Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.

P UET, Peshawar Concepts of Capacity & Demand

Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk)
Page 1 of 14
Load (50 tons)
12"
1
2
"
Concrete pad
Demand: It is an action on the structure which can cause internal disturbance(s) in the
structure in the form of stresses. A demand on the structure may be in the form of
Gravity, Wind, Earthquake, Snow or other loads.
Capacity: The overall ability of a structure to carry an imposed demand.
Internal stresses due to an imposed demand (Load effects): Compression, Tension,
Bending, Shear, and Torsion.
Failure: It occurs when capacity is less than demand.
To avoid failure, capacity to demand ratio should be greater than one, or at least equal to
one. It is, however, intuitive to have some margin of safety i.e., to have capacity to
demand ratio more than one.
How much? It depends.

Example 1.1: Calculate demand in the form of stresses or load effects on the given
concrete pad of size 12 12.
Solution: Demand = 50 tons






Figure 1.1: Concrete pad.

Based on convenience either the loads or the load effects as demand are compared to
the load carrying capacity of the structure in the relevant units.
In the given example, load of 50 tons is demand. Its effect on the pad will be a
compressive stress equal to load divided by the area of the pad. Or:
(50 2204)/ (12 12) = 765.27 psi
Therefore compressive stress of 765.27 psi is demand in the form of load effect on the
pad. Capacity of the pad in the form of resistance should be able to carry a stress of
765.27 psi. In other words, the compressive strength of concrete pad (capacity)
should be more than 765.27 psi (demand).
Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P UET, Peshawar Concepts of Capacity & Demand

Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk)
Page 2 of 14
Example 1.2: Determine capacity to demand ratio for the pad given in figure 01 for the
following capacities given in the form of compressive strength of concrete (i) 500 psi (ii)
765.27 psi (iii) 1000 psi (iv) 2000 psi. Comment on the results?
Solution: -
(i) Capacity/ Demand = 500 / 765.27 = 0.653
(ii) 765.27/ 765.27 = 1.0
(iii)1000/ 765.27 = 1.3
(iv) 2000/ 765.27 = 2.6
Comments on the above results:
(i) Failure,
(ii) Capacity just equal to Demand,
(iii)Capacity is 1.3 times greater than Demand,
(iv) Capacity is 2.6 times greater than Demand.

In (iii) and (iv), there is some margin of safety normally called as factor of safety.
It is always better to have a factor of safety in our designs. It can be achieved easily if
we fix the ratio of capacity to demand greater than 1.0, say 1.5, 2.0 or so, as shown in
example 1.2.
For certain reasons, however, let say we insist on a factor of safety such that
capacity to demand ratio still remains 1.0. Then there are three ways of doing this
(i) Take an increased demand instead of actual demand (load), e.g. 70 ton instead of
50 ton in the previous example, (ii) Take a reduced capacity instead of actual capacity
such as 1500 psi for concrete whose actual strength is 3000 psi (iii) Doing both.
In the Working Stress or Allowable Stress Design method, the material strength is
knowingly taken less than the actual e.g. half of the actual to provide a factor of
safety equal to 2.0.
In the Strength Design method, the increased loads and the reduced strength of the
material are considered, but both based on scientific rationale. For example, it is quite
possible that during the life span of a structure, dead and live loads increase.
The factors of 1.2 and 1.6 used by ACI 318-02 (Building code requirements for
structural concrete, American Concrete Institute committee 318) as load
amplification factors for dead load and live load respectively are based on probability
Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P UET, Peshawar Concepts of Capacity & Demand

Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk)
Page 3 of 14
based research studies. Similarly, the strength is not reduced arbitrarily but
considering the fact that variation in strength is possible due to imperfections, age
factor etc. Strength reduction factors are used for this purpose. Factor of safety in
Strength Design method is thus the combined effect of increased load and reduced
strength, both modified based on a valid rationale.
ABOUT Ton:
1 metric ton = 1000 kg or 2204 pound
1 long ton: In the U.S., a long ton = 2240 pound
1 short ton: In the U.S., a short ton = 2000 pound
In Pakistan, the use of metric ton is very common; therefore we will refer to Metric
Ton in our discussion.

