ဦးေရႊအံုး - ကိုယ္တိုင္ေရးအတၳဳပၸတၱိ

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taz. apcdkif;csuft& if;}uD;a': aexdkif&m
ompnf&yfaetdrfodkh tcg}uD;&uf}uD;rsm;wGif
oGm;a&muf uefawmcJonfudk rSwfrdaeygonf?
odkhaomf aemufydkif;wGif tquftoG,f_ywfcJ^yD;
,cktcg uG,v
f eG ^f yD; _zpfajumif;udo
k m od&yg.?
anmifa&$^rdKhwiG af exdik af omfvnf; u|efawmf
trnfrrSwfrdawmaom rdbESpfyg;rS (1) rpdef;
(,ck tcguG,v
f eG ^f yD;)/(2)ra&$r#i(f ,cku,
G v
f eG ^f yD;)/
(3)rndr;f vS(,cktcguG,v
f eG ^f yD;) [laomnDtpfr
-3-a,muf zGm;_rifygonf? u|eaf wmf.OD;av;_zpfaom
OD;armifonf a':a&$r#ifESif tajumif;quf&m
(1)OD;ausmfZH (,cktcg &efukef^rdKh/ oCFef;u|ef;
^rdKhe,fae/ tîdrf;pm; ukefoG,fa&;0efxrf;ESif
(2) udkxGef;aiG (ukefoG,fa&; 0efxrf;a[mif;/
vGdKifaumf^rdKhwGif aexdkifI ,ckuG,fvGef^yD;)
wdkhudk arG;zGm;cJygonf?
u|efawmfbufrS rsKd;@dk;udk wpfcef;&yf^yD;
u|efawmfZ eD;bufohkd vSnyf gOD;rnf? Aef;armf^rdKhwiG f
OD;cifESifa':_rav;ac: ZeD;armifESH&Sdjuygonf?
ESpOf ;D pvk;H _refrmrsm; _zpfjuonf[k rSw&f ygonf?
if;ZeD; armifErHS S (1)armifatmifb/ (2) rESi;f ^rdKif
(3)rESif;}udKif[lI armifESpfr 3 a,muf
zGm;_rif.? armifatmifbonf vli,fb0uyif
&Srf;_ynfawmif}uD;^rdKhodkh a&muf&Sdvm^yD; tpdk;&

@kH;wGif pma&;tvkyf_zif tr+xrf;ygonf?
anmifa&$^rdKhwiG Of ;D csp/f a':&Si;f ac: ZeD; armifEHS
ESpfa,muf&Sd.? OD;cspfonfrav;Zmwd _refrm
vlrsKd;_zpf^yD; aemifanmifa&$apmfbGm;_zpfvmrnf
qmapmarmifEiS t
f wl rav;rSanmifa&$ohkv
d u
k d yf gI
pma&;t_zpf tr+xrf;aeol_zpf.? a':&Sif;rSm
&rnf;oif;Zmwd
_refrmtrsKd;orD;_zpf^yD;
anmifa&$wGif vma&mufaexdkifol _zpf.?
OD;cspfEiS f a':&Si;f wdhk wiG f (1)rat;cif (2)rat;&D
(3)armifatmifb (4) armifwifv[
S I
l om;orD;4-OD ; xG e f ; um;ygonf ?
rat;cif o nf
awmif}uD;^rdKhwGif om;zGm;q&mr oifwef;wuf
aepOf 0efaxmuf@;H k rS pma&;_zpfol armifatmifbESi f
tdraf xmif_yKygonf? Tqdyk gOD;atmifbESi f a':at;
cifZeD;armifESHrS orD;-3-a,mufzGm;_rifcJ&m/
if;wdkhrSm (1) a':wifeD (TtwKy`wWd ydkif&Sif.
ZeD;_zpfvmol) (2) tarmfaEG; (tysK_d zef; t&G,u
f yif
uG,v
f eG cf .
J ? ) (3) rwnfwhkd _zpfju.? xdhk t_yif
if;wdkhZeD;armifESH vGdKifarGwGif aejupOfu
armifatmifnGefhac: om;wpfa,mufudkvnf;
arG;pm;cJ avonf?
twKy`wWd&Sif OD;a&$tkH;ESif a':wifeDwdkhonf
1949 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv-20-&ufaehwGif
uavm^rdKhY vufxyfcJju^yD;/ &ufydkif;twGif;
zsmykH^rdKhodkh
c@dkifaxmufyHa&;t&m&Sdt_zpf
a_ymif;a&$h tr+xrf;onf? zsmyk^H rdKhwiG -f 5-ESpcf efh
aexdkifcJpOftwGif; om;t}uD; armifvScsKdudk
1950-_ynfESpf/ pufwifbm v (20)&ufaehwGif
zGm;_rifI om;ti,farmifausmfrif; udk 1954
ckESpf/ arv-31-&ufaehwGif zGm;_rifcJ.?
tydkif; (2)
ynma&;c&D;
(u) ynma&; (1936-46)
pma&;olonfanmifa&$^rKd h/ OD;!Sm. wkid ;f &if;om;
bmomrlvwef;ausmif;wGif oli,fwef;udkpwif
oifjum;cJ^ y;D pwkww
ef;xdwufa&mufynmoifjum;
cJy gonf? rlvwef;ausmv
f eG f atmif_rif^yD;aomtcg
anmifa&$^rdKhwiG f pwifziG af e^yD_zpfaom q&m}uD;
OD;0ef. t*Fvyd -f _refrmESpb
f momoifausmif;okhd
a_ymif;a&Gh cJonf? xkdausmif;Ywufa&mufaom
tcg av;wef;rS _yefvnfwufa&mufc&J ygonf?
xdt
k csed rf pS I owif;pmrsm;udk pwifzwfz;l vmonf?
anmifa&$a[mfwGif wpfvHk;wnf;om &Sdaom
a&'D,dk tajumif; odvm&yg onf? avvd+if;rS
xGufay:vmaom toHudk jum;od&o_zif
r,Hkjunfavmufatmifyif _zpfcJonf?
(6)wef;a&muf&Sdaecsdef 1936 ckESpf _refrm
_ynfv;k H qkid &f m ausmif;om;oydwf ay:ayguv
f maom
tcsdefwGif
(7)wef;
ausmif;om;}uD;rsm;
acgif;aqmifr+ajumif oydwfarSmufcJjuonf?
oydwf pcef;vnf; r&Sd/ tajumif;_yp&mvnf;
r&Sad omfvnf; anmifa&$a[mf a_rmufbufraS eI
wpf&mG 0ifwpf&mG xGuf vSnv
f nf vrf;av#mufxu
G f
cJ&m anmifa&$^rdKhrS a_rufbuf&Sd-13-rdkifcefh
a0;uGmaom usD;_zLa&uefokdhnae (6)em&D
wGiaf &muf&cdS o
J nf? xdt
k csed rf S vdu
k v
f @H mS azGaeaom
anmifa&$apmfbGm;.um;onf vkdufrDvmum
ausmif;om;tm;vHk;udk
um;ay:qGJwifI
anmifa&$ a[mfohdk _yefvnfac:aqmifomG ;cJo
nf?
a[mfeef;a&mufaomtcg
anmifa&$apmfbGm;
p0fa&$okduf. qlyl}udrf;armif;_cif;udkcH&onf?
oydwfudkarSmuf&mwGif
yg0ifcJaomfvnf;
bmajumif oydwfarSmuf&_cif;udk rodcJay?
apmfbGm;a[mfrS _yefvmcsdef od&Sdvdkuf&aom
todwpfckrSm ausmif;om;awGonf wpfcktay:
rausreyf_zpfv#if qEN_yydkifcGif &Sdonfudk
oabmayguf em;vnfvdkufonf? xkdtodudk
acgif;xJY pwifpGJvmcJygonf? xkdhaemuf
ausmif;_yefwuf&if; wpfpcef; &yfem;cJonf?
xkdhaemuf&efukef oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;
rsm;xJwiG f yg0ifcaJ om ukw
d if{ESif udb
k armifwhdk
&efuek af usmif;ydwI
f anmifa&$_yefa&mufvmjuygonf?
udw
k if{ESif twlw;kd wufaompmayrsm;_zpfaom
e*g;eD/ wkd;wufa&; paomEkdifiHa&;pmayrsm;
ygvmcJI pwif avvmzwf@+cJ&onf? ,cifu
xkdpmayrsm; anmifa&$wGif r&Sdzl;aomajumif
vnf;_zpfonf? ausmif;ydwaf eI bmrSvyk rf &onf
wkdif tvum; aernftpm; tvif;a&mif
pmjunfw
u
dk u
f kd pwifziG v
f pS cf o
J nf? anmifa&$rS
tp_yKI erfyef/ rkdif;aomuf/ awmif}uD;txd
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 13
ysHhEhHS omG ;cJo

nf? Ekid if aH &;a&csdepf wifaomumv
(193&) ckESpftcsdef_zpfonf?
anmifa&$ausmif;rS (7)wef;atmif_rif^y;D aomtcg
awmif}uD;^rdKh (A-B-M) txufwef;ausmif;okdh
wufa&mufcJ&onf? EdkifiHa&; pdwf"mwfudkum;
xm;cJvdkhr&bJ udk,fESiftwl ygvmcJavonf?
ausmif;okdh pwifa&mufpESpfonf rtlrvnfESif
ukefqHk;cJ^yD; 'kwd,ESpf &Spfwef; wufa&muf
aecsed w
f iG f Arm_ynfwpf_ynfv;kH Y paxmifaeaom
Arm_ynf ausmif;om;rsm;or*~udk zGJhpnf;
wnfaxmifvak d omfvnf; Ekid if aH &; toGiaf qmifaeI
axmifvhkd r&cJa y? pnf;urf;rsm; wif;juyfxm;r+/
ausmif;tm%mykid rf sm;. apmifjunf tuJcwfrr+ sm;ajumif
wkduf@dkufrvkyfao;bJ ab;rS ywfonftae_zif
ausmif;om;rsm; nDnw
G af &;tzGhJ udk wnfaxmifI
ausmif;tm%mydkifrsm;udk wpfywf@dkufcJonf?
ta&;,l_cif; r_yKvkyfaomfvnf; ausmif;tkyf
q&m}uD;. ac:,lppfaq;_cif;udk cH&onf?
EkdifiHa&; vkyf_cif;r[kwfajumif;/ ausmif;om;
or*~zGJh_cif; r[kwfajumif; qifa_cay;cJonf?
wu,fwef; ausmif;om;rsm; nD!Gwfa&;
toif;onf ausmif;om;or*~vdk wkduf@dkuf
toGirf aqmifao; aomfvnf; &efuek &f dS ArmEkid if H
vHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ESif vsKdh0Suf
qufoG,fr+rsm; &SdcJonf? xkdpOfuwnf;u
rdrdwkdh ausmif;om;rsm; nD!Gwfa&;toif;onf
ausmif;om;or*~ESif yHkrSefpmtquftoG,frsm;
_yKvkyfcJonf?
1939-40 wGif (10)wef;atmif_rifc^J yD; &efuek f
wuUov
kd o
f hdk a&muf&cdS o
J nf? Ekid if aH &;udk cGuyf ek ;f
ckwfvkyfcJ&aom awmif}uD;uJokdh r[kwfawmbJ
a_Amifvyk I
f &aom ta_ctaeokhd a&muf&cdS o
J nf?
ausmif;om;or*~ a&G;aumufyGJwGif rav;
ol&d, OD;oef;armif a&G;aumufcH&aomtcg
pma&;olonf uk,
d pf m;vS,f t_zpfa&muf&o
d S mG ;onf?
ausmif;om; acgif;aqmif Adv

k af tmifausmu
f sq;kH ^yD;
Adkvfatmifausmf{nfcHyGJ aumfrwDwGif &Srf;_ynfawmif}uD;rS udkwif{/ udkbarmif wdkhESiftwl
{nfcHyGJ aumfrwDwGif yg0ifcJonf?
1941-'kwd,umppf}uD; _refrm_ynfukd
ul;pufvmcsed w
f iG f wpfEid k if v
H ;k H &Sad usmif;rsm; ydwv
f u
kd I
f
ausmif;om;Ekid if aH &;vnf; c%wm&yfem;cJ& onf?
&Srf;_ynfY em;csdefwGifqEN_y_cif;/ ykdpwmuyf_cif;
rsm;ukd }uD;}uD;us,u
f s,f rvkyEf idk af o;aomfvnf;
pwif vkyf@Sm;aecsdef_zpfonf?
1945-umppf}uD;^yD;oGm;I t*Fvdyfrsm;
_yef0ifvmaomtcgwGif ausmif;uk_d yefvnfwuf&
avonf? xkt
d csed w
f iG Of ypmwrf;wGi&f adS o;onf?
ausmif;om;wkid ;f vdv
k kd toufawGvnf;}uD;vmju^yD
_zpfaomajumif ausmif;tm%mydik rf sm;u ausmif;om;
rsm;tm; (1) trSwfrDv#if *k%fxl;wef; wufcGif
ay;rnf? oH;k ESpw
f ufa&muf^yD;v#if wuUov
dk q
f &m
_zpfrnf? (2) wpfEpS w
f ef;ausmaf y;rnf? (3) omref
'D*&Dpmar;yGJudk qufvufoifjum;Ekdifrnf[lI
a&G;cs,f cGifrsm;ay;vmonf? pma&;olonf
(10)wef; uwnf;u ocsFm/ yx0DESif
ordkif;bmomrsm;wGif
xl;c|efcJaomajumif
wef;ausmfay;^yD; 'D*&Day;ygu &Srf;_ynfwGif
ausmif;q&mvkyfrnf[k pdwful; &SdcJonf?
om"utae_zif Adkvfcifarmifav;/ OD;&mZmwf
wdkhonf EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; r[kwfaomfvnf;
ausmif;q&mvkyf&if;
EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ukd
arG;xkwf ay;cJa omajumif ausmif;q&mvkyrf nf[k
qHk;_zwfxm;cJonf? txl;o_zif EkdifiHa&;
orkid ;f bufwiG f pdwt
f 0ifpm;qH;k _zpfcaJ omfvnf;
pmar;yGJatmif_rifonf txdraecJ&ay?
(c) ynma&;ESif0efxrf;a&;wm0ef
ppf^yD;umvwGif tdE,
dN _ynfrS ppfa_y;bk&ifcH
qma':refprpfonf _refrm_ynfohdk_yefvnfa&muf&dS
vm^yD_zpfovdk vGwfvyfa&;twGuf EkdifiHa&;
'Da&vnf; wufaecsed _f zpfonf? bk&ifc.
H tvkyrf sm;
xJwGif _ynfolhaxmufyHa&;Xme onfvnf;
wpfck_zpfonf? ta_ccH vloHk;ukefypPnf;rsm;
aps;E+ef;rsm;udk _yifyaygufaps;xuf xuf0uf
av#ma &mif;csay;aomajumif axmufyaH &; XmewGif
t*wdvu
kd pf m;r+rsm; &Sv
d monf? txl;o_zif ukvm;
u_ym;rsm;onf ukd,fusKd;twGufrsm;pGm tusKd;
_zpfxeG ;f ju ukeo
f nf? _ynfot
l usK;d twGuf xda&muf
Ekid pf rG ;f r&Scd aJ cs? xkhd ajumifv
nf;Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;
acgif;aqmifaom z-q-y-vonf bk&ifct
H pk;d &
tm; _cpm;r+rsm;ajumif_ ynforl sm;. epfemcJr r+ sm;udk
wif_y^yD; _ynfohl axmufyaH &;Xmeudk v$,
J cl o
J nf?
t*wduif;aom vly*k Kd~ vfrsm;ud@k mS azGI pdw}f udKuf
cefhxm;&eftwGuf u|Efyk w
f hkd ,jkH unf&aomvlrsm;
(The men we trust) vufa&G;pifrsm;udk @SmazGcsdef
_zpfonf? pma&;olonf (Senior B.A) wef;udk
wufa&mufae^yD;
ausmif;^yD;cgeD;csdefwGif
axmufyaH &; &mxl;udk ay;_cif;cH&onf? rdwaf qG
tokid ;f t0dik ;f ESif vl}uD;rsm;uvnf; axmufyaH &;
Xmeonf vuf&t
dS csed w
f iG f ta&;}uD;aomajumif
vufcH&ef wkdufwGef;juonf? vkyfcsif&m
vrf;ajumif;ESif vkyu
f ikd cf iG &f aom vrf;ajumif;onf
vGaJ csmaf erSe;f odaomfvnf; vl@mS &cufaecsed w
f iG f
tenf;qH;k (6)vcefhvyk u
f ik d &f efEiS f ,if;aemufausmif;
qufwufvdkygu wufEkdifygajumif; qGJcefhI
vufcH vdkufygonf? xkdtcsdefrSm 1947 ckESpf/
atmufwdkbm_zpf^yD; vpmt_zpf (800)usyfukd
pwif&&Sdonf? e,fykdif/ 0efaxmufrsm;.
vpmonfyif (450)usyfcefhom &&Scd sdef _zpfonf?
1948 ckESpfvGwfvyfa&;&^yD;csdefwGif tpkd;&
AsL@ku
d &uft_zpfaevmcJ& if; pG^J rJaeaomEkid if H a&;udk
_zwfawmufr&_zpfvmonf? azazmf0g&DvwGif
[dkyHk;^rdKh/ arGawmfbk&m;}uD;Y &yvrS}uD;rSL;aom
avmif;upm; qefhusifa&;qEN_yyGu
J sif;ycJo
nf?
pma&;olu,
kd w
f idk u
f AsL@du
k &uf_zpfaeaomajumif
qEN_yvdkhvnf;r_zpfaomajumif ab;rSaeIom
tm;ay;tm;armufvyk f ay;cJo
nf? qEN_yyG^J yD;aemuf
qEN_y acgif;aqmifrsm;ESif yGJtwGif; acgufqGJ
qkdifwGif pm;aomufaejupOf pma&;olonf
if;wkdhpm;yGJ0dkif;wGif 0ifxkdif&if; pum;a_ymju
ygonf? odyrf jumvdu
k yf g pm;yGaJ tmufohdk vufypfA;kH
ypfoGif;vdkufajumif; ab;&Sdy&dwfowfrsm;u
atmfa_ymo_zif iHkhjunfvdkuf&m a_c&if;wGif
taiGhxu
G af eaom vufypfA;kH udk _rifvu
kd &f ygonf?
aumuf,v
l iG yf pf&ef owd&aomfvnf; tcsderf &
awmyg? pma&;olacgif;wGif xdrSefo_zif vHk;0
owdr&awmbJ a_r}uD;ay:vJus oGm;ygonf?
em&D0ufjumonfwkdif rnfolr# vma&muf
ukoay;_cif;r&Sb
d J awmif}uD;aq;@Hrk S vlemwifum;
a&muf&v
d S mrSom aq;@Hw
k ufc& J onf? xdaomae&mrSm
acgif;. OD;aESmufudkyg xdoGm;aomajumif
q&m0efrsm;rSm rvkyw
f wf rudik w
f wf_zpfomG ;onf?
cGpJ w
d zf hdk&ef ypPn;f ud&,
d mvnf; r_ynfp akH omajumif
a&S;OD;olem_yKavmufom vkyaf y;Ekid ^f yD; aemufEpS f
&ufavmufaerS
&efukefukd
aju;eef;_zif
qufoG,f tajumif;jum;o_zif 0ef}uD;rsm;
twGuo
f wfrw
S x
f m;aom av,mOfys_H zif &efuek f
aq;@Ho
k hdk ay;ydhk uo
k _cif;cH,cl &J onf? q&m0ef}uD;
a'gufwmOD;boef; (a':cifaroef;. taz/
OD;ae0if;. a,m=r) u,fwifcJaomajumif
qufvuftouf &Sicf o
J nf? &efuek f aq;@H}k uD;wGif
ig;vcefhr# wufa&muf ukocJ^yD; tapmykdif;
umvrsm;wGif owd&wpfcsu/f r&wpfcsu_f zpfco
J nf?
rdr.
d tazudak wmif rrSwrf ad vmufatmif_zpfc&J
ao;onf? tpk;d &0ef}uD;rsm; _zpfjuaom p0fceG cf sKd /
OD;xGef;_rif(vif;ac;)/ OD;b*srf;/ OD;wifpaom
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 15
0ef}uD;tzGJh0if xuf0ufausmf vma&mufjunf@+

tm;ay;ju ao;ajumif;aemufrS od&onf?
&efuek af q;@Hrk q
S if;cJ^ yD; awmif}uD;aq;@Hw
k iG f
xyfrH ukotem;,lcJ&_yefonf? xkdajumif
vnf; e*dkrlvu&nfrSef;cJaom tpkd;&tvkyfudk
(6)vom vky^f yD; ausmif;udk qufvufwufrnf[k
&nfreS ;f xm;cJa omfvnf; wu,fwef; _zpfrvmawmbJ
aq;@HkrSqif;cJ^yD;aemuf
tpkd;&tvkyfudk
_yefvkyfcJ&onf? awmif}uD;c@dkif axmufyHa&;
wm0efct
H _zpf wpfEpS w
f m0ef xrf;aqmifco
J nf?
xdktcsdefumvwGif &Srf;_ynfwGif EkdifiHa&;
tzGJh[lI
&-y-vtzGJhESif
AdkvfbaX;ESif
OD;!GefharmifwkdhzGJhaom
_ynfolh&Jabmf[lI
ESpfzGJh &Sdaeavonf? wpfzGJhwnf; _zpfatmif
aygif;vky&f eftwGuf }udK;yrf;aecsed f _zpfonf? 1949

ckESpfwGif &efukefwGif vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;tzGJh[lI
ay:ayguaf e^y;D &Sr;f _ynfonfvnf; oHa,mifvu
kd u
f m
vuf0J nD!Gwfa&; wyfaygif;zGJh&ef _yKvkyfonf
wkid f wu,fwrf; txa_rmufonfxd vkyu
f ikd I
f
r&cJay? tpk;d &.axmifacsmuftwGi;f usqif;cJ& ^yD;
tm;vHk;vdkvdk z@dkz&J_zpfcJ&onf? xkdtcsdefrSpI
&Srf;_ynfEkdifiHa&; v+yf@Sm;r+onfusqif;cJ&onf?
vlxyk pkH yH gaomEkid if aH &; _zpfrvmawmbJ 0ef}uD;
p0fcGefcsKdOD;pD;aom
&Srf;_ynfwkdif;&if;om;rsm;
pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJh (&-w-p-n-z)ESif erf
crf; OD;xGe;f at;wdhk . &Sr;f _ynfawmifwef;om;rsm;
pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJh (&-y-v-z)rsm;om
&yfwnfcJonf?
tydkif; (3)
@Srf;_ynfEkdifiHa&;v+yf@Sm;r+
(u) yxryifvHknDvmcHt}udKumv
'kwd,umppf}uD;^yD;aemuf Âdwdo#tpdk;&
onf_refrm_ynfukdqufvuftkyfcsKyf&eftwGuf
(1)
_refrm_ynfrtwGuf
puUL_zLpDrHudef;/
(2) awmifwef;a'orsm;twGuf 1946 ckEpS ef ,f_cm;
a'orsm;qkid &f m pnf;rsO;f Oya'rsm; (The Frontier
Areas Regulations, 1946) wkdhudka&;qGJcJonf?
awmifwef;a'orsm;wGif yg0ifaom ya'o&mZf
&Sr;f _ynfYapmfbmG ;/ ^rdKhpm;/ aiGceG rf LS ;ponfwhdk _zif
vnf;aumif;/ ucsiaf 'owGi'f ;l 0g;rsm;_zif vnf;aumif;/
u&ifa'owGif apmfurJ sm;_zifv
nf;aumif;/ csif;
awmifwef;a'owGif awmiftkyfrsm; ponf_zif
pepftrsKd;rsKd;_zif cGJ_cm;tkyfcsKyfonf? u&ifeD
(,cktac:u,m;_ynfe,f)wGiv
f nf; apmzsmrsm;
trnf_zif woD;w_cm; tkycf sKyfao;onf? xko
d hdk
woD;w_cm;pD _zpfaeaom a'orsm;tkycf sKyfa&;udk
e,f_cm; a'orsm;[laom trnfwpfcw
k nf; atmuf
wGiyf ;l aygif;I bk&ifcu
H }udK;udik t
f yk cf sKyfomG ;&efrmS
1946 ckESpf e,f_cm;a'otkyfcsKyfa&;pDrHudef;.
t"du &nf&G,fcsuf_zpfonf?
&Sr;f _ynfya'o&mZfapmfbmG ;rsm;onf 'kw,
d
umppfr_zpfrDu ya'o&mZfpepfudk t_ynft0
usO;f a_rmif;pGm usio
f ;kH Ekid cf jJ uonf? okhd aomf 'kw,
d
umppf}uD; ^yD;qHk;aomtcg _yifyumESif rvGJ
ra@Smifom xdawGhc&J aom tawGhtjuHKrsm;ajumif

rdrdwdkh.pepfudk acwfESiftnD a_ymif;vJ&ef
vdktyfvm^yDudk od_rifvmjuonf?
aAGaqmfOD;tae_zif
anmifa@$apmfbGm;
p0fa@$okdufu awmif}uD;^rdKh&Sd &Srf;_ynfe,f
ta&;ydkifrSwpfqif
e,fpyfa'orsm;qkdif&m
!$efjum;a&;0ef rpPwmyDa,mpf xHokdh &Srf;_ynf
tem*wftwGuf tjuHay; pDrHudef; wpfckudk
wifoGif; vkdufonf? xdkpDrHudef;rSm olwpfe,f
igwpfrif; tkyfcsKyfaejuaom &Srf;_ynftm;
ya'o&mZf tkyfcsKyfa&;rS {u&mZftkyfcsKyfa&;
pepfokdh toGiful;a_ymif;a&;yif _zpfonf?
ra&S;raESmif;yif oDEaDM pmfbmG ; p0f[ek zf uvnf;
34-e,f&adS om&Sr;f _ynfrmS t&G,t
f pm; trsKd;rsKd;
uG_J ym;ae^yD; uGm[r+vnf; rsm;vSonf? xkhd ajumif
e,fi,fuav;rsm;udk aygif;ypf^yD; e,f}uD;
(12)e,ftxd csKHhIaygif;&ef/ xdk (12)e,frS
apmfbmG ;rsm;onf tvSnu
f s t"dywd a&G;cs,f^yD;
tkyfcsKyfoGm;&ef o[m,or*~rl _zpfo_zif
wd;k wufvm^yD _zpfaomfvnf; e,fi,frsm;rS^rdKhpm;/
aiGceG rf LS ;rsm;u uefhuu
G jf u_yefonf? xdt
k csed w
f iG f
awmifykdifapmfbGm; cGefyef;pdefu e,fi,frsm;
bufrSvdkufI qifa_cay;^yD; TudpPrsm;twGuf
e,f&iS t
f m;vH;k tpnf;ta0;wpf&yf ac:,l&efEiS f
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 17
&Srf;_ynf awmifydkif;/ a_rmufydkif; A[kdusaom

rkid ;f udik ^f rdKhwiG f pnf;a0;ju&ef e,f&iS rf sm;tm;vH;k udk
zdwfac:cJavonf?
awmifyidk af pmfbmG ;.pm xGuaf y:vmaomtcg
&Srf;_ynfawmifydkif;&Sd e,f&Sifrsm;vHk;rSm v+yf@Sm;
vmjuonf? &Srf;_ynfawmifydkif; qdkonfrSm
e,fi,f uav;rsm; aygrsm;^yD; e,fi,fav;rsm;
zsufodrf;&efESif yl;aygif;&ef tjuHay;xm;aom
oDEMDapmfbGm;.rludk rESpfoufjuay? ,ckvnf;
awmifydkifapmfbGm;. zdwfac:pmudk &&Sdaomtcg
ykdI v+yfv+yf&G&G _zpfukefjuonf?
1945 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmvwGif rdik ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;
p0fpx
H eG ;f . r[ma'0Dpsmyeudk &Sr;f _ynfawmifyikd ;f
apmfbmG ;rsm; pHv
k ifpmG wufa&mufjuonf? apmfbmG ;rsm;
pHkpHknDnD awGhjuaomtcg awmifykdifapmfbGm;
ay;pmudk txl;pdwf0ifwpm; aqG;aEG;ju^yD;
rdkif;udkif^rdKhwGif taqmwv#if awGhqHkaqG;aEG;
wdik yf ifE;DS aESmju&ef Ed;k aqmfxm;_cif;udk oabmwlcJ
juonf?
Tokdh_zifrkdif;udkif nDvmcHonf 1946 ckESpf/
Zefe0g&D (31)wGif _zpfay:vmcJ&ayonf?
xdrk idk ;f udik t
f pnf;ta0;wGif &Sr;f _ynf e,f&iS f
rsm;onf ta&;ygaom qHk;_zwfcsuftcsKdhudk
csrw
S Ef ikd cf aJ vonf? e,f&iS rf sm; tm;vH;k udk trnf
*k%yf 'k f rcG_J cm;awmbJ p0fzvHk [kac:qk&d ef ESif
p0fzvHktm;vHk; yg0ifaom p0fzvHkaumifpDudk
zGJhpnf;wnfaxmifI tvkyftr+aqmiftzGJhukd
zGhJ pnf;Ekid cf o
J nf? ,cifu &Scd aJ om &Sr;f e,f&iS rf sm;
aumifpDudk_yifqifzGJhpnf; &eftwGuf &Sd&if;pGJ
pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk vmrnf yifvHkuGefz&ifwGif
_yifqif&ef qH;k _zwfju^yD; rkid ;f udik t
f pnf; ta0;udk
atmif_rifpGm @kyfodrf;vkdufygonf? rjumrDvlxk
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udkvnf; _znfpGufxnfoGif;&ef
rltm;_zif oabmwlnDcJjuonf?
t*Fvyd f tpk;d &uvnf; rjumrD awmif}uD;^rdKhY

