Professional Documents
Culture Documents
- 2009
INTITOYTO
OTIKOAKOYTIKN
MEN
21
&
internet
4
&
21
34
internet
39
44
50
56
E
E , , ,
Design & DTP (sidheog72@yahoo.com)
/ ..
, 11 & . , 176 71 ,
.: 210 9098 690 fax: 210 9098 693 e-mail: iom@iom.gr http: www.iom.gr
21
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,
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(Metrovi).
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.
Walzer:
,
.
26/12/2004;
, , , , Gillespie. H
,
. , Gillespie
,
.
(intermediaries),
.
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.
Gillespie ,
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Slavoj iek
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Tarleton Gillespie
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11
Eszter Hargittai
Northwestern, ,
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12
, Internet ,
,
,
. ,
nternet
,
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Northwestern Eszter Hargittai
21 . Minding the gap: Predictors of Internet Use Disparities
(. :
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,
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,
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Hargittai
(digital inequality). (
ICT). ,
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status.
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13
Shanto Iyengar
Stanford,
:
16
.
Shanto Iyengar, Stanford .
. ,
,
, .
, (.., )
, , .
, ,
50
.
,
. , ,
.
.
1980
, , , ,
. 1
.
, (.., Fox NBC).
, ,
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, (, ..,
). , ,
.
1968 2003 30 . .
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(haves have-nots).
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FOX MSNBC .
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50
.
,
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.
.
1980
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,
,
.
17
17
1
O
stratamentation,
(stratification)
(fragmentation).
2
Price, V. & J. R. Zaller. 1993. Who gets
the news? Alternative measures of news
reception and their implications for research,
Public Opinion Quarterly 57: 133-64. Iyengar,
S. 1990. Shortcuts to political knowledge:
Selective attention and the accessibility bias. in
Information and the Democratic Process, ed. J.
A. Ferejohn & J. H. Kuklinski. Champaign, IL:
University of Illinois Press.
Matthew McAllister
T ,
Pennsylvania State University,
:
& :
18
-, :
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,
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,
,
,
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,
, , . , - (cyber-celebration) ,
,
,
/ ( ), , DVD , ,
, - . ,
,
(product placement) (product integration) .
, .
(integrated marketing
communications) :
,
,
(niche),
,
,
,
. , (cyber-celebration)
,
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,
DVD , ,
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McAllister,
.
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, , , . ,
Leipzig.
Marcell Machill, othing
but Google?.
/ ,
, (online offline)
,
, , .
:
235
601
48
, .
48.000 ,
75% (editors) 25% . , 62,5% 37,5%
. , 15%
, 17% , 35% , 5%
online 28% . , (89%) . 45 , , , 9,45 ( 1,57 )
.
15 .
Marcel Machill
Leipzig
:
Google
;
21
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1 ,
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3 ().
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,
.
,
,
,
.
22
. Machill, , , , , 92%
.
, 47% ,
, , , , blogs,
, ( second life) ,
, Google (57%).
(40,6%) -
, , ,
. ,
, , , 11,6%
.
,
,
. ,
,
. ,
,
,
.
.
( ) , , offline.
,
, ,
.
Leipzig 601
50% , 24% ,
18% 9% , , 76%
, 21% 12% .
13,5 .
. ,
,
. ,
,
RSS Newsfeed,
Vodcasts o Social Bookmarking.1 ,
, 6 sites 45,5%
. Google,2
Spiegel Wikipedia.
,
, (51,1%)
. ,
,
, ,
. (99,4%)
, .
(79,1%)
, (61,3%)
.
,
. 1/3 Google
.
Google 48 . Google. ,
Google .
, , .
.
(
) ,
,
offline.
23
Tristan Mattelart
Paris 2,
:
Tristan Mattelart1 ,
21 (, 31/10-1/11/2008).
1980,
,
.
( ), 2 .
,
, .
,
,
.
Tristan Mattelart, ,
.
&
. 1980 1990
,
.
.
, 1980
. Gilroy Hall
, .
,
,
. Arjun Appadurai, :
-.
.
Tristan Mattelart ,
1990 .
, , , 24
,
.
, ,
. .
Gillespie, ,
Bollywood
. ,
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,
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,
.
,
1
Tristan Mattelart, Mdias,
migrations et cultures transnationales (sous la direction), Ina-De Boeck, ParisBruxelles, 2007.
