin 4 gc cng l cc t hp k nhau.
Hnh (H 2.4) l bng Karnaugh cho 4 bin.
(H 2.4)
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(H 2.5)
Nu hm khng phi l dng chun, ta phi a v dng chun bng cch thm vo
cc s hng sao cho hm vn khng i nhng cc s hng cha cc bin.
Th d 2 :
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(H 2.6)
T dng s th nht, vi cc trng lng tng ng A=4, B=2, C=1
Th d 3: f(A,B,C) = (1,3,7). Hm s s ly gi tr 1 trong cc 1,3 v 7.
T dng tch chun: Ta ly hm o c dng tng chun v ghi tr 0 vo cc tng
ng vi t hp bin trong tng chun ny. Cc cn li cha s 1.
Th d 4 :
(H 2.7)
T dng s th hai:
Th d 5 : f(A,B,C) = (0,2,4,5,6)
Hm s ly cc tr 0 cc 0, 2, 4, 5, 6. D nhin l ta phi ghi cc gi tr 1 trong cc
cn li (H 2.7).
T bng s tht:
Th d 6 : Hm f(A,B,C) cho bi bng s tht
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RT GN HM LOGIC 2
Th d 7: f(A,B,C,D) = (3,4,5,6,7) vi cc t hp t 10 dn 15 cho hm c tr bt k
(khng xc nh) (H 2.8).
(H 2.8)
Qui tc rt gn
- Kt qu cui cng c ly nh sau:
Hm rt gn l tng ca cc tch: Mi s hng ca tng tng ng vi mt nhm cc s
__
__
A th
(H 2.9)
- Nhm 1 cha 2 s 1 (k=1), nh vy nhm 1 s cn 3 bin, theo hng, 2 s 1 ny 2
__
ng vi
.
Kt qu ng vi nhm 1 l:
2 ng vi t hp
__
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__
Kt qu ng vi nhm 2 l:
AC.
ng vi t hp
gin.
Kt qu ng vi nhm 3 l:
AB.
V hm Y rt gn l: Y =
Di y l mt s th d
Th d 1 :Rt gn hmY =
(H 2.10)
(H 2.10)
cho
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(H 2.11)
(H 2.11) cho
(H 2.12)
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Kt qu
:
A v mt vi
__
Bng ng vi
dng cho cc s t 0 n 15
Bng ng vi A dng cho cc s t 16 n 31
Nhm cc s 1 c cng v tr hai bng, kt qu s n gin bin A
- Nhm cc s 1 ca tng bng cho n ht , kt qu c xc nh nh cch lm thng
__
thng, nh A v
(H 2.13)
nhm (1) cho :
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Vy
Th d 5: Rt gn hm
f(A,B,C,D,E,F)=?(2,3,6,7,8,9,12,13,14,17,24,25,28,29,30,40,41,44,45,46,56,57,59,60,61,63)
Tng t nh trn nhng phi v 4 bng cho:
__
A
__
cho cc s (0-15) ;
AB cho cc s (16-31) ;
AB cho cc s (48-63) v A
cho cc s (32-47).
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(H 2.14)
Kt qu: (1) cho
Vy:
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RT GN HM LOGIC 3
- Mi t hp trong mt nhm s c so snh vi mi t hp trong nhm k cn. Nu
___
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Thc hin cng vic tng t nh trn vi hai nhm trong bng th hai ny, cc s hng
s c nhm li nu chng ch khc nhau mt bin v c v tr du - trng nhau. Ta
c bng th 3.
Bng 3:
__
__
tng ng l C CD , (4,5 ; 12,13) cho B C v (4,6 ; 12,14) cho B D trong bng 3. Vy:
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Giai an 2:
c th rt gn hn na ta lp mt bng nh sau:
Ct bn tri ghi li cc t hp chn c trong giai on 1, cc ct cn li ghi cc tr
thp phn c trong hm ban u.
Trn cng hng ca t hp ta nh du * di cc ct c s tng ng (v d hng cha
t hp 1,5 c cc du * ct 1 v 5). Tng t cho cc t hp khc.
Bng 4
__
__
ng vi A CD + C D + B C. nh du X di cc ct tng ng vi cc s c trong cc
t hp chn. Nu tt c cc ct u c nh du th cc t hp chn din
t hm ban u.
Trong trng hp ca bi ton ny, sau khi chn cc t hp ni trn th tt c ct
__
Th d 2: Rt gn hm f(A,B,C,D) = (3,4,6,7,8,11,12,15)
Giai an 1
Bng 1:
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Bng 3:
Giai an 2:
Bng 4
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__
Th d v bi ton y :
Th d 1:
Cho hm logic F(A, B, C) tha tnh cht: F(A,B,C) = 1 nu c mt v ch mt bin bng
1
a- Lp bng s tht cho hm F.
b- Rt gn hm F.
c- Din t hm F ch dng hm AND v NOT
Gii
a. Da vo iu kin ca bi ton ta c bng s tht ca hm F:
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b. Rt gn hm F
Bng Karnaugh
Th d 2:
Cho hm logic F(A, B, C, D) tha tnh cht: F(A,B,C,D) = 1 khi c t nht 3 bin bng 1
a- Rt gn hm F.
b- Din t hm F ch dng hm OR v NOT
Gii
a- Rt gn hm F
Ta c th a hm v bng Karnaugh m khng cn v bng s tht.
Ta a s 1 vo tt c cc cha 3 tr 1 tr ln
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V kt qu ca hm rt gn l:
F(A,B,C,D) = ABC + ABD + ACD + BCD
b- Din t hm F ch dng hm OR v NOT
Dng nh l De Morgan cho tng s hng trong tng
Vit li hm F:
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BI TP-chng 2-kts
BI TP
1. Din t mi mnh di y bng mt biu thc logic:
a/ Tt c cc bin A,B,C,D u bng 1
b/ Tt c cc bin A,B,C,D u bng 0
c/ t nht 1 trong cc bin X,Y,Z,T bng 1
d/ t nht 1 trong cc bin X,Y,Z,T bng 0
e/ Cc bin A,B,C,D ln lt c gi tr 0,1,1,0
2. Tnh o ca cc hm sau:
b/
c/
d/
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e/
f/ f(A,B,C,D) = (5,7,13,15)
g/ f(A,B,C,D) = (0,4,8,12)
h/ f(A,B,C,D) = (0,2,8,10)
i/ f(A,B,C,D) = (0,2,5,6,9,11,13,14)
j/ f(A,B,C,D) = (0,1,5,9,10,15)
k/ f(A,B,C,D) = (0,5,9,10) vi cc t hp bin (2,3,8,15) cho hm khng xc nh
l/ f(A,B,C,D,E) = (2,7,9,11,12,13,15,18,22,24,25,27,28,29,31)
m/ f(A,B,C,D.E) = (0,2,8,10,13,15,16,18,24,25,26,29,31) vi cc t hp bin
(7,9,14,30) cho hm khng xc nh
n/
f(A,B,C,D,E,F)
=
(2,3,6,7,8,9,12,13,14,17,24,25,28,29,30,40,41,44,45,46,56,57,59,60,61,63)
o/
f(A,B,C,D,E,F)
=
(9,11,13,15,16,18,20,22,25,27,29,31,32,34,36,38,41,43,45,47,48,50,52,54)
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CNG LOGIC
CNG LOGIC
Cng logic l tn gi chung ca cc mch in t c chc nng thc hin cc hm logic.
Cng logic c th c ch to bng cc cng ngh khc nhau (Lng cc, MOS), c
th c t hp bng cc linh kin ri nhng thng c ch to bi cng ngh tch
hp IC (Integrated circuit).
Chng ny gii thiu cc loi cng c bn, cc h IC s, cc tnh nng k thut v s
giao tip gia chng.
CC KHI NIM LIN QUAN
Tn hiu tng t v tn hiu s
Tn hiu tng t l tn hiu c bin bin thin lin tc theo thi gian. N thng do
cc hin tng t nhin sinh ra. Th d, tn hiu c trng cho ting ni l tng hp ca
cc tn hiu hnh sin trong di tn s thp vi cc ha tn khc nhau.
Tn hiu s l tn hiu c dng xung, gin on v thi gian v bin ch c 2 mc
r rt: mc cao v mc thp. Tn hiu s ch c pht sinh bi nhng mch in thch
hp. c tn hiu s ngi ta phi s ha tn hiu tng t bng cc mch bin i
tng t sang s (ADC)
Mch tng t v mch s
Mch in t x l cc tn hiu tng t c gi l mch tng t v mch x l tn
hiu s c gi l mch s.
Mt cch tng qut, mch s c nhiu u im so vi mch tng t:
- D thit k v phn tch. Vn hnh ca cc cng logic da trn tnh cht dn in (bo
ha) hoc ngng dn ca transistor. Vic phn tch v thit k da trn chc nng v c
tnh k thut ca cc IC v cc khi mch ch khng da trn tng linh kin ri
- C th hot ng theo chng trnh lp sn nn rt thun tin trong iu khin t ng,
tnh ton, lu tr d liu v lin kt vi my tnh.
- t b nh hng ca nhiu tc c kh nng dung np tn hiu nhiu vi bin ln hn
rt nhiu so vi mch tng t.
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(H 3.1)
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CNG LOGIC C BN
CNG LOGIC C BN
Cng NOT
- Cn gi l cng o (Inverter), dng thc hin hm o
Cng AND
- Dng thc hin hm AND 2 hay nhiu bin.
- Cng AND c s ng vo ty thuc s bin v mt ng ra. Ng ra ca cng l hm
AND ca cc bin ng vo.
- K hiu cng AND 2 ng vo cho 2 bin (H 3.3a)
- Nhn xt:
- Ng ra cng AND ch mc cao khi tt c ng vo ln cao.
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(H 3.4)
Cng OR
- Dng thc hin hm OR 2 hay nhiu bin.
- Cng OR c s ng vo ty thuc s bin v mt ng ra.
- K hiu cng OR 2 ng vo
(H 3.5)
- Bng s tht
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(H 3.6)
Tuy cng m khng lm thay i trng thi logic ca tn hiu vo cng nhng n gi
vai tr rt quan trng trong cc mch s.
Cng NAND
- L kt hp ca cng AND v cng NOT, thc hin hm
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(H 3.7)
Cng NOR
- L kt hp ca cng OR v cng NOT, thc hin hm
K hiu ca cng NOR (Gm cng OR v NOT, nhng cng NOT thu gn li mt vng
trn)
(H 3.8)
Cc bng s tht v cc gin thi gian ca cc cng BUFFER, NAND, NOR, sinh
vin c th t thc hin ly
Cng EX-OR
- Dng thc hin hm EX-OR.
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- Cng EX-OR ch c 2 ng vo v 1 ng ra
- K hiu (H 3.9a)
- Mt tnh cht rt quan trng ca cng EX-OR:
+ Tng ng vi mt cng o khi c mt ng vo ni ln mc cao, (H 3.9b)
+ Tng ng vi mt cng m khi c mt ng vo ni xung mc thp, (H 3.9c)
(H 3.9)
Cng EX-NOR
- L kt hp ca cng EX-OR v cng NOT
- Cng EX-NOR c 2 ng vo v mt ng ra
- Hm logic ng vi cng EX-NOR l
- K hiu (H 3.10)
- Cc tnh cht ca cng EX-NOR ging cng EX-OR nhng c ng ra o li.
(H 3.10)
Cng phc AOI (AND-OR-INVERTER)
ng dng cc kt qu ca i s BOOLE, ngi ta c th kt ni nhiu cng khc nhau
trn mt chip IC thc hin mt hm logic phc tp no . Cng AOI l mt kt hp
ca 3 loi cng AND (A), OR (O) v INVERTER (I). Th d thc hin hm logic
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(H 3.11)
Bin i qua li gia cc cng logic
Trong chng Hm Logic chng ta thy tt c cc hm logic c th c thay th
bi 2 hm duy nht l hm AND (hoc OR) kt hp vi hm NOT. Cc cng logic c
chc nng thc hin hm logic, nh vy chng ta ch cn dng 2 cng AND (hoc OR)
v NOT thc hin tt c cc hm logic. Tuy nhin, v cng NOT cng c th to ra t
cng NAND (hoc NOR). Nh vy, tt c cc hm logic c th c thc hin bi mt
cng duy nht, l cng NAND (hoc NOR). Hm ny cho php chng ta bin i
qua li gia cc cng vi nhau.
Quan st nh l De Morgan chng ta rt ra qui tc bin i qua li gia cc cng AND,
NOT v OR , NOT nh sau:
Ch cn thm cc cng o ng vo v ng ra khi bin i t AND sang OR hoc
ngc li. D nhin nu cc ng c o ri th o ny s mt i.
Th d 1: Ba mch di y tng ng nhau:
(H 3.12b) c c bng cch i AND - OR thm cc o cc ng vo v ra. T (H
3.12b) i sang (H 3.12c) ta b 2 cng o ni t ng ra cng NOR n ng vo cng
AND
(H 3.12)
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(H 3.13)
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THNG S K THUT CA IC S
THNG S K THUT CA IC S
s dng IC s c hiu qu, ngoi s chn v bng s tht ca chng, ta nn bit
qua mt s thut ng ch cc thng s cho bit cc c tnh ca IC.
Cc i lng in c trng
- VCC: in th ngun (power supply): khong in th cho php cp cho IC hot
ng tt. Th d vi IC s h TTL, VCC=50,5 V , h CMOS VDD=3-15V (Ngi ta
thng dng k hiu VDD v VSS ch ngun v mass ca IC h MOS)
- VIH(min): in th ng vo mc cao (High level input voltage): y l in th ng
vo nh nht cn c xem l mc 1
- VIL(max): in th ng vo mc thp (Low level input voltage): in th ng vo ln
nht cn c xem l mc 0.
- VOH(min): in th ng ra mc cao (High level output voltage): in th nh nht
ca ng ra khi mc cao.
- VOL(max): in th ng ra mc thp (Low level output voltage): in th ln nht
ca ng ra khi mc thp.
- IIH: Dng in ng vo mc cao (High level input current): Dng in ln nht vo
ng vo IC khi ng vo ny mc cao.
- IIL: Dng in ng vo mc thp (Low level input current) : Dng in ra khi ng
vo IC khi ng vo ny mc thp
- IOH: Dng in ng ra mc cao (High level output current): Dng in ln nht ng
ra c th cp cho ti khi n mc cao.
- IOL: Dng in ng ra mc thp (Low level output current): Dng in ln nht ng
ra c th nhn khi mc thp.
- ICCH,ICCL: Dng in chy qua IC khi ng ra ln lt mc cao v thp.