,cif ppfr_zpfru
D yif t*Fvyd t
f pd;k & zJhG pnf;ay;cJI
,ck tcge,f&iS rf sm; vufrcHvakd wmaom uamZ

ya'o &mZmaumifpD (Federal Council of Shan
Chiefs) tpnf;ta0; wpfckudk ac:,lrnf[k
jum;od&o_zif xdktpnf;ta0; rwkdifcif
1946-rwfv (26)&ufrS (28)&ufaeh twGif;
&Srf;_ynf. A[dkusaom yifvHk^rdKh uav;wGif
pD;yGm;a&;b%f zGJhpnf;a&; udpPtrnf_zif
tpnf;ta0;wpfck usif;y&ef qHk;_zwfcJonf?
(c) yxryifvHknDvmcH
&Srf;_ynf&Sd tm&Svli,facgif;aqmifa[mif;
rsm;onf vlxkpnf;@Hk;a&;ESif ywfoufI
r,fr,f&&
rvkyfEkdifao;csdef
_zpfonf?
(9-2-1946)aehp_JG zif pma&;ol zGiv
f pS x
f m;aom
awmif}uD;^rdKh&dS 0if; pm;yG@J u
kH kd A[k_d yKazmf_yaom
vli,ftpnf;ta0; zdwfpmudk yifvHk ukdcGefxD;
vufrw
S _f zif &Sr;f _ynfawmifyikd ;f ESif a_rmufyikd ;f &Sd
vli,frsm;xH ay;ykhd &ef pDpOfaeonf? xdt
k csed Yf yif
awmif}uD;^rdKhohdk acwWa&muf&adS eaom qDqikd ^f rdKhpm;
p0fceG jf unfu udw
k if{ESif ukx
d eG ;f _rif (awmif}uD;)
wkdhukd ac:,lawGhqHkI rdrdESifrkdif;yGefapmfbGm;
p0fpHxGef;wkdh pDpOfxm;aom yifvHkyGJtajumif;udk
&Si;f _yonf? rwfv (26)rS (28)xd b%fziG yf t
JG pnf;
ta0;udu
k si;f yrnf_zpf^yD; (23)&ufaehrpS I t}udK
aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm;pwifrnf_zpfI vli,frsm;tae_zif
wufa&muf^yD; a[ma_ymyGrJ sm;wGif yg0ifa[ma_ym
apvdyk gajumif;/ *syefraS &mufvmaom ukx
d eG ;f _rif
uvnf; *syeftawGhtjuHKrsm;udk a[ma_ymapvdk
ygajumif; zdwaf c:urf;vSr;f vmygonf? xdhk ajumif
awmif}uD;^rdKhohdk vma&muf&ef pDpOfxm;aom rlv
zdwpf mtpm; (23)&uf aehrwkid rf D yifvo
kH hdkta&muf
vmju&ef a_ymif;vJ zdwfjum;&avonf?
yifvHktpnf;ta0;okdh bk&ifcH/ AdkvfcsKyf

atmifqef;/ rsKd;cspfygwDrSOD;apm/ OD;b&ifponf
yk*Kd~ vfrsm;udk wufa&muf&efzw
d pf mrsm;udk ay;ykhd onf?
AdkvfcsKyfrSm &cdkifc&D;okdh r_zpfrae oGm;a&muf&ef
&Sdaeaomajumif rdrdukd,fpm;OD;Ek/ OD;A*srf;ESif
ref;bcdkifwkdhudk apvGwfo_zif nDvmcHrwkdifrD
awmif}uD;okdh a&muf&Sdvmonf? if;zqyv
acgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf oD;oefhzdwfpm &&Sd&ef
ukdwif{wkdhu rkdif;yGefapmfbGm; p0fpHxGef;ESif
wkdifyif^yD; pDpOfay;cJ&onf?
1946 ckESpf Âdwdo#tpdk;&pDpOfxm;aom
e,f_cm;a'o tkyfcsKyfa&; pnf;rsOf;Oya'udk
rauseyfjuaom &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;u rdrdwkdhESif

tusK;d wl_zpfaom csi;f / ucsiaf cgif;aqmifrsm;udv
k nf;
tpnf;ta0; wufa&muf&ef zdwfjum;cJonf?
u&ifeDe,f (,cktac: u,m;_ynfe,f)rS
tm&Svil ,facgif;aqmifrsm; _zpfjuaom uku
d s;D !d/k
udck srf;om/ r_roDEiS f rat;EGw
H hdk vnf; yifvykH o
JG hdk
wufa&mufcJonf?
yGJawmfumvtwGif; vlxktodynm wdk;yGm;
ap&eftwGuf a[ma_ymyGrJ sm;pDpOfxm;&m yGpJ wif
aomrwfv (23) &ufaehrSpI atmufygtwdkif;
tvsOf;oifonf aehrsm;wGif a[ma_ymjuonf?
anmifa@$apmfbGm; p0fa@$okduf (&Srf;-_refrm ESpfbmom_zif)------- taxGaxGudpPrsm;/

udkpHaz--------------------------------- toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vufr+ynm/
udkxGef;_rif(vif;ac;)--------------------------- bvl;bifaq;wHaomufaq;/
p0fpHxGef;/ p0fcGefjunf--------------------------- acwfrDv,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;/
p0frdk;junf(pHum;)-------------------------------- acwfrDv,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;/
OD;wif(pkdufysKd;a&;0efaxmuf)-------------------------- acwfrDpkdufysKd;a&;pepf/
udkxGef;_rif(awmif}uD;)
------------------- ppf}uD;ajumifpdkufysKd;a&;avsmenf;vm/

tiwf_y\emumuG,f&ef_yifqifa&;/
OD;@Hk(anmifa@$)------------------------------------ om;owfvdkifpifydwf&ef/
udkwif{--------------------------------------------------- ynma&;/
ukdb]m%f-------------------------------------------------- ynma&;/
p0fqdkifrdkif;(&Srf;bmom_zif)------------------------------------- ynma&;/
eEN[def------------------------------------------------- tiwf_y\em
OD;b&if (rdwDvm)-------------------------------------------- ynma&;/
udkcGefxD;-------------------------------------------- &Srf;_ynfpD;yGm;a&;/
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 19
23-&ufaeheeH uf(9)em&DwiG f tpnf;ta0;udk

obmywdt_zpf awmifydkifapmfbGm;cGefyef;pdefu
rdefhcGef;a_ymjum;I zGifvSpfay;cJonf? xdkaehn
(9)em&DwGif
*VKefOD;apm
a&muf&Sdvm^yD;
E+wfcGef;quf pum;tenf;i,f a_ymqdkcJonf?
_ynfrwGif a&ShaevkdufI a[mjum;aeaom
'drk eD ,
D H w&m;udk rvdv
k m;ajumif; owday;onf
tae_zif udkwif{u rdwfaqG}uD; OD;apm
'DudkjuGa&mufvm_cif;[m aumif;aomvm_cif;
_zpfr,fvhkd u|efawmfwhkdar#mv
f ify gw,f? wu,fvhkd
_ynfrrSm a&mif;rpGw
H J 'drk eD ,
D u
H kd 'DrmS vma&mif;r,f
juH&ifawm apmapm_yefwm aumif;ygvdrfr,f/
u|efawmfwkdhuawm
vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;yJ
[ka_ym&if; }udKqdkvdkufonf?
26-&ufaehwiG t
f pnf;ta0;udk pwifonf?
bk&ifcrH ed hf ceG ;f udk e,f_cm;a'otkycf sKyfa&; !$ejf um;
a&;0ef rpPwmpwDAifqifu bk&ifcu
H ,
k d pf m; zwfjum;
onf? xkn
d wGio
f cifEu
k &Sr;f -_refrmaoG;pnf;a&;
ordik ;f ESif bk&ifcrH ed hf ceG ;f yg e,fpyfa'orsm;csex
f m;
onfudpPudk a'grmefygyg_zif a[ma_ym&m
y&dwo
f wfrsm;. jobmay;_cif;udk cHc&J avonf?
2&-&ufaehwGif OD;apmu 'dkrDeD,Hw&m;udk
a[ma_ym&mwGif tcsut
f vufrsm;udk tpDtpOfcs^yD;
a_ymcJv
#if wpfem&Dcefhom jumrnf_zpfaomfvnf;
a0Shum0dkufum_zif
vSnfywfa_ymqdkr+ajumif
obmywd awmifydkifapmfbGm;u nykdif;wGif
qufvufa[m&ef
awmif;yef&avonf?
tpnf;ta0;udk &yfem;cJ^ yD; n(8)em&DwiG f qufvuf
a[ma_ym_yefonf? acwftqufquf 'drk eD ,
D rH sm;
tqifq
ifa _ymif;vJw;dk wufvmyHu
k kd tao;pdwf
&Sif;_yoGm;cJonfrSm nOfeuf oef;acgifeD;cgrS
ed*Hk;csKyfEkdifcJonf?
28-&ufaeh tpnf;ta0;udk yGJawmfwGif;
ryfxJwGif
usif;y_cif;r[kwfbJ
t_cm;
oD;oefhae&mwGif wHcg;ydwf aqG;aEG;yH&k onf? csi;f /
ucsiu
f ,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm;ESif !SEd id+ ;f r+rsm;_yKcJo
nfukd
od&&dS onf? xkt
d pnf;ta0;rS _refrm_ynfaxmifpk
,Ofaus;r+ toif;}uD; (United Burma Cultural
Association) [lI ay:xGuv
f mygonf? toif;.
OuUXrSm anmifa@$apmfbGm; p0fa@$odkuf_zpf^yD;/
twGi;f a&;rSL;t_zpf OD;apmudk wifarmufjuonf?
OD;EkrSmrl tr+aqmif t_zpfom yg0ifcJavonf?
yxryifvn
kH v
D mcHonf rlvjuH&,
G pf pD Ofxm;
onfxuf ydrk u
k d s,_f yefhomG ;ygonf? yifv^k HrKd hav;onf
&Sr;f _ynfe,f.tv,fA[dw
k iG w
f nf&^dS yD; (34)e,frS
apmfbmG ;rsm;/ ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm; vma&mufpak 0;ju
aomajumif yG.
J *,ufrmS &Sr;f _ynf wpf0ef;vH;k udk
ysHhEhHS @u
kd cf wfomG ;cJo
nf[k ,lq&ayonf? tusKd;
oufa&mufr+ tae_zif aemiftcg_zpfay:vmrnf
ta_ctaeESif ywfoufI pka0;aqG;aEG;_cif;/
t_rif_cif;zvS,f_cif;/ awGhqHkaqG;aEG;_cif;wdkhrSm
tusK;d &Sad omajumif aemifvmrnf ESprf sm;wGiv
f nf;
,ckuJokdh tESpfom&&Sdaom nDvmcHrsKd;udk
usif;y&ef quf&ef&Sdao;w,f qkdaom
obmywd awmifydkifapmfbGm;}uD; cGefyef;pdef.
ed*;kH rdehf ceG ;f wGif azmf_yxm;onft
wdik ;f vmrnfEpS f
azazmf0g&DvwGif aemufwpf}udrf usif;yzdkh
csrSwf^yD; yGJawmfudk @kyfodrf;vdkufygonf?
(*) yxryifvHknDvmcHESif&Srf;_ynfvli,frsm;
yifvHkyGJonf &Srf;_ynfvli,frsm;tzdkhtxl;
nDvmcH[q
k Ekd idk yf gonf? awmif}uD;^rdKhwiG f rwfv
(20)rS (26)&ufaehxd usi;f y&efzw
d af c:xm;aom
vli,fu,
kd pf m;vS,t
f pnf;ta0;onf yifvykH EJG iS f
wkdufaeaomajumif yifvHkwGif pk@Hk;^yD; vli,f
aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; usif;yEkdifcJygonf?
yifvw
k H iG f ukcd eG x
f ;D iSm;ay;xm;aom tdrEf pS v
f ;k H wGif
trsKd;om;ESif trsKd;orD;wpfvHk;pDcGJ^yD; wnf;cdk
juonf? vli,frsm; awGhqakH qG;aEG;yGu
J kd udck eG x
f ;D .
yGJ@Hkwef;vsm;wGif _yKvkyfEkdifcJonf? aqG;aEG;yGJY
ukw
d if{ acgi;f aqmifaom vli,facgi;f aqmifrsm;onf
a&Gwd*Hktv,fypP,H nDvmcHt^yD; (8-2-1946)
aehwGif
zqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifawGhqHk
aqG;aEG;jupOfu &&SdcJaom tjuH]m%frsm;
_zpfonf (1) pnf;@Hk;EkdifcGif/ a&;cGif/ a_ymcGifrsm;
&&Sda&;twGuf aqmif&Guf&ef (2) _yK_yifa&;
vkyfief;rsm;rS wpfqif vlxkv+yf@Sm;r+rsm;udk
qufvufaqmif&Guf&efwdkhudk
ta_ccHxm;
aqG;aEG;onf?
(27)&ufaehwiG f OD;Ekacgif;aqmifonf zqyv
tzGJhrS 0ifa&mufaqG;aEG;onf? OD;Eku ,ck
yifvo
kH hk ad &muf&v
dS m_cif;rSm apmfbmG ;rsm;ESiaf wGhqkH
aqG;aEG;&efxuf
vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;ESif
awGhqHkaqG;aEG;a&;om
t"du_zpfajumif;/
zqyv XmecsKyfwGif &Srf;_ynfvli,f (10)OD;ESif
aqG;aEG;jupOfu ra_yrvnf_zpfcaJ om udprP sm;udk
aocsmaqG;aEG;&ef Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef; ud,
k w
f idk u
f
rdrdtm; wm0efay;apvGwfI vma&muf&_cif;
_zpfajumif; pwifa_ymqdyk gonf? vli,frsm;uvnf;
rauseyfcsufESif ywfoufI pma&;om;ay;ykdhcJ
^yD;_zpf&m ,ckvkd OD;Eku,
kd w
f ikd f vma&mufaqG;aEG;
&Sif;vif;csufrsm;udk vli,frsm;u auseyfpGmyif
wkefh_yef vufcHjuonf?
aqG;aEG;yGrJ S yGt
J ^yD;rdred ,fu_kd yefa&mufv#if
vli,ftpnf;t@Hk;rsm;udk _yefvnfazmfxkwf&ef/
r_zpfEidk af o;v#if tenf;qH;k vlra+ &; tzGhJ tpnf;
rsm;wGif wm0ef,laqmif&Gufju&ef po_zif
qHk;_zwfcsufrsm; csrSwfEdkifcJonf?
tm&Svli,f acgif;aqmifa[mif;rsm; vlxk
pnf;@H;k a&; vkyif ef;rsm; _yifqifaecsed w
f iG f _ynfohl
&JabmfwyfzhJG rmS awmif}uD;ESif vGKd ifvif^rdKhrsm;wGif
zGiv
f pS f Edik cf ^J yD;_zpfonf? yifvt
kH pnf;ta0;yGo
J hdk
_ynfohl &aJ bmfwyfzhJG 0if (15)OD;cefh {nfo
nft_zpf
wufa&mufvmjuonf? aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm;/ a[ma_ymyGJ
rsm;wGif yg0if_cif; r&SdcJacs?
(C) pma&;olESif yxryifvHknDvmcH

nDvmcHohdk &Sr;f _ynfawmifyikd ;f -a_rmufyikd ;f ESif
u&ife_D ynfwhdrk S zdwjf um;xm;aom tm&Svil ,facgif;
aqmifrsm; a&muf&Sdvmovdk pma&;olrSm
awmif}uD;wGif zGiv
f pS x
f m;qJ qkid x
f idk f refae*sm
t_zpf wm0ef,lae&onf 0if;pm;yGJ@Hk udk
yifvHkyGJawmfodkh a_ymif;a&GhzGifvSpfcJonf?
yifvykH aGJ wmftwGi;f rSm aps;qkid cf ef;rsm;/ Zmwfpif/
tîdrpf if/ avmif;upm;0dik ;f rsm;_zif pnfum; ae^yD;
yGcJ if;. ta&ShbufpeG ;f wGif e,f&iS af pmfbmG ; rsm;ESif
txl;zdwfjum;xm;aom {nfonfrsm; wnf;cdk
zdkh&efoufu,frdk;/ 0g;x&HumwJrsm;udk tpDt&D
aqmuf vkyx
f m;ygonf? tpnf;ta0;_yKvkyrf nf
ryfudkvnf; vlwaxmifcefh qefhatmif
oufu,fr;kd / 0g;x&Hum_zif aqmufvyk x
f m;onf?
cyfvSrf;vSrf;wGif
anmifa@$apmfbGm;uawmf
r[ma'0D p0f[def;crf; }uD;juyftkyfcsKyfaom
usm;wHqdyf vufzuf&nfqkdif (Mao Cafe) udk
zGifvSpfxm;onf? xdkqdkifonf txl;{nfonf
awmf}uD;rsm;. xrif;pm;@Hkvnf; _zpfonf?
anmifa@$^rdKhrS tysKdawmf/ vlysKdawmfrsm;udk
{nfcHa&;ESif pm;yGJxkd;t_zpf cefhxm;_cif;_zpf^yD;
p0f[def;crf; udk,fwdkif au|;arG;{nfcHygonf?
vli,ftzGJhrsm;rSm txl;zdwfjum;xm;aom
{nfo
nfpm&if;wGif ryg0ifaomajumif qkid ef m;udk
ruyfEdkifcJjuay? aps;E+ef;uvnf;vGefpGm}uD;rm;
aomajumif 0,fpm;Ekid _f cif;r&Syd g? xkhd ajumifp ma&;ol
zGiv
f pS x
f m;aom 0if;pm;yG@J kH YvlwpfO;D twGuf
wpfaeh xrif;ESpfESyftwGuf oHk;rwfE+ef;_zif
atmf'g ay;pm;juonf? vli,f udk,fpm;vS,f
(30)ausmf twGufvnf; pkpk@Hk;@Hk;_zpfatmif
pDpOfxm;&m pma&;ol. xrif;qkid rf mS vli,frsm;_zif
pnfum;aeygonf?
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 21
xdktcsdefcgu usif;ycJaom yxryifvHk

nDvmcHonf pma&;oltzdkh omref_ynfol
y&dwfowfuJokdhom wufa&mufcJ_cif; _zpfonf?
(i) &Srf;_ynfvli,ftpnf;t@Hk;
&Sr;f _ynfvil ,facgif;aqmifrsm;onf yifvyk H t
J G ^y;D
awmif}uD;^rdKhwiG af wGhqu
kH m yifvv
kH il ,faqG;aEG;
yGw
J iG af qG;aEG;qH;k _zwfco
J nft
wkid ;f a&Shvyk if ef;pOfrsm;
twGuw
f idk yf ifjuavonf? oifa wmfaomtcsed w
f iG f
(zqyv) yHpk t
H wdik ;f wyfaygif;pkt_zpf &Sr;f _ynf
vGwfvyfa&;tzGJhcsKyf zGJhpnf;a&;Edkif&eftwGuf
&nf&,
G cf su/f vkyif ef;pOf/ pnf;rsO;f rsm;udk pwifa&;qGJ
juonf? rjumrDrSmyif udkwif{. OD;aqmifr+_zif
awmif}uD;^rdKhwiG f awmif}uD;^rdKhvil ,frsm;tpnf;
t@Hk;udk 1946 ckESpf/ {^yDvwGif zGifvSpfcJonf?
xdpk Ofcsed cf g _ynfr&Sd trsK;d om;ausmif;rsm;uJo
hdk
&Sr;f _ynfwiG v
f nf; ya'o&mZftaemufausmif;
ESif ya'o&mZfawmifausmif;rsm;udk 1946-ck
arvavmufwiG zf iG _f zpfco
J nf? pma&;ol.rlv&nf
rSe;f csu_f zpfaom rsK;d cspv
f il ,fausmif;om;rsm;ud_k yKpk
ysK;d axmif^yD; acgif;aqmifaumif;rsm;_zpfvmap&rnf
[laom &nf&,
G cf suo
f nf ,ckryS ifvrf;pay:vmcJ&
onf? ya'o&mZfawmifausmif; .ausmif;tkyf
t_zpf wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom udkwif{onf
tm&Svli,f acgif;aqmifa[mif;rsm; teuf
ynma&;wGif pdwfyg0ifpm;olrsm;udk @SmazG
pkaqmif;^yD; vufaxmufq&mrsm;t_zpf wm0ef
ay;cefhtyfc&J m pma&;olvnf; xdt
k cGit
f a&;udk
vufvGwfrcHbJ
oabmwlvufcHcJygonf?
wm0ef,laqmif&Gufae&aom
0if;pm;yGJ@Hk
rSm t@+H;ESif&ifqdkifaeo_zif ,if;vkyfief;udk
ydwfypf^yD; vufaxmufq&mt_zpf udkwif{.
vuf a tmuf w G i f y if
tr+ x rf ; cJ o nf ?
wpfzufrv
S nf; vli,frsm;tpnf;t@H;k wm0efukd
rvpf[if;&avatmif ausmif;qif;csdefrsm;wGif
vli,f@Hk;cef;rY tcsdefukefvGefapcJonf?
rjumao;rDu&efuek w
f iG f Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;
tygt0if (zqyv) acgif;aqmifrsm;ESif
aqG;aEG;cJ&mwGif _yK_yifa&;rSpI EkdifiHa&;okdh
w_znf;_znf; a_ymif;vJoGm;&ef tjuH_yKcJonf
twkdif; if;vrf;pOfudk yifvHkaqG;aEG;yGJwGif
csrSwfcJ^yD; _zpfonf? vli,frsm;tpnf;t@Hk;wGif
eH&u
H yfpmapmifrsm; wm0ef,al e&aom ukx
d eG ;f _rif
(awmif}uD;)u EkdifiHa&;qefaom aqmif;yg;rsm;
xnfoGif;onf udpPESifywfoufI udkwif{ESif
udkxGef;_rifwdkh oabmxm; uGJvGJrdjuonf?
udw
k if{u tcsed rf wefbJ rD;zGm;wJ oaE<om;[m
ysuu
f sEikd w
f ,f xkhd ajumif &Sr;f _ynfwiG f Ekid if aH &;
vkyf&ef apmvGef;ao;onf[k qdkonf? okdhaomf
tcsdefusa&mufvmv#if EkdifiHa&;tzGJhtoGifodkh
a_ymif;vJoGm;&ef
cH,lxm;^yD;_zpfonf?
okdhaomfvnf; jo*kwfv (18)&ufaehwGif
awmif}uD;^rdKh&Sd vli,frsm;tpnf;t@Hk;wnf&Sd&m
XmecsKyfwiG f Ekid if aH &;ygwDzhJG pnf;a&;ESif ywfoufI
aqG;aEG;&m vli,f(30)ausmf wufa&mufco
J nf?
xdak qG;aEG;yGw
J iG f tm&Svil ,facgif;aqmifa[mif;
ukdbZHESif pma&;olwkdhu EkdifiHa&;vkyf&ef
apmao;ajumif uefhuu
G cf o
J nfw
idk f trsm;qENt&
&Srf;_ynfvGwfvyfa&;tzGJhcsKyf &yvudk (208-1946)aehwGif zGifvSpfcJonf? ygwDyHkpH
r[kwfbJ vlxkvlwef;pm; aygif;pHkus,f_yefhpGm
yg0ifEkdifa&;twGuf &nf&G,fI (zqyv)yHkpHrsKd;
zGJhpnf;_cif;_zpfonf? tr+aqmiftzGJh0ifrsm;rSmOuUX a'gufwmcGefomat; (wpfoD;yk*~v)
'k-OuUX
udkpHwif (tm&Svli,f-erRwl)
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
udkxGef;_rif

(wpfoD;yk*~v-awmif}uD;)
_yefjum;a&;rSL;

bma&;rSL;

udkxGef;az
(tm&Svli,f-bef;,Of)
OD;bat;
(wpfoD;yk*~v-awmif}uD;)
tr+aqmifrsm;
(1) udkbaX;
(_ynfolh&Jabmf)
(2) udkb&D
(_ynfolh&Jabmf)
(3) udktkef;az
(_ynfolh&Jabmf)
(4) udkpHaz
(tm&Svli,f-awmif}uD;)
(5) ukdoef;az
(tm&Svli,f-rdk;rdwf)
(6) udkxGef;OD;
(tm&Svli,f-oDayg)
wkdh_zpfonf?
txufyg pm&if;ukd junfv#if udkwif{/
ukdbZH
uJokdhta&;}uD;aomacgif;aqmifrsm;
ryg0if a o;ovd k
ud k c G e f x D ; (yif v H k ) ES i f
ukcd eG af pm(yif;w,)wkhd onfvnf; ta_ctaeudk
apmifjunfaeqJ_zpfonf?
pma&;olvnf;
xkt
d csdew
f iG f Ekid if aH &;vkyzf hdk &ef tcsderf usao;[k
,Hjk unfonft
_yif ya'o&mZfawmifausmif;wGif
ausmif;q&mvkyfae_cif;ajumif ryg0ifEkdifcJacs?
rjumrDrmS yif wuUov
kd af usmif;oifwef;rsm;_yefvnf
zGiv
f pS af omajumif ausmif;qufwuf&ef &efuek o
f hdk
qif;cJ& onf? xkt
d csed rf pS I pma&;olonf &Sr;f _ynf
Ekid if aH &;ESiu
f if;uGmoGm;cJ& avonf? pma&;olonf
&efuek af &muf^yD; ausmif;_yefwufae&aomfvnf;
&Srf;_ynfEkdifiHa&; tcif;tusif;ESif ywfoufI
t^rJr_ywf em;pGifaeqJyif &Sdonf?
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf vGwv
f yfa&;ta&;
qdk&eftwGuf Âdwdo#tpdk;&. zdwfjum;csuft&
rjumrD t*Fvefokdh oGm;a&mufrnf_zpf&m
vlrsK;d pkacgif;aqmifrsm;ESif aqG;aEG;!dES i+d ;f &eftwGuf
&Srf;ESifu&ifeDe,frsm;odkh
c&D;xGufcJonf?
AdkvfcsKyfESiftwl AdkvfcsKyfuawmf a':cifjunf/
(zqyv)
tr+ a qmif t zG J h 0if r sm;onf
1946 'DZifbm (23)wGif awmif}uD;okdh
a&muf&Sdvm^yD; acwWr# &yfem;um vGdKifaumfodkh
c&D;qufavonf? u&ifeDacgif;aqmifrsm;ESif
aqG;aEG;cJ^yD; aemufwpfaeh (24)&ufaehwGif
awmif}uD;okhd _yefa&muf vmonf? naeydik ;f wGif
awmif}uD;aps; ta&Shbuf uGuv
f yf_yif}uD;xJwiG f
vlxkw&m;yGJ usif;yrnf_zpf&m obmywd
t_zpf udkwif{tm;rawGh&aomajumif pHkprf;&m
udkwif{rSm tpdk;&ausmif;tkyf vkyfaeajumif;
od&&dS m Adv
k cf sKyfu [m iguolhukd tm;uk;d ^yD;awm
vmwm/ ol'Dvdka@Smifaevdkh b,faumif;rvJ[k
a_ymqdrk mS jum;vku
d &f m udw
k if{rSm ta&;w}u;D pOf;pm;
&awmonf? obmywdvyk v
f #if Ekid if aH &;w&m;yGJ
_zpfaomajumif 0efxrf;pnf;rsO;f tt& vkyyf ik d cf iG r f &S/d
tu,fI_iif;y,fvu
kd v
f #ifvnf; rdru
d t
kd m;ud;k I
vmcJa omAdv
k cf sKyftm; tmcH&m/ rdwzf su&f ma&muf
rnf? udk,fwkdifuvnf;EkdifiHa&;udk_zwfr&_zpfae
aomajumif aemifcgvmaemifcgaps;/ _zpfcsi&f m_zpf[k
qdkum xkdaehnaevlxkw&m;yGJwGif obmywd
t_zpf aqmif&u
G v
f u
dk af vonf? aemufwpfaehwiG f
ausmif;tkyft_zpfrS EkwfxGufvdkuf&avawm
onf? udkwif{ EkdifiHa&;e,fy,fxJ 0ifa&muf
vm_cif;ESit
f wl ta_ctaeudk tuJcwfapmifj unf
aeaom udkbZH/ udkcGefxD;ESif udkcGefapmwkdhonf
&-y-v xJokdh wzGJzGJ 0ifa&mufvmonf?
udx
k eG ;f _rifw
hdk zGiv
f pS x
f m;^yD; _zpfaom &Sr;f _ynf
vGwfvyfa&;tzGJhcsKyf wGifyif OuUXt_zpf
udw
k if{u xrf;aqmifvu
kd _f cif;ESit
f wl &Sr;f _ynf.
EkdifiHa&;v+yf@Sm;r+ t&Sdeft[kefonf wdk;wuf
vmygawmonf?
,cif &-y-vXmecsKyfonf ukpd aH zaexkid &f m
awmif}uD;^rdKh/ av;tdru
f ek ;f &Sd tdrt
f akd v;ae&mrS
awmif}uD;^rdKhv,f&dS eef;xDvma[mf tay:xyfohdk
a_ymif;a@GhzGifvSpfcJonf?
yef;csD/
yef;yk
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 23
ynm&Sif udkpHazudk,fwkdifa&;qGJaom &Srf;_ynf

vGwv
f yfa&;tzGhJ XmecsKyf qdik ;f bkw}f uD;rSm crf;em;
xnf0gpGm_zif eef;xDvma[mf tay:xyfwGif

wnf&Sd aeygawmonf?
tydkif; (4)
'kwd,yifvHknDvmcH
(u) 'kwd,yifvHknDvmcHrwdkifrD
yxrumppf}uD; r_zpfrDu &Srf;_ynfe,f
tkycf sKyfa&;wGif tjuaH y;&eftwGuf uamZya'o
&mZmaumifpD (Federal Council of Shan Chiefs)
(F.C.S.C)udk zGJhpnf;xm;ygonf? if;uamZ
ya'o&m Zmaumifpw
D iG f OuUXESit
f wGi;f a&;rSL;wdhkrmS
Âdwdo#vlrsKd;rif;}uD;ESif ta&;ydkifrsm;_zpfju^yD;
e,f&SifapmfbGm;/
^rdKhpm;rsm;rSm
tjuHay;
oufoufr# _zpfcJonf? tjuHay;&mwGifyif
}udKwifoabmwlnDcsuf &,l&efvdktyfao;.?
xdt
k a_ctaeudk rauseyfjuaomfvnf; _yefvnf
wif_ya_ymqd&k eftxd owWrd &Sjd uay? ppf}uD;twGi;f
tawGht}uKHrsm;ajumif tenf;i,fowW&d v
dS mju^yD;/
ppf^yD;umvwGif
xdkrauseyfcsufrsm;udk
toHxGufI
pwif
a_ymqdkvmjuonf?
rdkif;udkifESif yxryifvkHtpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif
e,f&Sifrsm; tm;vkH; wa_y;nD p0fzvkH
trnfodkh a_ymif;_cif;tm;_zif pwiftm;arG;cJ.?
&Sr;f p0fzvkrH sm;aumifpD (Council of Shan States
Saohpas) (C.S.S.S) udz
k hJG pnf;^yD; wpfcsed cf sed w
f iG f
vlxk udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wpf0ufyg0ifaom
aumifpt
D xd tqif wd;k rif& efjuHpnfvmjuonf?
wpfenf;tm;_zif Oya't& touf0ifwnf_rJvsuf
&Sdao;aom uamZ ya'o&mZmaumifpD
ESiftopf_yK_yifzGJhpnf;&ef juHpnfaeqJ_zpfonf
EdkifiHa&;tzGJhtqiftwef;r#om&Sd ao;aom
&Srf;p0fzvkHrsm;aumifpD wdkh. tm;^ydKifvGefqGJ
aejuaomumv_zpfonf?
vufawGhtvkyv
f yk Ef ikd jf u&eftwGuf y%mr
tqift
ae_zif 1946 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v
f -14-&ufaehrS
(24)&ufaehtxd &Srf;p0fzvkHrsm;aumifpD .
yxrt}udrf tpnf;ta0;udk awmif}uD;^rdKhY
usif;yju.? e,f_cm;a'o tkyfcsKyfa&;Xme
'kwd,nGefjum;a&;rSL;
rpPwmav'ifvnf;
xdt
k pnf;ta0;odhk wufa&mufonf? xdt
k csed t
f xd
Oya't& wnf_rJvsuf&Sdao;aom uamZ
ya'o&mZmaumifpD. OuUXESif 'k-OuUXwdkhrSm
Âdwo
d #rif;}uD;ESif ta&;ydik _f zpf^yD;/ twGi;f a&;rSL;rSm
@kH;xdkif0efaxmuf}uD; _zpfonf? tpnf;ta0;
usif;yrnfaeh&uf/ tcsdefESifae&mwdkhudk OuUXu
owfrSwfay;&onf? e,f&SifapmfbGm;rsm;onf
bmr# vkyyf ikd cf iG f &So
d nfr[kw?f tpnf;ta0;wGif
wif_yvdkonf
tcsufrsm;udkom
}udKwif
wif_yju&onf?
odkhaomfvnf; apmfbGm;rsm;onf xdkpOfu
wufjuGvsu&f adS om Edik if aH &; t&Sed t
f 0gudk ok;H um
uamZya'o&mZmaumifpD tpnf;ta0;udk
1946 ckESpf/ pufwifbmvtwGif; oDayg^rdKhY
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 25
usif;y&ef owfrSwfvdkufjuonf? xdkaumifpD

tpnf;ta0;wGif aqG;aEG;&eftwGuf tqdk9csufudkvnf; owfrSwf^yD; awmif}uD;^rdKh
@k;H xdik 0f efaxmuf}uD;rS wpfqif OuUXxHohkd (257-46)aehp_JG zif ay;ydhk vu
kd af vonf? tpnf;ta0;
usif;ya&;twGuf ae&mxdik cf if; tpm;taomuf
rsm;udk oDayge,fcsKyfu wm0ef,lpDpOf&onf?
tpnf;ta0;twGuf wifoGif;onf tqdkrsm;rSm
atmufygtwdkif; _zpfonf?
(1) e,f&iS rf sm;toif; tvkyt
f r+aqmiftzGh/J tem*wf
tkycf sKyfa&;ESif ay:vpD0g'a&;&mudprP sm;wGif
tzGhJ0ife,f&iS w
f pfO;D pDuk d _yefvnf!Ed S id + ;f aqG;aEG;
p&mrvdkbJ oifawmfovdk qkH;_zwf
aqmif&GufoGm;Edkif &eftvdkhiSm/ p0fz(7)OD;
yg0ifaom tvkyftr+aqmiftzGJh wpfzGJhudk
a&G;aumufwifarmuf&ef wnDwnGww
f nf;
oabmwlq;Hk _zwfjuygonf? (1)awmifyikd /f
(2)anmifa&$/ (3)rdk;rdwf/ (4)a_rmufodEMD/
(5)rdkif;yGef/ (6)oxkH/ (7) omrdkif;crf;?

