nh Tuyn RIP

1. Gii thiu v inh tuyn

nh tuyn l qu trnh tm ng i cho gi tin, chuyn n t mng ny sang mng khc.
nh tuyn l mt chc nng khng th thiu c ca mng vin thng trong qu trnh thc
hin kt ni cc cuc gi trong mng, v n cng c coi l phn trung tm ca kin trc mng,
thit k mng v iu hnh qun tr mng. Mng hin i hin nay c xu hng hi t cc dch
v mng, yu cu t ra t pha ngi s dng l rt a dng v phc tp, mt trong nhng gii
php cn thit cho mng vin thng hin i l cc phng php nh tuyn ph hp nng cao
hiu nng mng.
Cc phng php nh tuyn ng thc s hiu qu hn trong cc cu hnh mng mi ny, cho
php ngi s dng tham gia mt phn vo qu trnh qun l mng, tng thm tnh ch ng,
mm do p ng tt hn yu cu ngi s dng dch v.

1.1 nh tuyn tnh

nh tuyn tnh do ngi qun tr phi cu hnh c nh cc thng tin n cc mng khc cho
router. Quyt nh nh tuyn tnh khng da trn s nh gi lu lng v topo mng hin
thi.Trong mi trng IP cc b nh tuyn khng th pht hin ra cc b nh tuyn mi, chng
ch c th chuyn gi tin ti cc b nh tuyn c ch nh ca nh qun l mng.Khi cu trc
mng c bt k thay i no th ngi qun tr mng phi xa hoc thm cc thng tin v ng
i cho router. Cc ng i ny l c nh nn trong h thng mng ln vic bo tr bng nh
tuyn cho router tn rt nhiu thi gian. nh tuyn tnh l cch nh tuyn khng linh hot nn
thng ph hp vi h thng mng nh hoc tuyn n t c bin i v thng tin nh tuyn.
Trong nh tuyn tnh , sau khi cu hnh ng i l c nh . Khi thay i trong mng phi cu
hnh li . Ph hp vi mng nh . Rt kh trin khai trong mng ln Hot ng ca nh tuyn
tnh gm ba bc chnh sau:
- Ngi qun tr cu hnh cc ng i c nh cho router.
- Router ci t cc thng tin ny vo bng nh tuyn.
- Gi tin c nh tuyn theo cc ng c nh c ci t.
Lnh ip route dng cu hnh ng c nh cho router :
- ip route dest_net subnet_mask interface [distance_metric]
- dest_net : l a ch cn c nh tuyn.
- subnet_mask : l subnet mask ca dest_net.
- interface : c th l cng ra hoc l a ch IP ca trm k.
- distance_metric : l ch s u tin khi nh tuyn.

1.2 nh tuyn ng
nh tuyn ng la chn tuyn da trn thng tin trng thi hin thi ca mng. Thng tin trng
thi c th o hoc d on v tuyn ng c th thay i khi topo mng hoc lu lng mng
thay i. Thng tin nh tuyn c cp nht t ng vo trong cc bng nh tuyn ca cc
node mng trc tuyn, v p ng tnh thi gian thc nhm trnh tc nghn cng nh ti u hiu
nng mng. nh tuyn ng ph hp i vi mng ln,thng bin i trong qu trnh hot
ng.
Giao thc nh tuyn c s dng giao tip gia cc router vi nhau . Giao thc nh tuyn
cho php router chia s cc thng tin nh tuyn m n bit cho cc router khc.T router c
th xy dng v bo tr bng nh tuyn ca n. Mt s giao thc nh tuyn ng thng c
s dng nh : RIP, IGRP, EIGRP , OSPF, BRP.
Giao thc c nh tuyn th c s dng nh hng d liu ca ngi dng.Giao thc
c nh tuyn s m t cc thng tin v a ch lp mng gi tin c th truyn t host ny
n host khc.Cc giao thc c nh tuyn nh IP, IPX.
H thng t qun (AS : Autonomous system) l mt tp hp cc mng hot ng di cng c
ch qun tr v nh tuyn.T bn ngoi nhn vo AS nh l mt n v.Vi h thng t qun
AS,ton b h thng mng ton cu s c chia thnh nhiu h thng mng nh hn.Mi AS c
mt s AS ring v c c ch qun tr ring ca mnh.Giao thc c s dng bn trong mi AS
gi l giao thc nh tuyn ni vi IGP (Interior Gateway Prototcol).
thc hin nh tuyn gia cc AS vi nhau chng ta phi s dng mt giao thc ring gi l
giao thc nh tuyn ngoi vi EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol).