Ngoi ra cn mt s thng s khc c nu ra di y
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Trong
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C hai loi thi tr truyn: Thi tr truyn t thp ln cao tPLH v thi tr truyn t cao
xung thp tPHL. Hai gi tr ny thng khc nhau. S thay i trng thi c xc nh
tn hiu ra. Th d tn hiu qua mt cng o, thi tr truyn c xc nh nh (H
3.14)
Ty theo h IC, thi tr truyn thay i t vi ns n vi trm ns. Thi tr truyn cng
ln th tc lm vic ca IC cng nh.
(H 3.14)
Tch s cng sut-vn tc (speed- power product)
nh gi cht lng IC, ngi ta dng i lng tch s cng sut-vn tc l tch
s cng sut tiu tn v thi tr truyn. Th d h IC c thi tr truyn l 10 ns v cng
sut tiu tn trung bnh l 50 mW th tch s cng sut-vn tc l:
10 ns x 5 mW =10.10-9x5.10-3 = 50x10-12 watt-sec = 50 picojoules (pj)
Trong qu trnh pht trin ca cng ngh ch to IC ngi ta lun mun t c cc
IC c cng sut tiu tn v thi tr truyn cng nh cng tt. Nh vy mt IC c cht
lng cng tt khi tch s cng sut-vn tc cng nh. Tuy nhin trn thc t hai gi tr
ny thay i theo chiu ngc vi nhau, nn ta kh m t c cc gi tr theo mun,
d sao trong qu trnh pht trin ca cng ngh ch to linh kin in t tr s ny lun
c ci thin .
Tnh min nhiu (noise immunity)
Cc tn hiu nhiu nh tia la in, cm ng t c th lm thay i trng thi logic ca
tn hiu do nh hng n kt qu hot ng ca mch.
Tnh min nhiu ca mt mch logic ty thuc kh nng dung np hiu th nhiu ca
mch v c xc nh bi l nhiu. L nhiu c c do s chnh lch ca cc in th
gii hn (cn c gi l ngng logic) ca mc cao v thp gia ng ra v ng vo ca
cc cng (H 3.15).
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(H 3.15)
Tn hiu khi vo mch logic c xem l mc 1 khi c tr >VIH(min) v l mc 0 khi <V
IL(max). in th trong khong gia khng ng vi mt mc logic no nn gi l vng
bt nh. Do c s khc bit gia VOH(min) vi VIH(min) v VOL(max) vi VIL(max)
nn ta c 2 gi tr l nhiu:
L nhiu mc cao: VNH = VOH(min) - VIH(min)
L nhiu mc thp: VNL = VIL(max) - VOL(max)
Khi tn hiu ra mc cao a vo ng vo, bt c tn hiu nhiu no c gi tr m v
bin >VNH u lm cho in th ng vo ri vo vng bt nh v mch khng nhn
ra c tn hiu thuc mc logic no. Tng t cho trng hp ng ra mc thp tn
hiu nhiu c tr dng bin >VNL s a mch vo trng thi bt nh.
Logic cp dng v logic nhn dng
Mt mch logic thng gm nhiu tng kt ni vi nhau. Tng cp tn hiu gi l tng
thc v tng nhn tn hiu gi l tng ti. S trao i dng in gia hai tng thc v
ti th hin bi logic cp dng v logic nhn dng.
(H 3.16a) cho thy hot ng gi l cp dng: Khi ng ra mch logic 1 mc cao, n
cp dng IIH cho ng vo ca mch logic 2, vai tr nh mt ti ni mass. Ng ra cng 1
nh l mt ngun dng cp cho ng vo cng 2
(H 3.16b) cho thy hot ng gi l nhn dng: Khi ng ra mch logic 1 mc thp, n
nhn dng IIL t ng vo ca mch logic 2 xem nh ni vi ngun VCC.
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(H 3.16)
Thng dng nhn ca tng thc khi mc thp c tr kh ln so vi dng cp ca n
khi mc cao, nn ngi ta hay dng trng thi ny khi cn gnh nhng ti tng i
nh, v d khi ch cn thc cho mt led, ngi ta c th dng mch (H 3.17a) m khng
th dng mch (H 3.17b).
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(H 3.18)
ci thin hn na dng tn hiu ng ra, bo m tnh min nhiu cao, ngi ta ch
to cc cng c tnh tr in th (H 3.19a), c gi l cng Schmitt Trigger
(H 3.19b) m t mi quan h gia Vout v Vin ca mt cng o Schmitt Trigger.
(H 3.19)
(H 3.20a&b) l k hiu cc cng Schmitt Trigger.
(a) (b)
(H 3.20)
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H TTL
H TTL
Trong qu trnh pht trin ca cng ngh ch to mch s ta c cc h: RTL (Resistortransistor logic), DCTL (Direct couple-transistor logic), RCTL (Resistor-Capacitortransistor logic), DTL (Diod-transistor logic), ECL (Emitter- couple logic) v.v.... n
by gi tn ti hai h c nhiu tnh nng k thut cao nh thi tr truyn nh, tiu hao
cng sut t, l h TTL (transistor-transistor logic) dng cng ngh ch to BJT v
h MOS (Cng ngh ch to MOS)
Di y, ln lt kho st cc cng logic ca hai h TTL v MOS
Cng c bn h TTL
Ly cng NAND 3 ng vo lm th d thy cu to v vn hnh ca mt cng c bn
(H 3.21)
Khi mt trong cc ng vo A, B, C xung mc khng T1 dn a n T2 ngng, T3
ngng, ng ra Y ln cao; khi c 3 ng vo ln cao, T1 ngng, T2 dn, T3 dn, ng ra Y
xung thp. chnh l kt qu ca cng NAND.
T CL trong mch chnh l t k sinh to bi s kt hp gia ng ra ca mch (tng
thc) vi ng vo ca tng ti, khi mch hot ng t s np in qua R4 (lc T3 ngng)
v phng qua T3 khi transistor ny dn do thi tr truyn ca mch quyt nh bi
R4 v CL, khi R4 nh mch hot ng nhanh nhng cng sut tiu th lc ln, mun
gim cng sut phi tng R4 nhng nh vy thi tr truyn s ln hn (mch giao hon
chm hn). gii quyt khuyt im ny ng thi tha mn mt s yu cu khc ,
ngi ta ch to cc cng logic vi cc kiu ng ra khc nhau.
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Cc kiu ng ra
Ng ra totempole
(H 3.22)
R4 trong mch c bn c thay th bi cm T4, RC v Diod D, trong RC c tr rt
nh, khng ng k. T2 by gi gi vai tr mch o pha: khi T2 dn th T3 dn v T4
ngng, Y xung thp, khi T2 ngng th T3 ngng v T4 dn, ng ra Y ln cao. T CL
np in qua T4 khi T4 dn v phng qua T3 (dn), thi hng mch rt nh v kt qu
l thi tr truyn nh. Ngoi ra do T3 & T4 lun phin ngng tng ng vi 2 trng thi
ca ng ra nn cng sut tiu th gim ng k. Diod D c tc dng nng in th cc
B ca T4 ln bo m khi T3 dn th T4 ngng.
Ng ra cc thu h c mt s li im sau:
Mch ny c khuyt im l khng th ni chung nhiu ng ra ca cc cng khc nhau
v c th gy h hng khi cc trng thi logic ca cc cng ny khc nhau.
Ng ra cc thu h
(H 3.23)
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- Cho php kt ni cc ng ra ca nhiu cng khc nhau, nhng khi s dng phi mc
mt in tr t ng ra ln ngun Vcc, gi l in tr ko ln, tr s ca in tr ny c
th c chn ln hay nh ty theo yu cu c li v mt cng sut hay tc lm vic.
im ni chung ca cc ng ra c tc dng nh mt cng AND nn ta gi l im AND
(H 3.24)
- Ngi ta cng ch to cc IC ng ra c cc thu h cho php in tr ko ln mc
vo ngun in th cao, dng cho cc ti c bit hoc dng to s giao tip gia h
TTL vi CMOS dng ngun cao.
Th d IC 7406 l loi cng o c ng ra cc thu h c th mc ln ngun 24 V
(H3.25)
Mch (H 3.26) l mt cng o c ng ra 3 trng thi, trong T4 & T5 c mc
Darlington cp dng ra ln cho ti. Diod D ni vo ng vo C iu khin. Hot
ng ca mch gii thch nh sau:
- Khi C=1, Diod D ngng dn, mch hot ng nh mt cng o
- Khi C=0, Diod D dn, cc thu T2 b ghim p mc thp nn T3, T4 & T5 u ngng,
ng ra mch trng thi tng tr cao.
K hiu ca cng o ng ra 3 trng thi, c ng iu khin C tc ng mc cao v bng
s tht cho (H 3.27)
Cng c cc cng o v cng m 3 trng thi vi ng iu khin C tc ng mc thp
m SV c th t v k hiu v bng s tht.
(H 3.28) l mt ng dng ca cng m c ng ra 3 trng thi: Mch chn d liu
(H 3.28)
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HO MOS
HO MOS
Gm cc IC s dng cng ngh ch to ca transistor MOSFET loi tng, knh N v
knh P . Vi transistor knh N ta c NMOS, transistor knh P ta c PMOS v nu dng
c hai loi transistor knh P & N ta c CMOS. Tnh nng k thut ca loi NMOS v
PMOS c th ni l ging nhau, tr ngun cp in c chiu ngc vi nhau do ta
ch xt loi NMOS v CMOS.
Cc transistor MOS dng trong IC s cng ch hot ng mt trong 2 trng thi: dn
hoc ngng.
- Khi dn, ty theo nng pha ca cht bn dn m transistor c ni tr rt nh (t vi
chc n hng trm K ) tng ng vi mt kha ng.
- Khi ngng, transistor c ni tr rt ln (hng 1010 ), tng ng vi mt kha h.
Cng c bn NMOS
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Bng 3.2
Ngoi ra vn hnh ca cng NAND v NOR c gii thch nh sau:
Cng NAND:
- Khi 2 ng vo ni ln mc cao, T2 v T3 dn, ng ra xung thp.
- Khi c 1 ng vo ni xung mc thp, mt trong 2 transistor T2 hoc T3 ngng, ng ra
ln cao.
chnh l kt qu ca cng NAND 2 ng vo.
Cng NOR:
- Khi 2 ng vo ni xung mc thp, T2 v T3 ngng, ng ra ln cao.
- Khi c 1 ng vo ni ln mc cao, mt trong 2 transistor T2 hoc T3 dn, ng ra xung
thp.
chnh l kt qu ca cng NOR 2 ng vo.
Cng c bn CMOS
H CMOS s dng hai loi transistor knh N v P vi mc ch ci thin tch s cng
sut vn tc, mc d kh nng tch hp thp hn loi N v P. (H 3.30a), (H 3.30b) v (H
3.30c) l cc cng NOT, NAND v NOR h CMOS
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Bng 3.3
Ngoi ra vn hnh ca cng NAND v NOR c gii thch nh sau:
Cng NAND:
- Khi 2 ng vo ni ln mc cao, T1 v T2 ngng, T3 v T4 dn, ng ra xung thp.
- Khi c 1 ng vo ni xung mc thp, mt trong 2 transistor T3 hoc T4 ngng, mt
trong 2 transistor T1 hoc T2 dn, ng ra ln cao.
chnh l kt qu ca cng NAND 2 ng vo.
Cng NOR:
- Khi 2 ng vo ni xung mc thp, T1v T2 dn, T3 v T4 ngng, ng ra ln cao.
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Ngoi ra cn c cc lot :
- 74C : CMOS c cng s chn v chc nng vi IC TTL nu c cng s. Th d IC
74C74 l IC gm 2 FF D tc ng bi cnh xung ng h ging nh IC 7474 ca TTL.
Hu ht (nhng khng tt c) cc thng s ca lot 74C ging vi 74 TTL nn ta c th
thay th 2 loi ny cho nhau c.
- 74HC (High speed CMOS), 74HCT: y l lot ci tin ca 74C, tc giao hon c
th so snh vi 74LS, ring 74HCT th hon ton tng thch vi TTL k c cc mc
logic. y l lot IC CMOS c dng rng ri.
- 74AC v 74ACT (Advance CMOS) ci tin ca 74 HC v HCT v mt nhiu bng
cch sp xp li th t cc chn, do n khng tng thch vi TTL v s chn
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Bng 3.4
C th ni iu kin thc trc tip
- Khi dng in ra ca tng thc ln hn hoc bng dng in vo ca tng ti c hai
trng thi thp v cao.
- Khi hiu th ng ra ca tng thc hai trng thi thp v cao ph hp vi in th vo
ca tng ti.
Nh vy, trc khi xt cc trng hp c th ta xem qua bng k cc thng s ca hai
h IC
TTL thc CMOS
- TTL thc CMOS dng in th thp (VDD = 5V):
T bng 3.4 dng in vo ca CMOS c tr rt nh so vi dng ra ca cc lot TTL,
vy v dng in khng c vn
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(H 3.33) (H 3.34)
CMOS thc TTL
- CMOS thc TTL trng thi cao:
Bng 3.4 cho thy in th ra v dng in ra mc cao ca CMOS cp cho TTL .
Vy khng c vn trng thi cao
- CMOS thc TTL trng thi thp:
Dng in vo trng thi thp ca TTL thay i trong khong t 100 A n 2 mA.
Hai lot 74HC v 74HCT c th nhn dng 4 mA . Vy hai lot ny c th giao tip vi
mt IC TTL m khng c vn . Tuy nhin, vi lot 4000B, IOL rt nh khng
giao tip vi ngay c mt IC TTL, ngi ta phi dng mt cng m nng dng ti
ca lot 4000B trc khi thc vi IC 74LS (H 3.35)
- CMOS dng ngun cao thc TTL:
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(H 3.35) (H 3.36)
Vi th d dng cng thit k mch
1. Dng cng NAND 2 ng vo thit k mch to hm Y = f(A,B,C) =1 khi tha cc
iu kin sau:
a. A=0, B=1 v C=1
b. A=1, B=1 bt chp C
Gii
D vo iu kin ca bi ton ta c bng s tht ca hm Y
Rt gn hm:
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Y =AB+BC (H 3.37)
dng tan cng NAND to hm, ta dng nh l De Morgan, bin i hm Y:
(H P3.38)
a./ Vit biu thc hm Y theo cc bin A,B,C.
b./ Rt gn hm logic ny
c./ Thay th mch trn bng mt mch ch gm cng NAND 2 ng vo
Gii
a./ Ta c
b./ Rt gn
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(H P3.39)
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BI TP CHNG 3-KTS
BI TP
1. Thit k mch thc hin cc hm sau y dng ton cng NAND 2 ng vo:
a./ f(A,B,C) = 1 nu (ABC)2 l s chn.
b./ f(A,B,C) = 1 nu c t nht 2 bin = 1.
c./ f(A,B,C) = 1 nu s nh phn (ABC)2 > 5.
d./ f(A,B,C) = 1 nu s bin c gi tr 1 l s chn.
e./ f(A,B,C) = 1 nu c mt v ch mt bin = 1.