Tqk;H _zwfcsuu
f k d uamZya'o&mZm aumifpD
tpnf;ta0;u vufc^Hy;D rSww
f rf;wifay;yg&ef?
(2) ,cktcg apmfbGm;e,f toD;oD;onf

rdrdwdkhe,f
tcGefaiGrS
ya'o&mZm
aumifpo
D hkd ESpq
f ,f&mcdik Ef e+ ;f ESif ESpq
f ,fig;
&mcdkifE+ef;uspD xnf0if&ef rwwfEdkif
ao;ygo_zif e,ftvdkuf vdktyfaom
bmaiGudk tpdk;&u xkwfacs;&efESif
tqdyk g acs;aiGrsm;udk q,fEpS w
f mumvcGI
J
t&pfusqyfcGif_yKyg&ef?
(3) &Srf;_ynf.^rdKhawmft_zpfawmif}uD;^rdKhrS
&Srf;_ynf. tv,fA[dkusaom rdkif;udkifudk
a@$ha_ymif;&ef?
(4) vufeufuik d o
f ifwef;/ rdru
d ,
kd u
f k d umuG,Ef ik d &f ef
tvdhk imS &Sr;f _ynfe,f&dS e,foel ,fom;wdik ;f
awmwGif;ppfqifa&; ypfuGif;avusifa&;
ponfwdkhudk roifrae& Oya'_zif

oif,lap^yD; a'o& umuG,fa&;rsm;
zGJhpnf;ap&ef?
(5) 1946 ckEpS f e,f_cm;a'otkycf sKyfa&; Oya'/
,if;Oya'rljurf;rsm;udk Oya'tjuHay;ykKd vf
ESpfOD;yg0ifaom p0fzaumfrwD wpfcku
ppfaq; avvm^yD; tpD&ifcpH mwifoiG ;f &ef?
(6) bde;f / bde;f pdu
k yf sK;d _cif;ESif bde;f @SL bde;f pm;_cif;
tavtusifudk xda&mufpGm ESdrfeif;&ef/
odkhr[kwfygu a'ora@G; ta&twGuf
tuefhtowfrxm;bJ &Sr;f _ynf wpf0ef;vk;H
vGwfvyfpGmbdef;pdkufysKd;cGif_yK&ef?
(7) ucsif/ csif;/ u&ifwdkhESif yl;aygif;a&;/
vlrsKd;tvdkuf
udk,fydkif_ymef;cGifrludk
ta_ccHxm;^yD; ucsif/ csif;/ u&ifwdkhESif
yl;aygif;a&;udk }udKqdkaomfvnf;/ Arm
wdkhESif aygif;pnf;a&;udkrl aemufaemifrS
pOf;pm;&ef?
(8) 1946 ckEpS ef ,f_cm;a'o tkycf sKyfa&; pnf;rsO;f
Oya'u rnfohkq
d x
k d m;apumrl &Sr;f _ynfwiG ;f &Sd
ajunm cGx
J w
k _f yefxm;aomoD;_cm;^rdKhrsm;udk
oufqikd &f me,frsm;ESif t_refq;Hk oGwo
f iG ;f
aygif;pnf;ay;&ef?
(9) bma&;vGwv
f yfciG Ef iS f p0fzESi&f rS ;f _ynfol
wdkhtm;udk,fpm;_yKrnf
&Srf;_ynfe,f
_ynfolhaumifpD (1947-48) ckESpfwGif
zGhJ pnf; wnfaxmifaomtcg/ xdak umifpu
D kd
bma&;tm%m t_ynft0ay;&ef?
xdktjuH_yKpmudk 'k-!$efjum;a&;rSL; rpPwm
av'ifu &Srf;p0fzvkH aumifpDOuUX udk,fpm;
'k-OuUX _zpfol anmifa&$apmfbmG ;}uD; p0fa&$ou
kd x
f H
(15-8-46)aehpGJ pmtrSwf 370tufzfat_zif
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odhk _zifa umifp'D -k OuUX_zpfol p0fa&$ou
kd u
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vlenf;pkrsm;ESif yl;aygif;&ef pdwt
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vli,frsm;. a_cvSrf;rsm;onf oGufvufvsuf
&Sd^yD; Âdwdo#tpdk;&tzGJhESif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
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onft
wdik ;f 'kw,
d yifvHk tpnf;ta0;udk 1947
ckEpS /f azazmf0g&Dv-9-&ufaehr-S 12-&ufaehtxd
usif;y&ef pDpOf&onf?
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tkycf sKyfa&;pnf;rsO;f Oya'udk w&m;0if rajunmao;bJ
ar#maoG;prf;ovdk y%mr aqG;aEG;r+rsm;udkom
vkyfvsuf&SdcJ&m ta_ctaerSm if;wdkh ar#mfvif
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acgi;f aqmifaom awmifwef;a'o t}u;D tuJrsm;ESi f
(4) OD;wif{ESif &yv acgif;aqmifaom
awmifwef;a'o vlxkwdkh. av;yGifqdkif
ta_y;yGJ}uD;[kyif ac:Edkifygonf?
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OD ; a &T tHk ; | 27
1947 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv(15)&uf aehwGif

awmif}uD;^rdKhY usif;yrnf_zpfajumif; bk&ifcHu
(9-11-46) aehpGJ_zif qifac:vdkufavonf?
yifvkH tpnf;ta0;^yD; (12-2-47) aemuf3-&ufa_rmuf aehwGifusif;y&ef _zpfajumif;
awGh&ayrnf?
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aeh.aemufwpf&uf_zpfonf (26-1-47) aehwiG f
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OD ; a &T tHk ; | 29
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kd a_ccHvsuf u|Ekyf w
f hkd &rS ;f _ynf. uHjurRmudk
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vGwv
f yf a&;vrf;pOfukd _ynfov
l x
l t
k m; tcsed rf D
wif_yvdkufayonf? avmavmq,f ta&;um;
aoa&;&Sifa&; _zpfo_zif/ _ynfolvlxkonf
Edk;Edk;jum;jum;&Sd^yD; nDnD!Gwf!GwfESif ^rdKhwdkif;
e,fwdkif; ae&mwdkif;wGif Arm_ynfrESifyl;wGJ^yD;
vGwfvyfa&;,l&ef qENudk _yif;_yif;xefxef
_ymef;juyg&ef? u|Ekfyfwdkhonf e,fcsJhorm;ESif

vufyg;apwdkh. aoG;cGJr+/ a_cxdk;r+ y&d,m,f
ausmu
iG ;f udk ausmef if;Edik jf u&rnf? wdik ;f &if;om;csi;f
nD!GwfaoG;pnf; tiftm;}uD;rS e,fcsJhorm;udk
t_yKwfwdkufxkwf^yD; atmifyGJqifrnf t_zpfudk
juyfjuyf}uD; owdxm;&rnf? a,mifIrsm;
rayghESif aumIauG;jurnf?
vGwfvyfa&;onf u|EkfyfwdkhtukefvkH;.
yef;wdkif/ e,fcsJhpepfonf u|EkfyfwdkhtukefvkH;.
&efol? nDnGwfa&;onf u|EfkyfwdkhtukefvkH;.
vufeuf/ u|Ekfyfwdkhonf Arm_ynfrESif yl;wGJ^yD;
e,fcshJpepfudk
wdkufzsufvsuf
u|Ekfyfwdkh
awmifwef;a'o vGwv
f yfa&;udk t&,ljuygpdhk ?

awmif}uD;^rdKh?

tvkyftr+aqmiftzGJh/

&Srf;_ynfvGwfvyfa&;tzGJhcsKyf?

5-2-47 aehpGJ?
2/ &yv. awmif}uD;^rdKh
vlxktpnf;ta0;}uD;
txufyg ajunmpmwrf;xkw^f yD;aom aemuf
wpf&uf (6-2-47) aehnaeydik ;f wGiyf if awmif}u;D ^rKd hY
&yv rS}uD;rSL;I vlxktpnf;ta0;wpfckudk
usif;y&m udkwif{uyif obmywdt_zpf
aqmif&u
G o
f nf? xdt
k pnf;ta0;}u;D Y atmufygtwdik ;f
qkH;_zwfcsufudk csrSwfcJjuonf?
_refrm_ynfrS cGJxGufvdku cGJxGufcGif&Sd&rnf
qdkaom_cGif;csuf_zif &Srf;_ynftm; _refrm_ynfESif
wef;wlxm;^yD; taqmwv#if yl;aygif;ay;&ef?
yifvkHnDvmcHtwGuf &yv . aoe*FAsL[m?
xdpk Ofu_zpfay:aeaom Edik if aH &;&moDOwk t&
&Sr;f -_refrmyl;aygif;a&;udpo
P nf Tyifvn
Hk v
D mcHwiG f
txa_rmufvdrfrnf[k udkwif{u rxifay?
tvGeq
f ;H k y%mrtqifa vmufom atmif_rifEik d zf ,
G f
&S^d yD; aemufxyf aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm; qufvyk &f OD;rnf?

vlxk pnf;@k;H a&;ESif v+hH aqmfa&;udk t"duxm;^yD;
qufvuf wdkufyGJ0ifoGm;&vdrfOD;rnf[k ,lq
xm;.? yifvkHnDvmcHwGif aqG;aEG;_cif;udpPrsm;
vkyfaeaomfvnf; vlxkqEN_yyGJrsm;udkvnf;
vkyf&OD;rnf[k wGufqonf? AdkvfcsKyfuvnf;
tvm;wl rSmxm;csuf&Sdonf? xdkajumif yifvkH
nDvmcH usi;f yaecsed t
f wGi;f vlxq
k EN_yyG}J uD;wpfck
usif;yEdkif&efudkyg pDpOf&avonf?
xdak jumif nDvmcHumvtwGi;f (u) aqG;aEG;
a&;wdu
k yf t
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k if{(anmifa&$)/ udck eG x
f ;D (yifv)H k /
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f m0ef
csxm;onf? (c) vlxq
k EN_yyG_J zpfa_rmufa&;twGuf
udkbZH(awmif}uD;)/
udkxGef;_rif(awmif}uD;)/
udkpHatmif (awmif}uD;)/ udkoef;az(rdk;rdwf)/
udkpHaz(awmif}uD;)wdkhudk
wm0efcsxm;onf?
vlxkqEN_yyGJtwGuf awmif}uD;udk A[dk_yK^yD;
ywf0ef;usif a'orsm;_zpfjuaom tif;av;/
anmifa&$/ uavm/ atmifyef;/ [J[dk;/ [dkykH;/
aemifreG /f bef;,Ofwhkrd S pnf;@k;H ac:aqmif&ef_zpfonf?
toif;tzGJhrsm;/ vlxkvlwef;pm;rsm;/ aps;ol
aps;om;rsm;/ ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;
vl}uD; vlvwf vli,f tpHkyg0if&ef _zpf.?
udw
k if{onf ppfrsufEmS ESpcf pk vk;H udk yl;wGw
J m0ef
,l&rnf_zpf^yD; awmif}uD;ESif vGdKifviful;csnf
oef;csnf oGm;ae&rnf_zpfonf?
(*) yifvkHtpnf;ta0;odkhzdwfjum;xm;olrsm;?
yifvn
Hk v
D mcHuk d (9-2-47)aehrS pIom w&m;0if
usi;f yrnf_zpfaomfvnf; y%mrpnf;a0; yGrJ sm;udu
k m;
yGrJ prD (3-2-47)aehrpS wifusif;yrnf _zpfonf?
e,f&iS af pmfbmG ;rsm;onf wzGzJ aJG &muf&v
dS mjuonf?
nDvmcHtajumif;udk qufvufra&;rD nDvmcHohkd
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 35
zdwjf um;xm;olrsm;/ wufa&mufvmjuolrsm;ponf

wdkhudk a&S;OD;pGmazmf_yxm;&efvdkygrnf?
'kw,
d yifvt
Hk pnf;ta0;odhk zdwjf um;xm;aom
{nfo
nfawmfrsm;udk ordik ;f 0if rSwo
f m;xm;Edik &f ef
twGuf atmufwGiftao;pdwf pm&if;twdkif;
azmf_yygonf?
(1) _refrm_ynfbk&ifcHESifrdom;pk/
(2) bk&ifcH.&Ha&GawmftzGJh/
(3) rpPwmpwDAifqif/
(4) rpPwmatmuf'if/
(5) rpPwmav'if/
(6) e,f_cm;a'o!$efjum;a&;0ef
(7) tar&duefaumifppf0ef/
(8) tar&duef_yefjum;a&;/
(9) w@kwf_ynfoHrSL;
(10) _refrm_ynfbk&ifcH.0ef}uD;rsm;tzGJh 11-OD;/
(u) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
(c) OD;baz
(*) OD;_r
(C) ocif_r
(i) OD;apm
(p) ocifApdef
(q) ref;bcdkif
(Z) apmbOD;}uD;
(ps) OD;wifxGwf
(n) OD;atmifZHa0
() qmarmif}uD;
(11) um&0wDapmzsm
(12) ju,fbdk;}uD;apmzsm
(13) abmvcJapmzsm
(14) OD;odef;vGif
(15) qmay:xGef;
(16) qmxGef;atmifausmf
(17) qm_rbl;
(18) OD;b
(19) OD;bxGef;
(20) OD;oufpk
(21) OD;uifrdef;
(22) OD;wifaqG
(23) OD;bvGif
(24) OD;csKd
(25) OD;aumif;
(26) OD;vSaz
(27) OD;pdef(AE<Kv)
(28) OD;buav;
(29) OD;cspfv+dif(orRw)
(30) ar*sm&Srf;vkH
(31) csif;trsKd;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
(u) yefpkrGef;
(c) v#marmif;
(*) OD;uifarmif
(32) OD;0rf;udka[m
(33) ocifEk
(34) OD;b*srf;
(35) OD;a_yarmifarmif
(36) _rpf}uD;em;rSucsifudk,fpm;vS,f
(u) qrm;'l0g;qif0g;aemif
(c) 'l0g;aZmf&pf
(37) Aef;armfrSucsifudk,fpm;vS,f
(u) avmf'ef;
(c) 'l0g;aZmfvGef;
(*) vbef*a&mif
(38) (39) udk;uefh^rdKhpm;
(40) rdk;_AJ-&ifcGifydkuf
(41) atmuf_refrm_ynf u&iftrsKd;om;
udk,fpm;vS,f (2)OD;
(42) (z-q-y-v)udk,fpm;vS,f-3-OD;
(43) uGef_rLepfygwDrSudk,fpm;vS,f-2-OD;
(44) uGe_f rLepfygw(D _refrm_ynf)rSu,

k d pf m;vS,(f 2)OD;
(45) rsKd;cspfygwDrSudk,fpm;vS,f-3-OD;
(46) 'dhk Armtpnf;t@k;H rSu,
kd pf m;vS,-f 3-OD;
(47) qmOD;oGif
(48) bDtdkifatOD;armif}uD;(rav;)
(49) OD;tkef;cif(&efukef)
(50) OD;zdk;cif
(51) r[mArmtzGJhrSudk,fpm;vS,f-3-OD;
(52) _refrmtvif;owif;pm-t,f'w
D m-1-OD;
(53) ol&d,owif;pmt,f'Dwm-1-OD;
(54) oHawmfqifowif;pmt,f'Dwm-1-OD;
(55) _ynfohl tm%mowif;pmt,f'w
D m-1-OD;
(56) a'gufwmvufyif;
(57) a'gufwmqD;*a&hAf
(58) yef'&if;a'AD
(59) e,f_cm;a'otjuHay;t&m&Sd
Tpm&if;rSmatmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyf
rcsKyfqrkd &D ufyikd ;f u zdwjf um;xm;_cif; _zpfygonf?
,if;pmcsKyfukd (27-1-47) aehwiG cf sKyfqckd _J cif;_zpf&m/
yifvt
Hk pnf;ta0;onf (3-2-47) aehrpS I y%mr
aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;_yKvkyfrnf_zpfI awhv$Juav;r#
_zpf.? xdkpmcsKyfajumifyif tpDtpOfrsm;
a@Smifwcif a_ymif;vJcJ&onf?
1? nDvmcHodkhtrSefwufa&mufvmjuolrsm;?
txufzw
d pf mpm&if;rSm rlvupDpOfxm;aom
pm&if;_zpf.? xdpk m&if;udjk unfv
#if t"duOD;pm;ay;rSm
bk&ifcEH iS r f o
d m;pk/ e,f_cm;a'otkycf sKyfa&;rS txuf
wef;t&m&S}d uD;rsm;/ oH@;Hk ud,
k pf m;vS,af wmfrsm;u
xdyrf _S zpf^yD; if;wdhk aemufrS Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESif
tpd;k &tzGhJ 0ifrsm;_zpfjuonf? xdhk _yifAv
kd cf sKyfwhkdonf
{nfo
nfawmfrsm;t_zpf apmfbmG ;rsm;. aqG;aEG;yGu
J kd
em;axmif avvm@kH yGJjunftqifavmufom
&Sd.? ,ckatmifqef; -tufwvDpmcsKyft&
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf apmfbmG ;rsm;ESi f aqG;aEG;buf
xdyfqkH;rSvl _zpfvmonf? bk&ifcH.ae&mwGif

Âdwdo#tpdk;&. udk,fpm;vS,fawmf rpPwm
abmfwGrfav ygvmaomfvnf; acgif;aqmif&ef/
0ifa&muf pGufzuf&ef r[kwfbJ avvmol
tuJcwfol t_zpfom _zpfonf? tpnf;ta0;ykpH H
vk;H 0a_ymif;oGm;.? xdak jumifz w
d jf um;cHxm;&aom
oltrsm;onf tpnf; ta0;odhk wufa&mufvmju_cif;
r&SdawmbJ y&dowfwpfrsKd; a_ymif;oGm;onf?
pma&;olonf xdkpOfumvu &efukefwuUodkvf
0dmtxufwef;wGif
ausmif;wufae&if;
nbufwGif
_refrmtvif;owif;pmwdkufY
nt,f'w
D m wm0efukd xrf;aqmifaeqJ_zpfonf?
xdkajumif yifvkHtpnf;ta0;odkh trSwfpOf(52)
_refrmtvif;owif;pm
t,f'Dwmt_zpf
wufa&muf vmEdik o
f nf? t_cm; owif;pmwdu
k rf S
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ t_cm; zdwfjum;xm;aom
ud,
k pf m;vS,af wmfrsm; rnfol wufa&mufjuonfukd
aumif;pGm rrSwrf ad wmaomfvnf; txufzw
d pf m
pm&if;yg vlcyfrsm;rsm; rawGh&awmay?
2? rzdwfac:aomfvnf;rdrd.todpdwf"mwf_zif
wufa&muf vmjuolrsm;?
udkwif{ESif udkxGef;_rifwdkhonf anmifa&$
apmfbmG ;p0fa&$ou
kd /f oxkaH pmfbmG ; p0fceG jf unfwhkdEiS f
awGhpOfu yifvyHk o
JG hkd wufa&mufun
l jD u&ef E+w_f zif
zdwfjum;cJ.? udkwif{ESif vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;
tm;vkH;udk qdkvdkonf? wzef udkwif{tm;
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; udk,fwdkifu wrifac:,l
wm0efay;cJ_cif;vnf;
_zpf.?
xdkajumif
yifvyHk w
JG iG f aqmif&u
G &f ef wm0efrsm; cGaJ 0 csrSwf
xm;^yD;ajumif; azmf_ycJ^yD; _zpfonf? OD;jumyk/
a'gufwmb]m%f/ p0f,dyfz/ cGefzkef;wdkhrSm rdrdwdkh
oufqdkif&m apmfbGm;rsm;udk tajumif;_yKI
a&muf&&Sd vmolrsm;_zpfjuonf? zdwpf m&&Sjd urnf
olrsm;r[kwfyg?
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 37
3? u&ifeDESif u&ifa'orsm;rS
wufa&mufvmjuolrsm;?
u&ifeDe,fonf ,cifuif;0efrif;}uD;ESif
tdENd,bk&ifcHcsKyfwdkh
csKyfqdkaompmcsKyft&
vGwv
f yfaom Edik if _H zpfaomajumif ud,
k pf m;vS,t
f _zpf
rzdwjf um;ay? odhk aomfvnf;u&iferD S apmode;f ESif
p0f0wdkh avvmol t_zpf wufvmonf?
oHvGifc@dkifonf
awmifwef;a'otwGif;
yg0ifaomfvnf; zdwfjum;xm;_cif; r&Sday?
odhk aomfvnf; u&iftrsK;d om; tzGhJ csKyfrS 'k-OuUX
OD;vSaz (,cif t*Fvyd t
f pd;k & acwfEiS f *syefacwf
0ef}uD;a[mif;)/ apmcspfw;D wkhd wufa&mufco
J vdk
&efukefrS apmpHau;/ apm0D&DausmfwdkhrSmrl av
vmolt_zpf aemufusrS a&muf&Sdvmajumif;
od&SdcJ&onf?
OD;vSazrSm ud,
k t
f pDtpOf_zif wufa&mufc^J yD;
yifvHknpmpm;yGJ
t^yD;wGif
E+wfcGef;quf
rdehf ceG ;f a_ymjum; cJa o;onf? apmcspw
f ;D rSm zmyGerf S
avvmolt_zpf wufa&mufco
J _l zpfonf? aemufusrS
a&mufvmol apmpHau;/ apm0D&DausmfwkdhrSm
autJe,
f t
l axGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL; o&momxdrk S
t*Fvdyf twdkuftcH udk,fpm;vS,f wpfOD;
vma&muf_cif;udk aemufa,mifcH avvm&ef
apvGwfvdkuf_cif;_zpfonf?
if;wdkhESiftwl
apmcspaf rmif aemiftcg(a'gufwmcspaf rmif)vnf;
vGdKifaumf ESpf_cif;c&pf,mef bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;.
tEk arm'em_yKrnf tcrf;tem;odhk oGm;a&mufrnf
c&D;ESif wdkufqdkuf_cif;ajumif vrf;juHKvkdufyg
oGm;onf?
4? &cdkifESifrGefa'orsm;rSudk,fpm;vS,frsm;?
&cdkifESifrGefwdkha'oonf _refrmbk&ifrsm;
vufxufuyif _refrmEdik if t
H wGi;f odr;f oGi;f xm;^yD;
_zpfI zdwfjum;_cif;r&Sday? &cdkiftrsKd;om;
OD;atmifZHa0
wufa&mufvmaomfvnf;
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.
tr+aqmiftzGJh0if
wpfa,muftae_zif
vdkufygvm_cif;r#_zpfI
&cdkifudk udk,fpm;_yKonf[k rqdkEdkifay?
(C) nDvmcHy%mrtpnf;ta0;rsm;ESif
v#yfwpf_yufta_ymif;tvJ
t_zpftysufrsm;?
Tuudk ydrk o
kd abmaygufap&ef txufwiG f
azmf_ycJ^ yD;aom t_zpftysuw
f hkdukd aehpt
JG pOftvdu
k f
twdkif; xyfrHazmf_yygonf?
(9-11-46)&Sr;f e,f&iS rf sm; qefhusiu
f efhuu
G f
aeaom uamZya'o&mZmaumifpD tpnf;
ta0;udk (15-2-47)aehwiG f awmif}uD;wGi_f yKvkyf
rnf[k bk&ifcu
H trdehf xw
k _f yefonf? (jum;aehp_JG zif)
txufyg tpnf;ta0;wGif aqG;aEG;&ef
apmfbmG ;rsm;. tqd_k yKcsurf sm;udk &Sr;f p0fzaumifp.
D
'k-OuUX p0fa&$odkufu &Srf;_ynfawmifydkif;
ta&;ydkifxH ay;ydkhonf?
(21-1-47) txufygpmwGif&nf!$ef;aom
aumifpD tpnf;ta0;qdo
k nfrmS rnfonfa umifpD
_zpfonfukd &Si;f vif;a_zjum;&ef &Sr;f _ynfawmifyikd ;f
ta&;ydkifu p0fa&$odkufxH_yefar;onf?
(25-1-47) txufygpmwGiaf zmf_yxm;aom
aumifpt
D pnf;ta0;qdo
k nfrmS uamZ ya'o
&mZmaumifpD udq
k v
k d yk d gajumif;p0fa&$ou
kd u
f ta&;
ydik x
f _H yefjum;onf? qdv
k o
k d nfrmS bk&ifc!
H e$ jf um;onf
twdik ;f uamZya'o&mZmaumifpD tpnf;ta0;
odhk &Sr;f apmfbmG ;rsm; wufa&mufjuygrnf[_k zpfonf?
(27-1-47)vef'ef^rdKhwGif atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyf csKyfqdkonf? xdkpmcsKyf.
pmydk'f(c) 3-t&
3? - - rdrw
d hkx
d if_rifcsurf sm;udk xkwaf zmfa_ymqdk
Edik &f eftwGuf aemufvqef;wGif usi;f yrnf_zpfaom
yifvu
Hk eG zf &ifw
iG f vnf;aumif;/ odhk r[kwT
f udpP
twGuf usi;f yaom txl;uGezf &ifw

iG v
f nf;aumif;/
e,f_cm;a'o&Sv
d rl sm;. acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ ud,
k pf m;vS,f
rsm;udk ar;_ref;&rnf- - [kyg&Sdonf?
Tvef'efueG zf &if.
owif;udk &ufyikd ;f twGi;f
&Srf;apmfbGm;rsm; odjuaomtcg tdk;eif;cGufeif;
_zpfuek jf uonf? Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf yifvu
H k eG zf &if
odhk rdrw
d hkd rv
l pDpOfzw
d jf um;xm;onft
wdik ;f {nf
onfawmft_zpf em;axmif&ef oufoufvmonf
r[kwfawm? Âdwdo#tpdk;&. !$efjum;csuft&
ta_zwpfck &Sad &;twGuf rdrw
d hkd EiS f aqG;aEG;buf
t_zpf awGhqkHaqG;aEG;&ef vmrnf_zpfonf?
rdrdwdkhrlvtpDtpOfESif tH0ifcGifusr_zpfawm?
odkh_zifyifvkHnDvmcH.
t}udKaqG;aEG;yGJ
yxraeh_zpfaom (3-2-47) aehwGif_yifqif
qkH;_zwfju^yD; atmufyg aju;eef;trSwf -609udk bk&ifcEH iS af wmifwef;a'o !$ejf um;a&;0efxH
ay;ydhk &onf? Taju;eef;onf ordik ;f 0ifaju;eef;
_zpfvmo_zif rl&if;twdik ;f ESif _refrmbmom_yefwhkdukd
atmufwGif azmf_yvdkufygonf?
ordkif;0ifaju;eef;trSwf-609-?
To........
the meeting to be opened in Taunggyi with

effect from the 15th. February 1947 will be the
meeting of the Council of Shan States Saohpas
and equal number of representatives of the
people duly nomi nated by the Saohpas as a
measure of urgency and NOT repeat NOT the
Federal Council .
The representatives of the people
shall later on be elected by popular vote on
AdultSufferage. If Government considers that
intimation of the decision is too short in time we
would request that the formal opening of the
Council Meeting be postponed to the nearest
possible date .
We Saohpas are however looking forward
to the arrival of H.E. on dates already fixed and
that our deecisions will NOT interfere with his
Tour Programme.

President
Executive Committee,
Council of Shan States Saohpas.
(Camp) Panglong.
(1) FRONTIERS (2) GOVERNOR

RANGOON
RANGOON
609. In supercession of Vice President's

letter No. 57 of the 25th. January, 1947 and
in conti-nuation of his letter No. 558 of the
same date to the Resident Southern Shan
States ,and with reference to Frontier Areas
Tele-gram No.1562 F.A. of the 24th. January
1947 , the Executive Committee of the Shan
States Saohpas in its meeting at Panlong on
3rd. February, 1947 has unanimously decided
that owing to recent poltical developments ,
_refrmbmom_yefqdkcsufaju;eef;?
odkh /
(1)awmifwef;a'o
(2) bk&ifcH &efukef^rdKh?
&efukef^rdKh?
609 'kwd,OuUX. (1947) Zefe0g&Dv
(25) &ufaehpyJG gpmudk _yefvnf@w
k o
f rd ;f ^yD;aemuf/
awmifwef;a'o. 1947 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv
(24) &ufaehpGJygaju;eef;trSwf (1562)udk
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(558)udkqufvufI today;wif_yvdkonfrSm/
a_ymif;vJvmaomEdkifiHa&; t_ctaersm;t&/
awmif}uD;^rdKhY 1947 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 39
(15) &ufaehwGif usif;y&ef pDpOfxm;onf

tpnf;ta0;onf ya'o&mZfaumifpDtpnf;
ta0;r[kwfyg? (xyfqif)r[kwfyg? ta&;ay:
aqmif&u
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ta&twGuw
f l _ynfohl u,
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&Srf;_ynf-p0fzrsm;. tvkyftr+aqmiftzGJhu
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usi;f y_yK vkyaf omtpnf;ta0;u/ trsm;oabmwl
qkH;_zwfjuygajumif; tajumif;jum;tyfygonf?
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tu|rf;0ifol _zpfonf? udx
k eG ;f azonf bef;,OfrS
acwfynmwwf _zpf^yD; xdek ,f w0du
k ef ,f&iS rf sm;ESif
tu|rf;0ifo_l zpf.? Tacgif;aqmifrsm; tm;vk;H onf
tvif;a&mifacwf/ tm&S vli,facwfwdkhwGif
vlxkacgif;aqmifrsm; t_zpf wdkif;_ynfu
vufcHxm;^yD;olrsm; _zpfjuonf? xdkolrsm;
tm;vk;H onf pmta&;tom;/ pum;ta_ymta[m/
qufqaH &;wdhk wiG f u|rf;usi^f yD;olrsm; _zpfjuonf?

xdak jumif yifvn
Hk v
D mcHwiG f e,f&iS af pmfbmG ;rsm;ESif
qufqH&mY tc&musolrsm; _zpfvmonf?
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&Srf;_ynfom;rsm; tae_zif &Srf;e,f&Sifrsm;em;0if
oabmaygufatmif qGaJ qmifEikd jf uolrsm;_zpf.?
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txufygaju;eef;trSwf (609)ud@k u
kd jf um;^yD;
aemuf
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H ,
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rsm;ESif e,fpyfa'otkycf sKyfa&;pnf;rsO;f Oya'
udak qG;aEG;jurnf_zpf&m oufqikd &f mawmifwef;
a'o
tm%mydkifrsm;rSwpfqif
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csi;f a'ot}uD;tuJ rsm;udv
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awmifwef;a'o tm%mydkifrsm;. }uD;juyfr+_zif
ud,
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f yifvo
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f nf?
xdo
k hkad &G;cs,af pv$w_f cif;_zif yifvo
H k hkad &muf&v
d S maom
ucsifESif csif;wdkh. udk,fpm;vS,fpm&if;rSm
txufwGif azmf_yxm;^yD;_zpf.? if;wdkhtm;
oufqikd &f m awmifwef;a'o !$ejf um;a&;0efu
}uD;juyf a&G;cs,fay;ydkh_cif; _zpfavonf?
ucsif ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;onf yifv^Hk rdKhohkd 1947
ckEpS /f azazmf0g&Dv-6-&uf aehwiG f a&muf&v
dS m
juonf? &Srf;ESif ucsif udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
aqG;aEG;ju^yD;aemuf
atmufygtwdkif;
qkH;_zwfjuonf?
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 41
1? 'Drdkua&pDrlt& Armrsm;ESif wef;wltcGif

ta&;ay;&ef/
2? bk&ifcH.tr+aqmif (0ef}uD;) tzGJhwGif
yg0ifrnf &Sr;f ESiu
f csiu
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kd pf m;vS,rf sm;onf
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wm0ef,l@kHru umuG,fa&;/ EdkifiH_cm;a&;/
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udkvnf; yl;wGJwm0ef,l&ef/
3? ucsirf sm;awmif;qdx
k m;onf ucsi_f ynfe,f
wnfaxmifa&;tqdkudkaxmufcHajumif;/
4? _refrmudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESif Âdwdo#tpdk;&
wdkh.oabmwlnDcsufrsm; (atmifqef;tufwvD pmcsKyf)onf&Srf;/ ucsifwdkhESif
roufqdkifap&/
5? vGwfvyfa&;&^yD;aomtcg cGJxGufvdku
cGJxGufcGif&Sd&rnf?
txufygtcsufrsm;udkoabmwljuajumif;
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(2) p0fa&$odkuf
anmifa&$
(3) p0f[kHz
a_rmufodEMD
(4) p0fEGH
vJcsm;
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rdkif;yGef
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omrdkif;crf;
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(8) OD;wif{
?
(9) OD;xGef;_rif(vif;ac;) ?
(10) OD;jumyk
?
(11) OD;cGefapm
?
(12) p0f,pfz
?
(13) OD;cGefxD;
?
(14) qrm;'l0g;qif0g;aemif _rpf}uD;em;

ucsifudk,fpm;vS,f
(15) OD;'def&wef
?
(16)
(17)

(18)
(19)
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tae_zif p0fzvkH 7 OD; yg0ifaom aumfrwDwpfcu
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vufcx
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vlxu
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(1) OD;wif{ (&Sr;f -tif;/
anmifa&$/ tv,fyikd ;f
qA'D0dZH)
(2) OD;cGefxD; (&Srf;/
yifvkH/ ta&Sha_rmufqA'D0dZH)
(3) OD;xGef;_rif (&Srf;/
vif;ac;/ ta&Shawmif
qA'D0dZH)
(4) OD;cGefapm ("Ek/
yif;w,/ taemufyikd ;f
qA'D0dZH)
(5) OD;jumyk (&Srf;oDayg)

(6) p0f,pfz (&Sr;f -odE)DM
(7) cGefzkef; (ucsif/

odEMD)
xdkpm&if;udk junfygu a'otvdkuf

aomfvnf;aumif;/ vlrsK;d tvdu
k af omfvnf;aumif;/
ud,
k pf m;_yKonft
_yif vufawGhtm;_zif vlxt
k usK;d _yK
vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfaqmif^yD;/ vkyfaqmifqJ
ykdKvfrsm;_zpfI w&m;r#w rSefuefr+&Sdajumif;
awGh&ayrnf?
xd(k 6-2-47) nydik ;f wGicf si;f ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;
yifvo
H k hkad &muf&v
d S m.? aemufwpfaeheeH uf(9) em&DwiG f
&Srf;/ ucsifudk,fpm;vS,frsm;.oabmwlcsufudk
avvm^yD;aemuf atmufygtwdik ;f _znfp u
G cf surf sm;
_yKvkyI
f xyfqif vufrw
S af &;xd;k ju avonf?
(1) A[dt
k cGeaf wmfaiGEiS pf yfvsO;f I &Sr;f wdhk cpH m;&
aomtcGit
f a&;ESif &ydik cf iG t
f m%mwdhk twdik ;f
csif;ESif ucsifwdkhuvnf; vlOD;a&tvdkuf
cHpm;cGif&Sdap&rnf?
}uD;onf_zpfI rl&if;t*Fvyd Ef iS _ frefrmbmom_yefrsm;udk

atmufwGifazmf_yvdkufygonf?
(2) csif;wdhk a'owGif bma&;rvkaH vmuf&cdS J

aomf _refrm_ynftcGefawmfaiGrsm;rS _znf
wif;okH;pGJ&rnf?
item accepted for agenda and a resolu-tion
(3) &Sr;f / ucsi/f csi;f ud,

k pf m;vS,rf sm;yg0ifaom
awmifwef;om;rsm; pnf;vk;H nDnw
G af &; tzGhJ
OD;pD;tr+aqmifaumifpD wpf&yfudk zGJhpnf;
wnfaxmif&rnf? ,if;tr+aqmifaumifpYD
awmifwef;om;rsm;ESif
_refrm_ynf
tpdk;&wdkhtjum; ay:aygufvmor#aom
ay:vpDqdkif&m udpP&yfrsm; tm;vkH;ESif
pyfvsOf;I tqkH;t_zwf ay;Edkifaom
tm%mt_ynftpkH&Sd&rnf?
ordkif;0ifaju;eef;trSwftrSwf-36-(e,fpyf
a'otkyfcsKyfa&;xHrS)
xdkodkh&Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;wdkhaoG;pnf;nD!Gwf
aysm&f i$ t
f m;wufaejuonft
csed f 1947 ckEpS /f azazmf
0g&Dv(7)&ufaeh nae(5)em&DwiG /f e,f_cm;a'o
!$ejf um;a&;XmerS (6-2-47)aehpyJG g aju;eef;trSwf
-36-onf yifv&Hk &dS rS ;f p0fzvkrH sm;aumifpOD uUXxHohkd
a&muf&v
dS monf? if;aju;eef;pmonfvnf;ta&;
Telegram No. 36 F.A. dated 6-2-47 from

