N TP CHNG 2:HA 10 NC

H THNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC

CH 1: V TR NGUYN T TRONG BNG HTTH
STT nhm A= S e lp ngoi cng
STT Chu k = s lp e
STT ca nguyn t = s p, s e.
Ha tr cao nht ca nguyn t trong hp cht vi oxi = STT nhm A
Ha tr trong hp cht vi H = 8- STT nhm A.
CH 2: XC NH V SO SNH TNH KIM LOI & TNH PHI KIM
Xc nh nguyn t l phi kim hay kim loi.
- Cc nguyn t c 1, 2, 3 e lp ngoi cng l kim loi (tr hiro, heli, bo).
- Cc nguyn t c 5, 6, 7 electron lp ngoi cng l phi kim.
- Cc nguyn t c 8 electron lp ngoi cng l kh him.
- Cc nguyn t c 4 electron lp ngoi cng nu chu k nh l phi kim, chu k ln l kim loi.
CH 3: TON V XC NH TN NGUYN T TRONG BNG HTTH
Dng 1: Tm tn 2 nguyn t da vo tng s p v v tr ca chng trong bng h thng tun hon.
* Hai nguyn t k tip trong cng 1 chu k: (ZB > ZA)
Ta c : ZB =ZA+1 Hay ZA ZB = -1
* Hai nguyn t thuc 2 chu k lin tip trong cng mt phn nhm :(ZB > ZA)
- Trng hp1:
Ta c : ZB =ZA+8 Hay ZA ZB = - 8
- Trng hp 2:
Ta c : ZB =ZA+18 Hay ZA ZB = -18
Dng 2:Tm tn nguyn t da vo thnh phn % ca mt nguyn t trong hp cht
Dng 3: Xc nh nguyn t da vo v tr ca nguyn t &Tnh theo PTHH
Cch gii : Xc nh NTK hay NTK trung bnh t suy ra tn kim loi
CC BI TP P DNG
Bi 1:
a/ Nguyn t R c tng s ht trong nguyn t l 52, s ht khng mang in gp 1,059 ln s ht mang in
dng. Xc nh v tr ca R trong bng HTTH.
b/ Nguyn t ca mt nguyn t A c tng s ht proton, ntron, electron l 48, trong s ht mang in
gp hai ln s ht khng mang in. Vit cu hnh electron&xc nh v tr ca A trong bng tun hon.
Bi 2: Tng s ht c bn trong nguyn t ca mt nguyn t l 34.
a/ Xc nh nguyn t khi ca nguyn t .Vit cu hnh e ca nguyn t ?
c/ Nguyn t l kim loi hay phi kim.Cho bit v tr ca nguyn t trong bng HTTH?
Bi 3:
a/ Cho cc nguyn t A, B, C, D c s hiu nguyn t ln lt l 3, 11, 12, 13. Xc nh v tr ca chng trong
bng HTTH v sp xp chng theo chiu tnh kim loi tng dn?
b/ Cho cc nguyn t A, B, C, D c s hiu nguyn t ln lt l 6, 9, 14, 17. Xc nh v tr ca chng trong
bng HTTH v sp xp chng theo chiu tnh phi kim loi tng dn?
Bi 4: Cho bit R c Z = 35.
a/ Xc nh v tr ca R trong bng HTTH, CT oxit cao nht, hidroxit cao nht, hp cht vi H v tnh cht ca
cc hp cht ny?
b/So snh tnh cht hp cht ca R vi cc hp cht ca 2 nguyn t trn v di R trong cng nhm.
Bi 5: Cho X (Z = 15); Y (Z = 20); M (Z = 25)
Xc nh cu hnh e, v tr cc nguyn t => Tnh kim loi, phi kim, cng thc oxit cao nht v hidroxit tng
ng; cng thc hp cht vi Hidro?
Bi 6: Mt nguyn t R c tng s cc ht l 48.
a/Cho bit tn v xc nh v tr ca R trong bng HTTH?
b/ Vit CTHH ca oxit v hidroxit ng vi ha tr cao nht ca R, cho bit tnh cht ca cc cht ny?