2. Thit k mch gm 2 ng vo D, E v 2 ng ra P, C tha cc iu kin sau y:
- Nu E = 1 D = 0 P = 1, C = 0
- Nu E = 1 D = 1 P = 0, C = 1
- Nu E = 0 D bt k P = 1, C = 1
3. Hm logic F(A, B, C) tha tnh cht sau y :
F(A,B,C) = 1 nu c mt v ch mt bin bng 1
a- Lp bng s tht cho hm F.
b- V mch logic to hm F.
4. Thit K mch to hm
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6. Rt gn hm logic :
f(A,B,C,D) = (0,1, 2, 4, 5, 8), A = MSB. Hm khng xc nh vi cc t hp bin (3,
7,10).
Dng s cng NOR t nht thc hin mch to hm trn.
7. Hm f(A,B,C) =1 khi s bin = 1 l s chn
- Vit biu thc logic ca hm f(A,B,C) theo t hp bin A,B,C.
- Dng cc cng EX-OR thc hin mch to hm trn.
8. Mt mch t hp nhn vo mt s nh phn A=A3A2A1A0 (A0 l LSB) to ra ng
ra Y mc cao khi v ch khi 0010<A<1000. Hy thit k mch vi:
a) Cu trc NAND-NAND.
b) Ton cng NAND 2 ng vo.
9. Mt mch t hp nhn vo mt s BCD, c tn l X. Ng ra ca mch ln 1 khi tha
iu kin 110 X 510.
Hy thit k mch t hp trn, dng ton cng NAND 2 ng vo.
10. Hm f(A,B,C,D) =1 khi c t nht 3 bin = 1
- Vit biu thc logic ca hm f(A,B,C,D) theo t hp bin A,B,C,D.
- Dng cc cng NAND 2 ng vo (s cng t nht) thc hin mch to hm trn.
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MCH T HP
MCH T HP
Cc mch s c chia ra lm hai loi: Mch t hp v Mch tun t.
- Mch t hp: Trng thi ng ra ch ph thuc vo t hp cc ng vo khi t hp ny
n nh. Ng ra Q ca mch t hp l hm logic ca cc bin ng vo A, B, C . . ..
Q = f(A,B,C . . .)
- Mch tun t : Trng thi ng ra khng nhng ph thuc vo t hp cc ng vo m
cn ph thuc trng thi ng ra trc . Ta ni mch tun t c tnh nh. Ng ra Q+
ca mch tun t l hm logic ca cc bin ng vo A, B, C . . . . v ng ra Q trc .
Q+ = f(Q,A,B,C . . .)
Chng ny nghin cu mt s mch t hp thng dng thng qua vic thit k mt s
mch n gin v kho st mt s IC trn thc t.
MCH M HA
M ha l gn cc k hiu cho cc i tng trong mt tp hp thun tin cho vic
thc hin mt yu cu c th no . Th d m BCD gn s nh phn 4 bit cho tng s
m ca s thp phn (t 0 n 9) thun tin cho my c mt s c nhiu s m; m
Gray dng tin li trong vic ti gin cc hm logic . . .. Mch chuyn t m ny sang
m khc gi l mch chuyn m, cng c xp vo loi mch m ha. Th d mch
chuyn s nh phn 4 bit sang s Gray l mt mch chuyn m.
Mch m ha 2n ng sang n ng
Mt s nh phn n bit cho 2n t hp s khc nhau. Vy ta c th dng s n bit m
cho 2n ng vo khc nhau, khi c mt ng vo c chn bng cch a n ln mc tc
ng, ng ra s ch bo s nh phn tng ng. l mch m ha 2n ng sang n
ng.
(H 4.1) l m hnh mt mch m ha 2n ng sang n ng.
- (H 4.1a) l mch c ng vo v ra tc ng cao : Khi cc ng vo u mc thp,
mch cha hot ng, cc ng ra u mc thp. Khi c mt ng vo c tc ng
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(a) (b)
(H 4.1)
D nhin, ngi ta cng c th thit k theo kiu ng vo tc ng thp v ng ra tc
ng cao hay ngc li. Trn thc t, ta c th c bt c loi ng vo hay ra tc ng
theo bt c kiu no (mc cao hay thp).
Ngoi ra, trnh trng hp mch cho ra mt m sai khi ngi s dng v tnh (hay
c ) tc ng ng thi vo hai hay nhiu ng vo, ngi ta thit k cc mch m ha
u tin: l mch ch cho ra mt m duy nht c tnh u tin khi c nhiu ng vo cng
c tc ng.
M ha u tin 4 ng sang 2 ng
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Bng 4.1
Nhn thy bin 0 trong bng s tht khng nh hng n kt qu nn ta ch v bng
Karnaugh cho 3 bin 1, 2 v 3. Lu l do trong bng s tht c cc trng hp bt
chp ca bin nn ng vi mt tr ring ca hm ta c th c n 2 hoc 4 s 1 trong
bng Karnaugh. Th d vi tr 1 ca c 2 hm A1 v A0 dng cui cng a n 4 s
1 trong cc 001, 011, 101 v 111 ca 3 bin 123.
T bng Karnaugh, ta c kt qu v mch tng ng. Trong mch khng c ng vo 0,
iu ny c hiu l mch s ch bo s 0 khi khng tc ng vo ng vo no.
(H 4.2)
M ha 8 ng sang 3 ng
Bng 4.2
(H 4.3) l cch ni 2 IC thc hin m ha 16 ng sang 4 ng
(H 4.3)
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Bng 4.3
Khng cn bng Karnaugh ta c th vit ngay cc hm xc nh cc ng ra:
A0=1+3+5+7+9A1=2+3+6+7
A2=4+5+6+7A3=8+9
Mch cho (H 4.4)
(H 4.4)
to m BCD u tin cho s ln, ta vit li bng s tht v dng phng php i s
n gin cc hm xc nh cc ng ra A3 , A2 , A1 , A0
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Bng 4.4
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(H 4.5)
Mch chuyn m
Mch chuyn t mt m ny sang mt m khc cng thuc loi m ha.
Mch chuyn m nh phn sang Gray
Th thit k mch chuyn t m nh phn sang m Gray ca s 4 bit.
Trc tin vit bng s tht ca s nh phn v s Gray tng ng. Cc s nh phn l
cc bin v cc s Gray s l hm ca cc bin .
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Bng 4.5
Dng bng Karnaugh xc nh X, Y, Z, T theo A, B, C, D
Quan st bng s tht ta thy ngay: X = A,
Vy ch cn lp 3 bng Karnaugh cho cc bin Y, Z, T (H 4.6 a,b,c) v kt qu cho (H
4.6 d)
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(H 4.6 ) (d)
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MCH GII M
MCH GII M
Gii m n ng sang 2n ng
Gii m 2 ng sang 4 ng:
Thit k mch Gii m 2 ng sang 4 ng c ng vo cho php (cng c dng
ni mch)
n gin, ta xt mch gii m 2 ng sang 4 ng c cc ng vo v ra u tc
ng cao .
Bng s tht, cc hm ng ra v s mch:
(H 4.7)
Gii m 3 ng sang 8 ng
Dng 2 mch gii m 2 ng sang 4 ng thc hin mch gii m 3 ng sang 8
ng (H 4.8)
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Quan st bng s tht ta thy: Trong cc t hp s 3 bit c 2 nhm trong cc bit thp
A1A0 hon ton ging nhau, mt nhm c bit A2 = 0 v nhm kia c A2 = 1. Nh vy
ta c th dng ng vo G cho bit A2 v mc mch nh sau.
(H 4.8)
Khi A2=G=0, IC1 gii m cho 1 trong 4 ng ra thp v khi A2=G=1, IC2 gii m cho 1
trong 4 ng ra cao
Trn th trng hin c cc loi IC gii m nh:
- 74139 l IC cha 2 mch gii m 2 ng sang 4 ng, c ng vo tc ng cao, cc
ng ra tc ng thp, ng vo cho php tc ng thp.
- 74138 l IC gii m 3 ng sang 8 ng c ng vo tc ng cao, cc ng ra tc
ng thp, hai ng vo cho php G2A v G2B tc ng thp, G1 tc ng cao.
- 74154 l IC gii m 4 ng sang 16 ng c ng vo tc ng cao, cc ng ra tc
ng thp, 2 ng vo cho php E1 v E2 tc ng thp
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(H 4.9)
Mt ng dng quan trng ca mch gii m l dng gii m a ch cho b nh bn dn.
Ngoi ra, mch gii m kt hp vi mt cng OR c th to c hm logic.
Th d, thit k mch to hm
(H 4.10)
D nhin, vi nhng hm cha phi dng tng chun, chng ta phi chun ha. V nu
bi ton c yu cu ta phi thc hin vic i cng, bng cch dng nh l De Morgan.
Gii m BCD sang 7 an
n 7 an
y l lai n dng hin th cc s t 0 n 9, n gm 7 an a, b, c, d, e, f, g, bn
di mi an l mt led (n nh) hoc mt nhm led mc song song (n ln). Qui
c cc an cho bi (H 4.11).
(H 4.11)
Khi mt t hp cc an chy sng s to c mt con s thp phn t 0 - 9.
(H 4.12) cho thy cc on no chy th hin cc s t 0 n 9
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(H 4.12)
n 7 on cng hin th c mt s ch ci v mt s k hiu c bit.
C hai loi n 7 on:
- Loi catod chung (H 4.13a), dng cho mch gii m c ng ra tc ng cao.
- Loi anod chung (H 4.13b), dng cho mch gii m c ng ra tc ng thp.
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Bng 4.6
Dng Bng Karnaugh hoc c th n gin trc tip vi cc hm cha t t hp, ta c
kt qu:
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Ghi ch:
1. BI/RBO c ni theo kiu im AND bn trong IC v c dng nh ng vo xa
(Blanking Input, BI) v/hoc ng ra xa dn sng (Ripple Blanking Output, RBO).
Ng vo BI phi c h hay gi mc cao khi cn thc hin gii m cho s ra. Ng
vo xa dn sng (Ripple Blanking Input, RBI) phi h hay mc cao khi mun
c s 0.
2. Khi a ng vo BI xung thp, ng ra ln 1 (khng tc ng) bt chp cc ng vo
cn li. Ta ni IC lm vic di iu kin b p buc v y l trng hp duy nht BI
gi vai tr ng vo.
3. Khi ng vo RBI mc 0 v A=B=C=D=0, tt c cc ng ra k c RBO u xung
0. Ta ni IC lm vic di iu kin p ng.
4. Khi BI/RBO h hay c gi mc 1 v ng vo th n (Lamp test, LT) xung
0, tt c cc led u chy (ng ra xung 0).
Da vo bng s tht v cc ghi ch 7447 l IC gii m BCD sang 7 an c y cc
chc nng khc nh : th n, xa s 0 khi n khng c ngha. Ta c th hiu r hn
chc nng ny vi th d mch hin th mt kt qu c 3 ch s sau y: (H 4.14)
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(H 4.14)
Vn hnh ca mch c th gii thch nh sau:
- IC hng n v c ng vo RBI a ln mc cao nn n s 0 hng n v lun lun
c hin th (dng 0 trong bng s tht), iu ny l cn thit xc nhn rng mch
vn chy v kt qu gii m l s 0.
- IC hng chc c ng vo RBI ni vi ng ra RBO ca IC hng trm nn s 0 hng chc
ch c hin th khi s hng trm khc 0 (RBO=1) (dng 0 n 15).
- IC hng trm c ng vo RBI a xung mc thp nn s 0 hng trm lun lun tt
(dng ghi ch 3).
Hin th 7 on bng tinh th lng (liquid crystal displays, LCD)
LCD gm 7 on nh led thng v c chung mt cc nn (backplane). Khi c tn hiu
xoay chiu bin khong 3 - 15 VRMS v tn s khong 25 - 60 Hz p gia mt on
v cc nn, th on c tc ng v sng ln.
Trn thc t ngi ta to hai tn hiu nghch pha gia nn v mt on tc ng cho
on chy.
hiu c cch vn chuyn ta c th dng IC 4511 kt hp vi cc cng EX-OR
thc LCD (H 4.15). Cc ng ra ca IC 4511 (Gii m BCD sang 7 on, tc ng cao)
ni vo cc ng vo ca cc cng EX-OR, ng vo cn li ni vi tn hiu hnh vung
tn s khong 40 Hz (tn s thp c th gy ra nhp nhy), tn hiu ny ng thi c
a vo nn. Khi mt ng ra mch gii m ln cao, ng ra cng EX-OR cho mt tn hiu
o pha vi tn hiu nn, on tng ng xem nh nhn c tn hiu c bin gp
i v s sng ln. Vi cc ng ra mch gii m mc thp,
ng ra cng EX-OR cho mt tn hiu cng pha vi tn hiu nn nn on tng ng
khng sng.
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(H 4.15)
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(H 4.16)
Mch a hp
Cn c gi l mch chn d liu, gm 2n ng vo d liu, n ng vo a ch (hay iu
khin) v mt ng ra. Khi c mt a ch c tc ng d liu ng vo tng ng vi
a ch s c chn.
- Thit k mch a hp 41
Mch c 4 ng vo d liu D0 . . . . D3, 2 ng vo iu khin AB v ng ra Y
Bng s tht:
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(H 4.17)
Nu chu kh quan st ta s thy mch a hp 41 c th c thit k t mch gii
m2 ng sang 4 ng trong ng vo cho php G c tch ring ra lm ng
vo d liu (D0 . . . . D3) v ng vo d liu ca mch gii m tr thnh ng vo iu
khin ca mch a hp (A, B)
(H 4.18) l k hiu mt mch a hp vi 8 ng vo d liu, 3 ng vo iu khin v 1
ng ra, ta gi l a hp 8 1.
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(H 4.18)
Mt a hp 8 1 c ng ra Y quan h vi cc ng vo d liu v iu khin theo hm :
To chui xung tun hon :
Nu cho d liu vo tun hon, d liu ra ni tip cng tun hon, nh vy ch cn t
trc cc ng vo thay i theo mt chu k no ta s c chui xung tun hon
ng ra.