Frontiers Rangoon to Resident S.S.S. Panlong
.No. 36/FA. Please refer President of Executive
Committee of Council of Shan Sawbwas to his
telegram 609 of February 4th. 1947, and inform
him that no alteration in constitution of Federal
Council possible without sanction of H. E. the
Governor after specific resolution by Federal
Council STOP Frontier's Telegram 1562 of
January 24th. 1947 merely suggested thisitem
for agenda STOP Action can only be taken if
passed accordingly by full Federal Council
STOP Furthermore no useful purpose likely to
be served by Chiefs merely nominating popular
representatives STOP Please wire immediately
accepetance of item for agenda for decision by
Council as constituted at present. REPEATED
Resident . S.S.S, Taunggyi.
_refrmbmom_yefqdkcsuf?
&efukef^rdKh/ awmifwef;a'otkyfcsKyfa&;rS
yifvpHk cef;&S&d rS ;f _ynfawmifyikd ;f ta&;ydik x
f o
H hkd
6-2-47 aehpGJ_zifay;ydkhaom
aju;eef;trSwf 36tufzf-at?
trSwf
36tufzf-at/
bk&ifcH.
1947 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (4)&uf aehpGJyg
aju;eef;trSwf (609)udk/ &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;.
aumifpt
D r+aqmif tzGhJ OuUXtm; &nfne$ ;f !$e_f yyg?
if;aemufatmufygtwdkif; tajumif;jum;yg?
ya'o&mZmaumifpD.
zGJhpnf;ykHpnf;rsOf;udk/
ya'o&mZmaumifpD.
,if;udpPtwGuf
qkH;_zwfcsuf &&Sd^yD;aemuf bk&ifcHrif;_rwfu
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 43
csrSwaf omtrdehf rS vGI

J _yifqifyikd cf iG f r&Syd g? &yf/
awmifwef;a'o.(1947) ckEpS /f Zefe0g&Dv(24)
&ufaehpGJyg aju;eef;trSwf (1562) onf
TudpPudk
aqG;aEG;&efudpP
acgif;pOfwGif
xnfoGif;&ef !$ef_y_cif; _zpfonf? &yf ?
tqdkyg aqG;aEG;&ef udpPudk vufcH^yD;aemuf
ya'o&mZmaumifpD wpfckvkH;. vufcHajumif;
qkH;_zwfcsuf csrSwf^yD;rSomv#if qufvuf
aqmif&u
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rsm;u vlxkudk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk rdrdwdkhbmom
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r&dyS g? &yf ? vuf&w
dS nf_rJvsuf&adS om aumifp.
D
aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif
aqG;aEG;Edkif&eftwGuf
tpDtpOft_zpf wif_y&ef udpPudk vufcHajumif;
csufcsif; aju;eef;_zif tajumif;_yefyg? &yf ?
awmif}uD;^rdKh/ &Sr;f _ynfawmifyikd ;f ta&;ydik x
f o
H hkd
xyfqif ay;ydkhonf?
T!$ejf um;csurf mS pmtky}f uD;twdik ;f vkyx
f ;Hk
vkyef nf;t& trSe_f zpfonf? pnf;urf;wusvyk rf nf
qdkv#if Tvrf;twdkif;om av#muf&ayrnf?
odhk aomf vufawGhta_ctaet& oifa wmfovdk
_yK_yifa_ymif;vJI vkyv
f ykd gu vkyI
f &Edik yf grnf?
Âw
d o
d #tpd;k &onf if;wdh.
k ydik q
f ik d af om vufatmufcH
e,fwpfckudk Âdwdo#ygvDrefrS Oya'_ymef;I
vufvGwfay;_cif; tpOftvmr&Sday? odkhaomf
ta_ctaet& vdktyfvmaomtcg if;wdkh.
ydik ef uf_zpfaom tdE,
dN Edik if u
H kd rdrw
d hkd 'drk eD ,
D t
H wGi;f
vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef Âdwdo# ygvDrefuyif
Oya' _ymef;_cif;_zif udpP^yD;a_rmufapcJonf?
_refrmEdkifiHudkvnf; tvm;wlpDrHvsuf&Sd&m ,ck
&Sr;f _ynfupd t
P wGuf vkyv
f #if vkyI
f &Edik yf gonf?
vmcsifv#if teD;uav;/ rvmcsifv#if c&D;a0;
qdkaom pum;ykHtwdkif;om _zpfygrnf?
rnfodkhqdkap
&Srf;e,f&Sifrsm;twGufum;
tcufcJqkH; umvudk &ifqdkif&vsuf&Sday^yD?
b,fvv
kd yk f jurnfv/J tav#ma y;vdu
k &f rnfvm;?
vkyx
f ;Hk vkyef nf; twdik ;f qufvyk v
f #if vdck siw
f mudk
&Edik zf ,
G &f dS aomfvnf; aocsmayguf_zpfvmrnf[k
ra_ymEdik af y? rar#mfvifw
mawG _zpf^yD;vrf;v$o
J hkd
a&mufomG ;Edik o
f nf? tcuftcJ tzsuftqD;awG
trsm;}uD; awGhEikd o
f nf? qufwu
kd yf 0JG if&efrmS vnf;
Oya'abmifwGif;rS vrf;ukefoavmuf &Sdacs^yD?
xdktcuftcJudk rnfodkh ausmfv$m;&rnfudk
&Srf;p0fzvkH aumifpDtr+aqmifrsm;/ ylylaEG;aEG;
todtrSw_f yKxm;aom &Sr;f _ynf vlxu
k ,
k d pf m;vS,rf sm;
tpkHtnD pnf;a0;ju.? TwGif &Srf;_ynfvlxk
udk,fpm;vS,f_zpf^yD;/ &yv acgif;aqmifwpfOD;
_zpfaom vif;ac;-OD;xGef;_rifu
e,f&SifapmfbGm;}uD;awGudk t*FvdyfawGu
apmfum;0HhonfrmS e,f&iS w
f hkd. t_ypfyif_zpfajumif;/
e,f_cm;a'o tkyfcsKyfa&; pnf;rsOf;Oya'udk
r}udKufygbJvsuf/ r}udKuf[k e,f&Sifrsm;u
ra_ymbJ }udwfcHaeI ,ckvdk wpfqifwuf
apmfum;vm_cif; _zpfajumif;/ e,f&iS w
f hkd aemufwiG f
vlxrk &So
d nfuk d odaomajumifo
mTr# vuf&ZJ uf&J
vkyaf e_cif;_zpfajumif;/ vlxq
k EN_y^yD; wkehf _yefoif
ajumif;/ r&v#if aemufqifwuf ta&;qdk
xdkufajumif; wif_yonf?
xdktcg e,f&SifapmfbGm;rsm;u cifAsm;wdkh
aumif;r,fxif&ifvnf;vkyfjuav
[k
a_ymvmonf?
odENDapmfbGm;
p0f[kefzu
vlxktpnf;ta0;}uD; csufcsif;ac:&ef tqdk
wifoGif;&m tm;vkH;u oabmwl axmufcH
juonf? aqG;aEG;yGJ wufa&mufaejuaom vlxk
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;teuf OD;cGefxD;onf yifvkHrS
a&$yv
JG my&dowfrsm;udk vnf;aumif;/ p0fxeG ;f ZHu
rdk;eJrS a&$yGJvm y&dowfrsm;udkvnf;aumif;
pk@kH;onf? vJcsm;apmfbGm;. acgif;aygif;eD
ykvdyfrsm;uvnf; yGJaps;udk_zefhum awGhawGhor#

a&$yv
JG mrsm;tm; twif;odr;f }uKH; ac:,lco
J _zif
xdkn (9)em&DcGJavmufwGif uGefz&if usif;y&m
cef;rxJodkh y&dowf (3000)cefh pk@kH;rdju.?
ZmwfyrJG sm;/ upm;0dik ;f rsm;tm;vk;H &yfqikd ;f oGm;onf?
,if; vlxt
k pnf;ta0;}uD;wGif odEaDM pmfbmG ;
p0f[ek zf . nDp0f,yd zf u obmywdt_zpf vnf;aumif;/
oDaygrS OD;jumyku twGi;f a&;rSL;t_zpf vnf;aumif;
aqmif&Gufjuonf? &yv acgif;aqmifrsm;onf
y&dowfjum;wGiv
f cl I
J G ae&m,ljuonf? obmywdu
tpnf;ta0;ac:,l&_cif;tajumif;&if;udk tenf;i,f
&Sif;_yonf? if;aemuf e,f&SifapmfbGm;rsm;.
awmif;qdck surf sm;_zpfaom (4-2-47)aehpyJ G g aju;eef;
trSwf (609) udk axmufcHawmif;qdkajumif;
vlxk}uD;u wcJeufqkH;_zwfjuavonf?
xdhk _yifp0fzvkaH umifpw
D iG f vlxu
k ,
kd pf m;vS,f
t_zpfyg0if&ef (6-2-47) aehu a&G;cs,x
f m;^yD;aom
ykdKvf-7-OD;.trnfudkvnf; wif_yvlxkqEN
awmif;cH&m/ vlxk}uD;u tm;vkH;oabmwl
axmufcjH u.? odhk _zifx
n
kd wGi;f csi;f yif atmufyg
aju;eef; (2)apmifukd ay;ydhk c&J m _refrmbmom_yefEiS f
yl;wGJ azmf_yygonf?
ordkif;0ifaju;eef;trSwf(626)
(p0fzvkHaumifpDrS)
To
President
Sd. Hkun Pan Seng,
President .
Address of Sender, Saophalong
Executive Council .
PAN G LO N G
ordkif;0ifaju;eef;trSwf(r&Sd) (vlxktpnf;
ta0;obmywdxHrS)
To
(1) Frontiers
(2) Governor
Rangoon
Rangoon
At an emergency Mass Meeting held at
9:30 P.M. on 7th. February 947 in the Assembly
Hall, Panglong over 3000 people consisting
of all indegenous races in the ShanStates
unanimously and strongly supported the
demand as embodied in Council President's
telegram No. 609 February 1947 and also No.
626 dated 7th. February, 1947 and put theminto
effect forthwth . Chairman Emergency

Mass Meeting Panglong .
Sd . Sao Yape Hpa
Chairman,
Emergency Mass Meeting, Panglong.
(1) Frontier (2) Governor

Rangoon
Rangoon
626 Reference Frontier Areas Administration

telegram No. 36 FA of 6th. February 1947
STOP Will His Excellency sanction forthwith
dissolution of old Federal Council. Our demand
in telegram No. 609 of 4th. February, 1947
stands firm .
_refrmbmom_yef?
odkh /
(1) awmifwef;a'o
(2) bk&ifcH &efukef^rdKh?
&efukef^rdKh?
(626)awmifwef;a'otkycf sKyfa&;. 1947
ckEpS /f azazmf0g&Dv(6)&ufaehpyJ G g aju;eef;trSw(f 36)
ud k & nf n $ e f ; (&yf )
bk & if c H r if ; _rwf o nf
ya'o&mZfaumifpDa[mif;tm;
zsufodrf;&ef
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 45
trdehf csucf si;f csrw

S af y;Edik yf g rnfvm;? u|Efyk w
f hkd .
1947 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv(4) &ufaehpGJyg
awmif;qdck suo
f nf cdik rf mwnf_rJvsuyf if &Syd gonf?
OuUX
(ykH) cGefyef;pdef/

OuUX

ay;ydkhol.vdyfpm?

p0fzvkHtvkyftr+aqmifaumifpD?

yif vkH ?

(1) awmifwef;a'o

(2) bk&ifcH

&efukef^rdKh? &efukef^rdKh?
yifvkH^rdKhtpnf;ta0;cef;r}uD;Y 1947-ck/
azazmf0g&Dv (7)&ufaehn (9)em&Dcw
JG iG u
f si;f yaom
ta&;ay:vlxktpnf;ta0;}uD;odkh wufa&muf
vmjuaom &Sr;f _ynf&w
dS ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkaygif;pkH
(3000)ausmw
f hku
d / tvkyt
f r+aqmiftzGhJ OuUX}uD;.
1947 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&Dv aju;eef;trSwf (609)ESif
(1947)ckEpS /f azazmf0g&Dv(7)&ufaehpyJG g aju;eef;
trSwf (626)wGifyg&Sdaom awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk
csufcsif; taumiftxnf azmfay;yg&ef tm;vkH;
wnDw!Gww
f nf; av;eufpmG axmufcyH gonf?
ta&;ay:vlxt
k pnf;ta0;}uD;.obmywd
(ykH) p0f,pfz
ta&;ay:vlxktpnf;ta0;/
yifvkH^rdKh?
&Srf;p0fzvkH aumifpDOuUX cGefyef;pdefonf
txufyg tpnf;ta0;rsm;. awmif;qdck surf sm;udk
nwGi;f csif; &efuek ^f rdKh_refrmtoHohkd aju;eef;_zif
tajumif;jum;ay;ydhk &m aemufwpfaeh eHeufyikd ;f wGif
toHv$ifajunmonf?
(q) yifvkHnDvmcHESifAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.
u?
(1) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkh yifvkHnDvmcHodkh
a&muf&Sd vm_cif;?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif tzGJhyifvkHodkh 1947
ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv(8)&ufaehwGif av,mOfESif
xGufcGm rnf_zpf&m/ xdkaehrwdkifrD-7-&ufaehu
ta_ctaeudk od&SdEdkif&eftwGuf/ wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsKd;rsm;ta&;ESif 1947 ckESpf ta_ccH Oya'
pmtkyf. pmrsufESm(246) wGif azmf_ycsufudk
atmufwGif rl&if;twdkif; ul;,lazmf_yygonf?
zqyv-tr+aqmiftzGhJ EiS af wGhq^Hk yD; aemuf
1947 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (7) &ufaehwGif
abmfwrG af vonf bk&ifc.
H tr+aqmif(0ef}uD;) tzGhJ
0ifrsm;_zpfjuonfA v
kd cf sKyfatmifqef;/ OD;wifx
G /f
ocif_r/ apmbOD;}uD;/ ref;bcdik w
f hkdEiS x
f yfraH wGhqI
Hk
awmifwef;a'ota&; aqG;aEG;ju_yefonf?
aqG;aEG;yGJwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u
1? &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;ESif &Srf;_ynfvlxkonf
awmifwef;a'o tkyfcsKyfa&;atmufwGif
raevdkawmajumif;/
2? _ynfwGif;a&;Y udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGif&v#if
_refrm_ynfrESif yl;aygif;vdkajumif;/
ygonf &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;. 1946 ckESpf/
Ed0k ifbmv (14)&ufaehpyJ G gpmudx
k w
k _f yonf? odhkaomf
pwDAifqif. a_cxdk;r+ajumif &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;
em;a,mif^yD; oabmxm;rsm; a_ymif;oGm;yk&H o_zif
yifvkHnDvmcHY atmif_rifr+&rnf rxifajumif;/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u qufa_ymonf? xdktcg
abmfwrG af vu rdrrd nfohk d aqmif&u
G af y;apvdo
k nfuk d
ar;_ref;&m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u _ynfrESif
awmifwef;a'orsm; aygif;pnf;a&;udk Âdwdo#
tpd;k &utrSew
f u,f vdv
k m;ajumif;udo
k m yifvHk
nDvmcHohk d wufa&mufvmjuonf awmifwef;a'o
ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;tm; abmfwrG af vua_ymay;yg&ef
arwWm&yfccH o
J nf? _ynfrESiaf ygif;v#if awmifwef;
e,frsm;. _ynfwiG ;f a&;udk awmifwef; om;rsm;uom
pDrHtkyfcsKyf&rnf? cGJxGufvdku cGJxGufcGifvnf;
ay;rnf? xdkajumife,f&Sifrsm;. tusKd;udk
xdcdkufrnf r[kwfajumif; ponf (zqyv).
oabmxm;udk Âdwdo#t&m&Sdrsm; rygbJ Arm
acgif;aqmifrsm;ESif awmifwef;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;
tcsif;csif;awGhqkHI yGifyGifvif;vif; &Sif;_ycGif
&vdkajumif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u qufvuf
wif_yonf? txufyg(zqyv). oabmxm;ESif
ywfoufI e,f&Sifrsm;ESif em;vnfr+&&Sda&;udk
t"du xm;I (zqyv) u aqmif&u
G o
f ifa jumif;
abmfwGrfavu _yefa_ymonf? jum;umvwGif
_ynfrESif awmifwef; aygif;pyfa&;udpPESif
pyfvsO;f I bk&ifc.
H tr+aqmif (0ef}uD;) tzGhJ wiG f
&Srf;udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD; cefhxm;oifajumif;
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;u a_ymaomtcg uefhuu
G &f ef
r&Sdajumif; abmfwGrfavu a_ymonf?
txufygaumufEkwfazmf_ycsufrsm;rSm (72-47) aehcif;ydkif;wGif &efukef^rdKhY _zpfaeaom
ta_ctaeudk _yonf? xdt
k csed af vmufwiG f &Sr;f _ynf
yifv^Hk rdKhwiG u
f m; rar#mfvifa om ckeyf sHausmfvm$ ;
a_ymif;vJr+ }uD;rsm;_zpfyGm;vsuf &Sd.? &Srf;/
csi;f ESiu
f csiw
f hkdu _refrm_ynfrESiaf ygif;&efrt
l m;_zif
oabmwlncD suf &onft
ajumif;udk vnf;aumif;/
xdkaehnu usif;yaom vlxk tpnf;ta0;}uD;
tajumif;udk vnf;aumif; awmifyikd af pmfbmG ;}uD;.
owif;ay;ydkhcsuft& aemufwpf&uf (8-2-47)
eHeufydkif; _refrmtoHrSjum;&aom tcg rpPwm
abmfwGrfavu [-'Dvdkqdk&if usKyfwdkhawmif
yifvkHudk oGm;p&mrvdkawmbl; xifw,f [k
&,farma_ymqdk&onftxd _zpfonf?
rSefoifoavmufawm rSefygonf? EdkifiHa&;
&moDOwkrmS yGiv
f if;om,mvmygonf? Adv
k cf sKyf
atmifqef;ESif abmfwGrfavwdkh a&mufvmv#if

qufav#muf&ef vrf;a_zmif_zL;vmapyg.?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf azazmf0g&Dv(8)
&ufaehn(6)em&DwiG f OD;atmifZaH 0/ Adv
k cf ifarmif
uav;/ OD;azcif/ Adv
k x
f eG ;f vSwhkd EiS t
f wl yifvo
Hk hkd
a&muf&v
dS monf? c&D;a&mufrqdu
k f }udKqdEk w
+ q
f uf
rdefhcGef;rsm;a_ym^yD; xdkntwGuf tem;,lonf?
awmif}uD;/ vGKd ifvifwhkd rS _ynfohl &aJ bmfrsm;onf
vk_H cKHa&; twGuf Adv
k cf sKyfwnf;cdo
k nf 0g;wJpcef;
teD;tem;wGifyif tdyfpufapmifa@Smufonf?
abmfwrG af vonf aemufwpfaeh (9)&ufaeh
eHeufwGif OD;wifxGf/ bm;ewfvuf'0pf/
*|efav'ifwdkhESif twla&muf&Sdvm.?
(9)&ufaeheHeuf(10)em&DwGif&Srf;/ ucsifESif
csif;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; pkaygif; pnf;a0;juonf?
if;aemuf &Sr;f / ucsiEf iS cf si;f ud,
k pf m;vS,f (6)OD;pD
aygif;(18)OD; ygaom OD;pD;tzGJhudk zGJh&eftygt0if
qkH;_zwfcsufrsm; csrSwfju.? xdkaeheHeuf (11)
em&DwGif vlxktpnf; ta0;usif;y^yD; AdkvfcsKyf
rdefhcGef;a_ymjum;onf? AdkvfcsKyfu rdrdonf
vef'efodkh a&muf&SdpOfu awmifwef; a'oudk
_refrmESif wpfygwnf; vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef
awmif;qdck aJ jumif;/ _refrmonf vGwv
f yfa&;&&ef
aocsmoavmuf &Sd^yD;_zpfajumif;/ Armu
awmifwef; e,frsm;udpk ;kd rd;k vdI
k r[kwb
f J wef;wl
tqiftwef;ESif
tcGifta&;rsm;&&SdapvdkI
_zpfajumif;/
awmifwef;
a'ovlrsKd;rsm;
xdt
k qift
wef;udk vdck sifonf[k ,aeha_ymv#if
reuf_zef vGwfvyfa&; &rnf_zpfajumif;
wdkwdkwkwfwkwfESif vdk&if;udk rdefhjum;cJ.?
AdkvfcsKyfESif &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
pwifaqG;aEG;_cif;?
(10)7ufaehaqG;aEG;yGJwGif abmfwGrfav
vnf;wufonf? &Sr;f / ucsiEf iS cf si;f wdhk (6)&ufaeh
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 47
pnf;a0;jupOfu oabmwlcsrSwfcsufrsm;udkyif
Adv
k cf sKyftm;wif_yawmif;qdo
k nf? csi;f ud,
k pf m;vS,f
rsm;odyrf a_ymacs? &Sr;f bufrpS 0fa&$ou
kd Ef iS f ucsif
bufr'S 0l g;aZmfveG ;f wdhk u OD;aqmifaqG;aEG;juonf?
aqG;aEG;yGJwif;rmvmo_zif AdkvfcsKyfpdwfysuf^yD;
&efukef_yef&ef OD;azcifESif AdkvfxGef;vSwdkhtm;
av,mOfrSmyg[k !$efjum;awm.? owif;onf
t_refqkH; _yefhvGifoGm;onf?
awmifwef; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ txl;o_zif
&Sr;f apmfbmG ;rsm;onf pdww
f ek v
f y+ af csmuf_cm;oGm;&.?
(7)&ufaehnu Âdwo
d #b&k ifcu
H kd tefwt
k Edik ,
f ^l yD;
ausmcdik ;f cJ^ yD;_zpfonf? ,ckAv
kd cf sKyfatmifqef;ESif
xyfrHI cGm_yJ}u&rnfqdkv#if rdrdwdkhtae_zif
arsmufopfuikd ;f vGwf _zpfvrd rf nf? rD;ESpyf jHk um;u
'k=rsm;vdrfrnf? apmfbGm;rsm; a_crudkifrd/
vufrudkifrd _zpfukefju.?
OD;0rfuakd [mESit
f _cm; csi;f ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;url
csif;_ynfe,f&&Sad &;xuf csif;awmifwef;twGuf
pD;yGm;a&;/ ynma&;/ vlr+a&;/ usef;rma&;/
zGHh^zdK;a&; wdkhtwGuf tultnDrsm;&&Sda&;/
bmaiGydkrdk&&Sda&;/ csif;aoewfudkifwyfrsm;
qufvuf wnfwHa&;wdkhudkom t"duxm;
awmif;qdo
k nf? Adv
k cf sKyfu vdu
k af vsm.? xdt
k cg
csif;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf oabmwlvufrSwf
a&;xd;k &ef toif_ zpfaeaomfvnf; p0fpx
H eG ;f ESif
OD;jumykwdkhu
acwWqdkif;ygtkH;/
ucsif
ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;ESi!
f w
dS m apmify gtk;H [k awmif;yef
o_zif &yfqdkif;xm;cJ.?
2? &yv .qEN_yvlxk}uD;a&mufvm^yD?
TwdkufyGJwGif awGhqkHaqG;aEG;a&;twGif;
wdu
k yf EJG iS f vlxq
k EN_ya&;t_yif wdu
k yf EJG pS cf pk vk;H
vkyf&rnf[k &yv onf }udKwifpDpOfcJ&m
aqG;aEG;a&;wdkufyGJ.
yxrtqiftae_zif
(7) &ufaehu OD;aqmifI atmifycJG cH ^J yD; _zpfonf?
,ck vlxkwdkufyGJtcef; a&mufvm_yefacs^yD?

tcsdefudkuf pDpOfxm;ovdk yif_zpf.? AdkvfcsKyfwdkh
aqG;aEG;yGJ tqifra_y_zpf^yD; &efuek _f yefawmrvdk
_zpfaecsdef xdkaehnae(6) em&D tcsdefcefhwGif
awmif}uD;/ anmifa&$/ tif;av;/ [J[;kd / abmfqikd ;f /
uavm/ atmifyef;/ yif;w,/ [dkykH;/ &yfapmuf/
vG,af umft&yfaygif;pkrH S armfawmf,mOf-64-pD;_zif/
vlxyk &dowf}uD; a&muf&v
dS mjuonf? ausmif;ol
ausmif;om;rsm;/ q&m-q&mrrsm;/ aps;or/
tvkyo
f rm;or/ armfawmf,OforrS tzGhJ 0ifrsm;/
tr+xrf;/ t&mxrf;rsm;po_ziftv$m aygif;pkH
&Srf;/ tif;/ "Ek/ ytdk0f;/ awmif@dk;/ _refrm/
a*:&cg;vlrsK;d aygif;pko
H nf rdik -f 70-ausmaf 0;aom
t&yfrS pkaygif;a&muf&v
d S mju.? a&Shq;H k rSausmif;om;
wyfOD;tvH/ &yv tvH/ zufqpfqefhusifa&;
tvHrsm; udkifaqmifvmjuaom ,leDazmif;0wf
ausmif;om;rsm; OD;aqmif^yD; vGwfvyfa&;csufcsif;ay;/ &Srf;-_refrm awmifwef;om;rsm;
yl;aygif;ju/ &Srf;-_refrm cspfjunfa&; t"Gefh&Snf
&rnf? e,fcshJ orm; tvdrk &S/d aoG;cGo
J rm; tvdrk &S/d
&Srf;_ynfudk tckvufv$wfyg [laom wcJeuf
ajuG;ajumforH sm;_zif tpnf;ta0; cef;raqmifukd
wpfywf^yD;wpfywf
ywfcg
atmf[pfqEN
_yjuonf? xdkr#ruao;bJ anmifa&$apmfbGm;
p0fa&$odkufonf tpnf;ta0; cef;raqmifxJrS
xGuv
f m^yD; qEN_yvlxak h&rS aS eI yg0ifqEN_ycJ.
?
abmfwGrfavESif t*Fvdyf t&m&Sdrsm;onfvnf;
tpnf;ta0;cef;raqmifxrJ S wtHhwjo junf@ +
aejuonf?
vltyk }f uD; uGo
J mG ;^yD;aemuf anmifa&$apmfbmG ;
}uD;u awGhvakd eonf[k jum;o_zif OD;azcifonf
oGm;a&mufawGhqo
Hk nf? rdik ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;p0fpx
H eG ;f udk
vnf;awGh&.? if;wdhk EpS Of ;D pvk;H rSmrsupf rd suEf mS ysuf
vsuf&Sdonf? AdkvfcsKyf_yefawmrnf[k jum;onf
owif; [kwfr[kwfar;&m OD;azcifuxdkowif;
rSeyf gonf? aqG;aEG;yGv

J yd cf w
J nf;vnf;_zpfc&J onfukd
tm;r&aomajumif pdwfysuf^yD; _yefvdko_zif
av,mOfrSm&ef !$efjum;xm;^yD; _zpfygonf?
odkhaomf u|efawmfwdkhtaeESif ta_ctaeudk
apmifjunfa eo_zif rrSm&ao;ajumif; _yefa_ym_y.?
xdktcgp0fa&$odkufu av,mOf rrSm&ao;
&ifvnf; rrSmygESiftkH;/ AdkvfcsKyfudkvnf; r_yefzdkh
em;csay;ygtk;H / u|efawmfwhkd v_J yef^yD; !SEd id+ ;f juyg
tkH;r,f [ka_ymonf? OD;azcifu a_ymjunf
ygOD;rnf[k uwd ay;^yD;_yefvmcJ.
? xdt
k ajumif;udk
OD;azcifu _yefa_ym_yaomtcg AdkvfcsKyfu
av,mOf rrSm&ao;&ifvnf; rrSmygeJhtkH;[k
_yefa_ymonf[k qdkonf? xdkaeh nwGif;csif;yif
awmifwef;om; acgif;aqmifrsm; ta&;ay:
awGhq^Hk yD; if;wdhk .vdv
k m;csufrsm;udk tenf;i,f
_yK_yif^yD; Adv
k cf sKyfxw
H if_yonf? Adv
k cf sKyfonfvnf;
OD;atmifZaH 0/ OD;wifx
G /f qmarmif}uD;/ OD;azcif/
ocif0wifwhkdEiS cf sucf si;f awGhq^Hk yD; awmifwef;om;
ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;._yifqifcsurf sm;udk avvmaqG;
aEG;juonf? xdo
k hkt
d av#mt
wif; tay;t,lvyk &f if;
_zif xdknwGifyif oabmwlnDr+ &&SdcJavonf?
1?
2?
3?
4?
5?
6?
&Srf;udk,fpm;vS,f
p0fa&$odkuf (anmifa&$apmfbGm;)
p0f[zH k (a_rmufoEd aD M pmfbmG ;)
p0fpx
H eG ;f (rdik ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;)
OD;xGe;f _rif (vif;ac;) &yv
OD;jumyk (oDayg)
p0fbGef0yf (usKdif;wkH)
xdn
k u&&Scd aJ om oabmwlncD suaf y: ta_c
_yKI aemufaeh (11-2-47) aehwGif qufvuf
aqG;aEG; !SEd id+ ;f ju^yD; t^yD;owf oabmwlcsuu
f kd
xdak ehnwGif tacsmudik Ef ikd cf .
J ? xdn
k wGif E+wq
f uf
xrif;pm;yGJ_yKvkyf^yD; (12-2-47) aeheHeuf
(11)em&DtcsdefwGif ordkif;0if yifvkHpmcsKyf}uD;udk
vufrSwfa&;xdk;EdkifcJjuavonf? xdkordkif;0if
pmcsKyf}uD;udk atmufwGif azmf_yygonf?
3? awmifwef;om;rsm; pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfa&;
tzGJhudk zGJhpnf;_cif;?
(7-2-47) aehwGif/ &Srf;/ ucsifESif
csif; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. tpnf;ta0;u/
awmifwef;om;rsm; pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfa&; tzGJh
udk zGJhpnf;&ef qkH;_zwfcJ^yD;_zpf&m/ (9-2-47)aeh
tpnf;ta0;wGif xdkudpPtwGuf &Srf;/ ucsifESif
csif;a_cmufO;D pD yg0ifaom OD;pD;tzGhJ ukd zGhJ pnf;&ef
oabmwlco
J nf? if;aemuf(11-2-47)aeh wGif
usi;f yaom &Sr;f / ucsiEf iS f csi;f ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;.
tpnf;ta0;u atmufygtwdik ;f &Sr;f / ucsiEf iS cf si;f
udk,fpm;vS,f a_cmufOD;pDyg0ifaom OD;pD;tzGJh0if
(18)OD;udk a&G;cs,fcJjuonf?
ucsifukd,fpm;vS,f
7? qrm;'l0g;qif0g;aemif 13?
csif;udk,fpm;vS,f
OD;yGefZref
8?
9?
10?
11?
12?
OD;axmifoifvsSef
OD;uD,dkref;
OD;pdefvdef;
OD;v$mr+ef;
OD;ref;vdef
'l0g;aZmf7pf
OD;'def&wef
y'pfvawmif
'l0g;aZmfvGef;
'l0g;aZmfvS
14?
15?
16?
17?
18?
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 49
(Z) yifvkHpmcsKyfcsKyfqdk_cif;?
yif vkH pm csKyf
_refrm_ynfbk&ifcH. tr+aqmifaumifpDrS 0ef}uD;tcsKdhESif apmfbGm;tm;vkH;t_yif &Srf;_ynf/
ucsif awmifwef;a'orsm;ESif csif;awmifwef;a'orsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wufa&mufjuaom
yifvkHwGif usif;yonf tpnf;ta0;Y jum;_zwf_refrmtpdk;&ESif csufcsif;yl;aygif;vdkuf_cif;tm;_zif
&Srf;/ ucsifESifcsif;wdkhonf vGwfvyfa&;udk ydkrdkv#if_refpGm&&Sdvdrfrnf[k tpnf;ta0; wufa&mufol
tzGJh0ifwdkhu ,kHjunfjuonftwdkif; wnDw!Gwfwnf; atmufygtwdkif; oabmwlnDjuonf?
(1) awmifwef;a'orsm;udpPESif ywfoufIaqmif&Guf&ef awmifay:om;rsm; nD!Gwfa&;
OD;pD;tzGJhrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u axmufcHonf udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;udk bk&ifcHua&G;cs,fI
bk&ifcH. twdkifyifcHtr+aqmif aumifpDwGif twdkifyifcHwpfOD;t_zpf cefhtyf&rnf?
(2) xdktwdkifyifcHykdKvfudk bk&ifcH.tr+aqmifaumifpDwGif Xmevufudkifr&Sd 0ef}uD;t_zpfvnf;
cefhtyf&rnf? umuG,fa&;ESif EdkifiH_cm;a&;Xmeenf;wl awmifwef;a'oa&;&mXmeudkvnf;
Oya'_zif_ymef;I tr+aqmifaumifpDatmufY xm;&Sd&rnf? xdkawmifwef;a'oqdkif&m
twdkifyifcH 0ef}uD;tm; tvm;wlenf;twdkif; tkyfcsKyfcGiftm%mrsm;udk tyfESif;&rnf?
(3) xdt
k wdik yf ifcH 0ef}uD;tm;uln&D eftwGuf ,if;ESiv
f rl sK;d wl r[kwo
f nf t_cm;awmifwef;om;rsm;tm;
ud,
k pf m;_yKaom wGzJ uftwdik yf ifcyH k Kd vf ESpOf ;D &S&d rnf? xdt
k wdik yf ifcyH k Kd vf ESpOf ;D onf yxrOD;pGm
rdrw
d hkd . qdik &f me,fy,fa&;&mrsm;udk pDrcH efhcaJG qmif&u
G &f rnf? twdik yf ifc0H ef}uD;rSmrl use&f o
dS nf
t_cm;aom awmifwef; a'oa&;&mrsm;udk pDrHcefhcGJaqmif&Guf&rnf? ,if;ykdKvfokH;OD;wdkhonf
ta_ccH Oya'u_ymef;onftwdkif; pkaygif;wm0ef,lvkyfudkif&rnf?
(4) twdik yf ifc0H ef}uD;onf tr+aqmifaumifpt
D zGhJ 0iftae_zif aumifpw
D iG f awmifwef;a'orsm;.
wpfOD;wnf;aom udk,fpm;vS,f_zpfaomfvnf; awmifwef;a'oudpPrsm;udk aqG;aEG;aomtcg
wGJzuftwdkifyifcH ykdKvfESpfOD;onf aumifpDtpnf;ta0;odkh wufa&mufEdkifcGif &Sd&rnf?
(5) txufyg oabmwlnDcsuft& bk&ifcH.tr+aqmifaumifpDudk wdk;csJhrnf _zpfaomfvnf;
awmifwef; a'orsm;. e,fwiG ;f tkycf sKyfa&;wGif ,ck&&Scd pH m;vsuf&adS om ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;
qkH;yg;&ef rnfonfa'owGifrqdk vkH;0_yKrlvdrfrnfr[kwf? awmifwef;a'orsm;twGuf
e,fwGif; tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif udk,fydkif_ymef;cGif t_ynf&Sdajumif; rltm;_zif vufcHonf?
(6) _refrm_ynfaxmifpktwGif; ucsif_ynfe,ftwGuf e,f_cm;owfrSwfa&;ESif ucsif_ynfe,f
wnfaxmifa&;udk wdkif;_yK_ynf_yKv$wfawmfodkh wif_yqkH;_zwfap&rnf _zpfaomfvnf;
xdkuJodkhaom _ynfe,frSm vdktyfonf[k oabmwlvufcHjuonf? T&nf&G,fcsufudk
yxrtqif taumiftxnfazmfonft
ae_zif (1935)ckEpS f _refrmEdik if t
H pd;k & tufOya't&
tydkif;(2) _cGif;csefa'orsm;udk tkyfcsKyfonfenf;wl _rpf}uD;em;ESif Aef;armfc@dkiftwGif;&Sd
a'orsm;tkyfcsKyfa&;ESif ywfoufIvnf; awmifwef;a'o twdkifyifcH0ef}uD;ESif wGJzuf