2
transnational.
,
.
25
Ralph Negrine
Sheffield,
:
26
26
(Ralph Negrine), ,
. 1950, , .., ,
, .
, .
. , , , ...
. .., 13.000
2001 ,
2005.
, .., 3.000
. . 2005
. ,
.
R. Negrine
.
,
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.
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,
.
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.
27
Department of Communication,
University of Illinois, , H
:
:
facebook
28
(
) .
. ,
,
- , IOM
21 .
Online Social Networks and Social Capital: The Social Utility of Facebook.
. Facebook,
MySpace, LinkedIn CyWorld ,
(niche audience), -. , ,
,
.
, Facebook
,
. ,
, .
, internet
. ,
online offline , Facebook
.
(functional alternatives),
. , Facebook,
internet
. Facebook, ,
,
,
.
,
, (, ..).
Uses and Gratifications (U & G)
,
,
. U
& G : () , , , ()
,
()
, () (.., ) ()
, , .
U & G ,
-
. ,
. .
,
( ). U & G
-
Facebook.
( , , ), .
(a social couch-potato, ), ( )
( ) .
/.
,
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Facebook,
.
,
,
,
. ,
Facebook
,
.
29
John Thompson
K Cambridge, B
:
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30
John Thompson, ,
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Thompson,
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Thompson, ,
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20 ,
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31
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32
33
&
KA , ,
*
.
,
.
,
,1 ,
, ,
, , . (Eurodata, 2008).
34
,
.
, (, . 39, . 2),
( 2008, . 37, . 2)
.
.
, ,
, ,
MLB, Sport 7 Formula One
Supersignal.
Eredivisie, ,
Endemol.
,
200.000 . .
,
,
ESPN
Direct TV. ,
,
European Broadcasting Union (EBU),
,
(Westcott, 2008: 301).
.
,
,
.
NBC
894 . $
,
.
, ,
(, . 45-46, . 3).
.
.
, Euro 2008 6 20
. 50 .
. .
,
, . , Unitymedia, 2008/2009
, Arena,
,
Premiere . Unitymedia
Deutche
Telekom, , .
, , . ,
, TVE 1
2, , (Mdiamtrie
2009). , ,
,
.
, . BBC1
, ,
.
, ,
1960-2008 ( . )
898 . $ 1,7 .
$, 67 . 1994 1 . 2006.
&
. , Channel Four
, Sky. ProSieben Sat.1
Antena 3.
2007, Bundesliga
Sirius, Leo Kirch,
2009-2015. Sirius
3 .
. 2008
(Bundeskartellamt) , 22:00 20:00, .
.
,
.
, .
,
.
Yearly Sport Key Fact, Eurodata TV
Worldwide, 2007,
19%
, 16 .
2008. 22% 15%.
, BBC
2.750 300
,
, , iPlayer . ESPN 360
, .
,
,
. , .
:
,
1997
. 2007
.
,
. .
36
,
.
,
,
1997 . .
.
,
.
, . , -
.
, , -
, .2
, - . , 2008,
-: , ,
, , , , , .3
( ),
FIFA, UEFA
.
, , .., ,
,
, , , .4
,
.
, , , ,
, , . .
,
.
. Reuters
.
- 2009
,
, (, 2008: 51).
,
, ,5
.
.
-
.
.. ,
,
90 .
,
.
-
,
,
. ,
.
,
.
.
,
(tlvision de
rattrapage catch up TV),
, .
.
Yearly Sport Key Fact,
Eurodata TV Worldwide,
2007,
19%
, 16 .
2008. 22%
15%. ,
,
,
.
. Sfr
176
751
733
marketing
714
260
92
31
79
22
&
, ,
.
...
,
.
, , (31/03/08),
.. .
,
,
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.
, -,
.
, .
.
,
, ,
.
2001 , -
.
.
(Com 2007: 51).
Euro 2008
.
, .
38
(Com 2007), State aid E 3/2005 (ex- CP
2/2003, CP 232/2002, CP 43/2003, CP 243/2004 and CP 195/2004)
Financing of public service broadcasters in Germany, C (2007) 1761
final, Brussels, 24.04.2007, http://ec.europa.eu/comm/competition/
state_aid/register/ii/doc/E-3-2005-WLWL-en-24.04.2007.pdf.