Example 1.3: Design a 12 12 pad to carry a load of 200 tons. The area of the pad
cannot be increased for some reasons.
Concrete strength = 3 ksi
Allowable strength = 1.5 ksi (for Working Stress method)
Solution: -
Demand = Stress = (200 2204)/ (12 12) = 3061.11 psi = 3.0611 ksi
Capacity in the form of strength = 1.5 ksi (less than the demand of 3.0611 ksi).
There are two possibilities to solve this problem:
(i) Increase area of the pad (geometry); it cannot be done as required in the example.
(ii) Increase the strength by using some other material; using high strength concrete,
steel or other material; economical is to use concrete and steel combinely.
How?
Lets see.
Let us assume that we want to use steel bar reinforcement of yield strength, f
y
=
40 ksi. Then capacity to be provided combinely by both materials should be at least
equal to the Demand. And let us follow the Working Stress approach, then:
Capacity of pad = A
c
f
c
/2 + A
s
f
y
/2 (Force units) {P = R
c
+ R
s
(Demand=Capacity)}
Demand (in kips) = (200 2204/1000) = 440.8 k
Therefore,
440.8 = (144 3/2) + (A
s
40/2)
Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P UET, Peshawar Concepts of Capacity & Demand

Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk)
Page 4 of 14
l = 20'-0"
20"
12"
w = 2.0 k/ft
A
s
= 11.24 in
2

Think on how to provide this much area of steel.
This is how compression members are designed against axial loading.

Example 1.4: Check the capacity of the concrete beam given in figure 1.2 against
flexural stresses within the linear elastic range. Concrete compressive strength
(f
c
) = 3 ksi
Solution: -
M = wl
2
/8 = {2.0 (20)
2
/8} 12 = 1200 in-k
Self-weight of beam (w/ft) = (12 20 0.145/144) = 0.24167 k/ft
M
sw
(moment due to self-weight of beam) = (0.24167 20
2
12/8) = 145 in-k
M
(total)
= 1200 + 145 = 1345 in-k














Figure 1.2: 20-0 long beam.

In the linear elastic range, flexural stress in concrete beam can be calculated as:
= My/I (linear elastic range)
Therefore, M = I/y
y = (20/2) = 10
I = 12 20
3
/12 = 8000 in
4
=?
Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P UET, Peshawar Concepts of Capacity & Demand

Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk)
Page 5 of 14
20'-0"
2.0 k/ft
V = 20 k
V = 17.1 k
u
max
d = 17.5"
The lower fibers of the given beam will be subjected to tensile stresses. The tensile
strength of concrete (Modulus of rupture) is given by ACI code as 7.5 (f
c
), (ACI
9.5.2.3).
Therefore,
tension
= 7.5 (f
c
)
= 7.5 (3000) = 411 psi
Hence M = Capacity of concrete in bending = 411 8000/ (10 1000) = 328.8 in-k
Therefore,
Demand = 1345 in-k, and
Capacity = 328.8 in-k

Example 1.5: Check the shear capacity of the same beam.
Solution: -










Figure 1.3: Shear Force Diagram.

Demand (V
u
) = (20/10) {10 (17.5/12)} = 17.1 k
Capacity (V
c
) = 2 (f
c
)bh (ACI 11.3.1.1)
= 2 (3000) 12 20/1000 = 26.29 k > 17.1 k





Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P UET, Peshawar Concepts of Capacity & Demand

Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk)
Page 6 of 14
S.D.L=1.0 k/ft; L.L = 1.5 k/ft
20'-0"
17.5"
20"
14"
Example 1.6: Flexural and shear design of beam according to ACI 318-02.




Figure 1.4: 20-0 long beam.

Solution: -
Step No 1: Sizes.
For 20 ft length, a 20-inch deep beam would be appropriate (assumption).
Width of beam cross section (b
w
) = 14 (assumption)

Self Study 1: Study ACI 9.5.2.1 for recommendations on depth of beams.