To hm:
Mt a hp 2n 1 c th to hm n bin bng cch cho cc bin vo ng vo iu khin
v cho tr ring ca hm vo cc ng vo d liu.
Th d: to hm 3 bin bng a hp 81 ta vit li biu thc ca a hp
So snh vi biu thc ca hm vit di dng trin khai theo nh l Shanon th nht
Ta c kt qu:
D0 = f(0,0,0) ; D1 = f(0,0,1) , . . . . . . . . . . . D6 = f(1,1,0) v D7 = f(1,1,1)
Th d: To hm:
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(H 4.20)
Mt a hp 2n 1 kt hp vi mt cng NOT c th to hm (n+1) bin. Th d : To
hm
Chun ha hm F1 :
Y = F1 ta phi c:
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(H 4.21)
Trn thc t, ta c cc loi mch a hp t 2 1 (IC 74157), 4 1 (IC 74153), 8
1 (IC 74151) v 16 1 (74150) . . . .
Ngoi ra, chn d liu l cc ngun tn hiu tng t, ta cng c cc a hp tng
t vi tn gi kha tng t (analog switch), c ch to theo cng ngh MOS nh
IC 4051 (8 knh) IC 4053 (2 knh). . . . Cng c loi kha s dng c cho c tn hiu
tng t v s (bilateral switches) nh IC 4016, IC 4066,. . m sinh vin c th tm hiu,
s dng d dng khi c bng tra k thut.
Mch gii a hp
Mch gii a hp thc cht l mch gii m trong ng vo cho php tr thnh ng
vo d liu v ng vo ca t hp s nh phn tr thnh ng vo a ch.
Trn th trng, ngi ta ch to mch gii m v gii a hp chung trong mt IC, ty
theo iu kin m s dng. Th d IC 74138 l IC Gii m 3 sang 8 ng ng thi l
mch gii a hp 1 8.
Khi s dng IC 74138 lm mch gii a hp, ngi ta dng mt ng vo cho php lm
ng vo d liu v cc ng vo s nh phn lm ng vo a ch. (H 4.22a) l IC 74138
__
__
YD (v CBA=000), cc ng ra khc (
Y Y ) mc cao.
1
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MCH SO SNH
MCH SO SNH
Mch so snh 2 s 1 bit
Trc tin ta thit k mch so snh hai s 1 bit.
Bng s tht ca mch so snh mt bit c ng vo cho php (ni mch) G :
Bng 4.7
(H 4.23)
T mch so snh 1 bit ta c th m rng so snh nhiu bit.
Mch so snh 2 s nhiu bit
so snh 2 s nhiu bit, trc tin ngi ta so snh 2 bit cao nht (MSB), kt qu ln
hoc nh hn do 2 bit ny quyt nh, nu 2 bit MSB bng nhau ngi ta so snh 2 bit
c trng s thp hn tip theo v kt qu c quyt nh theo cch tng t nh 2 bit
MSB. . . . . S so snh c lp li cho n bit LSB c kt cui cng.
Di y l s mch so snh 3 bit (H 4.24).
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(H 4.24)
- IC 1 so snh 2 bit cao (a3& b3) nn ng vo cho php c a ln mc cao, nu kt
qu bng nhau, ng ra E ca n ln cao, cho php IC 2 so snh, nu kt qu li bng
nhau, ng ra E ca IC 2 ln cao cho php IC 3 so snh, kt qu bng nhau cui cng ch
bi ng ra E ca IC 3.
- Cc ng vo cng OR nhn tn hiu t cc ng ra S (hoc I) s cho kt qu ln hn
(hoc nh hn) ty vo kt qu so snh bt c bit no. Tht vy khi c mt kt qu ln
hn (hoc nh hn) th S (hoc I) mt IC ln cao, cc ng ra E v I (hoc S) ca cc
IC khc bng 0, y l iu kin m cng OR cho kt qu so snh xut hin mt
trong cc cng OR ny.
Trn th trng c sn loi IC so snh 4 bit 7485 c ng ni mch m rng vic so
snh cho s nhiu bit hn.
Bng s tht ca IC 7485
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Bng 4.8
Da vo bng s tht, ta thy:
- Khi dng IC 7485 so snh 2 s 4 bit ta phi gi ng vo ni mch A=B mc
cao, hai ng vo ni mch cn li mc thp, nh vy IC mi th hin c kt qu ca
trng thi 9.
- Khi so snh 2 s nhiu bit hn ta phi dng nhiu IC 7485 v ni ng ra ca IC so
snh bit thp vo ng vo ni mch tng ng ca cc IC so snh cc bit cao hn v IC
so snh cc bit thp nht c ng vo ni mch c mc nh khi dng ring l. c
c kt qu so snh ta phi quan tm ti cc trng thi 9, 10 v 11 trong bng s tht.
(H 4.25) cho ta cch mc 2 IC 7485 so snh 2 s nh phn 8 bit:
(H 4.25)
Th d :
a. So snh hai s A7 . . . .A0 = 10101111 v B7 . . . . B0 = 10110001
IC 2 so snh cc bit cao A7 . . .A4 = 1010 v B7 . . .B4 =1011 c A7= B7 , A6= B6 , A5=
B5 v A4<B4 cho ng ra A<B = 1 bt chp trng thi ca cc ng vo ni mch (trng
thi 8). iu ny c ngha l khi IC so snh bit cao thy c kt qu khc nhau gia 2 s
bit cao th khng quan tm ti kt qu ca bit thp.
b. So snh hai s A7 . . . .A0 = 10101111 v B7 . . . . B0 = 10101001
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MCH KIM
MCH KIM / PHT CHN L
Do yu cu kim sai trong truyn d liu, ngi ta c phng php kim tra chn l.
Trong phng php ny, ngoi cc bit d liu, ngi ta thm vo 1 bit kim tra sao cho
tng s bit 1 k c bit kim tra l s chn (KT chn) hoc l (KT l)
ni thu, mch kim tra chn l s kim tra li s s 1 c trn tt c cc bit bit dng
d liu nhn c ng hay sai.
Vi phng php ny my thu s c kt lun ng khi s bit li l s l. Nh vy phng
php ch cho kt qu ng vi xc sut 50%, tuy nhin v xc sut mt li xy ra l
rt nh nn phng php vn c s dng ph bin trong mt s h truyn thng.
Mch pht chn l (Parity Generator, PG)
Ta s xt trng hp mch c 4 bit d liu.
Mch c 4 ng vo d liu A, B, C, D v 1 ng vo chn chn l S
- Giai on 1: Thit k mch ghi nhn s bit 1 l chn hay l
Gi s ta mun c mch bo kt qu Y=1 khi s bit 1 l l v Y=0 khi ngc li.
Li dng tnh cht ca cng EX-OR c ng ra =1 khi s s 1 ng vo l l. Vi 4 ng
vo, ta dng 3 cng EX-OR thc hin mch ghi nhn ny:
(H 4.26)
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Bng 4.9
Bng 4.9 cho kt qu:
Vy mch c dng
(H 4.27)
Mch kim chn l (Parity checker, PC)
Nu ta xem mch pht (H 4.27) nh l mch c 5 ng vo th ng ra P quan h vi s
lng bit 1 cc ng vo c th c suy ra t bng 4.9
Bng 4.9
Nh vy, ta c th dng mch pht trn lm mch kim tra chn l.
Tm li, mt h thng gm mch pht v kim chn l c mc nh (H 4.28)
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(H 4.28)
Trn th trng c cc IC kim/pht chn l nh 74180 (9 bit) 74280 (9 bit), loi CMOS
c 40101 (9 bit), 4531 (13 bit).
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BI TP CHNG 4-KTS
BI TP
1. Thit k mch m ha 32 ng sang 5 ng dng IC 74148 v cng logic.
2. Thit k mch gii m 4 ng sang 16 ng t mch gii m 2 ng sang 4 ng
c ng vo cho php.
3. Thit k mch so snh 4 bit t mch so snh 1 bit
4. Thit k mch chuyn t m Gray sang m nh phn
5. Thit k mch chuyn t m BCD sang m Excess-3 ca cc s t 0 n 9.
(M Excess-3 ca 1 s c c t tr nh phn tng ng cng thm 3, th d m s 0 l
0011, m s 9 l 1100)
6. Dng mt mch gii m 3 sang 8 ng, 2 cng NAND 3 ng vo v 1 cng AND 2
ng vo thc hin cc hm sau:
F 1 = (1,2,3) ; F 2 = (4,5,7) ; F 3 = (1,2,3,4,5,7)
7. Ci t cc hm sau dng b dn knh (multiplexer) 4 1 (Dng thm cng logic
nu cn)
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MCH TUN T
MCH TUN T
Trong chng trc, chng ta kho st cc loi mch t hp, l cc mch m ng
ra ca n ch ph thuc vo cc bin ng vo m khng ph thuc vo trng thi trc
ca mch. Ni cch khc, y l loi mch khng c kh nng nh, mt chc nng
quan trng trong cc h thng logic.
Chng ny s bn v loi mch th hai: mch tun t.
- Mch tun t l mch c trng thi ng ra khng nhng ph thuc vo t hp cc ng
vo m cn ph thuc trng thi ng ra trc . Ta ni mch tun t c tnh nh. Ng
ra Q+ ca mch tun t l hm logic ca cc bin ng vo A, B, C . . . . v ng ra Q trc
.
Q+ = f(Q,A,B,C . . .)
- Mch tun t vn hnh di tc ng ca xung ng h v c chia lm 2 loi: ng
b v Khng ng b. mch ng b, cc phn t ca mch chu tc ng ng thi
ca xung ng h (CK) v mch khng ng b th khng c iu kin ny.
Phn t c bn cu thnh mch tun t l cc flipflop
FLIP FLOP
Mch flipflop (FF) l mch dao ng a hi lng n tc mch to ra sng vung v c
hai trng thi n nh. Trng thi ca FF ch thay i khi c xung ng h tc ng.
Mt FF thng c:
- Mt hoc hai ng vo d liu, mt ng vo xung CK v c th c cc ng vo vi cc
chc nng khc.
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(H 5.1)
Cc trng thi logic ca mch cho bng 5.1:
(i vi mch cht v khng c tc ng ca xung ng h nn ta c th hiu trng thi
trc l trng thi gi s, cn trng thi sau l trng thi khi mch n nh).
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(H 5.3)
(H 5.4a) l k hiu cht RS tc ng cao v (H 5.4b) l cht RS tc ng thp.
(a) (b)
(H 5.4)
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Flip Flop RS
Trong cc phn di y, ta lun s dng cht RS tc ng mc cao dng cng NAND.
Khi thm ng vo xung CK cho cht RS ta c FF RS . (H 5.5a) l FF RS c cc ng
vo R, S v xung ng h CK u tc ng mc cao.
Bng 5.4
c FF RS c xung ng h tc ng thp ch cn thm mt cng o cho ng vo CK
(H 5.5b). Ta c bng s tht ging Bng 5.4, tr ng vo CK phi o li
Flipflop RS c ng vo Preset v Clear:
Tnh cht ca FF l c trng thi ng ra bt k khi m my. Trong nhiu trng hp, c
th cn t trc ng ra Q=1 hoc Q=0, mun th, ngi ta thm vo FF cc ng vo
Preset (t trc Q=1) v Clear (Xa Q=0), mch c dng (H 5.6a) v (H 5.6b) l k
hiu ca FF RS c ng vo Preset v Clear tc ng mc thp.
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Bng 5.5
Lu : Trn bng 5.5, dng th nht tng ng vi trng thi cm v hai ng vo Pr v
Cl ng thi mc tc ng, 2 cng NAND cui cng u ng, nn Q+=Q=1.
Flipflop RS ch t:
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(H 5.7)
Hot ng ca FF c gii thch nh sau:
- Do CKS ca tng t l o ca CKM = CK ca tng ch nn khi CK=1, tng ch giao
hon th tng t ngng. Trong khong thi gian ny, d liu t ng vo R v S c a
ra v n nh ng ra R v S ca tng ch, ti thi im xung CK xung thp, R v
__
S c truyn n ng ra Q v
Q (H 5.8)
(H 5.8)
- i vi trng hp R = S =1 khi CK=1 th R= S =1, nhng khi CK xung thp th mt
trong hai ng ra ny xung thp, do mch thot khi trng thi cm, nhng S hay R
xung thp trc th khng on trc c nn mch ri vo trng thi bt nh, ngha
__
Bng 5.6
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(a) (b)
(H 5.9)
(H 5.9b) l k hiu FF JK c ng vo Pr v Cl tc ng thp.
Bng s tht 5.7 ( n gin, ta b qua cc ng vo Pr v Cl)
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FF JK thot khi trng thi cm v thay vo l trng thi o (khi J=K=1 th Q+=
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(H 5.12)
(H 5.12) l s mt mch ghi dch 4 bit n gin, mch gm 4 FF D ni thnh chui
(ng ra Q ca FF trc ni vo ng vo D ca FF sau) v cc ng vo CK c ni chung
li (cc FF chu tc ng ng thi). Mch ghi dch ny c kh nng dch phi.
Ng vo DA ca FF u tin c gi l ng vo d liu ni tip, cc ng ra QA, QB,
QC, QD l cc ng ra song song, ng ra ca FF cui cng (FF D) l ng ra ni tip .
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Bng 5.12
Cc mch ghi dch c phn loi ty vo s bit (s FF), chiu dch (phi/tri), cc ng
vo/ra (ni tip/song song).
c mch dch tri, d liu ni tip a vo ng vo D ca FF cui cng v cc ng ra
ca FF sau ni ngc tr li ng vo ca FF trc (H 5.13)
(H 5.13)
Cho d liu ni tip vo ng vo D ca FF 4, sau mi xung ng h, d liu truyn t
tng sau ra tng trc. Gi s chui d liu ging nh trn, trng thi cc ng ra ca cc
FF cho bng 5.13
Bng 5.13
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(H 5.14)
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(H 5.15)
ngha cc chn: S: Mode control input Ds: Serial Data input
P0 - P3 : Parrallel data inputs
CP1 : Serial Clock CP2: Parrallel clock
Q0 - Q3 : Parrallel outputs
Di y l cc bc thao tc thc hin cc chc nng ca IC
Np d liu song song
- Chun b d liu cc ng vo P0 - P3
- Cho S = 1, d liu c a vo cc ng vo ca cc FF, CP1 b kha, CP2 l ng vo
CK, d liu xut hin ng ra Q0 - Q3 khi c cnh xung ca CK
Dch phi
- Sau khi np d liu song song - Chun b d liu ni tip.