Bi 7:
1/ Mt s nguyn t c cu hnh e nh sau:
a. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
1
b. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
c. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5

d. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
e. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
4p
1

Xc nh v tr ca chng trong bng HTTH. Nguyn t no l kim loi? phi kim? Kh him?
2/ Vit cu hnh e cc nguyn t c s th t: 19, 35, 52, 24 v cho bit v tr ca chng trong bng HTTH?
Tnh kim loi, phi kim ca mi nguyn t?
3/ Sp xp theo chiu tnh kim loi tng dn ca Mg, Ca, Al, Si.
4/ Nguyn t Mg ( Z=12) trong bng tun hon. Hy cho bit:
1. Tnh kim loi hay phi kim?
2. Ha tr cao nht vi oxi?
3. Cng thc oxit cao nht .
4. So snh tnh cht ha hc ca Mg, Na, Al.
5/ Cho nguyn t Br (Z=35) trong BTH. Cho bit:
1. Vit cu hnh e ,cho bit tnh kim loi hay phi kim?
2. Ha tr cao nht vi oxi, hidro?
3. So snh tnh cht ha hc Cl, Br, I?
Bi 8: Cho ba nguyn t A, B, C thuc nhm A trong bng HTTH. Nguyn t B thuc cng chu k vi A, A v B
thuc hai nhm lin tip, C v A cng thuc 1 nhm v hai chu k lin tip. Hirxit ca C,A,B c tnh Baz
gim dn theo th t . Nguyn t A c 2 e lp ngoi cng thuc phn lp 3s. Xc nh v tr ca A,B,C trong
bng HTTH ?Sp xp cc nguyn t trn theo th t tnh kim loi tng dn v gii thch.
Bi 9:
1/ Mt nguyn t X thuc chu k 3, nhm VIA trong bng tun hon.
a/Nguyn t X c bao nhiu e lp ngoi cng?
b/Cc e lp ngoi cng nhng phn lp no?
c/ Vit s e ca tng lp?
d/Cho bit s n v in tch ht nhn ca X?
2/ Nguyn t X c s hiu nguyn t l 35. Hy cho bit:
a/ Nguyn t X chu k no, nhm no?
b/ Tnh cht ha hc c trng ca n?
c/ Cng thc oxit cao nht, cng thc ca hp cht kh vi H
3/ C 3 nguyn t X, Y, Z. Bit X chu k 3, phn nhm chnh nhm VI; Y chu k 4, phn nhm chnh nhm
VIII; Z chu k 5, phn nhm chnh nhm I.
a.Vit cu hnh e. Cho bit s lp e, s e trn mi lp ca mi nguyn t?
b.Nguyn t no l kim loi, phi kim, kh tr? V sao?
c.Cho bit tn mi nguyn t.
Bi 10 :
a/ X, Y l hai nguyn t thuc cng phn nhm v hai chu k lin tip trong bng HTTH. Tng s proton trong
hai ht nhn nguyn t X, Y bng 30. X, Y l nguyn t no? Vit cu hnh e ca X, Y?
b/ Hai nguyn t X, Y ng k tip nhau trong mt chu k thuc bng tun hon, c tng in tch dng ht
nhn l 25. V tr ca X v Y trong bng tun hon l v tr no?
c/ A v B l 2 nguyn t lin tip nhau trong cng mt chu k. Tng s p trong hai ht nhn l 49. Vit cu hnh
e v xc nh v tr ca A, B trong bng HTTH?
f/ C 3 nguyn t A , B , C cng trong phn nhm chnh A v c 3 nguyn t ny u thuc 3 chu k lin tip.
Tng ht p ca A , B , C bng 70. Gi tn cc nguyn t A , B , C.
Bi 11: Hai nguyn t X,Y thuc hai nhm k tip trong bng HTTH cc nguyn t; Y thuc nhm V. trng
thi n cht chng khng phn ng vi nhau. Tng s in tch dng ht nhn ca ca hai nguyn t l
23.Xc nh hai nguyn t .