Eurodata TV Worldwide (Eurodata 2008), One Television Year in the
World 2008 edition, www.mediametrie.fr, www.eurodatatv.com.
(), ,
newsletter, www.iom.gr.
Mdiamtrie (Mdiamtrie, 2009), Le sport, valeur refuge de la
tlvision, Audience Le Mag, 4 fvrier 2009, www.audiencelemag.fr.
. (, 2008)
, , - 2008,
. 48-51.
Westcott T. (Westcott, 2008), Global market for sports rights. Still
a growing business for broadcasters and rights holders, Screen
Digest, October 2008, p. 301-308.
1
,
, .
,
FIFA UEFA.
2
-
,
,
,
-.
3
1999 2002.
4
,
: ( San Remo),
(
).
5
-
, .
internet
TV
*
.
.
,
, , 1960
1 21
.
,
,
, , ,
,
. : TV anytime, anywhere, from any device and
any content ( , , ).
:
IP (
internet)
. -
TV ( ). ,
TV
54% ,
46%. , 1990
,
. premium ,
( 1),
.
V.O.D. OVER INTERNET
& CATCH-UP TV
, Video On Demand (VOD)
188 72% VOD . catch-up TV,1
*
39
internet
, TV
54%
,
46%.
,
1990 ,
. premium
, ( 1),
.
. :
62 catch-up TV , 11 IPTV, 8 , 2
1 . catch-up TV
,
. ,
,
TV . ,
, .., ,
, , .
catch-up TV
,
. .., RTL,
,
.
catch-up TV , (, .., -, . -, -), . catch-up TV
. , Hulu,
2007 Fox Studios NBC Universal. Hulu Fox Studios,
NBC Universal, Sony, MGM 15
Bravo, E!, FX, SciFi Sundance.
(portal) Hulu,
40
.
Hulu; , Hulu . , , catch-up
TV ,
, .
, .. banners,
, (billboard) , ,
.., .
catch-up TV
BBC
BBC Worldwide. , VOD
. .
catch-up TV
iPlayer, ,
iPlayer
.
.
, RAI. O
portals , 8
internet (web channels).
internet peer-to-peer (P2P)
P2P .
, P2PTV, P2P
video streams
P2P:
P2P
video streams .
(.., 8 Mbps)
. ,
, ,
.
P2PTV
(
) ,
, .
P2PTV
, 2009 14.000
. P2PTV Zattoo,
,
,
. 2006 4 .
2009 , , ,
, , , . ,
, , . - (geolocation) IP
, , ..,
.
ONLINE VIDEO
: .
,
DVD . ,
20% -
internet .
, , . . , ,
, internet
DVD
.
( , DVD
). online video
,
internet ,
online video. ,
internet.
LONG TAIL
. ( video on demand),
( live streaming)
. ,
on demand (.., ), (
).
(user generated content). ,
, ,
premium.
, ( , , .).
41
internet
. ,
DVD . ,
20%
internet
. ,
, . .
internet
premium .
premium,
(.., , , ,
, , ).
.
.
, ,
long tail, .
( , , , , ..)
. premium , .
, long tail
( ,
, )
. internet
. long tail
, (
). ,
broadcasters.
Pareto,
20% 80% ,
. 80% (
long tail) ( ) 20% .
42
, ,
IP
.
iPlayer
catch-up
TV
iPlayer BBC. (, .., TV , .., IPTV, Mobile TV
.). , 92% . (
).
BBC catch-up TV iPlayer. iPlayer
internet ( geolocation,
IP addresses . )
7 . iPlayer
, TV, ( , )
, .., Nintendo Wii.
iPlayer BBC
. ,
. , OFCOM,
(Market Impact Assessment). , BBC
Trust, BBC,
iPlayer (Public Value Assessment & Test).
iPlayer 2007.
, 350
streams downloads, 64%
35 .
CATCH-UP TV
catch-up TV
. ..
(
)
,
(convergence) - .
(linear) (non-linear)
.
, ,
.
, catch-up TV
,
,
. ,
,
.
, ,
. -
, ,
,
, , .
, .. internet , ;
.
,
.
:
( ).
internet . Apple
( streaming) portal iTunes
. /
(, .., , , ..) . Microsoft,
,
Windows
Media Centre PC Xbox 360
.
.
1
catch up TV - (non-linear) , (IPTV, mobile, , TV ..),
( ) ( ).