2. Phn loi cc giao thc nh tuyn:
2.1. nh tuyn theo vect khong cch:
L chn ng theo hng v vect khong cch ti ch.
Gii thut nh tuyn theo vect khong cch (hay cn gi l thut ton Bellman-Ford) yu cu
mi router gi mt phn hoc ton b thng tin bng nh tuyn cho cc router lng ging kt
ni trc tip vi n.Da vo cc thng tin ,gii thut vect khong cch s tm ng i tt
nht.
Hot ng ca giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch thng tn t ti nguyn ca h
thng nhng tc ng b gia cc router li chm v nhng thng s ng i c th khng
ph hp khi p dng cho nhng h thng mng ln.
Cc router s trao i thng tin bng nh tuyn cho nhau theo nh k.
Khi nhn c thng tin v bng nh tuyn ca router lng ging, router s chn con ng
n mng ch c chi ph thp nht v cng thm khong cch ca mnh vo thnh mt thng
tin hon chnh v con ng ti mng ch v hng i, sau a vo bng nh tuyn ca n,
ri gi thng tin bng nh tuyn cp nht cho cc router tip theo.

2.2. nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt:
L chn ng ngn nht da trn cu trc ca ton b h thng mng.
Gii thut chn ng i theo trng thi ng lin kt thc hin trao i thng tin nh tuyn
cho tt c router khi bt u chy xy dng thnh mt bn y v h thng mng.
Cc gi tin mang thng tin v cc mng kt ni vo router ca router s c gi ti tt c cc
router khc.
Mi router s thu thp tt c cc thng tin t tt c cc router khc xy dng thnh mt bn
v h thng mng.Sau router s t tnh ton v chn ng i tt nht n cc mng ch
a vo bng nh tuyn.
Sau khi ton b cc router hi t th chng ch gi gi tin nh v s thay i ca mng ti
tt c cc router khc.V n khng gi ton b thng tin ca bng nh tun nn tc hi t
nhanh.
Tiu tn nhiu ti nguyn ca h thng.
Thng t b li v nh tuyn.
C kh nng m rng hn so vi nh tuyn theo vect khong cch.

3. c im ca mt s giao thc nh tuyn IP:
3.1. RI P (Routing I nformation Protocol)
- L giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch.
- S dng s lng hop lm thng s chn ng i.
- Nu s lng hop ti ch ln hn 15 th gi tin s b hy b.
- RIP khng s dng cho h thng mng ln v phc tp. - Nu gi d liu n mng ch c s
lng hop ln hn 15 th gi d liu s b hy b.
- Chu k cp nht mc nh l 30 giy.
- RIP c hai phin bn l RIP version-1 (RIPv1) v RIP version-2 (RIPv2).

3.1.1. RI Pv1
3.1.1.1. c im
RIPv1 (RIP phin bn 1) l giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch nn qung b ton b
bng nh tuyn ca n cho cc router lng ging theo nh k. Chu k cp nht ca RIP l 30
giy. Thng s nh tuyn ca RIP l s lng hop, gi tr ti a l 15 hop.
RIPv1 l giao thc nh tuyn theo lp a ch. Khi RIP router nhn thng tin v mt mng no
t mt cng, trong thng tin nh tuyn ny khng c thng tin v subnet mask i km. Do
router s ly subnet mask ca cng p dng cho a ch mng m n nhn c t cng ny.
Nu subnet mask ny khng ph hp th n s ly subnet mask mc nh theo lp a ch p
dng cho a ch mng m n nhn c.
a ch lp A c subnet mask mc nh l 255.0.0.0
a ch lp B c subnet mask mc nh l 255.255.0.0
a ch lp C c subnet mask mc nh l 255.255.255.0
RIPv1 l giao thc nh tuyn c s dng ph bin v mi router IP u h tr giao thc ny.
RIPv1 c ph bin v tnh n gin v tnh tng thch ton cu ca n. (RIP l chun m,
khng phi ca ring Cisco).
RIPv1 c th chia ti ra ti a l 6 ng c cost (chi ph) bng nhau (mc nh l 4 ng).

3.1.1.2. Mt s hn ch ca RIPv1
- Khng gi thng tin subnet mask trong thng tin nh tuyn
- Gi qung b thng tin nh tuyn theo a ch 255.255.255.255
- Khng h tr xc minh thng tin nhn c
- Khng h tr VLSM v CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing)

3.1.1.3. Cc bc cu hnh RIPv1
a. Cu hnh giao thc nh tuyn RIP:
router(config)# router rip
b. Ch nh mng s dng giao thc nh tuyn RIP:
router(config-router)# network { network}
c. Thay i cc gi tr timer lm tng hiu qu cc tin trnh x l ca RIP:
router(config-router)# timers basic update invalid holddown flush
V d: router(config-router)# timers basic 20 60 60 120
Mc nh cc gi tr timer ln lt l 30,180,180,240. Gi tr u tin l update timer ch thi
gian cp nht nh tuyn RIP. Gi tr invalid timer nn gp 3 ln gi tr update timer. Gi tr
holddown timer gp 3 ln gi tr update timer. Gi tr flush timer gp 6 ln gi tr update timer.