- Cho S = 0
- a d liu ni tip vo ng vo Ds, CP2 b kha, CP1 l ng vo CK, khi CK tc ng,
d liu s dch phi tng bit mt trn cc ng ra Q0 - Q3
Dch tri
- Ni ng ra FF sau vo ng vo song song ca FF trc - P3 l ng vo ni tip
- S = 1 cch ly ng ra FF trc vi ng vo FF sau
- CP2 l ng vo xung CK, d liu s dch tri ng vi cnh xung ca CK.
Lu : Mc d c 2 ng vo cho xung CK nhng khi s dng chng thng c ni
chung li, l do l v ng vi mt trng thi ca tn hiu iu khin S ch c mt trong
hai cng AND m cho tn hiu CK i qua.
ng dng ca ghi dch
Ghi dch c kh nhiu ng dng:
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MCH M 1
MCH M
Li dng tnh o trng thi ca FF JK khi J=K=1, ngi ta thc hin cc mch m.
Chc nng ca mch m l m s xung CK a vo ng vo hoc th hin s trng
thi c th c ca cc ng ra.
Nu xt kha cnh tn s ca tn hiu th mch m c chc nng chia tn, ngha l tn
s ca tn hiu ng ra l kt qu ca php chia tn s ca tn hiu CK ng vo cho s
m ca mch.
Ta c cc loi: mch m ng b, khng ng b v m vng.
Mch m ng b
Trong mch m ng b cc FF chu tc ng ng thi ca xung m CK.
Mch m ng b n tng, m ln
thit k mch m ng b n tng (ly th d n=4), trc tin lp bng trng thi,
quan st bng trng thi suy ra cch mc cc ng vo JK ca cc FF sao cho mch giao
hon to cc ng ra ng nh bng lp. Gi s ta dng FF tc ng bi cnh xung
ca xung CK (Tht ra, kt qu thit k khng ph thuc vo chiu tc ng ca xung
CK, tuy nhin iu ny phi c th hin trn mch nn ta cng cn lu ). Vi 4 FF
mch m c 24=16 trng thi v s m c t 0 n 15. Ta c bng trng thi:
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Bng 5.14
Nhn thy:
- FF A i trng thi sau tng xung CK, vy: TA = JA = KA = 1
- FF B i trng thi nu trc QA = 1, vy TB = JB = KB = QA
- FF C i trng thi nu trc QA = QB = 1, vy: TC = JC = KC = QA.QB
- FF D i trng thi nu trc QA=QB=QC=1, vy:
TD = JD = KD = QA.QB.QC = TC.QC
Ta c kt qu (H 5.16)
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(H 5.16)
Mch m ng b n tng, m xung
Bng trng thi:
Bng 5.15
Nhn thy:
- FF A i trng thi sau tng xung CK, vy: TA = JA = KA = 1
- FF B i trng thi nu trc QA = 0, vy: TB = JB = KB =
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Ta c kt qu (H 5.17)
(H 5.17)
Mch m ng b n tng, m ln/ xung
c mch m n tng, m ln hoc xung ta dng mt a hp 21 c ng vo iu
khin C chn Q hoc
a vo tng sau qua cc cng AND. Trong mch (H 5.18) di y khi C=1 mch
m ln v khi C=0 mch m xung.
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(H 5.18)
Tn s hot ng ln nht ca mch m ng b n tng:
Trong mch (H 5.16) ta cn 2 cng AND. Trong trng hp tng qut cho n tng, s
cng AND l (n-2) nh vy thi gian ti thiu tn hiu truyn qua mch l:
Tn s cc i xc nh bi:
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Bng 5.16
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Bng 5.17
T bng 5.17, ta thy:
(H 5.19)
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(H 5.20)
By gi ta c th kim tra xem nu nh v mt l do no , s m ri vo cc trng
thi khng s dng (tng ng vi s t 10 n 15) th khi c xung ng h trng thi
tip theo s nh th no ? Mch c quay v m tip ?
p dng cc hm chuyn c c, ng vi mi trng thi Q ca tng FF trong cc t
hp khng s dng, ta tm tr H tng ng ri suy ra Q+, ta c bng kt qu sau:
Bng 5.18
T bng kt qu ta c kt lun:
- Khi ng ra ri vo trng thi 1010 (1010), n s nhy tip vo trng thi 1110 (1011)
ri sau nhy v 610 (0110) (Dng 1 v 2)
- Khi ng ra ri vo trng thi 1210 (1100), n s nhy tip vo trng thi 1310 (11 01)
ri sau nhy v 410 (0100) (Dng 3 v 4)
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- Khi ng ra ri vo trng thi 1410 (1110), n s nhy tip vo trng thi 1510 (1111)
ri sau nhy v 210 (0010) (Dng 5 v 6).
Tm li, nu c mt s c xy ra lm cho s m ri vo cc trng thi khng s dng
th sau 1 hoc 2 s m n t ng quay v mt trong cc s m t 0 n 9 ri tip tc
m bnh thng.
Phng php MARCUS
Phng php MARCUS cho php xc nh cc biu thc ca J v K da vo s thay i
ca Q+ so vi Q
T bng trng thi ca FF JK (Bng 5.7) ta c th vit li Bng 5.19:
Bng 5.19
thit k mch, ta so snh Q+ v Q c c bng s tht cho J, K ca tng FF, sau
xc nh J v K.
Th d thit k li mch m 10 bng phng php MARCUS
Bng s tht cho J, K ca tng FF
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MCH M 2
Bng 5.20
Ghi ch: Trong bng 5.20, khng c cc ct cho Q+, tuy nhin ta c th thy ngay l
dng bn di chnh l Q+ ca dng bn trn, nh vy kt qu c c t s so snh
dng trn v dng ngay di n.
Ta thy ngay JA = KA = 1
Dng bng Karnaugh xc nh cc hm cn li
Nhn thy cc FF B v C c th xc nh chung cho J v K (cng v tr 1 v x), FF D
c xc nh J v K ring
(H 5.21)
Ta c li kt qu trn.
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Mch m khng ng b
L cc mch m m cc FF khng chu tc ng ng thi ca xung CK.
Khi thit k mch m khng ng b ta phi quan tm ti chiu tc ng ca xung
ng h CK.
Mch m khng ng b, n tng, m ln (n=4):
T bng trng thi 5.14 ca mch m 4 bit, ta thy nu dng FF JK tc ng bi cnh
xung ca xung ng h th c th ly ng ra ca tng trc lm xung ng h CK cho
tng sau, vi iu kin cc ng vo JK ca cc FF u c a ln mc cao. Ta c
mch m khng ng b, 4 bt, m ln (H 5.22).
(H 5.22)
(H 5.23) l dng tn hiu xung CK v cc ng ra ca cc FF
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(H 5.23)
T hp cc s to bi cc ng ra cc FF D, C, B, A l s nh phn t 0 n 15
Mch m khng ng b, n tng, m xung (n=4):
__
(H 5.24)
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(H 5.25)
Quan st tn hiu ra cc Flipflop ta thy sau mi FF tn s ca tn hiu ra gim i mt
na, ngha l:
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c = 0 : m xung c = 1 : m ln
(H 5.26)
Trn thc t , n gin, ta c th thay a hp 21 bi mt cng EX-OR, ng iu
khin C ni vo mt ng vo cng EX-OR, ng vo cn li ni vi ng ra Q ca FF v
ng ra ca cng EX-OR ni vo ng vo CK ca FF sau, mch cng m ln/xung ty
vo C=0 hay C=1.
(H 5.27)
Mch m khng ng b modulo - N (N=10)
Kiu Reset:
thit k mch m kiu Reset, trc nht ngi ta lp bng trng thi cho s m
(Bng 5.21)
Quan st bng 5.21 ta thy xung th 10, nu theo cch m 4 tng th QD v QB phi
ln 1. Li dng hai trng thi ny ta dng mt cng NAND 2 ng vo a tn hiu v
xa cc FF, ta c mch m (H 5.28).
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Bng 5.21
(H 5.28)
Mch m kiu Reset c khuyt im nh:
- C mt trng thi trung gian trc khi t s m cui cng.
- Ng vo Cl khng c dng cho chc nng xa ban u.
Kiu Preset:
Trong kiu Preset cc ng vo ca cc FF s c t trc th no khi mch m
n trng thi th N th tt c cc FF t ng quay v khng.
thit k mch m khng ng b kiu Preset, thng ngi ta lm nh sau:
- Phn tch s m N = 2n.N (N<N) ri kt hp hai mch m n bit v N. Vic thit
k rt n gin khi s N' << N
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Bng 5.22
Gi s dng FF JK c xung CK tc ng cnh xung.
T bng 5.21, ta thy c th dng tn hiu ng ra FF B lm xung ng h cho FF C v
a JC v KC ln mc cao:
CKC= QB. ; JC=KC=1
Cc FF B v D s dng xung CK ca h thng v cc ng vo JK c xc nh nh
hm chuyn:
Bng 5.23
Dng bng Karnaugh xc nh HD v HB ri suy ra cc tr J, K ca cc FF.
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(H 5.29)
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MCH M 3
C th xc nh J, K ca cc FF B v D bng phng php MARCUS:
Bng 5.24
Ta c ngay KD=KB=1
Dng bng Karnaugh xc nh JD v JB
(H 5.30)
(H 5.31) l mch m 10 thit k theo kiu m 2x5 vi mch m 5 c c t kt qu
trn.
(H 5.31)
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(H 5.32)
Bng 5.25 l bng s tht cho cc ng vo Reset
Bng 5.25
Dng IC 7490, c th thc hin mt trong hai cch mc:
Mch m 2x5: Ni QA vo ng vo B, xung m (CK) vo ng vo A
Mch m 5x2: Ni QD vo ng vo A, xung m (CK) vo ng vo B
Hai cch mc cho kt qu s m khc nhau nhng cng mt chu k m 10. Tn s tn
hiu ng ra sau cng bng 1/10 tn s xung CK (nhng dng tn hiu ra khc nhau).
Di y l hai bng trng thi cho hai trng hp ni trn.
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(H 5.33)
Mch m vng
Thc cht l mch ghi dch trong ta cho hi tip t mt ng ra no v ng vo
thc hin mt chu k m. Ty ng hi tip m ta c cc chu k m khc nhau
Sau y ta kho st vi loi mch m vng ph bin.
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(H 5.34)
i vi mch ny, s m vng ch thy c khi c t trc ng ra
- t trc QA =1, ta c kt qu nh bng 5.28.
Bng 5.28
Nu t trc QA = QB = 1 ta c bng 5.29
Bng 5.29
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Hi tip t QD__ size 12{ {Q rSub { size 8{D} } } cSup { size 8{"__"} } } {} v JA
v QD v KA (H 5.35)
(H 5.35)
Mch ny cn c tn l mch m Johnson. Mch c mt chu k m mc nhin m
khng cn t trc v nu c t trc, mch s cho cc chu k khc nhau ty vo t
hp t trc . Bng 5.30 l chu k m mc nhin.
Bng 5.30
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Hi tip t QD__ size 12{ {Q rSub { size 8{D} } } cSup { size 8{"__"} } } {} v JA
v QC v KA (H 5.36)
(H 5.36)
Bng 5.31
Vi th d thit k mch m
1. Dng FF JK thit k mch m 6, ng b
Bng trng thi v hm chuyn mch m 6:
Bng 5.32
HC = 1 JC =KC = 1
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Mch:
(H 5.38)
2. Thit k mch m 7 khng ng b, dng FF JK c ng vo xung ng h tc ng
bi cnh ln ca CK.
Bng trng thi
Bng 5.33
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BI TP CHNG 5-KTS
BI TP
1. Thit k b m ng b c dy m sau: 000, 010, 101, 110 v lp li.
2. Lm li bi 1. Thm iu kin cc trng thi khng s dng 001, 011, 100 v 111 phi
lun lun nhy v 000 xung ng h k tip.
3. Thit k b m ng b dng FF-JK vi dy m sau: 000, 001, 011, 010, 110,111,
101, 100, 000 . . .
4.
a. Thit k mt mch m ng b dng FF-JK tc ng cnh xung, c dy m nh
sau: 000, 001, 011, 111, 110, 100, 001. . . Nhng trng thi khng s dng c a v
trng thi 000 xung ng h k tip. V s mch.
b. Mc ni tip mt b m 2 (Dng FF-JK, tc ng cnh xung) vi b m c
thit k cu a. V dng sng cc ng ra ca b m gi s trng thi ban u ca cc
ng ra u bng 0. Xc nh dy m ca mch.
5. Thit k mch m ng b modulo-12 dng FF JK.
Dng ng ra mch m iu khin h thng n giao thng:
- n xanh chy trong 40 s
- n vng chy trong 20s
- n chy trong 40s
- n vng v cng chy trong 20s. Chu k lp li
Cho chu k xung ng h l 10s.
6. Thit k mch m ng b dng FF JK c ng vo iu khin X:
- Khi X=0 mch m theo th t 0, 2, 4, 6 ri tr v 0
- Khi X=1 mch m 0, 6, 4, 2 ri tr v 0.
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MCH LM TON
MCH LM TON
S b
Cho s dng N, n bit, cc s b ca N c nh ngha:
S b 2: (N)2 = 2n - N (s 2n gm bit 1 v n bit 0 theo sau)
S b 1: (N)1 = (N)2 -1 = 2n - N - 1
Th d 1: N = 1010
S b 2 ca N l (N)2 = l 10000 - 1010 = 0110
V s b 1 ca N l (N)1 = 0110 - 1 = 0101
Th d 2: N = 110010101100 (N)2 = 001101010100 v (N)1 = 001101010011
Nhn xt:
- c s b 2 ca mt s, bt u t bit LSB (tn cng bn phi) i ngc v bn tri,
cc bit s gi nguyn cho n lc gp bit 1 u tin, sau o tt c cc bit cn li.
- c s b 1 ca mt s, ta o tt c cc bit ca s .
T cc nhn xt trn ta c th thc hin mt mch to s b 1 v 2 sau y:
(H 6.1)
- Khi C=1, B l s b 1 ca b (B1 v b1 l bit LSB)
- Khi C=0, B l s b 2 ca b.
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- Khi C=0
= b2 nu b1=0 v b2 nu b1 = 1
= b3 nu b1 v b2 u =0
= b3 nu (b1 v/hoc b2 = 1)
Nh vy tt c cc bit sau bit 1 th nht tnh t bit LSB u b o v B chnh l s b
2 ca b
Chng ta cng c th thit k mch to s b hai bng cch dng FF RS, c ng vo R,
S tc ng mc cao, kt hp vi cc cng logic nh (H 6.2). Mch ny dng kh tin li
khi cn thc hin bi ton cng v tr nhiu bit kiu ni tip.