Bi 12: X v Y l hai nguyn t nm k tip nhau trong mt phn nhm chnh ca bng h thng tun hon
.Tng s proton trong hai ht nhn ca chng bng 58.
a) Hy vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t X v Y
b) T hy xc nh v tr ca X v Y trong bng tun hon.
Bi 13: Cho 3 nguyn t A, B, C (ZA < ZB < ZC).
- A, B cng mt phn nhm chnh v 2 chu k kin tip trong bng tun hon.
- B, C l 2 nguyn t k cn nhau trong 1 chu k.
- Tng s proton trong 2 ht nhn A, B l 24.
Xc nh A, B, C v v tr ca A, B, C trong bng h thng tun hon.
Bi 14: Ba nguyn t X, Y, Z trong cng mt chu k c tng s hiu nguyn t l 39. S hiu nguyn t ca Y
bng trung bnh cng s hiu nguyn t ca X v Z. Nguyn t ca ba nguyn t trn hu nh khng phn ng
vi nc nhit thng.
a. Xc nh tn ,v tr ca cc nguyn t trn trong bng HTHTH , nu tnh cht c bn tng nguyn t.
b.So snh m in, bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t .
Bi 15: X, Y, R, A, B theo th t l 5 nguyn t lin tip trong bng h thng tun hon. Tng in tch ht
nhn l 90 (X c s in tch ht nhn nh nht).
a. Xc nh X, Y, R, A, B.
b.Vit cu hnh electron X
2-
, Y
-
, R, A
+
, B
2+
. So snh bn knh ca chng v gii thch.
Bi 16:
a/ Oxit ca mt nguyn t ng vi cng thc l R2O5. Hp cht ca nguyn t vi H c 8,82% H v khi
lng. Xc nh R?
b/ Hp cht kh vi H ca mt nguyn t ng vi cng thc RH3. Oxit cao nht ca n cha 25,93%R. Gi tn
nguyn t ?
c/ Hp cht kh vi H ca mt nguyn t ng vi cng thc RH4. Oxit cao nht ca n cha 53,3%O. Gi tn
nguyn t ?
Bi 17: M thuc nhm IIIA. Trong oxit bc cao nht ca M, oxi chim 47,05% khi lng. X thuc nhm VIA,
trong oxit bc cao nht, X chim 40% v khi lng. Xc nh tn ca nguyn t M v X. Vit CTPT ca cc oxit
trn?
Bi 18: Nguyn t R c ho tr cao nht vi oxi gp 3 ln ho tr trong hp cht vi hidro. T khi hi ca oxit
cao nht so vi hp cht kh hidro l 2,353. Tm tn nguyn t R?
Bi 19:
a/ Cho 0,6g mt kim loi nhm IIA tc dng vi nc to thnh 0,336 lt kh hiro (ktc). Kim loi l kim
loi no?
b/ Nguyn t M, thuc phn nhm IIA, 6g M tc dng ht vi nc thu c 6,16 lt hiro (27,3
o
C, 1atm), M l
nguyn t no ?
Bi 20: Cho 6,9gam mt kim loi X thuc nhm IA tc dng vi nc, ton b kh thu c cho tc dng vi
CuO un nng. Sau phn ng thu c 9,6g ng kim loi. X l nguyn t no?
Bi 21:Khi cho 8,8g mt hn hp hai kim loi nm hai chu k lin tip nhau v thuc nhm IIIA, tc dng vi
dung dch HCl d th thu c 6,72lt kh hidro ktc. Hai kim loi l kim loi no?
Bi 22:Hn hp X gm hai kim loi A v B hai chu k k tip nhau ca nhm IIA. Ly 0,88g X cho ho tan
hon ton trong dung dch HCl d, thu c 0,672 lt (ktc) v dung dch Y. C cn dung dch Y thu c m
gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m v tn ca hai kim loi A, B?