3.1.2. RI P v 2
3.1.2.1. c im
- Giao thc nh tuyn theo vector khong cch.
- S dng UPD port 520 (c source port v destination port)
- Hot ng theo c ch Auto-Summarization trn cc border router
- Giao thc nh tuyn dng Classless (h tr VLSM)
- C th tt tnh nng Auto-Summariztion v thc hin Manual Summarization
- H tr VLSM
- Metric s dng Hop-count
- Gi tr Hop-count ln nht l 15; infinite (unreachable) routes c metric l 6
- Gi tin Update gi theo chu k 30s ti a ch multicast 224.0.0.9
- Mi gi tin RIP mang thng tin ti a 25 route (24 route nu s dng tnh nng xc thc _
authentication)
- Invalid route c nh du sau 180s
- Flush timer l 240s
- Hold-down timer : 180s
- H tr c ch xc thc (authentication)
- H tr tnh nng split horizon kt hp poison reverse
- H tr tnh nng triggered update
- Subnet mask c gi km trong gi tin updates
- AD : 120
- c s dng trong nhng mng nh, phng (flat : khng phn cp nh IS-IS hay OSPF)

3.1.2.2.Cc bc cu hnh RIPv2
a. Cu hnh giao thc nh tuyn RIP:
router(config)# router rip
b. Ch nh mng s dng giao thc nh tuyn RIP:
router(config-router)# network {network}
c. Cu hnh router cho php gi RIPv1 v RIPv2. Mc nh, router ch gi i RIPv1 nhng c
th nhn v RIPv1 v RIPv2.
router(config-router)# version 2
router(config-router)#exit
Do nhng c im trn, nn RIP ch c s dng nhng mng c kin trc nh vi kin trc
n gin, RIP rt t c s dng trong nhng m hnh mng ln.

3.2. So snh gia RI Pv1 v RI Pv2:
3.2.1. Ging nhau:
- Cu hnh n gin
- nh tuyn theo vect khong cch
- Cp nht bng nh tuyn theo chu k 30 giy
- trnh lp vng,RIP s dng ti a s hop chuyn gi l 15 hop
- S dng c ch split horizon chng lp vng.
- S dng thi gian holddown chng lp vng.
3.2.2. Khc nhau:

I. M hnh


nh Tuyn RIP
II. Mc tiu ca bi lab

t a ch IP cho cc interface trn cc Router R1, R2 v R3. Cu hnh RIP cc router ny c
th lin lc c vi nhau.
1. Cu hnh khi to cho cc thit b mng, cu hnh cc interface ca router.
t tn thit b.
Cu hnh banner motd
Cu hnh password cho console, telnet, Privileged, enable password, m ha mt khu
file cu hnh.
Cu hnh a ch IP
Cu hnh description
Cu hnh enable cc interface

2. Ping qua li gia cc interface c kt ni trc tip vi nhau.
3. Thit lp giao thc nh tuyn RIP trn cc router.
4. Xem bng nh tuyn (routing table).
5. Kim tra cc router c th ping qua li ln nhau.

III. Cu hnh chi tit

1. Cu hnh khi to cho cc thit b mng, cu hnh cc interface ca router.
*Cu hnh trn R1
- Cu hnh t tn thit b
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#hostname R1
R1(config)#
- Cu hnh Banner motd
R1(config)#banner motd "BACHKHOA-NPOWER"
- Cu hnh console
R1(config)#line console 0
R1(config-line)#password cisco
R1(config-line)#logging synchronous
R1(config-line)#exit
- Cu hnh telnet
R1(config)#line vty 0 4
R1(config-line)#password cisco
R1(config-line)#login
R1(config-line)#exit
- Cu hnh password privileged
R1(config)#enable secret bachkhoa-npower
- Cu hnh enable password
R1(config)#enable password cisco123
- Cu hnh m ha mt khu trong file cu hnh
R1(config)#service password-encryption
- Cu hnh cc interface ca route
R1(config)#interface serial 0/1
R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#description "R1 Connection to R2"
R1(config-if)#no shut
R1(config-if)#clock rate 64000
R1(config-if)#exit