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(H 6.2)
Bt u, Preset mch ng ra Q = 1, cng G3 ng, G2 m, cho s B i qua m khng
b o cho n khi c bit 1 u tin n, cng G1 m cho xung ng h i qua, FF RS
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b/ - A B
Kt qu A-Bl 0 hoc s dng, php tnh c thc hin theo qui tc sau:
Cng A vi (B)2 v khng quan tm ti s nh v tr 2n
Th d 7 : Tnh 110101 - 100110 dng s b 2
A = 110101 v B = 100110 (B)2 = 011010
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Php ton vi s c du
Php ton vi s c du
Cho ti gi chng ta thc hin cc php ton vi s khng du v i khi xut hin du
tr trong kt qu. Trong my tnh, iu ny c th khc phc c bng cch dng s
c du.
Vi qui c s dng c bit du l 0 v s m c du l 1
Th d 9: +1010 = 01010 +1510 = 01111 +2310 = 010111
-1010 = 10110 - 1510 = 10001 - 2310 = 101001
C th thy rng s m ca mt s l s b 2 ca n k c bit du.
Vi cch biu din s c du, php ton tr tr thnh php ton cng:
A-B= A+(-B)
Th d 10: Tnh A-B=01110 - 01001; B= 01001 = +910 - 910 = 10111
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Ghi ch: - Trong tt c trng hp, ta lun lun thc hin php cng do c th b
qua php tr
- Khi cng hai s hng cng du th c th xy ra hin tng trn, lc bit du di v
bn tri mt bit. Trong cc trng hp khc th du ca kt qu cng v tr vi du ca
cc s hng
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(H 6.4)
C th thy mt mch cng ton phn gm hai mch cng bn phn v mt cng OR
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(H 6.5)
Cng song song
Trong cch cng song song, cc bit c a ng thi vo cc mch cng ton phn
v s nh ca kt qu bit thp c a ln bit cao hn (H 6.6).
(H 6.6)
Chnh v phi ch s nh m tc cng cn hn ch. Mun nng tc cng ln,
ngi ta thc hin php cng song song nh trc s nh.
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t Pn = AnBn v Gn = An ? Bn
Ta xc nh c C1, C2, C3 .... nh sau:
(H 6.7)
Nhn thy thi gian tnh s nh ging nhau cc tng v bng t1+t2 . t1 l thi gian
truyn ng thi qua cc cng AND v t2 l thi gian truyn qua cng OR.
S khi mch cng song song nh trc s nh:
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(H 6.8)
Trn th trng hin c IC 7483 (tng ng 4008 ca CMOS) l IC cng 4 bit theo
kiu nh trc s nh.
Cng hai s BCD
Trn th trng c cc IC cng s nh phn, trong lc trn thc t nhiu khi chng ta cn
cng cc s BCD cho kt qu l s BCD.
Chng ta tm cch dng IC 7483 (4008) cng hai s BCD
Hai s BCD c tr t 010 n 910 khi cng li cho kt qu t 010 n 1810. c c
kt qu dng BCD ta phi hiu chnh kt qu c c t mch cng nh phn.
Di y l kt qu tng ng gia 3 loi m: thp phn, nh phn v BCD
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Nhn thy:
- Khi kt qu <10 m nh phn v BCD hon ton ging nhau
- Khi kt qu 10 c c m BCD ta phi cng thm 6 cho m nh phn
gii quyt vn hiu chnh ny trc tin ta s thc hin mt mch pht hin kt
qu trung gian ca mch cng hai s nh phn 4 bit. Mch ny nhn vo kt qu trung
gian ca php cng 2 s nh phn 4 bit v cho ng ra Y = 1 khi kt qu ny 10, ngc
li, Y=0.
Bng s tht
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(H 6.9)
Vn hnh:
- IC th nht cho kt qu trung gian ca php cng hai s nh phn.
- IC th hai dng hiu chnh c kt qu l s BCD:
- Khi kt qu < 10, IC 2 nhn ng vo B s 0000 (do Y=0) nn kt qu khng thay i.
- Khi kt qu trung gian 10, IC 2 nhn ng vo B s 01102 = 610 (do Y=1) v kt
qu c hiu chnh nh ni trn.
Mch cng lu s nh
Nhc li, mt mch cng ton phn (FA) nhn 3-bit ng vo v cho 2 ng ra :
- Mt l tng ca cc bit c cng trng s vi cc bit ng vo
- Mt l s nh c trng s gp i trng s ca cc bit ng vo
cng mt chui s, nhiu mch cng ton phn s c s dng, s nh c lu li
a vo mch cng bit cao hn.
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(H 6.10)
Ngi ta dng mch cng loi ny thc hin bi ton nhn.
c kt qu nhanh hn, c th dng mch (H 6.11)
(H 6.11)
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Mch tr nh phn
Mch tr nh phn:
Mch tr bn phn
L mch tr hai s 1 bit (H 6.12)
(H 6.12)
Mch tr c s nh (mch tr ton phn)
L mch tr 2 bit c quan tm ti s nh mang t bit trc
Bng s tht
Dng bng Karnaugh xc nh c cc hm Dn v Rn
V mch (H 6.13)
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(H 6.13)
Nhn thy cu to mch tr ging nh mch cng, ch khc mch to s nh
Tr s nhiu bit
Ta c mch tr s nhiu bit bng cch mc song song cc mch tr 1 bit (H 6.14)
(H 6.14)
Cng v tr s nhiu bit trong mt mch
Nhc li thc hin php ton tr, ngi ta cng vi s b 1 v cng thm 1 (hoc
cng vi s b 2), nh vy thc hin php tr A - B ta tnh A + (B)1 + 1 . Mch (H
6.6) c sa i c thc hin php cng v tr ty vo ng iu khin C (H 6.15)
- Khi C=0, ta c mch cng
- Khi C =1, ta c mch tr
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(H 6.15)
Ta cng c th thc hin mch cng tr theo kiu mc ni tip (H 6.16)
(H 6.16)
Nu hai s A, B l s 8 bit, c du, kt qu c x l bi mch d s trn, thit k da
vo biu thc: OV = C7 ? C8 . Khi OV =1 ngha l c s trn (tc C7C8), th s trn C8
s l bit du, S8 l mt bit ca kt qu v khi OV = 0 (tc C7=C8), th S8 l bit du.
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Mch nhn
Mch nhn
Ly th d bi ton nhn 2 s 4 bit
Y4X4
Y3X3
Y 2X 2
S b
Y1X1 nhnS
nhn
S6
S5
S4
S3
S2
S1
Tch tng
phn
Kt qu
Mch nhn c bn
Vic thc hin bi ton nhn c th xem nh gm hai bc:
- Tnh cc tch tng phn: thc hin bi cc cng AND
- Tnh tng ca cc tch tng phn: p dng bi ton tng chui s (H 6.17)
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(H 6.17)
Dng IC cng 4 bit (7483 hoc 4008) mch nhn hai s 4 bit c dng (H 6.18)
(H 6.18)
Mch nhn ni tip - song song n gin (H 6.19)
(H 6.19)
Trong mch ny, mt trong hai s c a ni tip vo mch (trong trng hp ny l
s b nhn) v s cn li a song song vo mch.
- S nhn (b4b3b2b1) a song song vo mch qua cc cng AND ng thi kim sot
cc cng ny: ng vi bit 1 s b nhn qua mch ti mch cng (cng 2 v 4); ng
vi bit 0 ng ra cng AND bng khng (cng 1 v 3)
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100011002 = 14010
C th thy rng ng ra A lun lun bng 0 v bit LSB ca s nhn = 0. Ng ra B c gi
tr ca s b nhn c lm tr 1 bit (1 xung ng h). Ng ra C c lm tr 2 bit v
lun bng 0 (Ging nh A). Ng ra D ging nh B nhng tr 3 bit. iu ny c th so
snh vi bi ton trn giy
Mun khng s dng mch cng s nhiu bit, ngi ta dng mch (H 6.20)
(H 6.20)
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Mch (H 6.20) cn (n-1) mch cng v mch tr (FF D) cho s nhn n bit. Cc cng
AND cho php cc bit ca s b nhn i qua khi s nhn l 1, s b nhn (vi s bit bt
k) c cho vo mch ni tip vi bit LSB vo u tin.
Ng ra cng 4 sau 4 xung Clock l 1110. Ng ra cng 3 lun lun bng 0.
Mch cng A cng s ng ra 3 v ng ra 4 b tr 1 bit:
v mch cng C
(H 6.21)
V (H 6.22) l mt mch thc t dng ghi dch 4 bit c ng vo/ra song song, mt mch
cng 4 bit v mt chip 4 cng AND 2 ng vo thc hin bi ton nhn.
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(H 6.22)
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Mch chia
mch chia
Nguyn tc ca php chia s nh phn l thc hin php so snh mt phn ca s b chia
(s bit u tin bng vi s bit ca s chia) vi s chia, nu s b chia ln hn s chia
th thng s =1, thc hin php tr, ngc li th thng s =0, sau dch tri phn
cn li ca s b chia mt bit (hoc dch phi s chia 1 bit) ri tip tc thc hin bi ton
so snh ging nh trn. Cng vic c lp li cho n khi chm dt.
S (H 6.23) tm tt gii thut thc hin bi ton chia
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thc hin php chia theo s trn, ngoi cc thanh ghi cha cc s b chia, s
chia , s thng ngi ta phi dng thanh ghi cha s b chia c phc hi.
Php chia khng phc hi s b chia
H thng s n gin hn nu chng ta dng php chia khng cn phc hi s b chia
theo nguyn tc nh di y.
Quan st gin (H 6.24) ta thy c 2 trng hp:
S chia ln hn s b chia (nhnh bn phi)
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- S chia (SC) ln hn s b chia (SBC) (SBC - SC < 0), thng s l 0, dch phi s
chia 1 bit (thc t ta mang thm 1 bit ca s b chia xung), thc hin bi ton cng s
chia v s b chia
- S chia nh hn s b chia (SBC - SC > 0), thng s l 1, dch phi s chia 1 bit, thc
hin bi ton tr (cng s b 2) s b chia cho s chia
n gin, gi s s chia v b chia u dng (MSB = 0), s b chia gm 6 bit v s
chia gm 4 bit.
Th d 1: Thc hin bi ton chia 2110 = 0101012 cho 710 = 01112.
S b 2 ca 0111 l (0111)2 = 1001
Ghi ch:
(1) S 1 trn mi tn ch rng kt qu php ton tr l s m, bc k tip l di v cng
s chia
(2) S 0 trn mi tn ch rng kt qu php ton tr l s dng, bc k tip l di v
tr s chia (cng s b 2)
Thng s c c t cc s trn m trn php tnh ta ghi trong vng trn.
Kt qu: thng l 011(=3) v s d l 0000(=0)
Bi ton trn cho kt qu vi 3 bc cng/tr. Tuy nhin nu ta chia 21 cho 1 th cn
ti 6 bc cng tr c thng s 6 bit. Mt cch tng qut s bc ca bi ton bng
vi s bt ca s b chia.
Ta c th lm li bi ton vi 6 bc cng/tr ((thm 3 bit 0 cho s b chia)
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Th d 2 v 3 di y l bi ton 6 bc
Th d 2 : Chia 21 cho 6 c kt qu 3 v s d l 3
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(H 6.26)
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B NH BN DN
B NH BN DN
Tnh u vit ch yu ca cc h thng s so vi h thng tng t l kh nng lu tr
mt lng ln thng tin s v d liu trong nhng khong thi gian nht nh. Kh nng
nh ny l iu lm cho h thng s tr thnh a nng v c th thch hp vi nhiu tnh
hung. Th d trong mt my tnh s, b nh trong cha nhng lnh m theo my
tnh c th hon tt cng vic ca mnh vi s tham gia t nht ca con ngi.
B nh bn dn c s dng lm b nh chnh trong cc my tnh nh vo kh nng
tha mn tc truy xut d liu ca b x l trung tm (CPU).
Chng ta qu quen thuc vi Fliflop, mt linh kin in t c tnh nh. Chng ta
cng thy mt nhm cc FF hp thnh thanh ghi lu tr v dch chuyn thng tin
nh th no. Cc FF chnh l cc phn t nh tc cao c dng rt nhiu trong vic
iu hnh bn trong my tnh, ni m d liu dch chuyn lin tc t ni ny n ni
khc.
Tin b trong cng ngh ch to LSI v VLSI cho php kt hp mt lng ln FF trong
mt chip to thnh cc b nh vi cc dng khc nhau. Nhng b nh bn dn vi cng
ngh ch to transistor lng cc (BJT) v MOS l nhng b nh nhanh nht v gi
thnh ca n lin tc gim khi cc cng ngh LSI v VLSI ngy cng c ci tin.
D liu s cng c th c lu tr di dng in tch ca t in, v mt loi phn
t nh bn dn rt quan trng dng nguyn tc ny lu tr d liu vi mt cao
nhng tiu th mt ngun in nng rt thp.
B nh bn dn c dng nh l b nh trong chnh ca my tnh, ni m vic vn
hnh nhanh c xem nh u tin hng u v cng l ni m tt c d liu ca chng
trnh lu chuyn lin tc trong qu trnh thc hin mt tc v do CPU yu cu.
Mc d b nh bn dn c tc lm vic cao, rt ph hp cho b nh trong, nhng gi
thnh tnh trn mi bit lu tr cao khin cho n khng th l loi thit b c tnh cht
lu tr khi (mass storage), l loi thit b c kh nng lu tr hng t bit m khng cn
cung cp nng lng v c dng nh l b nh ngoi (a t , bng t , CD ROM . .
.).Tc x l d liu b nh ngoi tng i chm nn khi my tnh lm vic th d
liu t b nh ngoi c chuyn vo b nh trong.
Bng t v a t l cc thit b lu tr khi m gi thnh tnh trn mi bit tng
i thp. Mt loi b nh khi mi hn l b nh bt t (magnetic bubble memory,
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- B nh truy xut ngu nhin (Random-Access Memory, RAM) : Khi cn truy xut
mt a ch ta ti ngay a ch . Vy thi gian c hay vit d liu vo cc v tr nh
khc nhau trong b nh khng ty thuc vo v tr nh. Ni cch khc, thi gian truy
xut nh nhau i vi mi v tr nh. Hu ht b nh bn dn v nhn t (b nh trong
ca my tnh trc khi b nh bn dn ra i) l loi truy xut ngu nhin.