Bi 23: Cho 3,1 gam hn hp 2 kim loi kim hai chu k lin tip tc dng ht vi nc, ta thu c 1,12 lt
kh ktc. Xc nh 2 kim loi v % theo khi lng ca chng trong hn hp?
Bi 24: Ha tan hon ton 20 gam hh hai kim loi kim th A, B thuc hai chu k lin tip vo dd HCl d thu
c 15,68 lt kh ktc. Xc nh tn hai kim loi kim th v thnh phn % v khi lng ca mi kim loi
trong hh?
Bi 25: Cho 2 gam hh hai kim loi hai chu k lin tip v thuc phn nhm chnh nhm II tc dng ht vi dd
H2SO4 10% ri c cn thu c 8,72 gam hh 2 mui khan.
a/ Xc nh 2 kim loi ?
b/ Tnh khi lng dd H2SO4 dng?
Bi 26: A v B l nguyn t hai chu k lin tip v thuc cng 1 phn nhm chnh, B di A. Cho 8 gam B
tan hon ton trong 242,4g nc thu c 4,48 lt kh H2 ktc v dd M.
a/ Xc nh A, B v vit cu hnh e ca hai nguyn t?
b/ Tnh C% ca dd M?
Bi 27: Cho 0,345 gam mt kim loi c ha tr khng i tc dng vi nc thu c 168ml kh H2 ktc. Tm
tn kim loi v xc nh v tr ca n trong bng HTTH?
Bi 28:Ha tan 28,4 gam 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi ha tr II bng dung dch HCl d thu c 6,72 lt kh
ktc v dd A.
a/ Xc nh hai kim loi, bit chng hai chu k lin tip nhau trong phn nhm chnh nhm II?
b/ Tnh khi lng mui c trong dd A?
c/ Tnh % theo khi lng mi mui trong hh u?
Bi 29: Cho 7,2 gam hn hp 2 mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi kim th thuc 2 chu k lin tip tc dng vi
dung dch HCl d thy thot ra kh B. Cho kh B hp th ht vo dung dch Ba(OH)2 d thu c 15,76g kt ta.
Xc nh 2 mui cacbonat v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca chng?
Bi 30: Ha tan 2,84gam hh hai mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi kim th thuc 2 chu k lin tip tc dng vi
dung dch HCl d thu c dung dch A v kh B. C cn dd A thu c 3,17g mui khan.
a/ Xc nh tn hai kim loi?
b/ Tnh th tch kh B ktc?
Bi 31: Ha tan hon ton 14,2g hai mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi A, B lin tip nhau trong nhm IIA bng
lng va dd H2SO4. Sau p thu c 3,36 lt kh ktc. Xc nh CTPT ca hai mui v % v k.l ca mi
mui trong hh?
Bi 32: Y l hidroxit ca nguyn t M thuc nhm IA hoc IIA hoc IIIA. Cho 80g dd 5% ca Y phn ng ht
vi dd HCl ri c cn thu c 5,85 gam mui khan. Xc nh Y?
Bi 33: Ha tan mt oxit kim loi ha tr II bng mt lng va dd H2SO4 20% thu c dd mui c nng
21,9%. Tm cng thc ca oxit kim loi ?
Bi 34: Mt hp cht cu to t cation M
+
v anion X
2-
. Trong phn t M2X c tng s ht p, n, e l 140. Trong
s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 44 ht. S khi ca ion M
+
ln hn s khi ca ion
X
2-
l 23. Tng s ht trong ion M+ nhiu hn trong ion X
2-
l 31.
a)Vit cu hnh electron cc ion M
+
v X
2-
.
b)Xc nh v tr ca M v X trong bng tun tun hon
Bi 35: Mt hp cht A c cng thc MX2, trong M chim 46,67% v khi lng. M l mt kim loi, X l phi
kim chu k 3. Trong ht nhn M c n p = 4, trong ht nhn ca X c n= p. Tng s proton trong MX2l 58.
Hy xc nh M , X v v tr ca chng trong bng h thng tun hon.