43
*
:
,
. ,
(. ), ,
.
:
, ,
.
, , ,
; , ,
, .
44
. ,
,
(, , ),
.
,
& 18 1,2
, . ,
, .
, - ,
.
, :
,
& 18 ,
,
. ,
,
.
(
/
;)
, , , ,
.
;
,
.
. , 93%
.
,
.3 , o
( / ),
.
,
-
.
,
. ,
,
.
,
,
,
. , ,
,
, ,
,
(Internet Addiction Disorder IAD).
,
1995 Ivan Goldberg. , , ,
(American Psychiatric
Association).
,
45
, , , , ,
.
, .
,
- . , 4
.4
.
(
),
,
( ),
,
5 (DSM-V) 2012.
, ,
.
, :
(role-playing games)
(Facebook, Bebo, MySpace)
(e-Bay)
, fora chats
(blogs)
,
(..,
)
, , ,
,
(, 2008).
,
, :
- / ,
, /
46
, o
( )
/
/
:
, , (Carpal
tunnel syndrome)
,
( )
( )
,
;
, , .
, ,
. . ,
, ,
, 13-30 (: 1/8). , , internet caf 2007,
.
: ,
,
.
, ,
,
, .
,
,
. ,
,
(.., Second Life).
:
, 9 .
2007.
. , 30% 18
( 2,4 . )
.
, ,
:
. , 5-10%,
,
/ .
, 1 .
.
,
,5 . ,
( ), . / ,
,
.
. ,
/ 10 .
, 15
1%, 20%
.6 ,
12-18 ,
8,2%
. ,
26,3%,
.7
18,
13%
(, , ). , 9% (-) . , 34%
,
(. ).
) .
.
: .
47
: 2005,
2006. ,
, - ,
.8
, ,
& , ,9
,10 ,
. , ,
:
, 8
.
) .
. 2004 , (-, ),
14-19 .
, , 2003,
,
. 28 ,
/
,
.
, ,
/ ( ) 6
30 .
)
, ,
, :
, 9 .
2007. . , 30%
18 ( 2,4
. )
. ,
,
: ,
,
,
.
, (
),
.
/ ,
,
.
, .
48
(),
(.., World of Warcraft).
, Sportingbet Plc,
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+ =
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.
1
&
18 , : ,
. , 2008. .
: 1300 , 12-18 .
2
(40%),
(23%), (13%)
(6%). . , . 3,
, . 41.
3
Media Literacy Audit Report on UK childrens media literacy,
Saville Rossiter-Base, OFCOM, 2008, London.
4
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV, text
revision (2000).
5
1. &
18 , ibid.
2. (...).
:
. , 2008, .
: 897 15 , .
3. .., ..,
. , ,
.: 2200 13-18 , .
6
(...).
. ibid..
7
.., ..,
. ibid..
8
Young,
IRABI, Pathological Internet Use, Internet Addiction Test (IAT)
CHEN Internet Addiction Scale CIAS.
9
50
.
10
25
.
:
, .
49
:
Jokela Kauhajoki ,
,
, , 9
;
: !
50
.
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:
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.
! . 1999 18 16.000
200.000 (Wilson).
!
,
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.
,1 :
,
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,
.
,
.2
, , ,
,
, , ,
(Slater,
2005). , ,
, (Thomas, Loader, 2002),
.
, .
,
(Wall, 1998).
51
Cyber Bullying
.
1/3
.
A
,
.
sites,
. ,
,
.
,
.
. , ,
.
. 1999,
3
4 . . , 2001,
online Wonderland Club,
. 2004
9 ,
.
! 2008, YouTube
.
10 . 2008
MySpace
, , .
, ,
.
52
:
Hate sites
,
,
, ,
. ,
. , . 2.750 2000
2004 11.000.3 ,
, ,
, .
Suicide Sites
H Internet Suicide
.
. internet
,
.
, ,
. . . ,
, ...
1.500 , .4
Cyber Bullying
Cyber Bullying
, ,
, . Bill Belsey,5 ,
/
. , . Cyber
Bullying
. 1/3 .6 A ,
. sites,
.
,
,
.
, .
Child Grooming
,
, ,
(Palmer, Stacey, 2004)
chatrooms .
. E -
2001 2004.7 7 sites ,
.8 ,
-
107.572 .9
.
15% .10
, ,
9.600 .