- B nh truy xut tun t (Sequential-Access Memory, SAM): Khi cn truy xut mt
a ch ta phi lt qua cc a ch trc n. Nh vy thi gian c v vit d liu
nhng v tr khc nhau th khc nhau. Nhng th d ca b nh ny l bng t, a t.
Tc lm vic ca loi b nh ny thng chm so vi b nh truy xut ngu nhin.
- B nh c/vit (Read/Write Memory, RWM) : B nh c th vit vo v c ra.
- B nh ch c (Read-Only Memory, ROM):l b nh m t l tc v c trn tc v
ghi rt ln. V mt k thut, mt ROM c th c ghi ch mt ln ni sn xut v
sau thng tin ch c th c c ra t b nh. C loi ROM c th c ghi nhiu
ln nhng tc v ghi kh phc tp hn l tc v c. ROM thuc loi b nh vnh cu
v d liu c lu gi khi ct ngun in.
- B nh tnh (Static Memory Devices): l b nh bn dn trong d liu lu tr
c duy tr cho n khi no cn ngun nui.
- B nh ng (Dynamic Memory Devices): l b nh bn dn trong d liu lu
tr mun tn ti phi c ghi li theo chu k. Tc v ghi li c gi l lm ti
(refresh).
- B nh trong (Internal Memory): Ch b nh chnh ca my tnh. N lu tr cc lnh
v d liu m CPU dng thng xuyn khi hot ng.
- B nh khi (Mass Memory): Cn gi l b nh ph, n cha mt lng thng tin rt
ln bn ngoi my tnh. Tc truy xut trn b nh ny thng chm v n thuc
loi vnh cu.
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i cng v vn hnh ca b nh
i cng v vn hnh ca b nh
Cc tc v v cc nhm chn ca mt IC nh
Mc d mi loi b nh c hot ng bn trong khc nhau, nhng chng c chung mt
s nguyn tc vn hnh m chng ta c th tm hiu s lc trc khi i vo nghin cu
tng loi b nh.
Mi h thng nh lun c mt s yu cu cc ng vo v ra hon thnh mt s tc
v:
- Chn a ch trong b nh truy xut (c hoc vit)
- Chn tc v c hoc vit thc hin
- Cung cp d liu lu vo b nh trong tc v vit
- Gi d liu ra t b nh trong tc v c
- Cho php (Enable) (hay Khng, Disable) b nh p ng (hay khng) i vi lnh
c/ghi a ch gi n.
T cc tc v k trn, ta c th hnh dung mi IC nh c mt s ng vo ra nh sau:
- Ng vo a ch : mi v tr nh xc nh bi mt a ch duy nht, khi cn c d liu
ra hoc ghi d liu vo ta phi tc ng vo chn a ch ca v tr nh . Mt IC c n
chn a ch s c 2n v tr nh. K hiu cc chn a ch l A0 n An-1 Mt IC c 10
chn a ch s c 1024 (1K) v tr nh.
- Ng vo/ra d liu: Cc chn d liu l cc ng vo/ra, ngha l d liu lun c x
l theo hai chiu. Thng th d liu vo/ra chung trn mt chn nn cc ng ny thuc
loi ng ra 3 trng thi. S chn a ch v d liu ca mt IC xc nh dung lng nh
ca IC . Th d mt IC nh c 10 chn a ch v 8 chn d liu th dung lng nh
ca IC l 1Kx8 (8K bit hoc 1K Byte).
- Cc ng vo iu khin: Mi khi IC nh c chn hoc c yu cu xut nhp d
liu cc chn tng ng s c tc ng. Ta c th k ra mt s ng vo iu khin:
* CS: Chip select - Chn chip - Khi chn ny xung thp IC c chn
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(H 7.2)
Mt tc v c lin quan n b nh c CPU thc hin theo cc bc:
- t a ch quan h ln bus a ch.
- t tn hiu iu khin ln bus iu khin.
- D liu kh dng xut hin trn bus d liu, sn sng ghi vo hoc c ra.
hot ng ca IC ng b, cc bc trn phi tun th gin thi gian ca tng
IC nh (s cp n khi xt cc loi b nh)
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Cc loi b nh bn dn 1
Cc loi b nh bn dn
C 3 loi b nh bn dn :
- B nh bn dn ch c : (Read Only Memory, ROM)
- B nh truy xut ngu nhin : (Random Access Memory, RAM)
Tht ra ROM v RAM u l loi b nh truy xut ngu nhin, nhng RAM c gi
tn gi ny. phn bit chnh xc ROM v RAM ta c th gi ROM l b nh cht
(nonvolatile, vnh cu) v RAM l b nh sng (volatile, khng vnh cu) hoc nu
coi ROM l b nh ch c th RAM l b nh c c - vit c (Read-Write
Memory)
- Thit b logic lp trnh c : (Programmable Logic Devices, PLD) c th ni im
khc bit gia PLD vi ROM v RAM l qui m tch hp ca PLD thng khng ln
nh ROM v RAM v cc tc v ca PLD th c phn hn ch.
ROM (Read Only Memory)
Mc d c tn gi nh th nhng chng ta phi hiu l khi s dng ROM, tc v c
c thc hin rt nhiu ln so vi tc v ghi. Thm ch c loi ROM ch ghi mt ln
khi xut xng.
Cc t bo nh hoc t nh trong ROM sp xp theo dng ma trn m mi phn t
chim mt v tr xc nh bi mt a ch c th v ni vi ng ra mt mch gii m a
ch bn trong IC. Nu mi v tr cha mt t bo nh ta ni ROM c t chc bit v mi
v tr l mt t nh ta c t chc t.
Ngoi ra, gim mc cng knh ca mch gii m, mi v tr nh c th c xc
nh bi 2 ng a ch : ng a ch hng v ng a ch ct v trong b nh c 2
mch gii m nhng mi mch c s ng vo bng 1/2 s ng a ch ca c b nh.
ROM mt n (Mask Programmed ROM, MROM)
y l loi ROM c ch to thc hin mt cng vic c th nh cc bng tnh,
bng lng gic , bng logarit . . . . ngay sau khi xut xng. Ni cch khc, cc t bo
nh trong ma trn nh c to ra theo mt chng trnh xc nh trc bng
phng php mt n: a vo cc linh kin in t ni t ng t qua ng bt
to ra mt gi tr bit v trng cho gi tr bit ngc li.
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(H 7.3)
Nu t bo nh l Diod hoc BJT th s hin din ca linh kin tng ng vi bit 1 (lc
ny ng t ln cao, Transsisstor hoc diod dn, dng in qua in tr to in th
cao hai u in tr) cn v tr nh trng tng ng vi bit 0.
i vi loi linh kin MOSFET th ngc li, ngha l s hin din ca linh kin tng
ng vi bit 0 cn v tr nh trng tng ng vi bit 1 (mun c kt qu nh loi BJT th
thm ng ra cc cng o).
(H 7.4) l mt th d b nh MROM c dung lng 16x1 vi cc mch gii m hng v
ct (cc mch gii m 2 ng sang 4 ng ca hng v ct u dng Transistor MOS
v c cng cu trc).
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(H 7.4)
Trong thc t, n gin cho vic thc hin, mi v tr nh ngi ta u cho vo mt
transistor MOS. Nhng nhng v tr ng vi bit 1 cc transistor MOS c ch to vi
lp SiO2 dy hn lm tng in th ngng ca n ln, kt qu l transistor MOS ny
lun lun khng dn in (H 7.5), Cc transistor khc dn in bnh thng.
(H 7.5)
ROM lp trnh c (Programmable ROM, PROM)
C cu to ging MROM nhng mi v tr nh u c linh kin ni vi cu ch. Nh
vy khi xut xng cc ROM ny u cha cng mt loi bit (gi l ROM trng), lc
s dng ngi lp trnh thay i cc bit mong mun bng cch ph v cu ch cc v
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(H 7.6)
Ngi ta c th dng 2 diod mc ngc chiu nhau, mch khng dn in, to bit 0,
khi lp trnh th mt diod b ph hng to mch ni tt, diod cn li dn in cho bit 1
ROM lp trnh c, xa c bng tia U.V.
(Ultra Violet Erasable Programmable ROM, U.V. EPROM)
y l loi ROM rt tin cho ngi s dng v c th dng c nhiu ln bng cch
xa v np li. Cu to ca t bo nh ca U.V. EPROM da vo mt transistor MOS
c cu to c bit gi l FAMOS (Floating Gate Avalanche Injection MOS)
(H 7.7)
Trn nn cht bn dn N pha long, to 2 vng P pha m (P+) ni ra ngoi cho 2 cc
S (Source) v D (Drain). Trong lp cch in SiO2 gia 2 cc ngi ta cho vo mt
thi Silicon khng ni vi bn ngoi v c gi l cng ni. Khi ngun VDD, phn
cc ngc gia cc nn v Drain cn nh, transistor khng dn, nhng nu tng VDD
ln, hin tng thc (avalanche) xy ra, electron nng lng chui qua lp cch
in ti bm vo cng ni. Do hin tng cm ng, mt in l P hnh thnh ni hai
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(H 7.8)
Mi t bo nh EPROM gm mt transistor FAMOS ni tip vi mt transistor MOS
khc m ta gi l transistor chn, nh vy vai tr ca FAMOS ging nh l mt cu ch
nhng c th phc hi c.
loi b transistor chn ngi ta dng transistor SAMOS (Stacked Gate Avalanche
Injection MOS) c cu to tng t transistor MOS nhng c n 2 cng nm chng ln
nhau, mt c ni ra cc Gate v mt ni. Khi cng ni tch in s lm gia tng
in th thm khin transistor tr nn kh dn in hn. Nh vy nu ta chn in th
Vc khong gia VT1 v VT2 l 2 gi tr in th thm tng ng vi 2 trng thi ca
transistor (VT1<Vc<VT2) th cc transistor khng c lp trnh (khng c lp electron
cng ni) s dn cn cc transistor c lp trnh s khng dn.
(H 7.9)
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(H 7.10)
Gia lp kim loi ni ra cc cc v lp SiO2 l mt lp mng cht Nitrua Silic (Si3N4)
- t 40nm n 650nm - D liu c np bng cch p mt in th dng gia cc G
v S (khong 20 n 25V trong 100ms). Do s khc bit v dn in, electron tch
trn b mt gia 2 lp SiO2 v Si3N4 , cc electron ny tn ti khi ngt ngun v lm
thay i trng thi dn in ca transistor. By gi nu p mt in th m gia cc G
v S ta s c mt lp in tch tri du vi trng hp trc. Nh vy hai trng thi
khc nhau ca Transistor c th thit lp c bi hai in th ngc chiu nhau v nh
vy cc t bo nh c ghi v xa vi 2 xung in tri du nhau.
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Cc loi b nh bn dn 2
FLASH ROM
EPROM l loi nonvolatile, c tc truy xut nhanh (khong 120ns), mt tch hp
cao, gi thnh r tuy nhin xa v np li phi dng thit b c bit v ly ra khi
mch.
EEPROM cng nonvolatile, cng c tc truy xut nhanh, cho php xa v np li
ngay trong mch trn tng byte nhng c mt tch hp thp v gi thnh cao hn
EPROM.
B nh FLASH ROM tn dng c cc u im ca hai loi ROM ni trn, ngha l
c tc truy xut nhanh, c mt tch hp cao nhng gi thnh thp.
Hu ht cc FLASH ROM s dng cch xa ng thi c khi d liu nhng rt nhanh
(hng trm ms so vi 20 min ca U.V. EPROM). Nhng FLASH ROM th h mi cho
php xa tng sector (512 byte) thm ch tng v tr nh m khng cn ly IC ra khi
mch. FLASH ROM c thi gian ghi khong 10s/byte so vi 100 s i vi EPROM
v 5 ms i vi EEPROM
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(H 7.11)
- tACC: Address Access time: Thi gian truy xut a ch: Thi gian ti a t lc CPU
t a ch ln bus a ch n lc d liu c gi tr trn bus d liu. i vi ROM dng
BJT thi gian ny khong t 30 ns n 90 ns, cn loi MOS th t 200 ns n 900 ns.
- tACS (tACE): Chip select (enable) access time: Thi gian thm nhp chn chip: Thi
___
(H 7.12)
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(H 7.13)
Chng ta ch ly th d vi mch tng i n gin thy c cu to ca cc PLD,
l cc PLD ch thc hin c 4 hm mi hm gm 4 bin, nh vy mch gm 4 ng
vo v 4 ng ra. Trn thc t s hm v bin ca mt PLD rt ln.
PROM
(H 7.14 ) l cu to PROM c 4 ng vo v 4 ng ra.
C tt c 16 cng AND c 4 ng vo c ni cht vi cc ng ra o v khng o ca
cc bin vo, ng ra cc cng AND l 16 t hp ca 4 bin (Gi l ng tch)
Cc cng OR c 16 ng vo c ni sng thc hin hm tng (ng tng). Nh
vy vi PROM vic lp trnh thc hin cc ng tng.
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(a) (b)
(H 7.14)
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PAL
Mch tng t vi IC PROM, PAL c cc cng AND 8 ng vo c ni sng v 4
cng OR mi cng c 4 ng vo ni cht vi 4 ng tch. Nh vy vic lp trnh c
thc hin trn cc ng tch
(H 7.15b) l IC PAL c lp trnh thc hin cc hm trong th d trn:
1. (b)
(H 7.15)
PLA
PLA c cu to tng t PROM v PAL, nhng cc ng vo ca cng AND v cng
OR u c ni sng (H 7.16). Nh vy kh nng lp trnh ca PLA bao gm c hai
cch lp trnh ca 2 loi IC k trn.
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(H 7.16)
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Cc loi b nh bn dn 3
RAM tnh (Static RAM, SRAM)
Mi t bo RAM tnh l mt mch FlipFlop dng Transistor BJT hay MOS (H 7.17)
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(H 7.18)
___
vi hai ng bit v bit ca mch trc , mch s khng i trng thi ngha l nu t
bo nh ang lu bit ging nh bit mun ghi vo th mch khng thay i. By gi, nu
d liu cn ghi khc vi d liu ang lu tr th mch FF s thay i trng thi cho ph
hp vi 2 tn hiu ngc pha c to ra t d liu. Bit mi c ghi vo.
- Chu k c ca SRAM
Gin thi gian mt chu k c ca SRAM tng t nh gin thi gian mt chu k
c ca ROM (H 7.11) thm iu kin tn hiu ln mc cao.