twdkifyifcHwdkhudk wdkifyifaqG;aEG;&rnf?
(7) awmifwef;a'o&Sd _ynfolwdkhonf 'Drdkua&pDwdkif;_ynfrsm;wGif ta_ccHtcGifta&;ESif &ydkifcGif
rsm;[k owfrSwfxm;onf tcGifta&;rsm;ESif &ydkifcGifrsm;udk&&SdcHpm;ap&rnf?
(8) TpmcsKyfyg tpDtpOfrsm;onf &Srf;_ynfe,fwGif ,ckusifokH;cGif_yKxm;aom bma&;
udk,fydkif_ymef;cGifudk rnfodkhr#xdcdkuf_cif; r&Sdap&?
(9) TpmcsKyfyg tpDtpOfrsm;onf _refrm_ynf. tcGefbmrsm;xJrS ucsifawmifwef;a'oESif
csif;awmifwef;a'owdhk u &ydik cf iG &f adS om bma&;tultnDtm; rnfohkd r#xdcu
kd _f cif;r&Sad p&?
xdkh_yif&Srf;_ynfe,fESif _refrm_ynfwdkh. bma&;pDpOfqufoG,fr+rsm;uJodkhaom tvm;wl
bma&; pDpOfqufoG,fr+rsm;udk vufawGhusifokH;Edkif_cif;&Sdr&Sd tr+aqmifaumifpDonf
awmifwef;a'o twdkifyifcH0ef}uD;/ wGJzuftwdkifyifcH rsm;ESiftwl pl;prf;avvm&rnf?
yifvkHpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;juaom udk,fpm;vS,fawmf}uD;rsm;rSm
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
p0fcGefyef;pdef
p0fa&$odkuf
p0f[kHz
p0fEGH
p0fpHxGef;
p0fxGef;at;
OD;_zL
OD;cGefzkef;
OD;wif{
OD;jumyk
p0f,dyfz
OD;xGef;_rif (vif;ac;)
OD;cGefapm (yif;w,)
OD;cGefxD; (yifvkH)
qrm;'l0g;qif0g;aemif
'l0g;aZmf&pf
OD;'def&wef
_refrmtpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,f
awmifydkifapmfbGm;
anmifa&$apmfbGm;
a_rmufydkif;odEMDapmfbGm;
vJcsm;apmfbGm;
rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;
omrdkif;crf;apmfbGm;
oxkHapmfbGm;udk,fpm;vS,fawmf
vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f
?
?
?
?
?
ucsifudk,fpm;vS,f (_rpf}uD;em;)
?
?
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 51
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
'l0g;aZmfvGef;
OD;vbef*a&mif
OD;v$mr+ef;
OD;awmifZmckyf
OD;uD,dkref;
? (Aef;armf)
?
csif;udk,fpm;vS,f(zvrf;)
? (wD;wdef)
? ([m;cg;)
yifvpHk mcsKyfukd bk&ifc.

H tr+aqmif(0ef}uD;)
tzGhJ u oabmwlvufc^H yD;_zpfI Âdwo
d # tpd;k &uyg
oabmwlvufc&H ef [l;Awf&efh(pf)uyufopfavm
&if( pf)xH azazmf0g&Dv(24)&ufaehp_JG zif axmufcH
wif_yonf? awmifwef;a'o ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;onf
azazmf0g&Dv (12)&ufaeh (2)em&DcGJ tcsdefwGif
pnf;a0;ju^yD;/ awmifwef;a'oqdik &f m bk&ifc.
H
tr+aqmif (0ef}uD;)tzGJh0if t_zpf p0fpHxGef;tm;
a&G;cs,fvdkufjuonf? awmifwef;om;rsm;pnf;
vkH;nDnGwfa&;tzGJh OuUXt_zpf p0fa&$odkuftm;
a&G;cs,f wifarmufjuonf?
xdak emuf qrm;'l0g;qif0g;aemifonf ucsif
twdik yf ifcaH umifp0D ifEiS f OD;0rfuakd [monf csif;
twdik yf ifcH aumifp0D ifrsm; _zpfvmjuonf? odhk _zif
_refrmEdkifiH. ordkif;0if ta&;}uD;qkH;_zpfaom
ta_ccHOya'udk a&;qGEJ ikd cf jJ u^yD;/ vGwv
f yfaom
_ynfaxmifpk _refrmEdik if H awmf}uD;udk wnfaqmufEikd f
cJjuayonf? xdkodkh wnfaqmufcJjuaom
_ynfaxmifp}k uD;. taumif;tqd;k / tusKd;t_ypf
wdhk ukd aemufwae&mwGif qufvuf aqG;aEG;ygrnf?
(ps) yifvkHpmcsKyftwGuf pm_zif
a&;om;rxm;aomoabmwlnDcsuf
1947 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv(12) &ufaehu
csKyfqckd aJ om yifvpHk mcsKyfonfpm_zif a&;om;xm;
aomoabmwlnDcsufrsm; (Written Agreement)
_zpfonf? ,if;pmcsKyfwGif t"du azmf_yonfrSm
&Srf;/ ucsifESif csif;udk,fpm;vS,fwdkhonf
vGwfvyfa&;udk ydkrdk vsif_refpGm &&SdEdkifvdrf
rnf[k ,kHjunfo_zif jum;_zwf _refrmtpdk;&ESif

yl;aygif;
aqmif&Guf&ef
tpDtpOfrsm;udk
owfrSwf oabmwlnDju_cif;udkom _yonf?
xdkpmcsKyfudk bmajumif csKyfqdk&onfqdkonf
tajumif;&if;rsm;/ t_zpftysufrsm;/ oabm
wlnDcJcsufrsm;_zpfaom pmcsKyf. ta_ccH
tajumif;&if;rsm;udk
azmf_yxm;_cif;r&Sday?
xdkta_ccH tajumif;&if;rsm;onf pmcsKyf.
ta_ccH tESpfom&rsm; _zpfI pm_zifra&;om;
xm;aom oabmwlnDcsufrsm; (Un-written
Agreement) _zpfonf? tqdkygpmcsKyf. ta_ccH
tESpfom&rsm;onfrsm;pGm ta&;}uD;I ta&;,l
vdu
k ef mrnf _zpfajumif; Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf
wdik ;f _ynf_yKv$waf wmf. yxraehtzGirf ed hf ceG ;f wGif
ta&;w,la_ymcJ ygonf?
onfwdkif;_ynf_yKv$wfawmfrzGJhpnf;
rDtcgrSm wdkif;_ynf_yKv$wfawmf zGJhpnf;&ef
tvdhk imS u|efawmfwhkd oabmwlncD suaf wG pmcsKyf
trsKd;rsKd;csKyf wJtcgwkef;u awmifwef;a'ou
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESif u|efawmfwdkh csKyfqdkcJ
wJpmcsKyf t& qdkvdkh&Sdv#if_zif _zpfap/
aemuf^yD;awmawmifwef;a'oqdik &f m pkpH rf;a&;tzGhJ
tpD&ifcHpmrS axmufcHcsufrsm;udk u|efawmfwdkh
vufcHvmcJonf twdkif;_zpfap/ tJonfvdk
vufcHxm;wJonf pmoabmwGifrubJ (Not
only the letter of agreement)onf pmoabmudk
u|efawmfwdkh oabmwlnDvmcJwmwGif rubJ
u|efawmfwdkhtzdkhrSm qdkvdkh&Sd&if (The spirit of
agreement) oabmwlnv
D mcJw
J wu,ft
&if;cH
oabmw&m;udk vufcH^yD;awm/ onftwdkif;yJ

onfwikd ;f _ynf_yK v$waf wmfrmS vkyrf mS ygyJqw
kd m/
awmifwef;e,fqik d &f m ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm; wdwv
d if;vif;
em;vnfapcsifygw,f? u|efawmfwdkh ay;^yD;om;
uwd/ em;vnf^yD;om; oabmwlnDcsufawGudk
e,fcsho
J rm;vdk u|eaf wmfwhk d azmufzsu_f cif; rvkyyf gb;l ?
tJonfvdk ay;^yD;om;uwdESif em;vnf^yD;om;
oabmwlnDcsufawGudk azmufzsufrnfvm;vdkh
oHo,&SdwJ vlawG[m OuUXrif; cGif_yKcsuft&
a_ym&v#if u|efawmfwdkh&Jh (Sense of honour,
Sense of self-respect, Sense of pride) wdkhudk
apmfum;w,fvdkh u|efawmfwdkh ,lqygw,f?
tJonfawm
u|efawmfwdkhay;^yD;om;uwd
em;vnf^yD;om;
oabmwlnDcsufwdkht&
awmifwef;e,fu
udk,fpm;vS,fawG[m
wdkif;_ynf_yK v$wfawmfxJ a&mufvmwJ tcg
aoaocsmcsm em;vnfapcsiw
f mu b,fenf;ESirf #
u|efawmfwdkh Armvlrsm;pk_zpfwhJ vlawG[m
cifAsm;wdkhudk twif;tm;_zif u|efawmfwdkh
_ynfaxmifpkxJrSm roGif;ygbl;? oabmrwlbJ
raeEdkifwJ ta_ctaersKd;udk vufwvkH;_cm;
vdrfwJenf;eJh u|efawmfwdkh rvkyfygbl;qdkwm
twdtvif; em;vnfapcsifygw,f
xdhk ajumif tqdyk gpm_zif a&;om;rxm;aom
ta_ccH oabmwlncD surf sm;udk trsm;_ynfoo
l &d dS
xm;&ef vdktyfygo_zif atmufwGiftusOf;csKH;I
qufvufazmf_yygrnf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u twdtvif;
ajunmcJonf em;vnfcsuf?
z-q-y-v y%mr_yifqifr+ nDvmcHwGif
1947-ck/ arv (20)&ufaehY Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;u
rdefhcGef;a_ymjum;&mrSm u|efawmfwdkh Arm
_ynfopf}uD;udk wnfaxmifawm _ynfaxmifpk
oabm wnfaxmifrvm;/ vlrsK;d }uD; wrsK;d xJqw
kd J
wdkif;_ynfrsKd; (Unitary State) wnfaxmifrvm;

qdw
k J ar;cGe;f udk a_zqdv
k w
kd ,f? u|efawmft
_rift&
qd&k ifawm txufuvlrsK;d a&;t& &oif& xdu
k w
f J
tcGit
f a&;rsKd;awGukd pnf;urf;owfay;^yD;awm
(Unitary State) vlrsKd;}uD; wrsKd;xJqw
kd J Edik if rH sKd;
awmaxmifvhkd r_zpfb;l / _ynfaxmifpk oabmrsK;d yJ
_zpf&rSmyJ [lIoabmxm;udk wif_ycJonf?
(1947-Oya'/ pm-422)
1? pm_zifa&;om;rxm;aomyifvkHoabmwlnD
csufqdk&mY
(1) _refrmrif;rsm;vufxuf?
vuf&_dS refrmEdik if o
H m;rsm;onf vuf&_dS refrm_ynf
e,ferd w
d t
f wGi;f wGif pwifarG;zGm;ay:aygufvm
juolrsm; r[kwfyg? _yifya'orsm;rS a&junf&m
rsufEk&m
ae&mopf@Sm&if;
vma&muf
pk@kH;aexdkifjuaom vlrsm;om _zpfjuygonf?
rlv 0ifa&mufvmjupOfu ,Ofaus;r+/ wd;k wufr+
tqiftwef; uGm[r+rsm;pGm&SdvSonf r[kwfyg?
odkhaomf rdrdwdkh ta_ccsaexdkif&ef a'o
a&G;cs,rf t
+ ay: rlwnf^yD; uGm[r+onf ESpyf &da'
jum_rifvmaom tcg odomxif@Sm;vmonf?
_refrmvlrsKd;rsm; aexdkif&m a_r_yefha'oudk
pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfaom _refrmbk&if{u&mZfrsm;onf
tqiftwef; edrfususef&pfaeaom b0wl
wdkif;&if;om;rsm;twGuf if;wdkh. vlaer+b0
rifw
ifa&;twGuf bmr#vkyrf ay;cJy g? aoG;pkwf
tcGifta&;,l_cif;rsm;udkom _yKvkyfcJ juonf?
odrf;ydkuf_cif; rvkyfbJ joZmcH e,frsm;t_zpf
owfrw
S cf g xD;&Heef;&Hrsm;t_zpf odr;f oGi;f xm;aom
a'orsm;wGifyif ya'o&mZf tm%mydkifrsm;u
vufatmufcHvlxktay:
zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f
xm;_cif;rsKd;udkvnf; 0ifa&mufu,fwifa_z&Sif;
ay;_cif ; r&S d c J y g?
vspf v sL@+ c J y gonf ?
xdktwGuf _refrm vlrsKd;rsm;udk t_yifwif&ef
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 53
tajumif;r&Sdyg? _refrmvlrsKd;xk}uD;ESif rqdkifyg?

{u&mZfpepf. p@dkufobm0 r#om_zpfajumif;
em;vnfoabmayguf&rnf _zpf.?
_refrm bk&ifrsm;vufxuf rGeEf iS f &cdik w
f hkd ukd
wdu
k cf u
kd f odr;f ydu
k _f cif;_zif if;wdhk . tcsKyft_cm
tm%mqk;H @+;H apcJ.
? u&iftrsK;d om;rsm;rl twlae
rsm;_zpfI oD;_cm;tcsKyft_cm tm%mr&Sad omajumif
_refrmrsm;ESif b0wl_zpf.? &Srf;/ ucsifESif
csif;wdkhonf 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkuf_cif; rcH&o_zif
if;wdkh. tcsKyft_cmtm%mrSm oDaygbk&if
ygawmfro
l nftxd td;k pm;ruGcJ yJ g? u&ifeeD ,fukd
_refrmrif;joZm roufa&mufatmif pmcsKyf
csKyfqdk [efhwm;EdkifcJonftwGuf u&ifeDe,fudk
vGwv
f yfaom a'ot_zpf orkwcf jJ uo_zif tcsKyf
t_cmtm%m vufrvGwfcJ&ay? t*Fvdyfrsm;.
joZmcH _zpfaeonfurkd l rodovdck aH ecJj u&onf?
(2) e,fcsJht*Fvdyfvufatmuf?
e,fcsJht*Fvdyfwdkhonf _refrmEdkifiHudk rGef/
_refrm/ &cdik Ef iS f u&ifwhkd aexdik &f m a_r_yefha'oudk
0ef}uD;rsm; tkycf sKyfaom_ynfrt_zpf tkycf sKyf^yD;
&Sr;f / ucsiEf iS cf si;f wdhk urkd l acwfaemufuseaf 'orsm;/
rzGHh^zdK;ao;aom a'orsm;t_zpf owfrSwfcg
if;vlrsK;d wdhk . t}uD;tuJrsm;rSwpfqif oG,0f u
kd f
tkyfcsKyf cJ.? wpfenf;tm;_zif tcsKyft_cm
tm%mudk if;vlrsK;d t}uD; tuJrsm; vufxw
J iG yf if
xm;&Sd^yD;/ if;wdkhtay:wGif t*FvdyfvlrsKd;
t&m&Sdrsm;u }uD;juyfonfenf;vrf; _zpfonf?
odhk _zif _ynfrrS _refrmrsm;onf tcsKyft_cm tm%m
vufvw
G cf &J aomfvnf; &Sr;f / ucsiEf iS cf si;f wdhk rmS
tcsKyft_cmtm%m vufrvGwfcJ&onfudkyif
aus;Zl; wif&ayOD;rnf? &Sr;f / ucsiEf iS cf si;f wdhk onf
rzGHh^zdK;ao;aom a'o_zpfonf[k owfrSwfxm;
aomfvnf; zGhH^zdK;vmatmifvyk zf hk d t*Fvyd t
f pd;k &wdhku
pdwrf 0ifpm;ay? xdo
k hkd zhHG ^zdK;atmif vkyrf ay;onf
twGuf t*Fvdyftpdk;&udk t_ypfwif&ef rvdkay?

tajumif;rSm
if;wdkhonf
_refrm_ynfudk
odr;f ydu
k cf _ cJ if;rSm _refrm_ynfom;rsm;udk tusK;d _yKvdak om
apwem AvyG_zif vmju_cif; r[kwf? odrf;ydkuf
aoG;pkwf&efom
vmju_cif;_zpfonftwGuf
obm0usonf[yk if qd&k ayrnf? u&ifeeD ,fuv
k d nf;
vGwfvyfaoma'o wpfckt_zpf orkwf^yD;
if;wdkhuyif tkyfcsKyfvmcJonf? odkh_zif &Srf;/
ucsif/ csif;ESif u&ifeDe,fwdkhrSm tcsKyft_cm
tm%m vufrv$wf&aom e,frsm;t_zpf
wnf&SdcJonf?
xdak jumif _ynfr_refrmrsm;onf t*Fvyd ef ,fcshJ
vufatmufrS vGwfa_rmuf&ef}uKd;yrf;ju&mY
oD;_cm; cGJItkyfcsKyf_cif;cHae&aom &Srf;/ ucsif/
csif;ESifu&ifeD wdkhudk xnfoGif;pOf;pm;_cif;
r_yKcJjuay? rdrdwdkh vGwfa_rmufa&;udkom
pOf;pm;cJj uonfrmS obm0usvaS yonf? odhk aomf
wdhk Armtpnf;t@k;H acwfocifrsm;url t_rifwpfrsK;d
a_ymif;vmjuonf? 1939 ckEpS u
f pI &Sr;f / ucsi/f
csif;ESif u&ifeDwdkhudk _refrmrsm;ESif wpfygwnf;
vGwv
f yfa&;ay;&ef pwifawmif;qdv
k mcJj u onf?
vGwaf _rmufju^yD;aemuf waygif;wpnf;wnf; Edik if H
xlaxmif&ef ar#mrf eS ;f cJj u.? _ynfaxmifp[
k al om
tawG;tac: vkH;0r&SdcJay?
_ynfaxmifpt
k awG;tac:udk &Sr;f apmfbmG ;rsm;u
tpysKd;cJjuonf? &Srf;ESif _refrmwdkhonf ordkif;
wav#muf twly;l wGJ aexdik v
f mcJj uaomfvnf;
wdik ;f _ynf wpf_ynfwnf;/ vlrsK;d wpfrsK;d wnf;[lI
a&mar$xm;_cif; (Amalgamation) rsK;d r[kwo
f nfuk d
odjuonf? ordik ;f ajumif;t& &Sr;f ESi_f refrmwdhk onf
rwnf- twlae rsm;om_zpfjuonf? rdrw
d hkd b0
&yfwnfr+udk raysmufqkH;apbJ _ynfaxmifpk
(Federation) ykHomef twlwuG yl;aygif;
aexdkifju a&;udkom vdkvm;juonf? xdkajumif
_refrm_ynfrESi f _ynfaxmifpk yko
H mef yl;aygif;a&;udk
1930-_ynfESpf rSpI vufOD;rqG awmif;qdkcJ

ju^yD; acwftqufquf if;&yfwnfcsuftwdik ;f
pGJ_rJcJjuayonf?
_refrmacgi;f aqmifrsm;onf twlwuG vGwv
f yfa&;
&,l&ef vdkvm;juaomfvnf; vGwfvyf^yD;
EdkifiHopf xlaxmif&mYrl wdus_ywfom;aom
t_rifrsKd; r&Sdjuao;bJ pnf;vkH;nDnGwfaom
or}uD;/ Arm Edik if t
H oif;[lI 0d;k wdhk 0g;wm;om
wif_yEdkifcJju.? odkhaomf vGwfvyfaom
Arm_ynfopfudk xlaxmif&mwGif rdrdwdkhjurRmudk
rdrdwdkhbmom zefwD;cGifay;ygrnf/ cGJxGufvdkwJ
tcg cGJxGufcGif &Sdajumif; uwd_yKygonf paom
_ynfaxmifpkESifomqdkifaom uwdpum;rsm;udk
(zqyv) acgif;aqmifrsm;u twdtvif;a_ymqdk
vmjuygonf? _ynfaxmifpk[lIum; uGJ_ym;pGm
ra_ymjuay?
1946 ckESpf/ pufwifbmvwGif awmif}uD;
^rdKhY &Srf;_ynfvGwfvyfa&;tzGJh &yv udk
pwifzGJhpnf;onf? &yv url _ynfrESifaygif;I
vGwfvyfa&; t&,l^yD;v#if _ynfaxmifpkpepf
rlt& aygif;rnf[k _ywfom;pGm ajunmvmcJ.?
xdkaemufydkif;wGif
&Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;uvnf;
_refrm_ynfrESif _ynfaxmifpkrlt& aygif;rnf[k
pGJ_rJpGm
qufvuf
awmif;qdkvmju.?
if;aemuf &yv uxkwf_yefaom ajunmcsuf/
tpnf;ta0; qkH;_zwfcsufrsm;wGif _ynfaxmifpk
ykHomef yl;aygif;a&;udk &Sif;vif;_ywfom;pGm
awmif;qdkvmjuonf? xdkaemuf&Srf;/ ucsifESif
csi;f wdhk . yl;wGaJ wmif;qdck surf sm;wGif _ynfaxmifpk
ykH_zif yl;aygif;a&;udkom awmif;qdkvmjuonf?
1947 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (7)&ufaehwGif
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;u abmfwrG af vtm;uwday;
a_ymjum;&mY _ynfrESiaf ygif;v#if awmifwef;e,f
rsm;. _ynfwiG ;f a&;udk awmifwef;om;rsm;uom
pDrH tkyfcsKyf&rnf? cGJxGufvdku cGJxGufcGif

vnf;ay;rnf [k twdtvif; a_ymqdv
k mcJo
nf?
(3) aumufEkwf&&SdcJaom-oabmwlnDcsufrsm;
tm;vkH;udk_yefvnfI _cKHikHokH;oyfygu
(1) &Srf;e,f&SifapmfbGm;rsm; (2) &Srf;_ynfe,f
vlxkudk,fpm; &yv tzGJhcsKyf (3) ucsif (4) csif;
acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf- - vGwv
f yf^y;D aemuf_refrm_ynf
opfudkxlaxmif&mY
(1) _ynfaxmifpkpepft&om xlaxmifrnf?
if;_ynfaxmifpkonf?
(2) EdkifiHa&;wef;wlnDr#r+&Sd&rnf?
(3) udk,fjurRmudk,fzefwD;cGif&Sd&rnf? ESif
(4) cGJxGufvdkucGJxGufcGif&Sd&rnf? - [laomoabmwlnDcsufudk &&SdIom
(12-2-47) aehwiG yf ifvpHk mcsKyf}uD;udk vufrw
S af &;
xdk;EdkifcJjuonf?
xdkoabmwlnDcsufrsm;rSm
yifvkHpmcsKyf.
pm_zifa&;om;rxm;aom
oabmwlnDcsufrsm; (odkhr[kwf) yifvkHpmcsKyf.
ta_ccHrlrsm; (odkhr[kwf) yifvkHrlrsm; (odkhr[kwf)
yifvkHpmcsKyf. tESpfom&rsm; _zpfonf[k
pma&;olu&J0HhpGm twdtvif; aumufcsufcs
a_ymjum;tyfygonf?
xdkh_yifydkIta&;w}uD; odxm;&efvdkonfrSm
xdyk ifvpH k mcsKyfuk d vufrw
S af &;xd;k csKyfqck d j Juolrsm;rSm
omref vrf;ay:u vlyk Kd vfrsm;tae_zif r[kwb
f /J
rdrdwdkh vlrsKd;rsm;udk udk,fpm;_yKcsKyfqdkcJjuo_zif
vlrsK;d }uD; _refrmESif awmifwef;om; vlrsKd ;pkrsm;.
vlrsKd;tcsif;csif; csKyfqdkcJjuaom pmcsKyf}uD;
t_zpf ta&;,lwefzdk; xm;_cif;iSmxdkufaom
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 55
pmcsKyf}uD; t_zpfoabm ydu

k jf u&ef vdt
k yfajumif;
owd_yKju&ef _zpfygonf?
2? aps; 0,f &m wGif t qpf t _zpf yg
cJ ju & ol rsm; om _zpf _cif; ?
1947 ckESpf yifvkHnDvmcHwGif vlrsKd;}uD;
_refrmESif awmifwef;a'oom;rsm; _zpfjuaom &Sr;f /
ucsifESif csif;trsKd;om;wdkhonf aps;tay;t,l
wnfc jJ uo_zif yifvpHk mcsKyf}uD;udk 0rf;yef;wom
csKyfqEkd ikd cf J juyg.? odhk aomf u&if trsK;d om;rsm;ESif
u&ifeD trsKd;om;rsm;onf awmifwef;a'o
pkpH rf;a&;aumfr&Siw
f iG f rdrw
d hkd.xGuq
f ckd rJ r+ sm;ajumif
_refrm/ &Srf;/ ucsifESifcsif; trsKd;om;wdkhESif
twlwuG wdik ;f _ynf_yKv$waf wmfohkd wufa&mufciG f
&&Sdvmjuonf? wdkif;_ynf_yK v$wfawmf.
ta_ccHOya' a&;qGJa&; aps;uGufwGifum;
awmifwef;om;rsm;onf aps;uGufudk em;rvnf/
ta_ctaeudk rSeu
f efpmG rok;H oyfrjd uaomajumif
rdrw
d hkd. tcsKyft_cmtm%mudk &oifa om aps;xuf
avsmhenf;^yD; a&mif;cJju&.? &Srf;/ ucsifESif
csif;wdkhurl aps;a&mif;olrsm; _zpfaomajumif
omreftm;_zif @+H;cJjuovdk/ u&ifESif u&ifeD
rsKd;om;wdhk onf tqpft_zpf ygcJj u&onf[o
k m
rSwf,l& ygrnf/
(n) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.vef'efc&D;pOfESif
tdENd,_ynfc&D;wpfaxmuf
vGwv
f yfa&; wdu
k yf _J Gyif;xefaecsed w
f iG f (zqyv)
tzGJhcsKyfonf wpfESpftwGif; vGwfvyfa&;ay;/
&v#if &rnf/ r&v#icf srnf [laomajuG;ajumfo_H zif
vef'eftpk;d &ukd awmif;qdv
k monf? xdt
k csed w
f iG f
vef'efwiG f trsKo
d m;ygvDrefac:,l usi;f yaecsed f
_zpfo_zif Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESit
f zGhJ ukd vef'efohdk
zdwfjum;cJavonf?
Adv
k cf sKyfonfvef'efohdk wu
kd @f u
kd f roGm;ao;bJ
tdE,
d N Ekid if H e,l;a'vD^rdKhwiG f tdE,
d N 0ef}uD;csKyfrpPwm
*s0g[vmae&l;aetdrfY txl;{nfonft_zpf
wnf;cdck yJ gonf? xdt
k csed w
f iG f t"du ta&;}uD;aom
_refrm_ynfvGwfvyfa&; &vmcJv#if a&;qGJrnf
zGJhpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk ta_ccHrljurf;rsm;udk rpPwm
ae&l;ESif pwifaqG;aEG; tjuHawmif;cJygonf?
rpPwmae@l;.u TudpEP iS f toifa vsmq
f ;kH _zpfaom
tdENd,EkdifiHawmf Oya'tjuHay;t&m&Sd rpPwm
qmbDtifeaf &mESi f tao;pdwf qufvufaqG;aEG;&ef
tjuHay; cJy gonf? xkt
d csdew
f iG f tdE,
Nd _ynfwiG f
t"du &ifqidk af e&aom Ekid if aH &;_y\em &So
d nf?
tdE,
dN qdo
k nfrmS wku
d }f uD;_zpfaomfvnf; ya'o&mZf
e,fy,f rsm;pGm&So
d nf? tdE,
dN ESif ygupPwefonf
cGJjuawmrnf ta_ctaewGif tdENd,bufrS
ygupPweftm; }udKufonf _ynfe,fESifom
aygif;/ raygif;v#if twif;t"rR 0ifwkdufrnf[k
^cdr;f a_cmufum ta_ctae wif;rmaecsed f _zpfonf?
xkt
d csdeu
f tdE,
dN _ynf. tawG;tac:onf
_ynfaxmifpk tdENd,EdkifiHawmfudk wnfaxmifzdkh
qENr&Sdacs/ rvGJra@Smifom _ynfaxmifpk
emrnfavmufom
ay;csifonf?
txuf
v$waf wmf/ atmufvw
$ af wmf ygvDrefcaJG 0zdhk &mwGif
jopaw;vs EkdifiHxuf uae'gEdkifiHyHkpHudkom
tm;xm;avonf?
jopaw;vsEdkifiHonf
wk;d wufonf orRwpfEidk if aH wmf yHpk u
H kd oGm;ae^yD;/
uae'g Ekid if o
H nf Âdwo
d #"eo[m& Ekid if aH wmfypkH H
oGm;aeavonf? ,if;EkdifiHESpfckyHkpHrSm t"dy`m,f
rsm;pGm uGm_cm;avonf?
xkdhajumif _refrm_ynfvGwfvyfa&; &v#if
_ynfaxmifpk trnfcH (Union of Burma)Ekid if aH wmf
avmufom ay;yg&efESif usefe,fy,frsm;ukd
A[kt
d pk;d &u wku
d @f u
kd f udik w
f ,
G rf nf enf;pepfukd
ay;yg? qdkvdkonfrSm _ynfaxmifpk _refrmEkdifiH
trnfomoHk;&ef okdhaomf _ynfaxmifpkyHkpH
rxGufzdkhvdkonf[k tdEdN, Oya'tjuHay;

rpPwma&mu axmuf_yonf? xkt
d csed u
f ta_ccH
Oya'a&;ESifywfoufv#if
rpPwma&monf
_refrm_ynf. q&m_zpfonf? 1947 ckESpf/
Zefe0g&DwiG f usi;f yonfh zqyv y%mrnDvmcHukd
wifoGif;cJonf zqyv. ta_ccHOya'onf
rpPwma&m. vufa&;ESif a&;om;xm;onf
ta_ccH Oya'rljurf;om _zpfonf? _refrmvdk
bmom r_yefao;acs?
_refrmEkdifiHawmf. yxrqHk; EkdifiHawmfonf
_ynfaxmifpk Edik if aH wmf_zpfrvmbJ ukvm;t&m&Sd
tjuH ay;rsm;. aemufukd tvdu
k rf mS ;cJa omajumif
(zqyv) EkdifiHawmfvdkrsKd;om _zpfvmonf?
() AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. vlb,fu&rvJ/
aiGb,fu&rvJ
vGwv
f yfa&; rwkid rf t
D csed f 1947 ckEpS /f ZGev
f
(30)&ufaehwiG f Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;. aetdro
f hdk
wkid ;f _yK_ynf_yK v$waf wmfohdk wufa&mufaeaom
&Srf;_ynf
_ynfolh
vGwfvyfa&;tzGJhcsKyf
acgif;aqmif OD;wif{/ OD;xGef;_rif(awmif}uD;)
olwkdhESiftwl u|efawmfonf AdkvfcsKyfESifawGhqHk
aqG;aEG;ju&if; xrif;twlpm;cGif &cJonf?
xdkaqG;aEG;yGJwGif u|efawmfu &Srf;_ynfe,fwGif
t"du _y\em_zpfaom &Srf;_ynfwGifv$wfawmf
ESp&f yfxm;&Sad &;ESif v$waf wmf ESp&f yftm; tm%mwl
ay;_cif;tay:t"duxm; a_ymqdck yJ gonf? xkt
d cg
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;u v$waf wmf ESp&f yfxm;wm
[kwf^yD/ vlb,fu&rvJ/ aiGb,fu &rvJ
wkdif;_ynf ppfa_r_yif ESpfcg_zpf&vdkh _ymyHkup^yD;
xlaxmif&r,f/ twwfEkdifqHk; aiGaju;ukd
ac|wm&r,f [k&iS ;f _yonf? xdt
k cg u|efawmfu
Adv
k cf sKyftm; wkid ;f _ynftwGuf vkt
d yfrnfxifv#if
xkdufoifoavmuf aiGudktoHk;cszdkh vdkvdrf
rnf? toHk;rcsygu t*Fvdyfpum;yHkvdk (Penny
wise and Pound Foolish)
_zpfvdrhfrnf?
vGwv
f yfa&;&&ef aocsmae^y;D awm odyt
f a&;}uD;wJ
tcsdefrSmroHk;&if wkdif;_ynf epfemygvdrfrnf?
oHk;oifv#if
oHk;yg[ka_ymjum;
aomtcg
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;u _iif;qd_k cif; r_yKcJo
nfw
idk f
TudpPonf r^yD;ao;ajumif; qufaqG;aEG;
ju&rnf aemufawm cifAsm;wkdh tcsif;csif;eJh
qufaqG;aEG;juwmayhg[k
wHkh_yefcJonf?
xkdaehaqG;aEG;yGJonf
Tr#avmuf_zifom
^yD;qHk;cJavonf?
xkdaehu OD;wif{. zkef;qufac:r+ajumif
Akv
d cf sKyf. aetdro
f hd k aemuf(15)rdepftjuma&mufomG ;
cJ_cif;_zpfonf? AdkvfcsKyfaetdrf_cH0if;wGifvnf;
bmvHk_cHKa&;rS r&SdcJay? aqG;aEG;yGJ ^yD;aomtcg
AdkvfcsKyfuawmf a':cifjunf. wnfcif;{nf
cHaom xrif;pm;0dik ;f _zif twlpm;aomufco
J nf?
acgi;f aqmif}u;D aetdr_fzpfaomfvnf; xrif;pm;0dik ;f onf
bmrSrxl;_cm;bJ omref xrif;0dkif;vdkom
pm;aomufcjJ uonf? xkad ehu t"du&v'fonf
wkdif;_ynf _yefvnfxlaxmifa&; twGuf
aiGac|wmrnf/ okhd ayrJ t&rf;ac|wmvGe;f v#iv
f nf;
wkdif;_ynfrSmepfemayvdrfrnf[lI
_zpfonf?
xkd&v'fudk u|efawmfvnf; vufcHcJygonf?
_y\emrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf xdkpOfu
xdyw
f ef;acgif;aqmif yk*Kd~ vf_zpf^yD; u|efawmfrmS rl
omrefausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
wpfOD;om
_zpfaomfvnf; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf a_ymqdk
aqG;aEG;cGif &Sd_cif;tay: em;vnfcJygonf?
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 57
xkdhajumif 1947 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D (12)&uf

aehrSpI _ynfaxmifpk _refrmEkdifiHawmfudk
wnfaxmifonf twkid ;f ta_ccHtm;_zif rSm;onf?
AdkvfcsKyfonf odvsufESif apwmemqdk;_zif
rSm;cJ_ cif; r[kwb
f J xkt
d rSm; xJwiG v
f al c|wma&;/
aiGac|wma&; paomrSm;,Gi;f aom ac|wma&;vkycf J
aomajumif _zpfonf? Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESiw
f uG
yifvv
kH ufrw
S af &;xk;d cJj uaom olrsm;.trSm;onf
,aehxdESpfaygif;(70) eD;yg; jumvmcJonf?