R1(config)#interface loopback 0
R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#end
*Cu hnh trn R2
- Cu hnh t tn thit b
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#hostname R2
R2(config)#
- Cu hnh Banner motd
R2(config)#banner motd "BACHKHOA-NPOWER"
- Cu hnh console
R2(config)#line console 0
R2(config-line)#password cisco
R2(config-line)#logging synchronous
R2(config-line)#exit
- Cu hnh telnet
R2(config)#line vty 0 4
R2(config-line)#password cisco
R2(config-line)#login
R2(config-line)#exit
- Cu hnh password privileged
R2(config)#enable secret bachkhoa-npower
- Cu hnh enable password
R2(config)#enable password cisco123
- Cu hnh m ha mt khu trong file cu hnh
R2(config)#service password-encryption
- Cu hnh cc interface ca route
R2(config)#interface serial 0/0
R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#description "R2 Connection to R1"
R2(config-if)#no shut
R2(config-if)#exit

R2(config)#interface serial 0/1
R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#description "R2 Connection to R3"
R2(config-if)#no shut
R2(config-if)#clock rate 64000
R2(config-if)#end
*Cu hnh trn R3
- Cu hnh t tn thit b
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#hostname R3
R3(config)#
- Cu hnh Banner motd
R3(config)#banner motd "BACHKHOA-NPOWER"
- Cu hnh console
R3(config)#line console 0
R3(config-line)#password cisco
R3(config-line)#logging synchronous
R3(config-line)#exit
- Cu hnh telnet
R3(config)#line vty 0 4
R3(config-line)#password cisco
R3(config-line)#login
R3(config-line)#exit
- Cu hnh password privileged
R3(config)#enable secret bachkhoa-npower
- Cu hnh enable password
R3(config)#enable password cisco123
- Cu hnh m ha mt khu trong file cu hnh
R3(config)#service password-encryption
- Cu hnh cc interface ca route
R3(config)#interface serial 0/0
R3(config-if)#ip address 192.168.3.2 255.255.255.0
R3(config-if)#description "R3 Connection to R2"
R3(config-if)#no shut
R1(config-if)#exit

R3(config)#interface loopback 0
R3(config-if)#ip address 192.168.4.1 255.255.255.0
R3(config-if)#end
R3#

2. Ping qua li gia cc interface c kt ni trc tip vi nhau.
*ng trn R1:
R1#ping 192.168.2.2
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.2.2, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 4/5/6 ms
R1#
*ng trn R2:
R2#ping 192.168.2.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.2.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/2/4 ms
R2#ping 192.168.3.2
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.3.2, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 2/3/5 ms
R2#
*ng trn R3:
R3#ping 192.168.3.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.3.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 2/3/4 ms
R3#

3. Thit lp giao thc nh tuyn RI P trn cc router.
*ng trn R1:
R1#configure terminal
R1(config)#router rip
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0
R1(config-router)#end
R1#
*ng trn R2:
R2#configure terminal
R2(config)#router rip
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.3.0
R2(config-router)#end
R2#
*ng trn R3:
R
3#configure terminal
R3(config)#router rip
R3(config-router)#network 192.168.3.0
R3(config-router)#network 192.168.4.0
R3(config-router)#end
R3#
4. Xem bng nh tuyn (routing table).
*ng trn R1:
R1#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/1
R 192.168.3.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.2.2, 00:00:02, Serial0/1
R 192.168.4.0/24 [120/2] via 192.168.2.2, 00:00:02, Serial0/1
R1#
ng trn R2:
R2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.2.1, 00:00:20, Serial0/0
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/1
R 192.168.4.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.3.2, 00:00:02, Serial0/1
R2#

*ng trn R3:
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/2] via 192.168.3.1, 00:00:01, Serial0/0
R 192.168.2.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.3.1, 00:00:01, Serial0/0
C 192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 192.168.4.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0
R3#
5. Kim tra cc router c th ping qua li ln nhau.
*ng trn R1:
R1#ping 192.168.3.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.3.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 3/3/6 ms
R1#ping 192.168.3.2
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.3.2, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 7/8/13 ms
R1#ping 192.168.4.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.4.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 5/7/10 ms
R1#

*ng trn R2:
R2#ping 192.168.1.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 2/4/6 ms
R2#ping 192.168.4.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.4.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 2/3/4 ms
R2#

*ng trn R3:
R3#ping 192.168.2.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.2.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 6/8/10 ms

R3#ping 192.168.2.2
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.2.2, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 2/3/5 ms

R3#ping 192.168.1.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 5/7/11 ms
R3#