CHNG 3: LIN KT HA HC
CH 1: LIN KT ION
Kim loi nhng e ion dng
M M
n+
+ ne
Phi kim nhn e ion m
A+ ne A
n-

Bi tp 1: Gii thch s hnh thnh lin kt ion trong cc phn t sau: KCl, CaCl2, Al2O3,MgO,K2O.
Bi tp 2: Khng dng BTH d on cng thc ha hc v lin kt hnh thnh ca cc hp cht to bi cc
nguyn t sau: a. A(Z=20) v B(Z=8) b. X(Z=13) v Y(Z=9)
Bi tp 3: Hp cht ion c to bi cc ion M
2+
v X
2-
. Bit rng trong phn t MX tng s ht l 84. S n v
s p trong ht nhn nguyn t M v X bng nhau. S khi ca X
2-
ln hn s khi ca M
2+
l 8.
a/ Vit cu hnh e ca M
2+
; X
2-
; ?
b/ Xc nh v tr ca M v X trong bng HTTH?
c/ Vit s hnh thnh lin kt gia M v X.
Bi tp 4: Vit PT hnh thnh cc ion t cc nguyn t tng ng
Fe
2+
; Fe
3+
; K
+
; N
3-
; O
2-
; Cl
-
; S
2-
; Al
3+
; P
3-
.
Bi tp 5 : Cho 5 ngun t : Na; Mg; N; O; Cl.
a/ Xc nh s p, e, n . Vit cu hnh e ca chng?
b/ Xc nh v tr trong BHTTH, tnh cht ho hc?
c/ Vit cu hnh electron ca Na
+
, Mg
2+
, N
3-
, Cl
-
, O
2-
.
CH 2: LIN KT CNG HA TR
Bi tp 1: Gii thch s to thnh cc lkcht bng cp electron lin kt trong cc phn t:
Cl2, CH4,H2O, HCl,C2H4,H2S,CO2,N2.
Bi tp 2:
a/ Vit CTCT ca cc hp cht sau:
H2SO4, H3PO4, CO2, N2, HNO3, AlCl3, NH3, P2O5, HClO4, HCl, CO, SO3,H2CO3.
b/ Xc nh loi lin kt ha hc c trong phn t cc cht trn.
Bi tp 1: Gii thch s to thnh lkcht bng s xen ph cc obitan trong cc phn t: I2,HCl,H2S,N2.
CH 3: XC NH LOI LIN KT
DA VO HIU M IN( )
< 0, 4 : Lin kt cng ho tr khng cc.
0, 4 < 1,7 : lin kt cng ho tr c cc.
1,7 : lin kt ion.
Bi tp : Trong cc phn t sau: KF ; NH3 ; HBr ; Na2O ; AlBr3 ; CS2 ; N2
a/ Cho bit phn t no c cha lin kt ion, lin kt cng ha tr c cc,lin kt cng ha tr khng cc
b/ Phn t no phn cc mnh nht.
Cho m in: K (0,8); F (4); N (3); H (2,1); Br (2,8); Na (0,9); C (2,5); O (3,5); Al (1,5) ; S(2,5).
S LAI HA(sp,sp
2
,sp
3
)
Bi tp : M t s hnh thnh lin kt trong cc phn t sau theo thuyt lai ha v xc nh hnh dng ca phn
t:
a/ BeCl2,C2H2,CO2,BeH2.
b/ BCl3,C2H4,BF3,AlCl3.
c/ H2O,CH4,NH3,H2S.
(Hng dn cu a cc phn t c dng ng thng ;cu b cc phn t c dng tam gic u ; cu c cc phn
t c dng H2O, H2S c dng gc, CH4 c dng t din u, NH3 c dng chp tam gic)
DNG TNG HP
Bi tp : A,B,C l cc nguyn t c s hiu nguyn t ln lt l 8,11,17.
a/ Vit cu hnh e nguyn t v xc nh v tr ca cc nguyn t trn trong BTH.
b/ Vit phng trnh hnh thnh ion t nhng nguyn t trn.
c/ D on kiu lin kt ha hc c th hnh thnh t cc cp nguyn t trn.