T_yifr&aom trSm;onf aemifESpfaygif; (50)
cefh/ okhd r[kwf vGwaf wmf oufwrf; oH;k av;ckcefh
pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf vkyf&ayOD;rnf?
xkdrSomv#if wpfaehaeh wpfcsdefcdsefwGif
vdkcsifaom _ynfaxmifpkonf &vmvdrfrnf[k
xifygonf?
tydkif; (5)
_ynfaxmifpk^ydKuGJ_cif;
(u) zqyv tuGJ_ynfe,frsm;odkh
*,uf@dkuf_cif;
u|efawmfwdkh _ynfaxmifpk}uD;udk 1948
ckESpf wGifwnfaqmufpOfu/ yifvkHpmcsKyf.
tESpfom&rsm; ESifuGJvGJcJo_zif/ ppfrSefaom
_ynfaxmifpk _zpfrvmcJyg? &Srf;_ynfe,fonf
_ynfe,f}uD; wpfc_k zpfo_zif ,if;csKhd ,iG ;f csuaf jumif
_zpfay:vmcJ&aom tusKd;qufrsm;udk tcsKd;us
oabmt&
trsm;qkH;
cHpm;cJ&ajumif;/
xdkajumif tajumif;udpP ay:aygufvmwdkif;
_yifqifr+ tcsKdhudk vkyfEdkifcJjuaomfvnf;
t&if;t_rpfudk rudkifwG,f EdkifcJo_zif temudk
tay:,H za,mif;csufuyf^yD; ukoovdk _zpfcJ
ajumif;/ rauseyfol tcsKdhonf uefhowf(10)
ESpfausmfvGefcJ^yD;_zpfI awmcdkolcdkjuaomfvnf;
trsm;pkrSm Oya'abmiftwGif;rSyif @kef;uef
v+y@f mS ;cJj uygonf? _ynfaxmifprk S cGx
J u
G _f cif;xuf
ta_ccHOya'udk vdktyfovdk _yifqif^yD; xm0&
aexdkifoGm;vdkolrsm;om _zpfajumif; odom
xif@Sm;vS ygonf?
zqyv tuGJ*,ufonf _ynfe,frsm;odkhyg
ul;puf vm.? _ynfe,f trwfrsm;udk t^ydKiftqdik f
pnf;@k;H vmjuonf? TwGizf qyv. tcufonf
_ynfe,frsm;twGuf tcsu_f zpfvm&.? 1939 ckEpS u
f
Oa&mywdkufY umppf}uD; pwif_zpfyGm;vm&m

ppfyGJwGif
yg0ifaeaom
t*Fvdyfwdkhonf
ppfatmifEikd af &; twGuf rsu_f zLqdu
k v
f suf &So
d nf?
xdt
k csdew
f iG f _refrmEdik if aH &; acgif;aqmifrsm;url
t*Fvdyftcuf/ _refrmtcsuf [k cH,lum
vGwfvyfa&;}udK;yrf;r+ t&Sdeft[kef wdk;rif
Edkif_cif;_zif aemufqkH;wGif vGwfvyfa&; &&SdcJ.?
_ynfe,f acgif;aqmifrsm;onf Toifcef;pmudk
tokH;cs&ef tcGifta&;&vmcJ.? t"durSm
&Srf;_ynfuyif ponf? zqyv tcufonf
&Srf;_ynf. tcsuf t_zpf tokH; cs&rnf[k
em;vnf vmjuonf?
(pum;csyf? ? odkhaomf &Srf;_ynfe,f twGuf
aq;pm;rSm;cJ& .? _refrm_ynfr acgif;aqmifrsm;u
xdkaq;. azmfenf;um; _refrm_ynfrtwGuf
(tm;aq;) [k_rifcaJ omfvnf;/ xdak zmfenf;um;udyk if
&Srf;_ynfe,ftwGuf okH;rnf[k _yifaomtcg
(tqdyfaq;)[k _rifvmju.? &Srf;_ynfe,f
acgif;aqmifrsm;u (_ynfaxmifpk wnf_rJa&;twGuf
-ta_ccHOya'udk _yif&ef}udK;pm;_cif;) [k @d;k om;pGm
_rifaomfvnf;/
_refrmacgif;aqmifrsm;url
(_ynfaxmifpk}uD; ^ydKuGJap&ef }udK;yrf;_cif;)
[k_rifvmju^yD; aemufqkH; ta_ccHOya'}uD;
zsufodrf;cH&onftxd epfemcJ&.? tîdrfyGJrS
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 59
vl&$ifawmfwpfOD; a_ymovdk oHo&monf rdrd

wpfzufwnf;odkhom vnfaeonf[k ,lq&
rvdk _zpfaeonf? )
(c) wyfrawmfutm%modrf;_cif;?
1958 ckEpS t
f wGi;f Adv
k rf LS ;csKyf atmifa@$EiS f
wyfrawmf t&m@St
d csKhd u tm%modr;f &ef wdu
k w
f eG ;f
aomtcg/ Adv
k rf LS ;}uD;atmif}uD;u tm%modr;f
_cif;onf wpfcgprdv#if tp@Sad emifaemif _zpfrnf
qdkum vufrcH qdkaom rdefhjum;csufESif
zDvm _zpfcJ.?
(1958-62/ _refrmEdkifiHa&;/ w-wGJ/ pm109-@+)
AdkvfcsKyfae0if; udk,fwdkifuvnf; 1958
ckESpf rdwDvmwGif usif;yonf wyfrSL;rsm;
nDvmcH _yKvkycf sdeu
f wnf;uyif wyfxrJ x
S u
G I
f
EdkifiHa&;vkyf&ef wdkifyifcJygonf? xdkuJodkh
wyfxJrSxGuf^yD;
vlxkudkacgif;aqmifvsuf
aqmif&Gufonfenf;onf taumif;qkH; enf;yif
_zpfygonf?
odkhaomf
xdkodkhaqmif&Guf&ef
tcsdefr&cJo_zif ,ckuJodkh tm%m,lcJ&ygonf[k rdefhjum;cJzl;ajumif; (_refrmEdkifiHa&;ESif
pepfa_ymif; umv(1962-1974) pm-61-@+)
rSwo
f m;&ygonf? xdhk ajumif Adv
k cf sKyfae0if;onf
xdktcsdefumvu
AdkvfrSL;}uD;atmif}uD;.
oabmxm;twdik ;f yif oabmxm;ajumif; em;vnf&
ygonf? vufatmufwyfrSL;rsm; tm%modrf;&ef
pwifjuHpnfr+rS tp_yK^yD; 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku
v$t
J yfay;o_zif Edik if aH wmf tm%mudk &,lcaJ om
jum;_zwf tpd;k &umvwGiv
f nf; oabmxm;rsm;pGm
a_ymif;vJao;[ef rwlyg? xdkajumifyif (1960)
_ynfESpf a&G;aumufyGJwGif oefh&Sif;ESif wnf_rJ
tkyfpkESpfckjum; bufrvdkufju&ef wyfrawmfudk
E+d;aqmfcJ_cif;/ a&G;aumufyGJ ^yD;onfaemufwGif
bufvdkufonf[k awGh&Sd&aom wyfrSL;tcsKdhudk

&mxl;rS EkwfxGufap_cif;rsm;udk awGh&Sd&onf?
odkhaomf oefh&Sif;tpdk;& wufvm^yD;aemuf
EdkifiHa&; rwnfîdrfr+rsm; _zpfay:vmcsdefwGif
pdwfa_ymif;vmykH&onf? xdkajumifyif 1962
ckESpf tm%modrf;_cif;udk _zpfay:apcJonf[k
okH;oyf&ayonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmif}uD;. (7-362) owifpm&Si;f vif;yGw
J iG f tm%modr;f &_cif;
tajumif;&if;uawm pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;/
bmoma&;/ aemufqkH; zuf'&,frl ta&;
udpPwdkhajumif odrf;&ygw,f[k 0efcHcJonf?
(1958-1962/ _refrmEdkifiHa&;/ p-wGJ/ pm-223@+) AdkvfrSL;csKyf wifazurl
1962
ckESpfrwfvwGif
EdkifiHawmf
tm%modrf; ,lcJ&onf t"du tajumif;&if;rSm
_ynfaxmifp}k uD;twGi;f rS &Sr;f _ynfe,f cGx
J u
G rf nfukd
pdk;&drfaomajumif _zpfajumif;/ 1961
ckESpf/ Edk0bFmvrSpI v#Kdh0SufpGm pDpOfcJajumif;
twdtvif; a_ymjum;cJonf? (p-wGJ/ pm244-@+)
wpfenf;tm;_zifqdkygv#if EdkifiHa&;udpPudk
EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;u oma_z&Sif;&rnf [laom
ta_ccHrludk
y,fzsuf^yD;/
wyfrawmfu
0ifIae&m vkaomajumifo
m _zpfvmcJ& ayonf?
wyfrawmfonf rdrdwdkhyif&if; wm0efxuf
ausmv
f eG ^f yD; Edik if aH &;wGif Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;xuf
wwfonf/ ydkIwm0ef&Sdonf[k rSm;,Gif;aom
txif}uD;r+whkd ajumif rSm;,Gi;f aom a_cvSr;f rsm;
vSrf;cJjuonf[k qdk&ygrnf? trSeftm;_zif
wyfrawmf t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;xJwGif EdkifiHa&;
acgif;aqmif _zpfEdkifonf t&nftcsif;&Sdol
rsm;pGm&Sdjurnfyif _zpf.? xdkykdKvfrsm;twGuf
taumif;qkH;rSm vlrSef/ ae&mrSef [laom
ta_ccHrludk
oabmydkufcg
wyfrSxGufI
EdkifiHa&;avmuodkh a_cpkHypf0if&ef _zpfygonf?
avSeHESpfbufeif;_cif;onf wdkif;_ynfzsuf&mom
a&mufajumif;
av;eufoabmaygufju&ef
vdkygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf wyfrawmf
t}uD;tuJ &mxl;udkpGefhI EdkifiHa&; acgif;aqmif
OD;atmifqef; t_zpfcH,lcJonf erlemaumif;udk
,loifjuayonf? odkhaomf AdkvfcsKyfae0if;onf
wyfrawmf t}uD;tuJ&mxl;udk taoudik x
f m;^yD;/
Edik if aH &; acgif;aqmifwm0efuykd g ESpb
f ufcI
G ,lxm;
aomajumif avSeEH pS b
f ufeif;rd^yD; rEdik ef if;aom
wm0efukd xrf;aqmifco
J t
l _zpf ordik ;f wGirf w
S w
f rf;
0ifoGm;onfudk 0rf;enf;pGm awGhae&ayonf?
wyfrawmfom; b0udk rpGehf vw
$ b
f J Edik if aH &;
tvkyv
f yk _f cif;onf apwemrnfr# aumif;apumrl
rSm;,Gi;f aom vky&f yf_zpfI wdik ;f _ynf epfemayonf?
xdo
k hkd a_cvSr;f rnfr#rSm;,Gi;f cJo
nf qdo
k nfurkd l
1962 ckESpfrSpI ,ck 2010 ckESpftxd _refrm
EdkifiH. ta_ctae t&yf&yfudk "rR"dmefusus
ormorwfjunfv#if _rifEdkifygvdrfrnf?
1962 ckESpfrwfv (2) &ufaehwGiftm%m
odrf;^yD;aemuf t&yfom; EdkifiHa&;tpdk;&
ZD0defcsKyfcJonfrSm (48)ESpfyif ausmfcJay^yD?
aemifrnfr# qufvuf jum_rifaeOD;rnfudk
rcefhrSef;Edkifao;ay?
AdkvfcsKyf
(xdkpOfu
AdkvfrSL;}uD;) atmif}uD; a_ymcJonfpum;twdkif;
wyfrawmfu tm%modr;f _cif;onf wpfcgprdv#if
tp&Sad emifaemif _zpfrnf [lonfp um;twdik ;f
_zpfvmcJonf? odkhaomf tp&Sdaemifaemif[kyif
rac:qdkEdkifawmbJ/ tp_yKrdonf xdk 1962
ckESpf tcsdefrSpI ,aehxufwdkif enf;y&d,m,f
trsKd ;rsK;d _zif wpfqufwnf; oufq;kd &Sncf o
J nfrmS
_refrmEdik if o
H m;rsm;. uHjurRm[kyif ac:&ygrnf?
(*) tem*wfwGif_rif&OD;rnfppfwyfEkdifiHawmf
vuf&Sd (etz) tpdk;&uvnf; trsKd;om;
nDvmcHY/ if;wdhk pw
d }f udKufa&;qGt
J wnf_yKcJa om
ta_ccHrlrsm;ay:wGif ta_ccHI a&;qGJrnf

ta_ccH Oya'rljurf;udk/ if;wdkhpdwf}udKuf
pDpOf_yKvkyOf ;D rnf vlxq
k cH,yl JG (_ynfot
l rsm;u
juHhzGwfabmvkH;uGif;
'Drdkua&pD[kac:onf)
_zif twnf_yKcsuf &,lI aemifESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
ppf0wfprHk S t&yfom;0wfpHk a_ymif;vJ 0wfxm;aom/
wpfenf;tm;_zif abmif;bD0wfrS abmif;bDc|wfohkd
a_ymif;vJxm;aom/ txufrS trdefhudkemcH^yD;/
atmufa_cvlxk. oabmxm;udk vspfvsL@+I
tkycf sKyfonf 'Dru
kd a&pDEikd if aH wmf(ac:) ppftm%m&Sif
Edik if aH wmft_zpf &ifqikd jf u&OD;rnfukd &ifav;pGm_zif
awGh_rif ae&yg^yD?
tvsOf;oifonf[k ,lqo_zif t*Fvdyf
eef;&if;0ef}uD; 0ifpwefcsmcs.
D tqdt
k rdehf wpfcu
k kd
atmufwGif udk;um;azmf_yvdkygonf?
It is always dangerous for soldiers, sailors
and airmen to play at politics. They enter a
sphere in which the values are quite different
from those to which they have hitherto been
accustomed. (The Gathering Storm.-The Second
World War by Winston S. Churchill. p. 123)
(C) 1974
ckESpfta_ccHOya'tay: pma&;ol&Srf;trsKd;om;wpfOD;tae_zift_rif?
pma&;ol.t_rifonf usefvlrsKd;pkrsm;.
t_rifEiS v
f nf; xyfwu
l svdrrf nf[k xifygonf?
1947 ckESpf ta_ccHOya'onf r[mArm
qefajumif;/ ppfreS af om _ynfaxmifpk r[kwo
f _zif
auseyfz,
G f r&Sad jumif; pma&;olonf t_rJa_ymav
&Sdygonf? tus,f xyfrHrwif_yawmyg? 1974
ckEpS f ta_ccH Oya'onfvnf; toGiw
f pfrsKd;_zif
r[m ArmEdik if aH wmfyif _zpfajumif;/ _ynfaxmifpk
tppftrSef r[kwfajumif;udkom Tae&mwGif
tav;xm; azmf_yygrnf?
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 61
xdkzGJhpnf;ykH ta_ccHOya'udk _ynfaxmifpk

qdk&S,fvpf orRw_refrmEdkifiHawmf zGJhpnf;ykH
ta_ccHOya' [k uifrGef;wyfxm;ygonf?
rSnfac:xm;aom trnftwdkif; _ynfaxmifpk
[kwfrSefyg&Jhvm;[k qef;ppf&ef vdkvmygonf?
1930-_ynfESpfrSpI 1946 ckESpfumv
twGi;f _refrmacgif;aqmifrsm;ESif &Sr;f / ucsi/f csi;f
paom awmifwef;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;jum;Y/
vGwv
f yf^yD;aemuf _refrm_ynfopfukd xlaxmif&mY- (1) _ynfaxmifpkpepft&omxlaxmifrnf?
(2) EdkifiHa&;wef;wlnDr#r+&Sd&rnf?
(3) udk,fjurRmudk,fzefwD;cGif&Sd&rnf?
(4) cGx
J u
G v
f u
kd cGx
J u
G cf iG &f &dS rnf? [laom
oabmwlncD surf sm;udk &&SI
d om (12-2-47) aehwiG f
yifvpHk mcsKyf}uD;udk vufrw
S af &;xd;k Edik cf jJ uonf?
xdo
k abmwlncD surf sm;rSm pm_zifa &;om;rxm;aom
oabmwlnDcsufrsm;/ (odkhr[kwf)yifvkHpmcsKyf.
ta_ccHrlrsm;(odkhr[kwf) yifvkHrlrsm;/ (odkhr[kwf)
yifvkHpmcsKyf. tESpfom&rsm; _zpfonf?
trSwf(4) tcsuf_zpfaom cGJxGufvdku
cGJxGufcGif&Sd&rnf [laom oabmwlnDcsufudk
uwday;pOfu av;av;eufeuf uwday;cJ^yD;/
azmufzsufvdkaomtcgY
wpfzufowf
vG,fvG,fulul azmufzsufcJonf udpPudk
pmwpftkyfr# a&;om;&zG,f &Sdaomajumif
Tae&mY ra&;awmbJ csefvSyfxm;cJygrnf?
usef tcsuf 3 csufudkom azmf_yygrnf?
(1) _ynfaxmifpk pepft&om xlaxmifrnf[k
oabmwlcJjuonf? _ynfaxmifpkpepf[k
qdkaomajumif (_ynfaxmifrsm;)udk pkpnf;
wnfaxmif&rnf[k xif@Sm;ay:vGif^yD;
_zpf.?
(_ynfaxmif)
qdkonfrSm
wpf}udrfwpfcgu tcsKyft_cm tm%mudk
ydkifqdkifzl;aom a'o[k qdkvdkonf? &Srf;/
ucsif/ csif; paom_ynfe,f (7)ckonf
wpfcgu tcsKyft_cm tm%mydik f a'orsm;

(_ynfaxmifrsm;) _zpfcJ.? weoFm&D/
yJcl;/ {&m0wD/ rauG;/ rav;/ ppfudkif;/
&efuek w
f hkdrmS tvm;wl tcsKyf t_cmtm%m&Sd
a'owpfckom _zpfonf _refrm_ynfrudk
wdkif;rsm;t_zpf cGJ_cm; owfrSwfxm;aom
tkyfcsKyfa&; a'orsm;om _zpfjuonf?
if;a'owpfckcsif;
tae_zifoD;_cm;
tcsKyft_cmtm%m r&Sday? (_ynfaxmif)
[laom tqifu
kd rSaD oma'orsm; r[kwaf y?
odhk ygvsuf _ynfe,f (7)ckEiS f wdik ;f (7)wdik ;f udk
wef;wl aygif;pyfI zGhJ pnf;xm;aomajumif
1974 ckESpfu _ynfaxmifpk qdkonfrSm
ppfrSefaom _ynfaxmifpk r[kwfrSef;
xif@Sm; vSayonf?
(2) txufwGif ay:vGif xif@Sm;csufrsm;udk
axmufI tqift
wef;rwlaom _ynfaxmif
(7)ckESif/ wdkif;(7) ckwdkhudk wa_y;nD
aygif;pyfxm;aomajumif
EdkifiHa&;
wef;wlnDr#r+ &Sd&rnf[laom tcsufESif
rudkufnDajumif; tay:,H junf@kHr#ESif
tvG,o
f o
d m Edik af omajumif txl;a_ymzG,f
rvdak wmay? odhk aomfaocsmpGm od_rifEikd &f ef
tenf;i,f qufvuf&Sif;_yygrnf?

trSet
f m;_zif _refrm_ynfe,fEiS f use_f ynfe,f
7 ckwdkhudk aygif;pyfwnfaxmifaom
ppfrSefaom &Spf_ynfe,f _ynfaxmifpk
_zpfcJv#if (1)wdkif;_ynft0Srf; vlwpfudk,f
wpfrpJ epf_zif a&G;aumufwifarmufvu
k d af om
ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm; yg0ifzhJG pnf;onf _ynfohl
v$waf wmfEiS f (2)_ynfe,f t}uD;ti,fra&G;
ta&twGufwl
owfrSwfxm;aom
ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm; yg0ifzhJG pnf;onf vlrsKd;pk
v$waf wmf[I
l v$waf wmfEpS &f yf xm;&S&d rnf?
_ynfolhv$wfawmfwGif _refrm_ynfe,fudk
udk,fpm;_yK
trwfrsm;rnf
_zpfI
_refrmvlrsK;d rsm;u tay:pD; tcGit
f a&;&rnf?
vlrsK;d pk v$waf wmfwiG f vlrsK;d pkwikd ;f wlnaD om
ta&twGu&f rd S nf ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm; yg0ifrnf
_zpfaomajumif vlrsKd;pkwdkif; wef;wl
tcGifta&; &Sdrnf? v$wfawmfESpf&yfudk
tm%mwl ay;xm;_cif;_zif v$wfawmf
ESpf&yfonf t_yeftvSef xdef;ausmif;
csKyfuikd Ef ikd rf nf tm%m&&Sv
d rd rf nf? odhk _zif
vlrsK;d }uD;ESif vlrsK;d i,fwhkd tjum; wlnaD om
tcGit
f a&;rsm; &&SEd ikd rf nf_zpf.? TonfrmS
vlrsKd;}uD;ESif vlrsKd;i,frsm; wef;wlr+udk
azmf_yonf tESpfom&_zpf.?

odkhaomf 1974 ckESpf ta_ccH Oya't&

v$wfawmf
wpf&yfom
xm;&SdI
vlrsKd;pkrsm;onf if;wlnDaom tcGif
ta&;rsm;udk vufvw
$ f qk;H @+;kH &.? vlrsK;d }uD;
_refrmrsm;. joZmtm%m atmufwGifom
aeju&rnf_zpfI EdkifiHa&;wef;wlnDr#r+
r&Sad jumif; v,f_yifwiG f qifomG ; ouJo
hkd
xif@mS ;vSayonf? trSet
f m;_zif _ynfaxmifpk
r[kwfawmbJ wdkif;ESif_ynfe,fpk om
_zpfacsonf? obm0 rusonf _y@kyw
f pfcu
k kd
azmf_y&rnfqdkv#if
_ynfaxmifpkudk
o@kyaf zmfvo
k d nf Edik if aH wmf tcrf;tem;rsm;wGif
awGh_rifEdkifygrnf? rdrdwdkh. trsKd;om;
0wfpkHrsm;udk 0wfqifxm;aom _refrmtyg
t0iftrsK;d orD;-8-OD; wdhk upkd if_rifa y:wGif
awGh_rif &ygvdrfrnf? xdk_rifuGif;onfyif
_refrm_ynfe,ftyg t0if_ynfe,f-8-ckudk
aygif;pyf zGJhpnf;aom _ynfaxmifpkom
_zpfoifonf? _zpf&rnf qdkonftcsufudk
!$e_f yae.? wdik ;f ESif _ynfe,f zGhJ pnf;yko
H m
rSefonf[kqdkv#if
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ESif rvkaH vmufEikd af y? &efuek w

f ikd ;f twGuf
a'gufzdeyfpD; vkHcsnfwdkwdk acwfqefqef
t0wftpm;ESif wpfO;D / rav;wdik ;f twGuf
_refrmqefqef xdik rf odr;f ESif a@$a_cusi;f 0wf
wpfO;D / {&m0wDwikd ;f twGuf ykord x
f ;D aqmif;
trsKd;orD; wpfOD;[lI cGJ_cm;ykHazmf&rvdk
_zpfonf? @ky_f yt_zpf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;
wef;pD&mYvnf; t=&m tpDtpOftwdik ;f
ucsif/ u,m;/ u&if/ &efukef/ &Srf;/
{&m0wDponf_zif ae&m,l&o_zif ucsif/
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tESpfom&tm;_zif &aomae&mr[kwfbJ
@kyf_yom _zpfonfudkrl owd&jurnf
xifygonf? odkh_zpfygI TutwGuf
ta_zrSm Edik if aH &; wef;wlnrD #r+ r&Syd g[kom
a_z&ygvdrfrnf?
(3) aemufqkH;
tcsuf_zpfaom
udk,f
jurRmudk ukd,fzefwD;EdkifcGif &Sdyg&Jhvm;[k
qef;ppf&ef vdkvmygonf? udk,fjurRm
udk,fzefwD;cGif[lonf rdrd_ynfwGif;a&;udk
txufrS aomfvnf;aumif;/ _yifyrS
aomfvnf;aumif; 0ifa&mufpGufzufr+rsKd;
r&SdbJ rdrdwdkh. _ynfwGif;a&;udpPudk
rdrdwdkhzmom a_z&Sif;EdkifcGif &&Sd_cif;_zpf.?
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tcef; (3)/ yk'fr (28)wGif A[dkOD;pD;pepfudk
usio
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pDrHcefhcGJa&;twGuf owfrSwfxm;aom
(1)Edik if aH wmf (2)_ynfe,f(odhk r[kw)f wdik ;f rsm;
(3)^rdKhe,frsm; (4)&yfuGuf (odkhr[kwf)
aus;&Gm tkypf rk sm;[lI tqif- 4-qif& &dS m/
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if
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f if;^yD;/ txufohkd qefwufciG f r&Sad cs?
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 63
odhk _zif_ ynfe,frsm;onf rdro

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vGwv
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pDrHcefhcGJa&;twGuf owfrSwfxm;aom
tqif(2)wGif _ynfe,fESif wdkif;wdkhonf
tqifw
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wGifvnf; _ynfe,frsm;onf EdkifiHa&;
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tqifodkh a&muf&Sd/ tqif_rifvm^yD[k
b0if_rifp&m tajumif;awm &Sdygonf?
odkhaomf ezl;ay:vufwifI pOf;pm;junf
ygu arsmufavmif;onf arsmufavmif;om
_zpfajumif; awGh&ayrnf? t&yfom;
tpdk;&u ray;cJaom tcGifta&;udk
wyfrawmf tpd;k &u ay;tyfco
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odhk _zpf&m (1)_ynfaxmifpt