- Chu k vit ca SRAM
(H 7.19) l gin thi gian mt chu k vit ca SRAM
Mt chu k vit tWC bao gm:
- tAS (Address Setup time): Thi gian thit lp a ch : Thi gian gi tr a ch n
___
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- tDS v tDH: Khong thi gian d liu tn ti trn bus d liu bao gm thi gian trc
___
(H 7.19)
_____
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(H 7.21)
b. Gin thi gian ca DRAM
(H 7.22) l gin thi gian c v vit tiu biu ca DRAM (Hai gin ny ch khc
nhau v thi lng nhng c chung mt dng nn ta ch v mt)
(H 7.22)
_____
Gin cho thy tc ng ca tn hiu MUX v cc tn hiu RAS v CAS. Khi MUX mc
thp mch a hp cho ra a ch hng (A0 . . . A6) v c cht vo thanh ghi khi tn
hiu RAS xung thp. Khi MUX mc cao mch a hp cho ra a ch ct (A7 . . . A13)
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v c cht vo thanh ghi khi tn hiu CAS xung thp. Khi c a ch hng v ct
c gii m, d liu ti a ch xut hin trn bus d liu c ra hoc ghi vo (
kh dng)
c. Lm ti DRAM
DRAM phi c lm ti vi chu k khong 2ms duy tr d liu.
Trong phn trc ta thy t bo nh DRAM c lm ti ngay khi tc v c c
thc hin. Ly th d vi DRAM c dung lng 16Kx1 (16.384 t bo) ni trn, chu k
lm ti l 2 ms cho 16.384 t bo nh nn thi gian c mi t bo nh phi l 2 ms/
16.384 = 122 ns. y l thi gian rt nh khng c mt t bo nh trong iu
kin vn hnh bnh thng. V l do ny cc hng ch to thit k cc chip DRAM
sao cho mi khi tc v c c thc hin i vi mt t bo nh, tt c cc t bo
nh trn cng mt hng s c lm ti. iu ny lm gim mt lng rt ln tc
v c phi thc hin lm ti t bo nh. Tr li th d trn, tc v c lm ti
phi thc hin cho 128 hng trong 2 ms. Tuy nhin va vn hnh trong iu kin bnh
thng va phi thc hin chc nng lm ti ngi ta phi dng thm mch ph tr,
gi l iu khin DRAM (DRAM controller)
IC 3242 ca hng Intel thit k s dng cho DRAM 16K (H 7.23)
Ng ra 3242 l a ch 7 bit c a hp v ni vo ng vo a ch ca DRAM. Mt
mch m 7 bit kch bi xung ng h ring cp a ch hng cho DRAM trong sut
thi gian lm ti. 3242 cng ly a ch 14 bit t CPU a hp n vi a ch hng v
ct c dng khi CPU thc hin tc v c hay vit. Mc logic p dng cho cc ng
REFRESH ENABLE v ROW ENABLE xc nh 7 bit no ca a ch xut hin ng
ra mch controller cho bi bng
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(H 7.23)
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M RNG B NH
M RNG B NH
Cc IC nh thng c ch to vi dung lng nh c gii hn, trong nhiu trng
hp khng th tha mn yu cu ca ngi thit k. Do m rng b nh l mt vic
lm cn thit. C 3 trng hp phi m rng b nh.
M rng di t
y l trng hp s v tr nh cho yu cu nhng d liu cho mi v tr nh th
khng . C th hiu c cch m rng di t qua mt th d
Th d: M rng b nh t 1Kx1 ln 1Kx8 :
Chng ta phi dng 8 IC nh 1Kx1, cc IC nh ny s c ni chung bus a ch v
cc ng tn hiu iu khin v mi IC qun l mt ng bit. 8 IC s vn hnh cng
lc cho mt t nh 8 bit (H 7.24).
(H 7.24)
M rng v tr nh
S bit cho mi v tr nh theo yu cu nhng s v tr nh khng
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(H 7.25)
M rng dung lng nh
C v tr nh v di t ca cc IC u khng thit k. m rng dung lng
nh ta phi kt hp c hai cch ni trn
Th d: M rng b nh t 4Kx4 ln 24Kx8. Cn 6 cp IC mc song song, mi cp IC
c chung a ch v c chn bi mt mch gii m 3 sang 8 ng (H 7.26). Ta ch
dng 6 ng ra t Y0 n Y5 ca mch gii m
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(H 7.26)
- a ch IC (1&2): 0000H - 0FFFH, IC (3&4) : 1000H - 1FFFH, IC (5&6): 2000H 2FFFH v IC (7&8) : 3000H - 3FFFH IC (9&10): 4000H - 4FFFH v IC (11&12) :
5000H - 5FFFH
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BI TP CHNG 7-KTS
BI TP
1. Dng IC PROM 4 ng vo v 4 ng ra thit k mch chuyn m t Gray sang nh
phn ca s 4 bit.
2. Dng IC PAL 4 ng vo v 4 ng ra thit k mch chuyn t m Excess-3 sang m
Aiken ca cc s t 0 n 9.
Di y l 2 bng m
Excess-3 Aiken
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BIN I AD
BIN I AD & DA
C th ni s bin i qua li gia cc tn hiu t dng tng t sang dng s l cn
thit v:
- H thng s x l tn hiu s m tn hiu trong t nhin l tn hiu tng t: cn thit
c mch i tng t sang s.
- Kt qu t cc h thng s l cc i lng s: cn thit phi i thnh tn hiu tng
t c th tc ng vo cc h thng vt l v th hin ra bn ngoi (th d ti to m
thanh hay hnh nh) hay dng vo vic iu khin sau (th d dng in th tng t
iu khin vn tc ng c)
Bin i s - tng t (digital to analog converter , DAC)
Mch bin i DAC dng mng in tr c trng lng khc nhau (Weighted
resistor network)
(H 8.1)
Trong mch trn, nu thay OP-AMP bi mt in tr ti, ta c tn hiu ra l dng in.
Nh vy OP-AMP gi vai tr bin dng in ra thnh in th ra, ng thi n l mt
mch cng
Ta c v0 = -RF.I = -(23b3 + 22b2 + 2b1+b0)Vr.RF/23R
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Mch c mt s hn ch:
- S chnh xc ty thuc vo in tr v mc n nh ca ngun tham chiu Vr
- Vi s nh phn nhiu bit th cn cc in tr c gi tr rt ln, kh thc hin.
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(H 8.2)
Cho RF = 2R v ln lt
Cho b3 = 1 cc bit khc = 0, ta c: v0 = -8(Vr /24)
Cho b2 = 1 cc bit khc = 0, ta c: v0 = -4(Vr /24)
Cho b1 = 1 cc bit khc = 0, ta c: v0 = -2(Vr /24)
Cho b0 = 1 cc bit khc = 0, ta c: v0 = - (Vr /24)
Ta thy v0 t l vi gi tr B ca t hp bit B = (b3 b2 b1 b0 )2 v0 = -B(Vr /24)
Mch i DAC dng ngun dng c trng lng khc nhau
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(H 8.3)
c tnh k thut ca mch i DAC
Bit c ngha thp nht (LSB) v bit c ngha cao nht (MSB)
Qua cc mch bin i DAC k trn ta thy v tr khc nhau ca cc bit trong s nh
phn cho gi tr bin i khc nhau, ni cch khc tr bin i ca mt bit ty thuc vo
trng lng ca bit .
Nu ta gi tr ton giai l VFS th bit LSB c gi tr l: LSB = VFS / (2n - 1)
v bit MSB = VFS .2n-1/ (2n - 1)
iu ny c th hin trong kt qu ca th d 2 trn.
(H 8.4) l c tuyn chuyn i ca mt s nh phn 3 bit
(a) (b)
(H 8.4)
(H 8.4a) l c tuyn l tng, tuy nhin, trong thc t ng trung bnh ca c tnh
chuyn i i qua im 0 in th tng t ra c lm lch (1/2)LSB (H 8.4b). Nh
vy in th tng t ra c xem nh thay i ngay gia hai m s nh phn vo
k nhau. Th d khi m s nh phn vo l 000 th in th tng t ra l 0 v in th
tng t ra s ln nc k 000+(1/2)LSB ri nc k tip 001+(1/2)LSB.v.v....Tr tng
t ra ng vi 001 gi tt l 1LSB v tr ton giai VFS = 7LSB tng ng vi s 111
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Bin i tng t 1
Bin i tng t - s (analog to digital converter, ADC)
Mch ly mu v gi (sample anh hold)
bin i mt tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s, ngi ta khng th bin i mi gi
tr ca tn hiu tng t m ch c th bin i mt s ga tr c th bng cch ly mu
tn hiu theo mt chu k xc nh nh mt tn hiu c dng xung. Ngoi ra, mch
bin i cn mt khong thi gian c th (khong 1s - 1ms) do cn gi mc tn
hiu bin i trong khong thi gian ny mch c th thc hin vic bin i chnh
xc. l nhim v ca mch ly mu v gi.
(H 8.6) l dng mch ly mu v gi c bn: in th tng t cn bin i c ly
mu trong thi gian rt ngn do t np in nhanh qua tng tr ra thp ca OP-AMP khi
cc transistor dn v gi gi tr ny trong khong thi gian transistor ngng (t phng
rt chm qua tng tr vo rt ln ca OP-AMP)
(H 8.6)
Nguyn tc mch bin i ADC
Mch bin i ADC gm b phn trung tm l mt mch so snh (H 8.7). in th
tng t cha bit va p vo mt ng vo ca mch so snh, cn ng vo kia ni n mt
in th tham chiu thay i theo thi gian Vr(t). Khi chuyn i in th tham chiu
tng theo thi gian cho n khi bng hoc gn bng vi in th tng t (vi mt sai
s nguyn lng ha). Lc mch to m s ra c gi tr ng vi in th vo cha
bit. Vy nhim v ca mch to m s l th mt b s nh phn sao cho hiu s gia
va v tr nguyn lng ha sau cng nh hn 1/2 LSB
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(H 8.7)
Mch i dng in th tham chiu nc thang
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(H 8.9)
Mch i ly gn ng k tip (sucessive approximation converter)
(H 8.10)
Mch i ly gn ng k tip dng cch to in th tham chiu mt cch c hiu qu
hn khin vic chuyn i ra m s n bit ch tn n chu k xung CK. Mch ny bao gm:
mt mch so snh, mt mch ghi dch c bit (SAR) v mt mch DAC (H 8.11).
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(H 8.11)
Mch SAR (H 8.11) l mch ghi dch c kt hp iu khin Logic. Mch gm 6 FF D
mc thnh chui, ng ra FF cui (F) hi tip v FF u (A) , khi iu khin gm 4 cng
AND v 4 FF RS c ng vo tc ng mc cao, cc ng ra Q ca cc FF RS c a
vo mch DAC to in th tng t Vr (dng so snh vi in th ra t mch ly
mu v gi va), ng thi y cng l m s ra khi s bin i kt thc.
Vn hnh: Lc c xung bt u, mch SAR c t v 0. Ng ra DAC c lm lch
1/2 LSB to c tnh chuyn i nh ni trong phn trc, k SAR a bit
MSB ln cao (bng cch preset FF A), cc bit khc bng 0, s ny c a vo mch
DAC to in th tham chiu Vr so snh vi va. Ty theo kt qu so snh, nu Vr
> va th ng ra mch so snh mc cao khin SAR b i bit MSB khi c xung CK k
tip xut hin, cn nu Vr < va th ng ra mch so snh mc thp, khin SAR gi bit
MSB li (FF RS 4 gi nguyn trng thi) ng thi a bit c ngha k tip ln cao (do
FF 3 c set t gi tr 1 ng ra FF B, tr 1 ny c chuyn t FF A sang). Mch so
snh tip tc lm vic v kt qu s c quyt nh theo cng cch thc nh i vi
bit MSB.... Tip tc nh vy cho n bit cui cng ca SAR, lc va gn Vr nht v ta
c kt qu chuyn i trong thi gian ti a l n chu k xung ng h. Mch chuyn
i chm dt khi ng ra FF F ln mc cao cho php m cc m cho m s ra.
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Bin i tng t 2
Mch i dng tn hiu dc n (single ramp converter)
in th chun tng nc to bi mch DAC c th c thay th bi in th tham chiu
c dc ln lin tc to bi mch to tn hiu dc ln (thng l mch tch phn).
(H 8.12)
Xung bt u t mch m n bit v 0 v khi ng mch to dc ln to Vr, t mt
tr hi m, khi Vr ct trc 0 ng ra mch so snh 2 ln cao m cng AND cho xung CK
vo mch m. Khi ng dc t tr s bng tr tng t cn bin i ng ra mch so
__
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(H 8.13)
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(H 8.14)
Mch ny gii quyt c khuyt im ca mch bin i dng tn hiu dc n, ngha
l chnh xc khng ty thuc RC.
Xung bt u a mch m v 0, mch iu khin m kha S3 ca mch tch phn,
ng kha S1 a tn hiu tng t va (gi s m) vo mch tch phn ng thi m
kha S2. Ng ra mch tch phn c tr m nh ban u. Tn hiu tng t vo c ly
tch phn, dc -va /RC. Khi ng ra mch tch phn vt trc 0, ng ra mch so snh
ln cao m cng AND a xung CK vo mch m. Khng k lng lch m ban u,
hiu th ng ra mch tch phn l:
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(H 8.15)
Mch i lng cc
Mt cch n gin thc hin chuyn i mt tn hiu tng t lng cc l dng mt
mch o tng t v mt mch so snh xc nh va m hay dng o hay khng
trc khi a vo mch ADC n cc (H 8.16)
(H 8.16)
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(H 8.17)
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Tham gia ng gp
Ti liu: Gio Trnh K Thut S
Bin tp bi: Nguyn Trung Tp
URL: http://voer.edu.vn/c/5cda2aa3
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Li ni u-k thut s
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Trung Tp
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/f1e6e90d
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Nguyn l ca vic VIT s
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Trung Tp
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/d96f2372
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: CC H THNG S
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Trung Tp
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/396250ad
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Bin i qua li gia cc h thng s
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Trung Tp
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/8e2dbc24
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Cc php tnh trong h nh phn
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Trung Tp
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/c7c12f09
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: M ha
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Trung Tp
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/d0ec3208
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URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/e24f2948
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: MCH M 1
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Trung Tp
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/cc9bb0ec
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: MCH M 2
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Trung Tp
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/cfed495c
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: MCH M 3
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Trung Tp
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/570c543a
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: BI TP CHNG 5-KTS
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Trung Tp
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/0e60e301
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: MCH LM TON
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Trung Tp
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/cbe4a92c
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Php tr s nh phn dng s b 1
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Trung Tp
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/274a138b
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Php tr s nh phn dng s b 2
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Trung Tp
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/c7cdc9a5
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