.
Child Grooming,
chatrooms
, .11
,
,
, ,
, , ,
, avatar12 Second Life! ,
, . , (.., )
(Slater, 2005).
, ,
. , ,
, , .
.
2001 43 ( ), ,
.13
(2006) .14 ( , 2011 20 .
),15 - .
(child grooming)
-.
53
.. 17 , Facebook MySpace,
, , cyber bullying grooming. YouTube
, MySpace 90.000
.
.. Safer Internet, cyber
bullying . Safer Internet
.
ENISA,
.
, ,
( ), .
, , , ..,
sites
Cyber Bullying.16 Safeline,
,
.
8,2%, 2006,
2008
80%. , www.saferinternet.gr www.safenet.
org.gr.
. ,
2008
.
,
,
. , (1961)
- .17
54
, .
, , , ,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
Google, Microsoft, Yahoo, Facebook MySpace.
,
. .
.
, ;
,
, ,
, .
, ,
,
:
, , .
.
(child grooming)
-.
.. , 17 ,
Facebook MySpace,
, ,
cyber bullying grooming. , You Tube
, MySpace
90.000
.
,
, 26, 30, 49, 52.
Palmer, Tink, Stacey, Lisa (2004), Just one click. Barnardos, UK.
Palmer, Tink, Sexual exploitation via the Internet - the clinical
challenges Report; Children and Young Person swith Abusive
and Violent Experiences Connected to Cyberspace Challenges for
Research, Rehabilitation, Prevention and Protection, Swedish
Childrens Welfare Foundation and the Working Group for
Cooperation on Children at Risk under the Council of the Baltic Sea
States, www.barnhuset.com
Samuel Slater, The Commodification of Violence on the Internet:
An analysis of 166 websites containing commodified violence
Internet Journal of Criminology, 2005.
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law enforcement, security and surveillance in the information age.
London: Routledge.
Wall, D. (1998). Policing and the Regulation of the Internet,
Walker, C. (eds.), Criminal Law Review Special Edition. London:
Sweet & Maxwell.
Wilson Samantha, http://www.kidproofusa.com/S
www.safeline.gr
www. theregister.co.uk
1
. G.G. Sparks, Cheri W. Sparks (2002), Effects of Media Violence, in Media Effects, Advances in Theory and Research,
Lawrence Elbraum Associates.
2
David Buckingham Henry Jenkins .
3
http://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/05/10/hate_websites_flourish/
4
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/3497263/Teenager-commits-suicide-live-on-internet-as-1500-watch.html
5
http://wiki.media-culture.org.au/index.php/Youth_Culture_and_New_Technologies_-_Cyber_bullying
6
Pew Internet Project.
7
COPINE Project (Combating Paedophile Information Networks in Europe).
8
. sites , . 26: 5.
9
http://news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_ell_2_28/01/2009_301110
10
Global Internet Trend Report.
11
- , Safer Internet Hellas.
12
avatar , (.., computer games)
internet forums.
13
http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/185.htm
14
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Cybercrime
15
http://www.enisa.europa.eu/
16
. 1 4 , . 30: 6.
17
. : , . 49: 6.
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/ .
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: 1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
8. 9. DVD 10.
11. 12.
(Internet) 13. 14. 15.
16. 17.
;
;
.
.
,
. Y
, .
,
,
.
: / William Leiss, Stephen Kline,
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2. 3.
: 1.
,
. 2. .
3. . 4. . 5.
. 6. . 7.
.
/ . :
, 2007. 203 ., 1421 ., ISBN: 978960-03-4547-6. : 1.
2. 3.
. ,
, , ,
56
, ,
,
.
: ENGLISH-GREEK
AND GREEK-ENGLISH DICTIONARY OF LAW
TERMS / H. Caratzas & H. Zombola. :
, 2003. 524 ., 1421 .,
ISBN: 978-960-272-196-4. : 1. .
. , , , ,
,
. ,
1975/1986/2001, 2001
.
: / Jan-Uwe
Rogge. . & . : , 2007. 256 ., 1421
., ISBN: 978-960-349-112-5. ( : . 13) : 1. 2. 3. 4.
: - ;
-
- ; -
; -
V; -
; - ; - ;
, Dr. JanUwe Rogge .
,
: :
(
). :
, .
.
INTERNET: GOOGLE & YAHOO:
WEB / . : -