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wdhk ajumif/ 1974 ckEpS u
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awmfonf/ ppfreS _f cif;r&Sb
d J trnfc_H ynfaxmifprk #
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v$waf wmfEiS f _ynfohl aumifpD tqifq
if a&G;cs,f
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a&G;cs,w
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a0zefwif_y vdkygonf?
ta_ccHOya'/ yk'fr-174-t& touf
(18) ESpf _ynfolwdkif; rJay;ydkifcGif &Sdygonf?
yk'fr-177-t& owfrSwfxm;aom touf_ynf
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Tyk'frESpfckt& twefyif us,f_yefhonf[k
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rJay;ydkifcGif/ ta&G;cs,fcHydkifcGif &Sdonf[k
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a&G;cs,f_cif;udk tqifqif pwif_yKvkyfygonf?
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wwd, _ynfe,ftqifwdkhwGif wpfa,mufu
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udpPonf aemif (4)ESpftwGuf acgif;aqmifrnf
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obmywd ygwD,lepf OuUXu tqdkoGif;ol/
axmufcHolrsm;om pum;a_ymydkifcGif &SdI
udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm; a_ymydkif cGifr&Sdajumif;
a_ymjum;ygonf? xdktcgu|efawmfu TudpPrSm
ta&;}uD;aom udpP_zpfygonf? u|efawmf
bmajumif ta&G;cHonfudk &Sif;_yem;axmif^yD;rS
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tu,fI pum;a_ymcGif r&[kqdkv#if u|efawmf
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odkhaomf tqkH;owfwGif u|efawmfudk y,fcs^yD;
'k-AdkvfrSL;}uD; wif&Sdefudkyif a&G;vdkufjuygonf?
u|efawmf rJy;Hk yif axmifciG rf &aomfvnf; r@+;H yg?
TpepfatmufwiG f ygwD0ifr[kwo
f l omrefwikd ;f ol
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c&D; xGufcJ&m rdkif;@SL;^rdKhodkh a&mufoGm;ygonf?
rdkif;@SL;wGif ^rdKhe,ftqif udk,fpm;vS,favmif;
a&G;cs,&f mwGif _y\em_zpfaeygonf? ygwD,el pfu
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t^ydKif t&yfom;wpfa,muf ay:ae_cif;
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 65
_zpf.? ygwD,lepfOuUXrSm _refrm_ynfrrS wm0ef

tavsmuf vma&muf wm0efxrf;aeol _zpf.?
&yf&GmESif tu|rf;w0if odyfr&Sd? pnf;@kH;a&;udk
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ykdKvfrSm Zmwdom;_zpf^yD; &yfa&G;&Gma&;rsm;wGif
wufjuGpGm yg0ifv+yf@Sm;av &Sdol_zpfo_zif
&yf&Gm. av;pm;_cif; cH&ol_zpfonf? xdkajumif
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axmufcHrJay;ju_cif;
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cufaeonf? u|efawmfonf rdik ;f &SL;rSxu
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t&nftcsif;ESif tcGifta&; _ynfpkHaeygvsuf
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f a&;udk ray;bJ z,f@mS ;_cif;cH&onfukd
awGh&&dS yg.? xdo
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wifarmufyGJqdkif&m Oya't& axmif'%f
xdu
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+ kd usL;vGe_f cif;_zpf.? xdu
k pd P
twGuf rnfolhudk ta&;,loifygovJ[k a&Shae
tcsi;f csi;f a_ymrd&m/ rdwaf qG a&Shaewpfa,mufu
vufawGh ta_ctaet& txufvl}uD;rsm;udk
ta&; ,lIr_zpf/ ta&;r,lbJ raeEdkifI
ta&;,lvykd gu [,fvaD umfywm armif;oluo
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em,l&zl;ygonf? vrf;rSefwdkif;vnf; c&D;
ra&mufEdkifonf xdkacwfu ta_ctaeudk
wif_y_cif; _zpfygonf?
tydkif; (6)
1988-ta&;awmfyHkaESmif;ydkif;
(u) trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJhcsKyfNLDESif
&w'zwdkh. qufqHa&;?
1988 ckEpS f (8)av;vH;k vlxt
k a&;awmfy}kH uD;
tcsed u
f mvwGif a':atmifqef;pkjunfonf vlxk
acgif;aqmiftae_zif yxrqHk;w&m;yGJudk (268-88) aehwGif a@$wd*Hkbk&m; taemufbufrk'fY
usif;y&m wkd;raygufatmif pnfum;vSayonf?
xdktcsdefwGif trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD tzGJhcsKyfudk
w&m;0if rzGJhpnf;&ao;ay? wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif
rsKd;cspf &Jabmfa[mif;rsm; tzGJhukdzGJhpnf;&ef
wmplvsuf&Sd&m OuUX_zpfaom AdkvfcsKyf}uD;
ol&OD;wifOD;. w&m;yGJudk aemufwpf&uf (278-88)aeh eHeufydkif;wGif aq;@Hk}uD;0if;twGif;Y
usif;y&mwGifvnf;
ae&muGufvyft_ynf
y&dowfrsm; wufa&muf em;axmifjuygonf?
axmifrS_yefvnf
vGwfa_rmufvmaom
OD;atmif}uD;onf (25-8-88) aehnaewGif
prf;acsmif;^rdKhe,f/
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vlxkw&m;yGJ}uD; usif;y&mwGif uGif;vHk;_ynf
y&dowfrsm; wufa&muf em;axmifjuonf?
pma&;olonf xdktcsdefu &efukef^rdKhwGif
aexdik v
f su&f &dS m w&m;yG-J 3-yGpJ vk;H odhk wufa&muf
em;axmifcJygonf? xdktcsdefwGif EdkifiHa&;
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olonf awmif}uD;^rdKhohkd oGm;a&muf^yD; ,cifEikd if aH &;
vkyfbuf acgif;aqmifa[mif;rsm;_zpfjuaom
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EdkifiHa&; qufvkyfju&ef wdkifyif&m tm;vkH;u
oabmwlnDjuygonf? xdkajumif ,cifu
EdkifiHa&;
vkyfazmfudkifzufa[mif;rsm;.
tpnf;ta0; wpfckudk (3-9-88)&ufaehwGif
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onf? xdktpnf;ta0;rS vuf&Sd q_yyGJrsm;udk
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ajunmcsuf pmwrf;udk xkwf_yef^yD;aemuf
q_yvlpkESif yl;aygif;I csDwufq_y_cif;/
w&m;a[ma_ym_cif;rsm;udk _yKvkyfjuygonf?
(18-9-88) aehwGif AdkvfcsKyfapmarmifu
Edik if aH wmf tm%mudk odr;f ,lajumif; ajunmygonf?
aemufwpfaeh eHeufapmapmwGi/f wyfrawmftm%m
ydkifrsm;u u|efawmfwdkh acgif;aqmif (10)OD;tm;
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 67
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a':atmifqef;pkjunf/ OD;atmifa&$/ OD;junfarmif/
OD;junf[ef/
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OD ; a &T tHk ; | 69
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t_zpf qufvuf qufqHyg [ka_ymcJonf?
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(6) _ynfwGif;îdrf;csrf;a&;wdkh_zpfonf?
(3) _ynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. 'Drdk

ua&pDa&;ESif wef;wla&;oabmxm;?
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xdkta&;awmfykH}uD;udk ppfwyfu tm%m&,l^yD;
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rsm;onf rdrw
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tzGJhcsKyf
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OD ; a &T tHk ; | 75
u|efawmfrSwfrdoavmuf 1996 ckESpf

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qkHju&ef tpDtpOf&Sdo_zif/ usefîdrf;tzGJhrsm;rS
udk,fpm;vS,frsm; _znfpGufxnfoGif;&ef 2005

ck/ azazmf0g&Dv-6-&ufaehrSmawGhjuygonf?
îdrf;tzGJhrsm;rS &Jabmfrsm;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm
(1) ppfrSefaom _ynfaxmifpk zGJhpnf;a&;udk
OD;wnf&efEiS f (2) if;OD;wnfcsufukd xda&mufpmG
taumiftxnf azmfEikd af &;twGuf ynm&Sirf sm;
twdkifyifcHaumifpD zGJhpnf;&ef[k od&Sd&&m/
ta_ctaet& trSev
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wufa&muf^yD; axmufcpH um; a_ymjum;cJy gonf?
xdak eh tpnf;ta0;wGif use^f idr;f csr;f a&; tzGhJ rsm;rS
ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk _znfp u
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aemufwpfaehazazmf0g&Dv (7)&ufnwGif
&Sr;f _ynfe,faeh npmxrif;pm;yGJ usi;f y&modhk vnf;
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vufawGhcsKhd ,iG ;f vkyaf qmifrr+ sm;ajumif ta_ccH
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pkdif;nDrdk; pkpkaygif; -9-OD;udk zrf;ygonf?
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wnfaqmuf&ef }udK;pm;ju_cif;tm;_zif _ynfaxmifpk
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oD;_cm;Edik if H xlaxmif&efom _zpfonf[v
k nf;aumif;
EdkifiHawmf wnfîdrf;at;csrf;r+udk ysuf_ym;atmif
qlqlylyl_zpfatmif v+Hhaqmf&ma&mufonft_yif
tifrwef t&m,f}uD;rm;onf wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vk;H
nD!w
G rf y+ su_f ym;a&; _ynfaxmifpk ^ydKuGaJ &;wdhk ukd
OD;wnfaponf vkyf&yfrsm; _zpf_cif;ajumif
vnf;aumif; ta&;,lvu
kd &f onf[k qdyk gonf?
(c) @kH;wift_ypfay;cHju&_cif;
(1) cGefxGef;OD;
rSwfpOf tr+trSwf
yk'fr
1
233 05 122(1) EdkifiHawmfykefuefr+
2
234 05 124(u) EdkifiHawmftjunftndKysufapr+
3
235 05 yk'fr-(4) ta_ccHOya'umuG,fa&;Oya'
4
236 05 yk'fr-(6) toif;tzGJhOya'
5
238 05 yk'fr(9) EdkifiHawmfpD;ygG;a&;Oya'
6
288 05 5(Z) ta&;ay:pDrHr+Oya'
7
289 05 24(1) EdkifiH_cm;aiGudkifaqmifr+
8
290 05 24(1) if;
9
291 05 24(1) if;
10
292 05 5(1)(3) oGif;ukefxkwfukefOya'
(2) pdkif;nGefhvGif
rSwpf Of
tr+trSwf
yk'fr
1
2
3
235 05 yk'fr(4) ta_ccHOya'umuG,fa&;
4
236 05 yk'fr(6) toif;tzGJhOya'
5
_ypf'%f
1 u|ef;
1 u|ef;
20-ESpf
5-ESpf
5-ESpf
7-ESpf
3-ESpf
3-ESpf
3-ESpf
7-ESpf
pkpkaygif; 93-ESpf
_ypf'%f
1 u|ef;
1 u|ef;
20 ESpf
5 ESpf
1 u|ef;
pkpkaygif; 85-ESpf
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 77
(3) pdkif;vSatmif
rSwpf Of
tr+trSwf
yk'fr
1
2
3
235 05 yk'fr(4) ta_ccHOya'umuG,fa&;Oya'
4
5
237 05 1720 ykHESdyfOya'
6
if; if;
if;
_ypf'%f
1 u|ef;
1 u|ef;
20-ESpf
5-ESpf
7-ESpf
7-ESpf
pkpkaygif; 79-ESpf
(4) p0fomOD;
rSwpf Of
tr+trSwf
1
236 05 yk'fr(6)
2
237 05 1720
3
if; if; if;
yk'fr
_ypf'%f
toif;tzGJhOya'
5 ESpf
ykHESdyfOya'
5 ESpf
7 ESpf
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12-ESpf
(azmfaumift_zpfv$wfay;vdkufonf)
(5) AdkvfcsKyfaqxif
rSwpf Of
tr+trSwf
yk'fr
1
2
234 05 124(u) EdkifiHawmftjunfndKysufapr+
3
235 05 yk'fr(4) ta_ccHOya'udkumuG,fa&;Oya'
4
5
237 05 17 20 ykHESdyfOya'
6
if; if; if;
7
292 05 5(1)(3) oGif;ukefxkwfukefOya'
8
293 05 tyu(3)
_ypf'%f
1 u|ef;
1 u|ef;
20 ESpf
5-ESpf
7-ESpf
7-ESpf
7-ESpf
1 u|ef;
pkpkaygif; 106-ESpf
(6) OD;_rifoef; (7) OD;xGef;ndK (8) pkdif;nDnDrdk; (9) pdkif;rsKd;0if;xGef;

rSwpf Of
tr+trSwf
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_ypf'%f
1
1 u|ef;
2
1 u|ef;
3
235 05 yk'fr(4) ta_ccHOya'umuG,fa&;Oya'
20-ESpf
4
5-ESpf
5
237 05 17 20 ykHESdyfOya'
7-ESpf
6
if; if; if;
7-ESpf
pkpkaygif; 79-ESpf
if ; wd k h teuf
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rSwfwrf;wifxm;&ayrnf?
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SNLDtkyfpkonf trsKd;om;nDvmcHudk ausmcdkif;
vmolrsm;_zpfonf? Adv
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k nf trsK;d om; nDvmcHukd
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txufazmf_yyg&rS ;f acgi;f aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;onf
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G v
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u|efawmfr mS vli,frsK;d qufEiS yf wfoufvhkd ud_k rif
oef;udk txl;tm;xm;& ygonf? txl;o_zif
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uwnf;u u|eaf wmfEiS f vufyeG ;f woD; _zpfvmwmrdhk
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EkdifiHa&; todkif;t0dkif;ESifrdwfquf ay;&mvnf;
a&mufaomajumif wdkif;&if;om; ygwDtzGJhrS
ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;udk zdwfjum; ac:aqmifvmcJ
ygonf?
2004-rwfv (22)&ufaehwGif om;i,f
r*Fvmaqmifyu
JG kd tajumif;_yKI }udKpDpOfxm;onf
twkdif;,cif &Srf;_ynfEkdifiHa&; acgif;aqmifrsm;/
îdrf; tzGJhrsm;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;/ ouf&Sdxif@Sm;
use&f ad S o;aom rdik ;f yefapmfbmG ; p0fa&$junf/ &Sr;f _ynf
vli,fydkif;rsm;/ &efukefrS wufa&mufvmaom
ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm; qHak wGhyaJG v;_zpfa_rmufco
J nf
'Dyw
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nDvmcH wufa&muf&ef pm&if;ay;oGi;f aeju^yDrhkd
wufa&mufwmudk tm;ay;ygonf? okdhaomf
vuf!d+;axmif acgif;ndwfrvkyfjubJ csrSwf
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 79
xm;aom ta_ccHrrl sm;udk twGi;f pnf;0dik ;f rSaeI

zsufjuyg&ef wdkufwGef;cJonf? wufr,f/
zsufr,f qdkonf oabmxm;_zif xdkaehntzdkh
ed*Hk;owfcJonf?
rjumrD tcsdefwGif;rSm udk_rifoef;onf
îdrf;tzGJhrsm;ESif
xkd;azmufaqG;aEG;Ekdifaom
a_cvSrf;rsm; wkd;wufvmygonf? &Srf;_ynf
vlrsKd;aygif;pHk
_ynfolhvGwfa_rmufa&;tzGJh
(&vvz)/
u,ef;_ynfopfygwD/
u&ifeD
vlrsKd;aygif;pHk _ynfolh vGwfa_rmufa&;tzGJh
(uvvw) t_yif &Sr;f _ynfa_rmufyikd ;f &Sd Adv
k cf sKyf
aqxifwdkhESifyg aqG;aEG;r+rsm; &Sdvmonf?
2004-Ed0k ifbm(4-5)&ufwiG f usif;y_yKvkyaf om
(SSA-N).îdr;f csr;f a&; ESpy
f wfvnf aehwiG af wm
&Sr;f _ynf wwfoyd nm&Sirf sm;tzGhJ udk OD;pGm zGhJ pnf;
EkdifcJonf? twdkifyifcHaumifpDudk rzGJhpnf;cif
ucsif twkid yf ifcH aumifprD S tjuH_yKonft
wkid ;f
OD;ao#mifyk*d~Kvfrsm;/ Oya'ynm&Sifrsm;/ vlrsKd;pk
acgif;aqmifrsm; yg0ifaom wwfoyd nm&Sirf sm;tzGhJud k
zGJhpnf; cJ_cif;_zpfonf? 'DZifbm 22 &ufwGif
vm;@+;d Y &Sr;f _ynftwkid yf ifcaH umifpD atmif_rifpmG
zGJhpnf;EkdifcJonf?
vmrnf 2005 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D 7 &uf
&Sr;f _ynftrsK;d om;aehwiG f xyfrq
H akH wGhju&efvnf;
csdef;qdk cJjuonf? Zefe0g&DvtwGif;rSmyif
awmif}uD;^rdKh&Sd 0_ynf aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;
wyfrawmf (UWSA) tzGJh wm0efcHrS wpfqif
yefqef;XmecsKyfESifqufoG,fr+&&Sd
cJ^yD;
&Srf;_ynf twkdifyifcHaumifpD wGifyl;aygif;
yg0if&eftxd oabmwlnrD &+ cJo
nf? t_cm;aom
vlrsK;d pkacgi;f aqmifrsm; udv
k nf; qufvuf!Ed S i+ d ;f &mwGif
udk_rifoef;wdkh }udK;pm;r+rSm tqifa_yacsmarGh
vsuf&Sdonf?
azazmf0g&D
vqef;rSmyif
&Srf;_ynfa_rmufydkif; tzGJhrS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;
tvsKdvsKdawmif}uD;okdh
a&muf&Sdvmovdk/
&efukef&Sd EkdifiHa&; tiftm;pkrsm;rS OD;oka0/

a':csKdcsKdausmfîdrf;/ udkat;vGifwkdh tzGJhonf
vnf; awmif}uD;okdh a&muf&Sdvmjuonf?
awmif}uD;wGif _yKvkyrf nf &Sr;f _ynftrsK;d om;
aehnpmpm;yGw
J iG f obmywdt_zpf a&G;cs,af &;twGuf
ta&Shydkif;wkdif;
ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL;AdkvfcsKyf
cifarmif_rifudk urf;vSrf;&mwGif wkdif;rSL;rSvnf;
junf_zLpGm vufcHajumif;ESif obmywdwdkif;rSL;
twGuf &Srf;trsKd;om;0wfpHk (acgif;aygif;
tygt0if)udk
jum;cHaqmif&Gufay;aeaom
^rdKhe,f txl;owif;wyfzhJG rLS ; (SB) &JvaS rmifxH
ay;tyfvu
dk af jumif; zdwjf um;cJo
nf[k ud_k rifo
ef;
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rwkdifcif &ufydkif;rSmyif vGdKifvif^rdKhay:&Sd
avajumif;&ef umuG,fa&; wyf&if;trSwf(3)rS
wyfjuyfEiS w
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dk u
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wyfa_y; ykeu
f efr}+ uD;_zpfymG ;cJo
nf? ,if;_y\em
twGuf wkdif;rSL;rSm wm0ef&Sdonftavsmuf
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vGJacsmfoGm;&awmonf? yGJudk rwufa&mufEkdif
ajumif;vnf; &JvaS rmifEiS f yefjum;onf[v
k nf;
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wGuf obmywdae&mudk
&Sr;f _ynfvrl sKd;aygif;pH_k ynfohl vw
G af _rmufa&;tzGhJ
(&vvz) OuUX apmwmuv,fukd xyfraH &G;cs,&f
awmonf?
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apmwmuv,frmS 'k-OuUXcGecf spaf rmif (vufeufcs
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wkdh. em;csr+ajumif pdwfa_ymif;oGm;^yD; yGJudkyif
rwufa&muf Ekid af wmay? xkhdajumifo
bmywdt_zpf
Adv
k cf sKyf aqxif(SSA-N)udk a&G;cs,v
f u
k d &f awmonf?
tcrf; tem;rSL;udak wm (&vvz)Edik if aH &;XmerS
Adv
k rf LS ; pde0f if;aemifu aqmif&u
G o
f mG ;onf? ud_k rif
oef;ESif Adv
k rf LS ;pde0f if;aemifwhkdrmS i,fpOfuwnf;u
ausmif;aezuf oli,fcsi;f rsm;_zpfonfw

idk f &Sr;f _ynf
twkid yf ifcH aumifpD ay:aygufvmatmif pGr;f pGr;f wrH
}uKd ;yrf;cJo
rl sm; _zpfonf? twGn
J aD omvkyu
f ik d zf ufrsm;
_zpfonfw
idk f aemufq;kH ud_k rifo
ef;rSm ppftpk;d &.
tusOf;om;_zpfcJ &^yD;toufyg ay;cJ&onf?
Adv
k frLS ; pde0f if;aemifrmS vnf; (&vvz)'k-OuUX
cGefcspfarmif. &mxl;cs_cif;cH&onf t_yif
toJa&m*g_zif uG,fvGefoGm;&onfrSm rsm;pGm
qHk;@+H;_cif; _zpfcJ&onf?
cGex
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f ;k H 0
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f eG ;f OD;
tm;a&G;cs,fxm;^yD;_zpf&m obmywdred hf ceG ;f pmudk
cGe_f rifx
eG ;f (oxHv
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pdkif;vSatmif ESifp0fomOD;wkdhom awmif}uD;yGJukd
wufa&mufju olrsm;_zpfonf? azazmf0g&D
(6) &ufaeh eHeuf (10)em&DwGif awmif}uD;&Sd
(SSA-N) qufqHa&;@Hk;wGif
pnf;a0;cJ^yD;
npmpm;yGJudkawm aemufwpfaeh n(6)em&DwGif
uefa&Sh&yf/ ^rdKhywfvrf;ray:&Sd pdefawmifwef;
pm;aomufqidk f wGif usi;f ycJo
nf? Ekid if aH wmf tay:
tjunf!Kd ysuaf pavmufaom a_ymjum;csurf sm;/
xkwf_yefcsufrsm; r_yKvkyfrdcJyg? AGD'D,dk rSwfwrf;
tae _zif (&yc)ppfwidk ;f rSww
f rf;ESif udak t;vGif
tzGJhrS udkZifatmifwkdh rSwfwrf;wif_cif;rsm; &SdcJ
ygonf? ,aehwkdif xkdrSwfwrf;rsm;udk aocsm
oHk;oyf avvmygu _ynfaxmifpk pepfukdom
wnfaqmufvjkd uolrsm; t_zpf om_rifEidk yf gonf?
wyfrawmf tae_zifum; 1962ckESpfrS
pI &Spf_ynfe,f _ynfaxmifpk oabmw&m;udk
vufc,
H Hk junf_cif;r&S?d r[mArm tpGt
J vef;uom
OD;aESmufxJ oHrpd+ o
JG uJo
hkd pG_J rJvsuf&&dS m &Sr;f _ynf
twkid yf ifcH aumifpt

D zGhJ EiS f &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;
'Drdkua&pD tzGJhcsKyf (SNLD) tkyfpk ESpfckpvkH;ESif
qefhusib
f uf _zpfvmonf? odhk _zifc idk v
f akH om AD'G ,
D kd
rSwfwrf;rsm;&Sdygvsuf trsKd;rsKd;aom EkdifiHa&;
yk'frrsKd;pHkwyfum vlhoufwrf;xufruaom
axmif'%frsm; csrSwfum &uf&ufpufpuf^zdKcGJ
vdkuf_cif; _zpfonf[k em;vnf&ayonf?
Edik if aH &;udk ppfa&; rsupf _d zifo
m @+_rifo;Hk oyfaom
ppfacgif;aqmifrsm;. csKhd ,iG ;f csu[
f yk if wdik ;f _ynf
twGuf apwem a&Shxm;^yD; t&JpeG hf I wif_yvdu
k &f
ygonf?
(C) îdrf;csrf;a&;tzGJhrsm;.ar#mfrSef;csufESif
vufawGhta_ctae?
nDvmcHodkhwufa&mufvmjuaom îdrf;csrf;
a&;tzGhJ u,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm;onf if;wdhk . (11-52004) aehpyJG gpmudk nDvmcHaumfr&SiOf uUX}uD;xH
wifoiG ;f juonf? nDvmcHOuUX}uD;u Edik if aH &;OD;
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OD;ukdudk}uD; wkdhonf &efukefrS eHeuf(3;00)wGif
um;_zifx
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nf? ae_ynfawmfohd k eHeuf (8;00)
em&Dtcsdew
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acwWem;cdkonf? (9;30)wGif ae_ynfawmf&Sd
aumfr&Si@f ;kH okhd oGm;a&mufI pwifvufrw
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f ;kd um
rGef;vGJ (4)em&D wGif^yD;qHk;cJ onf?
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tylcsed _f yif;vSaom juwfa_y;. &moDOwk'%fajumif
vnf;aumif;/ touf}uD;vmonf '%fajumifv
nf;
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&Srf;_ynfawmifydkif;c&D;pOf
juwfa_y;rS _yefvm^yD;aemuf rdr.
d use;f rma&;
aq;ppfcsufudk tdrfom;rsm;u trSeftwdkif;zGif
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ESif&Srf;_ynfudk oGm;a&mufE+wfquf vkdonf qEN
ajumif -2010 ckEpS /f ZGev
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ygwDpnf;@H;k a&;twGuf tzGhJ 0if OD;udu
k }kd uD;ESif &efuek f
avqdyrf S eHeuf(8;15) em&DwiG x
f u
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[J[;kd avqdyo
f hdk (9;30)em&DwiG f a&muf&cdS o
J nf?
um;_zifawmif}uD;okdh wufcJ^yD; "l0Hrdkw,fwGif
wnf;cdk cJonf?
ZGef (21)&ufaehwGif anmifa@$okdh xGufvm
cJ^ yD; Gold Star Hotel wGiw
f nf;cdo
k nf? anmifa@$tif;av;rS yk*~dKvfrsm;ESifawGhqHkum (22)&uf
nae 4;30 em&DwGif awmif}uD;okdh_yefcJonf?
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 85
(23)&ufrS (25)&ufaehxd "l0Hrdkw,fwGif

wnf;cdk^yD; awmif}uD;rS EkdifiHa&; rdwfaqGrsm;ESif
aqG;aEG; awGhqHkcJonf?
(26)&ufaehwGif awmif}uD;Y usef;rma&;
ta_ctaeajumif bD;wyfvn
S ;f _zif [J[;kd avqdyf
rSwpfqif eHeuf 9;30 em&DwGifxGufcGmcJ&m
&efukef avqdyfodkh 10;45 em&DwGifa&muf&Sdum

tdrfrSm vm}udKaomum;_zifa&muf&SdcJonf?
ZGefv(27)&ufrSpI tdyf&mxufrS rxEkdif
awmonfwkdif vufa&;rl/ toHoGif;acGrsm;_zif
_zwfoef;cJa om vufawGhEid k if aH &;tawGh tjuHKrsm;udk
_yKpkay;EkdifcJonf?
tydkif; (8)
udk,fa&;tusOf;ESifh pmwrf;rsm;
(u) udk,fa&;twKy`wWdtusOf;
trnf
rdbtrnf
arG;aeh
Zmwd
arG;csif;rsm;

ZeD;ESifom;rsm;

ynma&;

vlrsKd;bmom
OD;a&$tHk;
OD;[ef (&Srf;-anmifa&$e,f ynma&;t&m&Sd)/ a':wkwf(&Srf;)
14-3-1923 (Ak'<[l;aeh)
erfyef&yf/ anmifa&$/ awmifydkif; &Srf;_ynf
om;csif;oHk;a,mufwGif t}uD;qHk;/
tvwf OD;pkd;_r/ 'k-!$efrSL;(îdrf;) ukefoG,fa&;/ &efukef?
ti,f a'gufwmatmif_rif (uav;txl;ukq&m0ef}uD;(îdrf;) awmif}uD;?
ZeD;a':wifeD/
om;}uD; a'gufwmvScsKd(q&m0ef)/
om;i,f OD;ausmfrif; (B.A Law) ukefonf?
anmifa@$/ OD;!Sm.wkdif;&if;bmomrlvwef;ausmif; (1929-33)xd/
_refrmpm(4)wef;atmif/
State A.V. Middle School, anmifa@$/ (1934-37)xd/ (4)wef;rS (7)wef;xd?
A.B.M Boy's High School, awmif}uD;/ (1938-39)xd/ A.V (10)wef;atmif?
Rangoon University (1940-41)xd/ Oypmtxufwef; (1943)ckESpfatmif/
(1946-47) 0dmatmufwef;ESiftxufwef; (1952)wGif 0dmbGJh&?
(1955-56) Oya'0dmbGJh&/ (1964)wGif D.M.A 'Dyvdkrm&?
&Srf;/ Ak'<bmom
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 87
vlr+0efxrf;ESifEkdifiHa&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
(1) 1936 ckESpfausmif;om;oydwfwGif anmifa&$e,f tpdk;&tv,fwef;ausmif;rSyg0ifcJ?
(2) 1937 ckESpfrSpI anmifa&$^rdKhrSpwif^yD; &Srf;_ynfawmifydkif;^rdKhtcsKdhxdysHhESHhcJaom &Srf;_ynf.
yxrqkH;aom vlxkv+yf@Sm;r+_zpfonf 'tvif;a&mifpmjunfwdkuf vkyfief;v+yf@Sm;r+' wGif
OD;aqmifyg0ifcJ? &Srf;_ynfEkdifiHa&;udk pwifonfoaE<om;_zpfonf?
(3) 1938 ckESpf awmif}uD;^rdKh tar&duefomoem_yK (ABM) txufwef;ausmif;wGif
bmoma&;v+yf@Sm;r+ t_zpfzGifvSpfxm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;Ak'<bmom toif;okdh0ifonf?
(4) 1939 ckESpf atbDtrfausmif;wGifyif ausmif;om;rsm;nD!Gwfa&;toif; (Students' Social
Club) udkpwif wnfaxmifonf? ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (Students' Union) trnf_zif
wnfaxmifciG rf &o_zif qifw@l ;kd rSm; trnf_zif wpfzufvn
S w
f nfaxmif^yD; ArmEkid if v
H ;kH qkid &f m
ausmif;om;rsm;or*~EiS f vsKdh0u
S q
f ufo,
G o
f nf? &Sr;f _ynfEikd if aH &;. 'kw,
d oaE<om; _zpfonf?
(5) 1941-42 &efuek w
f uUov
kd f ausmif;om;rsm; or*~ohdk 0ifI pwifvy+ @f mS ;onf? &efuek w
f uUov
dk f
&Srf;_ynf ausmif;om;rsm;toif;ukd _yefvnfzGJhpnf;^yD; wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL;/ twGif;a&;rSL;
wm0efrsm; xrf;aqmifonf?
(6) 1945-46 wGit
f a&Shtm&Swu
kd v
f il ,frsm;tpnf;t&k;H . &Sr;f _ynfa_rmufyikd ;f c@dik f pnf;@k;H a&;wm0efc?H
&Sr;f _ynfa_rmufyikd ;f awmifyikd ;f zufqpfqefhusiaf &;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&u
G cf rJ w
+ hkd ajumif
(vGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;0ifwwd,qif) t_zpf todtrSwf_yK_cif;cH&onf?
(7) 1946 ckEpS f yxryifvn
Hk v
D mcHwiG &f rS ;f _ynfom;wpfO;D tae_zif omrefavvmolt_zpfwufc?J
(8)
1947 ckESpf wuUodkvfoifwef;rsm;qufwufonf? ausmif;om;or*~vkyfief;rsm;wGif

wufjuGpmG yg0if v+y@f mS ;cJo
nf? _refrmtvif;owif;pmwdu
k f wGif tcsed yf ikd ;f nt,f'w
D mt_zpf
vkyfukdifonf? 'kwd,yifvkHnDvmcHwGif _refrmtvif; owif;pmwdkuf. udk,fpm;vS,ft_zpf
wufa&mufcJ? yifvHkpmcsKyf.rljurf;udk vufrSwfrxdk;rD (11-2-1947) nuyifzwf@+cGif
&cJ&m csufcsif;owif;ydkhEdkifonf? aemufaehvufrSwfxkd;^yD;csdefwGif &efukef&Sd _refrmtvif;
owif;pmwkdufwGif owif;OD;t_zpf zwf@+EkdifcGif&cJjuygonf?
(9) yifvkHnDvmcHt^yD; 1947 ckESpfwGifpwifzGJhpnf;cJaom&Srf;_ynf. yxrqkH;aomEdkifiHa&;

tzGJhtpnf; _zpfonf '&Srf;_ynf-_ynfolhvGwfvyfa&;tzGJhcsKyf' &yv wGif bma&;rSL;
wm0efxrf;aqmif?
(10) yifvn
kH v
D mcHt^yD;pwifzhJGpnf;cJo
nf yxrqk;H '&Sr;f _ynfvw
$ af wmf' wGif &yv ud,
k pf m;_yK trwfEiS f
twdu
k t
f cH/ 'k-acgif;aqmift_zpfaqmif&u
G o
f nf? rjumrDusi;f yrnf wdik ;f _ynf_yKv$waf wmfwiG f
&Srf;_ynftwGuf a&;qGJ&rnfta_ccHOya' rljurf;udk OD;aqmifa&;qGJ _ymef;cJonf?
(11) 1947 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvwGif wuUodkvfqufwufaepOftwGif; xdkpOfu (z-q-y-v) tpdk;&
.txl;,kjH unfpw
d cf s&ol vufa&G;pifrsm;t_zpfa&G;cs,f_cif;cH&^yD; _ynfohl axmufyaH &;XmewGif
&Srf;_ynfawmifydkif;. c@dkifaxmufyHa&;t&m&Sdt_zpf wm0efay;tyf_cif;cH&onf?
(12) 1948 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif [dkykH;bk&m;yGJawmfY/ &yv .avmif;upm; wdkufzsufq_ya&;

wdkufyGJ wGif &yvacgif;aqmifrsm;ESiftwl&SdaepOf ya'o&mZftm%mydkifrsm;. vufypfAkH;_zif
ypfoGif;^zdKcGJ_cif;ajumif OD;acgif;wGif _yif;xefpGm'%f&m&&Sd^yD; (6)vausmfr# aq;@kHwuf
aq;uko_cif;cH&onf? aq;@kHrSqif;^yD;aemuf tpdk;&wm0efudk qufvufxrf;aqmifonf?
(13) 1949 ckESpftwGif; &yv tzGJhacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; awmcdk&efpDpOfonf [laompGyfpGJcsuf_zif
yk'fr-5-t& zrf;qD;ta&;,l&mwGiftwlyg0ifcHcJ&onf? o&uf^rdKhtusOf;axmifY-6vcefhtcsKyfcHae&pOf ocifpdk;. vufeufudkifwyfrsm;0ifa&mufpD;eif;I vGwfa_rmufcJonf?
w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyfwGifavsmufxm;o_zif rlv&mxl;wGif yifqufvufxrf;aqmifonf?
ausmif;qufwufa&; a0;uGmcJ&o_zif _yifyausmif;om;tae_zif qufvuf}udK;yrf;&if;
bGhJ rsm;&cJo
nf? 0efxrf;t_zpf (17)ESprf #oufwrf;&Sncf o
J nf? xdEk pS w
f iG yf if tdraf xmifusonf?
(14) Adv
k cf sKyfae0if;.(r-q-v)tpd;k &vufxuf (r-q-v)ygwDohkd0ifa&muf&ef 0efxrf;tae_zifw
m0ef
t&av#mufxm;cJ&aomfvnf; tajumif;wpfpkHw&m_yefjum;_cif;r_yKo_zif uif;vGwfcGif&cJ
ygonf? 1963 ckESpfwGif t_cm;t&m&Sd-14-OD;ESiftwl tajumif;wpfpkHw&m azmf_y_cif;r_yKbJ
tîdrf;pm;ay;aom yGJ}uD;wGif yg0ifcGif&cJo_zif 0fu|wfcJonf?
(15) 1974 ckESpfwGif ta_ccHOya'a&;qGJa&;aumfr&Sif awmif}uD;^rdKhokdh a&muf&Sdvmaomcg
wdik ;f ESi_f ynfe,f (14)ckru
l akd &;qGaJ eajumif;od&I wef;wl&nfwl (8)_ynfe,fru
l kd wif_ycJo
nf?
vufcHrnfr[kwfajumif; odaomfvnf; orkdif;0iftae_zif wif_yoifonf[k ,lqI
wif_ycJonf?
(16) 1978 ckESpf yxrt}udrf a&G;aumufyGJwGif Ekdifrnfr[kwfajumif; odaomfvnf;
_ynforl sm;vufawGh od&EdS idk &f efar#mfreS ;f I awmif}uD;rJqENe,fwiG f vltrsm; armfrjunf0 hH aom
a'oygwDOuUX 'k-AkdvfrSL;}uD;wif&SdefESif t^ydKif 0ifa&muf,SOf^ydKifcJonf? cefhrSef;xm;onf
twkdif; rJyHk;axmifcGifudkyif r&cJyg?
(17) 1983 ckESpfwGif awmif}uD;rS&efukefokdh a_ymif;a&Ghaexdkifonf? w&m;@kH;csKyfa&Shaet_zpf
&efukefESif awmif}uD;^rdKhrsm;wGif 1988 ckESpftxdwm0efxrf;aqmifonf?
(18) 1988 ckEpS f ta&;awmfyu
kH mvwGif &efuek ^f rdKhwiG f aexdik v
f su&f &dS mrS awmif}uD;odhk _yef^yD; 1949
ckEpS u
f zsuford ;f cJ& aom &Sr;f _ynf_ynfohl vw
G v
f yfa&;zGhJ csKyf. acgif;aqmifa[mif;rsm;ESit
f wl
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;v+yf@Sm;r+wGif yg0ifyl;aygif;v+yf@Sm;onf? awmif}uD;oydwfaumfrwDrS
}uD;rSL;usif;aom vlxkw&m;yGJrsm;wGif yg0ifa[ma_ymcJonf? ppftm%modrf;^yD; 1989
ckESpf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; xlaxmifcGif&csdefwGif yGifvif;wdk;wufvmju^yD_zpfaom rsKd;qufopf
vli,frsm;ESif yl;aygif;vsuf '&Sr;f _ynf-wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm; 'Dru
kd a&pDtzGhJ csKyf' (&-w-'-z)
udk xlaxmif&mwGif/ OuUX wm0ef,l&onf? usefacgif;aqmifa[mif;rsm;u em,u}uD;rsm;
wm0ef,ljuonf? (&-w-'-z) onf 1990-_ynfESpf a&G;aumufyGJwGif @+H;edrfygonf?
rjumrDyif ygwDzsufodrf;_cif;udkvnf; cHcJ&ygonf?
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 89
(19) 1993 ckEpS f trsK;d om;nDvmcHay:aygufvmaomtcg wwd,_ynfaxmifpk _refrmEkid if aH wmfohdk

(b,fawm/ bmajumif/ b,fvdk) [laompmwrf;wifoGif;onf? xkdpmwrf;aus;Zl;ajumif
axmif'%fwpfESpf qkcsD;rifcH&onf?
(20) 2000 ckEpS w
f iG f &Sr;f _ynfawmifyikd ;f &Sd rsK;d qufopfvil ,frsm;ESif xdawGhrr+ sm;&Sv
d m^yD; vufeufEiS f
îdrf;csrf;a&; ,lxm;aomtzGJhrsm;ESifyg qufoG,faqG;aEG;cJ&mrS wef;wlaom_ynfaxmifpkESif
ywfoufI tjuH]m%frsm;ay;cJonf?
(21) 2004 ckEpS w
f iG f ,cifrw
d af [mif; aqGa[mif;&Jabmfrsm;/ îdr;f tzGhJ rsm;/ rsK;d qufopfvil ,frsm;ESif
awGhqakH qG;aEG;r+rsm; wk;d wufvm^yD; &Sr;f _ynftwkid yf ifcaH umifpzD hJG pnf;onftxd tjuH]m%frsm;yH
ydk;ulnDcJonf?
(22) 2005 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D (7) &uf &Srf;_ynftrsKd;om;aeht^yD; ppftm%mydkifrsm;.tpDtpOft&
vlzrf;yGJ}uD;wGif zrf;qD;_cif;cH&^yD; aetdrfa_ccsKyf_zif awmif}uD;^rdKh&Sd nD_zpfoltdrfwGif
wpfESpfcs_cif;cH&onf?
(23) 2007 ckEpS f oHCmawmfrsm;OD;aqmifaom a&$0ga&mifawmfveS af &;wGif tm;ay;axmufccH o
J nf?
(24) 2008 ckEpS f em*pfzhJGpnf;yHk ta_ccHOya'twnf_yKa&;twGuf _ynfohl qENc,
H yl w
JG iG f uefhuu
G rf x
J nf
ju&ef aqmfjo_cif;/ ajumf_impmwrf;rsm;_zefha0_cif;rsm;_zif zGJhpnf;yHktwnfr_yKEkdifatmif
umuG,fwm;qD;cJonf?
(25) 2009 ckESpf raxmufcHaomfvnf; vufcHvkduf&onf zGJhpnf;yHkajumif ygwDEkdifiHa&;zGJhpnf;^yD;
uefhowf abmifwiG ;f okhd 0ifI twGi;f wdu
k yf 0JG ifzsuf&ef Ekid if aH &;ygwDxal xmifum _ynfaxmifpk
'Drdkua&pDygwDtrnf_zif rSwfyHkwifcJonf?
(26) 2010 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJrwkdifrDxd _ynfaxmifpkpepfudkvufcHaomrdwfaqGrsm;/ (88)
rsKd;qufausmif;om;rsm;_zpfaom vlvwfydkif;rsm;udk ta_ccHI EkdifiHa&;ygwDzGJhcJaomfvnf;
vlrsK;d pkwid k ;f &if;om;rsm; yg0ifre+ nf;aeaomajumif vlrsK;d pkygwDrsm;/ Ekid if aH &;ygwDtoGiaf _ymif;vmaom
vufeufudkiftzGJhrsm;tm; pnf;@Hk;aqG;aEG;_cif;/ rl0g'a&;&mrsm; &Sif;_y_cif;rsm;_yKvkyfcJonf?
a&m*gajumif oufwrf;vykdif;omusefawmonfudk od&Sdygvsuf aemufqHk;umvxd
&Srf;_ynfe,fxdoGm;a&mufcJ^yD; _ynfaxmifpkrsKd;qufrsm;ESifawGhqHk_cif;/ qufvufwm0ef
xrf;aqmifoGm;&ef wkdufwGef;_cif;rsm; _yKvkyfcJygonf?
(27) 2010-ZGev
f v,frpS I tdy&f mxufYom vJavsmif;aeonft
a_ctaexd a&m*ga0'em_yif;xefco
J nf?
aemifrsKd;qufrsm;_ynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;udk
vufcHem;vnf&efESif
rdrd_zwfoef;cJ
aomEkdifiHa&;tawGhtjuHKrsm;udk avvm&ef udk,fa&;twKwWdudkvufa&;rl_zifa&;om;_cif;/
toHoGif;cJ_cif;rsm;_zif rsKd;qufvli,frsm;twGuf xm;cJonf?
(28) tdyf&mxufY &ufaygif; (55)&ufwdwd aecJ&^yD; jo*kwfv (20)&ufaeh/ nae (4;12)em&DwGif
uG,fvGeftedpPa&mufonf? uG,fvGefcsdefwGif ZeD;a':wifeDESifom;/ a_r;rsm;usef&pfcJonf?
(c) xdyfwef;v#K0d h Suf

(_zefhcsd&efr[kwfaomfvnf; &if;ESD;aomrdwfaqGrsm; zwf&+&eftwGufom a0iSygonf)
tajumif;t&m? ? ac:,lawGhqHkar;_ref; cH&_cif;ESif ywfoufI cHpm;&csufrsm;udk tpD&ifcH_cif;?
2004 ckESpf/ {^yDv (20)&ufaehnae (5)em&DausmfcefhwGif ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;ac: trsKd;om;
axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJhqdkolrsm;u u|efawmftm; aetdrfrSac:,lI _ynfvrf;&Sd juufv#mpGef;&Sd
axmufvSrf;a&;e,fa_r(7). ppfajuma&;pcef;okdh ydkhaqmifcJygonf? xrif;au|;arG;^yD;aemuf
n(9)em&DrS pI eHeuf (4)em&DcGJtxd vufatmuftr+xrf;rsm;u pwifppfaq;ar;_ref;_cif;rsm;
_yKvkyyf gonf? ud,
k af &;&mZ0iftao;pdwEf iS f aemufq;kH Edik if aH &; vkyaf qmifcsufrsm;txd _zpfygonf?
trsKd;om;nDvmcHudpP ar;o_zif _ynfaxmifpk wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; 'Drkdua&pDtzGJhcsKyf
UNLD
. ajunmxm;^yD;onfrltwdkif; _yefvnfa_zjum;cJygonf? trsKd;om;nDvmcHokdh
wufvykd govm;[laom tar;udrk l (vuf&dS pnf;urf;csurf sm;twdik ;f qdu
k rwufvykd g? u|efawmfonf
r[kwrf cH _yefvnfa_ymqdw
k wfonf 0oD&o
dS _zif t&m,f_zpfEidk yf gonf)[k _yefvnfa_zjum;cJo
nf?
aemufwpfaeh(21-4-04)aehcif;ydkif;wGif txl; pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;tzGJhrS/ 'k-AdkvfrSL;}uD;wpfOD;/
&JrSL;}uD;wpfOD;ESif axmufvSrf;a&;e,fa_r (7)wm0efcH 'k-AdkvfrSL;}uD;wpfOD;/ aygif;(3)OD;yg tzGJhu
pwifppfaq; ygonf? txl; pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;tzGJhrS 'k-AdkvfrSL;}uD;u txufvl}uD;rsm;u ac:,l
owday;&ef !$efjum;csuft& ,ckac:,lar;_ref;_cif; _zpfajumif;/ ,cifuvnf; wpf}udrf ac:,l
owday;cJzl;onfudk rSwfrdrnfxifajumif; pwifowday;ygonf?
ppfaq;ol (3)OD;teuf axmufvrS ;f a&; e,fa_r (7)wm0efcu
H tv,frx
S idk ^f yD; tenf;i,fr#om
0ifa&muf ar;_ref;ygonf? txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&; tzGhJ rw
S m0efcH 'k-Adv
k rf LS ;}uD;uomv#if &JrLS ;}uD;.
tultnD_zif t"duar;_ref;ygonf? (2)&ufquf (4)em&Dr#ar;_ref;_cif; _zpfI ar;cGef; rsm;pGm
_zpf&m rSwfrdoavmuf ta&;}uD;aom tar;ta_zrsm;udkom azmf_yvdkygonf? t_yeftvSef
atmf[pfa_ymqdk_cif;rsm;vnf; _yKvkyfcJ&ygonf?
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 91
a@$tHk;?
AkdvfrSL;?
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(1)
1962 ckESpf (rqv)u tm%modrf;^yD; uwnf;u vloma_ymif;aomfvnf;
AdkvfcsKyfae0if;
uomv#if
aemufuG,frS}udK;qGJ
tkyfcsKyfvsuf&Sdonf?
AdkvfcsKyfapmarmif vufxufwGif tpdk;&@Hk;rsm;tm;vHk;wGif AdkvfcsKyfae0if;yHkom
awGh&onf? aemufrSAdkvfcsKyf ae0if;u if;.yHkrsm;rcsdwfqGJ&ef pma&;awm
rSomv#if if;"mwfyHkrsm; _zKwfypfEkdifonf?
xkdokdh_zKwfypf&efu AdkvfcsKyfae0if;u AdkvfcsKyfapmarmifxH pma&;_cif;r_yKcJyg?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u xkdokdh_zKwfypf&ef a&;onfpmonf owif;pmxJwGif
twdtvif;yg ygonf?
xkdpmudk_yEkdifygu rdrdvnfyif;udk t_zwfcH ygrnf? r_yEkdifv#if b,fvkdvkyf&rvJ?
Adv
k cf sKyfapmarmif trnfwyfI a&;_cif; awmr[kwyf g/ pm&Gut
f vGwf wpfcak y:wGif
AdkvfcsKyf ae0if;ukd,fwkdif vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onfudk xkdpOfu owif;pmrsm;wGif
azmf_yxm;ygonf? xkdowif;pmudk@SmI wif_yEkdifygonf? xkdokdhrwif_yEkdifygu
rdrdukd,frS }udKuf&mtydkif;udk _zwfEdkifygonf?
(2)
trsKd;om;nDvmcHu csrSwfxm;^yD;_zpfwJ qHk;_zwfcsuf (104)csufudk r}udKufbl;
qdkwmbmajumifvJ?
104-csufpvH;k udrk qdv
k ykd gbl;? tcsKdhukd qdv
k ykd gw,f/ Oyrmtm;_zif ta_ccHrl trSwf
(6)qH;k _zwf csu(f 10)wGif Ekid if aH wmf. trsKd;om;Ekid if aH &; OD;aqmifrt
+ cef;uwGif
wyfrawmfu yg0ifxrf;aqmifEkdifa&;udk tpOfwpdkufOD;wnfonf qdkonf
qH;k _zwfcsufrsKd;udk vufrcHEidk yf g? 'Dru
kd a&pD Ekid if aH wmfwpfcw
k iG f wyfrawmfom;ESif
omrmef_ynfolwpfa,mufonf wef;wl&nfwl _zpf&ygrnf? wyfrawmfom;_zpfI
tcGifta&;ydkr&oifyg? bdef;pm;csif;twlwl wpfrl;om; ykd@SLonfESif wlygonf?
xdkh_yif v$wfawmfESpf&yfvHk;wGif (25)&mckdifE+ef;onf wyfrawmfrS _zpf&rnf[k
t"dym` ,f&aom _ymef;csurf sm; yg&So
d nf? vufrcHEikd yf g? trsm;enf;wl_ynfol vlxu
k
a&G;cs,fwifarmuf_cif; r[kwfbJ txufrS cefhtyfwm0efay;xm;_cif;rsKd;onf
'Drkdua&pDESif qefhusifygonf?
'Drdkua&pDudk b,foluay;ao;vdkhvJ?
'Drdkua&pDonf ta_ccH vlhtcGifta&; _zpfygonf? aemufqHk;_zwfcsuf wpfckrSm
EkdifiHawmf orRwa&G;cs,fa&; _zpfygonf? 'k-orRwoHk;OD;teuf wpfOD;udk
v$wfawmfwGif;&Sd wyfrawmfom; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u a&G;cs,f&rnf_zpf^yD;
EkdifiHawmf orRwonf ppfr+oufwrf; (10)ESpf &Sd&rnf[laom uefhowfcsufrsm;
yg0ifvsuf&Sd&m EkdifiHawmforRw&mxl;onf wyfrawmfrSt&m&Sd}uD;rsm;om _zpfEdkif
ygvdrfrnf? wyfrawmfrS vuf0g;}uD;tkyf_cif;rsKd;_zpfI vufrcHEkdifyg?
xdkh_yif_ynfe,frsm;wGif tqiftrsKd;rsKd;Y wyfrawmfu 0ifa&muftm%m,l_cif;rsm;

yg&Sdaeygonf? _ynfe,frsm;. _ynfwGif;a&;wGif 0ifa&mufpGufzuf_cif;_zpfI
_ynfwGif;a&; vGwfvyfr+[laom _ynfaxmifpkwpfck. ta_ccHrlrsm;qHk;@H+;ygonf?
1962 ckESpfrSpI ,aehtxdESpfaygif; (40) ausmfr#twGif; _refrmEdkifiHudk
toGiftrsKd;rsKd;a_ymif;cJ aomfvnf; tESpfom&tm;_zif ppftpkd;&om_zpfcJonf?
1988 ckESpfrSpI,aehtxd tpkd;&onfvufawGh tm%m,lxm;aomfvnf;
w&m;0ifr[kwfaom (De facto) tqifom&Sdonf? trsKd;om;nDvmcH.csrSwf
^yD;aomqHk;_zwfcsuf (104)ckom taumiftxnf ay:vmyhgu (De jure)
w&m;0iftqiftwef;okdh a_ymif;vJoGm;^yD; ppftpdk;& xm0pOftkyfcsKyfcGif&
oGm;rnf_zpfI vufrcHEdkifyg?
(3)
if;aemuftrsKd;om;nDvmcHudpP qufaqG; aEG;_zpfygonf?
a@$tHk;? ? EkdifiHa&;&moDOwkaumif;&eftwGuf 'DyJ ,if;ta&;tcif; udk pwifazmfxkwf
&Sif;vif;&efvdkajumif;/ Tr#}uD;us,faom vlowfyGJ}uD; _zpfyGm;^yD;aemuf
rodusKd;u|ef _yKxm;I r&ajumif;/ oD;_cm;uif;vGwfaom EkdifiHwum pHkprf;a&;
aumfr&SifrsKd; zGJhpnf;^yD; ppfaq;oifajumif;wif_yygonf?
&JrSL;}uD;? ? tJh'u
D pd u
P t
kd pd;k &u pH;k prf;ppfaq;^yD;_zpfI vl(4)OD;aoqH;k ^yD;tcsKhd '%f&m&&Sad jumif;
awGh&Sdxm; ^yD;_zpfygw,f?
a@$tHk;? ? NLDESif juHhzGwf&efyGJom_zpfajumif; trsm;uvufcH od&Sdxm;ju^yD; _zpfygw,f?
vltrsm; t_ym;'%f&m&wJt
_yif trsm;t_ym;vnf; aoqH;k juw,fvhkd pGypf cJG suaf wG
ay:xGuaf eygw,f? juHhzw
G o
f nfvnf; Ekid if aH wmftpd;k &u OD;aqmifzhJG pnf;xm;aom
tzGJhtpnf; wpfckom_zpfygw,f? xkdhajumif xkdudpPudk tpdk;&ucefhtyfaom
aumfr&Sifu ppfaq;_cif;rSm roifawmf rvHkavmufyg/ wynftr+udk q&m@Hk;u
ppfaq;_cif;yHkomefrsKd;_zpfaeygw,f?
xkhd_yif ,cif^y;D qk;H cJa om nDvmcHwiG f ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;onf pdw}f uKd ufa&G;cs,cf efhxm;_cif;u
rsm;^yD;/ _ynfolh ukd,fpm;vS,fu enf;ygonf? ,ck wpf}udrfwGifrl (1990)_ynf
ESpf a&G;aumufyGJrS tEdkif &&Sdol tm;vHk;udk ygwDra&G;yg0ifap^yD; _ynfolhv$wf
awmfu,
dk pf m;vS,t
f zGhJ t_zpf oD;oefhyg0ifapoif ygw,f? xkhd _yifîdr;f csr;f a&;tzGhJ rsm;udk
nDvmcHzdwfjum; cJonfenf;wl (1990)_ynfESpfa&G;aumufyGJwGif yg0if,SOf^ydKifcJ
aom Ekid if aH &;ygwDrsm;tm;vH;k . uk,
d pf m;vS,rf sm;ukv
d nf; yg0ifciG af y;oify gw,f?
rJay;qHk;_zwf&mrSmvnf; vsKdh0SufrJay;pepfudkom usifoHk;oifygw,f?
(4)
xkhd _yif,cka_ymqkad e&_cif;rSm w&m;ol}uD;tzGhJ EiS f w&m;cHwpfa,muf a_ymqdak e&onf
omefrsKd;_zpf&m u|efawmftae_zifvnf; _yefvSef_iif;cHk a_ymqkdae&o_zif
rsm;pGm t&m,f}uD;vSygonf[k a_ymqdk&m e,fa_r(7) axmufvSrf;a&;wyfrSL;u
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 93
u|efawmfwdkhu
vl}uD;rif;udk
tJh'Dvdkoabmrxm;yg?
u|efawmfwdkhrSm
tpkd;&0efxrf;rsm;om _zpfjuygonf? txufrSwm0ef ay;csuft& ac:,lar;_ref;
owday;_cif;om_zpfajumif; _yefvnfa_z&Sif;ygonf? ESpf&ufwkdifwdkif (3-4)em&Dr#
a_ymqd_k iif;cHck &J _cif;_zpfI pum;awGtrsm;}uD; a_ymqdck &J ygonf? xkx
d rJ S ta&;}uD;I
rSwrf o
d avmufuo
kd m wif_yae_cif;om _zpfygonf? yxr&uf_iif;cHak _ymqd^k yD;aemuf
Tr#twkduftcH _iif;cHkcJ^yD;_zpfI tdrfokdh_yefydkh&eftcGifta&; enf;oGm;^yD[k
,lqxm;ygonf? 'kw,
d aeh qufI _iif;cHck ^J yD;aomtcgwGiu
f m; tdru
f _kd yefyhdk onfxuf
tif;pdefudkydkhrnf? @Hk;wif^yD; yHkESdyfpuf Oya'_zif w&m;pGJrnf? ,cif_ypf'%fa[mif;
&Sd^yD;_zpfI axmif'%f (2)ESpf (3) ESpfavmufawmh csvdrfrnf? tdrf_yefa&mufv#if
aumif;onf? okdhaomftu,fI axmifcsv#ifvnf; EkdifiHa&;od=mxyfovdkom
_zpfI auseyfpGmyifcH,l awmrnf[k pdwf'Hk;'Hk;csvdkufygonf? okdh_zifpdwfwnfîdrfr+
&vmygonf?
'kw,
d aeh a_ymqdt
k ^yD;wGif txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq; a&;rS 'k-Adv
k rf LS ;}uD;u vl}uD;rif;onf
em;raumif;ol _zpfI atmf[pfa_ymqdk&_cif;udk cGifvGwfyg[k awmif;yefygonf?
u|efawmfuvnf; xko
d hdkatmfa_ymrS jum;Ekid o
f l _zpfo_zifb
,fvrkd S oabmrxm;ygajumif;
a_zjum;cJygonf? xkdh_yifu|efawmfonf touftm;_zif}uD;aomfvnf; 0gtm;_zif
vl}uD;rif;rsm;xuf i,fygonf? rdrdxuf 0g}uD;olrsm;udkatmf}uD;[pfus,f _yefvSef
a_ymqdrk _d cif;twGuf cGiv
f w
G yf g&efawmif;yefcyJ gonf? 'k-Adv
k rf LS ;}uD;rsm;u rdrw
d hkd .
ppfaq;a&;wm0efrSm ^yD;qHk;oGm;^yD _zpfygajumif;/ rnfokdh qufvufta&;,l
rnfqdkonfrSm txufu qHk;_zwfrnfom _zpfajumif; a_ymygonf?
u|efawmfu tvGwfoabmquf a_ymygonf u|efawmfonfvGefcJaom
oHv
k cefhupI trsKd;om; nDvmcHEiS f ywfouf^yD; a_ymqdw
k if_y&efwikd ;f ol_ynfom;
wpfa,muftae_zifwm0ef&Sdonf[k
,lqo_zif
t&JpGefhI
a&;om;^yD;
EkdifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyfxHta&muf ay;ydkhcJygajumif;/ u|efawmfa&;om;csufrsm;ESif
ywfoufIu|efawmf tm;ta&;r,lcJao;onf twGuf EkdifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyftm;
aus;Zl;wifygajumif;/ pdwx
f &J o
dS nft
wkid ;f yGiv
f if;pGma_ym&ygv#if Ekid if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyfAdkvfcsKyfcif!Gefhonf wkdif;_ynftwGuf vlawmfvlaumif; wpfa,muft_zpf
vufcHowfrSwfxm;ygajumif;/ ppftpdk;&. acgif;aqmifAdkvfcsKyfcif!Gefh tae_zif
r[kwfbJ t&yfom; tpkd;&t_zpfa_ymif;vJ vmonftcg t&yfom;tpkd;&.
acgif;aqmifO;D cif!eG hf t_zpf qufvufwm0ef xrf;aqmifEidk rf nfqv
kd #if 0rf;a_rmufpmG
}udKqdkvufcHrnfom _zpfygajumif; a_ymqdkcJygonf?
txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;rS 'k-Adv
k rf LS ;}uD;u rdrw
d hdkacgif;aqmiftm; xko
d hdk*%
k _f yKa_ymqdo
k nf
twGuf aus;Zl;wifygajumif;_yefvnfa_zjum;cJygonf?
wwd,aeheHeufydkif;wGif e,fa_r (7)rSwyfrSL; wpfOD;wnf;om a&mufvmygonf?
u|efawmftm; tdrf_yefydkhawmrnf_zpfajumif;/ owday;@Hkomay;^yD;/ ta&;,l_cif;
r_yK&ef rdrdu wm0ef,lxm;&ygajumif;/ xkdhajumifaemifwGif ta&;tom;

qif_cifyg&ef arwWm&yfcyH gajumif;a_ymI rdru
d vnf; qif_cifygrnf[k uwday;o_zif
aetdro
f hd_k yefvnfay;ydhkcy J gonf? (23-4-2004) aehcif;ydik ;f wGiaf etdro
f hd_k yefa&mufygonf?
acwWac:,lxdef;odrf;cHxm;&_cif; udpPtwGuf vsKdh0Sufxm;&ef rvdkaomfvnf;
ta_ctaet& ,cktcsdefwGif tus,fcsJha_ymqdk_cif;xuf trSwfwrJae_cif;u
ydkIab;uif;onf[k ,lqo_zif tdrfokdh_yefa&muf^yD;aemuf rnfolhudkr#
tajumif;rjum;yg? tdrfokdh_yefa&muf^yD; (2)&ufavmuftjumrS OD;0if;Ekdif
owif;ar; a&mufvmygonf? aemuf-2-&ufcefhjumrS Ekid af iG& zke;f qufar;ygonf?
useftr+aqmifrsm;udk zkef;quf tajumif;jum;ay;rnf_zpf^yD; paeaehrGef;vGJ
(1)em&DwGif tdrfokdhvmjurnfqdko_zif ar#mfvifapmifpm;vsuf &Sdaomfvnf;
a&mufrvmo_zif pdwfysuf0rf;enf;_cif; _zpfcJ&ygonf?
OD ; a &T tHk ; | 95
(*) udkom,m.owif;pmaqmif;yg;udkwkHh_yef_cif;
26-7-09 aehxkwf _refrm
tvif; owif;pm pmrsufESm-8wGif azmf_yyg&Sdaom aqmif;yg;&Sif
udkom,m. owdtpOf tod,SOfI
acgif;pOfyg aqmif;yg;wGif azmf_yyg&Sdaom
z,f'&,frlESif ywfoufI OD;a&$tkH;.
a_z&Sif; wif_ycsuf?
a&S;OD;pGm ,if;aqmif;yg;wGif yg&Sdaom
z,f'&,frl ESi f ywfoufonf a&;om;azmf_ycsuu
f kd
atmufwGif aumufEkwfazmf_yygonf?
pnf;vk;H nDnw
G rf + ysu_f ym;atmif aoG;xd;k
v+hH aqmfenf; wpfcu
k awm z,f'&,frl ygyJ?
EdkifiHudk tpdwfpdwft_r$m_r$m cGJzdkh&nf&G,f^yD;
z,f'&,fukd toufoiG ;f zdhk }udK;yrf;aejuw,f?
wdkif;&if;om;awG tjum;rSm armufyif
ay;aejuw,f? u|efawmfwdkh EdkifiHu
ao;ao;av;? vltiftm;u enf;enf;/
wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d aygif;u wpf&mausm/f 'gudk
z,f'&,f pcJvdkhuawm 0g;tpnf;a_yovdk
y&rf;ywm ^ydKuG^J yD; tm;vk;H usm;pm_zpfomG ;rSm
r,kHr&SdeJh? a&Shu_zpfchJwJ EdkifiH}uD;awG
^ydKuGJwm _iif;r&wJ om"uyJ? 'ghajumif
z,f'&,f[m _ynfaxmifpkudk ^ydKuGJapr,f

rsKd;apygaew,fqdkwm owdxm;&ygr,f
aqmif;yg;&Siu
f o
k d m,m. txufygwif_ycsurf mS
cyfww
kd u
kd av; _zpfaomfvnf;/ tar; EGm;ausmif;/
ta_z bk&m;avmif; qdkaomqdk@dk;pum;uJodkh
vdyfywfvnfatmif a_z&Sif;&ygrl 0g;vkH;&SnfESif
odrf;usKH;
&rf;Ir_zpfEdkifyg?
_ynf_ynfpkHpkH
&Sn&f n
S v
f sm;vsm;a_zrS &rnf_zpfI trSew
f &m;udk
wu,fod&Sdvdkaom _ynfoltrsm;onf;cH zwf&+
juyg[lI }udKwif yefjum;xm;vdkygonf?
odkhaomf wwfEdkifor# _rif;wa_y; tae_zifom
tusOf;@kef;I azmf_yygrnf? tus,fudkjunfvdkrl
u|efawmf a&;om;_yKpkxm;aom r^ydKuGEJ ikd af om
_ynfaxmifp}k uD;udk wnfaqmufjuygpdhk (r-y-w)
[laom pmtkyfwGifjunf&+yg?
(u) ordkif;udka_ym_yaeaom
xdkpOfutm%mydkifrsm;. okH;oyfcsufrsm;?
yxrOD;pGmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&.vrf;n$efr+t&
zGhJpnf;xm;cJa om _refrmordik ;f _zpf&yfreS rf sm;a&;om;
_yKpka&;tzGJhuxkwfa0onf 1958-1962
_refrm EdkifiHa&;(pwkwwGJ) rSaumufEkwfcsuf
tcsKdhudk ukd;um; wif_yygonf?
(1) 1962 ckESpf/ rwfwGifyif

xdo
k wif;pm &Si;f vif;yGw
J iG f Adv
k cf sKyfatmif}uD;u
tm%modr;f &_cif; tajumif;uawm aemufq;Hk
zuf'&,frl ta&;udpw
P hkdajumif odr;f &ygw,f
[k azmf_yygonf? (pm-223-@+)
(2) 0efjuD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Ekurl
zuf'&,fral jumif _ynfaxmifp}k uD; t&m,f
ay:vmonf[al om tcsuu
f kd vnf;aumif;/
EdkifiHa&;ta_ctaerSm xdef;rEdkifodrf;r&
_zpfaeonf [laom tcsufukd vnf;aumif;/
vufrcHay? xdpk Ofu Edik if aH &; ta_ctaerSm
xdef;rEdkif
odrf;r&
ta_ctaersKd;
r[kwfonfudk vlrsm;pku od&Sdajumif;/
zuf'&,frl awmif;qdo
k nf udprP mS vnf; pd;k &drf
zG,f&m udpPr[kwfajumif;/ toHv$if@kHwGif
usif;yonf vlrsKd;aygif;pkH ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrSm
rdrdudk,fwdkifu pDpOf aqmif&Gufay;cJonf
ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG _zpfajumif; OD;Ekua_ymonf?
(pm-237-&+)
(3) OD;Ekurdro
d abmxm;udak _ymjum;&ef
tpDtpOf&cd S ^yJ ;D _zpfonf? Toabmxm;udak _ymjum;
rnfqv
kd #if _ynfe,fu,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm;uvnf;
vufcjH uzG,&f o
d S nf[q
k o
k d nf? - p0fceG cf sKu
d ,
kd w
f ik d f
u vlrsK;d aygif;pkEH ;D S aESmzvS,yf w
J G iG f tqdw
k ifoiG ;f
awmif;qdrk r+ sm;rSm pd;k &drzf ,
G &f mr&Sad jumif;? TudpP
ESiy f wfoufIOD;EkEiS !
f Ed S id + ;f pDpOfxm;^y;D _zpfajumif;
a_ymjum;cJonf[kqdkonf? (pm-239-&+)
(4) AdkvfrSL;csKyfwifaz(tîdrf;pm;)url
1962 ckESpf/ rwfvwGifEdkifiHawmf tm%m
odrf;,lcJ&onf t"du tajumif;&if;rSm
_ynfaxmifpk}uD; twGif;rS &Srf;_ynfe,f
cGJxGufrSmudk pdk;&drfaomajumif _zpfajumif;
EdkifiHawmf tm%modrf;,l&ef 1961 ckESpf/

Ed0k bFmvrSpwifI v#Kdh0u
S pf mG pDpOfcaJ jumif;
twdtvif; a_ymjum; cJayonf? (pm244-&+)
TaumufEkwfcsufrsm;udk
aqmif;yg;&Sif
udo
k m,m od&rdS w
S o
f m; xm;oifo
nf[k xifygonf?
(c) z,f'&,frl[laompum;vkH;?
Edik if aH &;odaH 0g[m&wGi(f 1) wpf_ynfaxmif
pepf (Unitary State) ESi_f ynfaxmifppk epf (Federal
State) [lIEdi
k if aH wmfEpS rf sK;d ESppf m;om&So
d nf? odhkaomf
Federal State tcsKdhwGifom rdrdwdkhEdkifiHawmf
trnfwGif Federal [laompum;vkH;udk xnf
oGif; azmf_yI/ tcsKdh_ynfaxmifpkrsm;wGifrl
razmf_yawmbJ Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics, United States of America, Union of
Burma [lIac:a0:xm;ju aomfvnf;/ ,if;wdhk ukd
_ynfaxmifpk[kyif todtrSwf _yKjuayonf?

_ynfaxmifpk [lonfoabmrSm _ynf
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ဦးေရႊအံုး - ကိုယ္တိုင္ေရးအတၳဳပၸတၱိ

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ဦးေရႊအံုး - ကိုယ္တိုင္ေရးအတၳဳပၸတၱိ

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36 | udk ,f wdk if a & ; udk ,f a & ; t w K y wd

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xdyfqkH;rSvl _zpfvmonf? bk&ifcH.ae&mwGif

38 | udk ,f wdk if a & ; udk ,f a & ; t w K y wd

twGuf usi;f yaom txl;uGezf &ifw

the meeting to be opened in Taunggyi with