Figure 1.5: Beam section with assumed sizes.

Step No 2: Loads.
Self weight of beam =
c
b
w
h = 0.15 (14 20/144) = 0.292 k/ft
w
u
= 1.2D.L + 1.6L.L (ACI 9.2)
= 1.2 (1.0 + 0.292) + 1.6 1.5 = 3.9504 k/ft

Step No 3: Analysis.
Flexural Analysis:
M
u
= w
u
l
2
/8 = 3.9504 (20)
2
12/8 = 2370.24 in-k
Analysis for shear in beam:
V
u
= 39.5 {10 (17.5/12)}/10 = 33.74 k

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P UET, Peshawar Concepts of Capacity & Demand

Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk)
Page 7 of 14
39.5 k
u
V = 33.74 k
10' 10'
20'-0"
3.9504 k/ft
















Figure 1.6: Shear Force Diagram.

Step No 4: Design.
1. Design for flexure:
M
n
M
u
(M
n
is M
design
or M
capacity
)
For M
n
= M
u

A
s
f
y
(d a/2) = M
u

A
s
= M
u
/ {f
y
(d a/2)}
Calculate A
s
by trial and success method.
First Trial:
Assume a = 4
A
s
= 2370.24 / [0.9 40 {17.5 (4/2)}] = 4.25 in
2

a = A
s
f
y
/ (0.85f
c
b
w
)
= 4.25 40/ (0.85 3 14) = 4.76 in
Second Trial:
A
s
= 2370.24 / [0.9 40 {17.5 (4.76/2)}] = 4.35 in
2

a = 4.35 40/ (0.85 3 14) = 4.88 in
Third Trial:
A
s
= 2370.24 / [0.9 40 {17.5 (4.88/2)}] = 4.37 in
2

a = 4.37 40/ (0.85 3 14) = 4.90 in
This is close enough to the previous value of a so that A
s
= 4.37 in
2
O.K
Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P UET, Peshawar Concepts of Capacity & Demand

Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk)
Page 8 of 14
Check for maximum and minimum reinforcement allowed by ACI:

min
= 3 (f
c
)/f
y
200/f
y
(ACI 10.5.1)
3 (3000)/40000 = 0.004
200/40000 = 0.005
Therefore,
min
= 0.005
A
smin
=
min
b
w
d = 0.005 14 17.5 = 1.225 in
2

And,

max
= 0.85
1
(f
c
/f
y
){
u
/(
u
+
t
)}

t
= Net tensile strain (ACI 10.3.5). When
t
= 0.005, = 0.9 for flexural
design.

1
= 0.85 (for f
c
4000 psi, ACI 10.2.7.3)

max
= 0.85 0.85 (3/40) (0.003/(0.003+0.005) = 0.0204 = 2 % of area of
concrete.
A
smax
= 0.0204 14 17.5 = 4.998 in
2

A
smin
(1.225) < A
s
(4.37) < A
smax
(4.998) O.K
Food for Thought: Why flexural reinforcement is compared with
maximum and minimum requirements of ACI?
Note that
min
&
max
can also be found using table A.4, Nilson 13
th
Ed.

Bar Placement: 10 #6 bars will provide 4.40 in
2
of steel area which is slightly
greater than required. Other options can be explored. For example, 8 #7 bars (4.80
in
2
), 6 #8 bars (4.74 in
2
), or combination of two different size bars.

Curtailment of flexural reinforcement:
Positive steel can be curtailed 50 % at a distance (l/8) from face of the
support. Graph A2 and A3 in Appendix A of Nilson 13
th
Ed can be used to
find cutoff points in simply supported and continuous beams respectively.
Figure 5.15 of chapter 5 in Nilson 13
th
Ed can be used to find cutoff or bend
points for bars in continuous beams with approximately equal spans with
uniformly distributed loads.
Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P UET, Peshawar Concepts of Capacity & Demand

Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk)
Page 9 of 14
Self Study 2: Study cutoff, bends and development length (chapter 5,
Nilson 13
th
Ed).
2. Design for shear:












The above table 01 shows the summary of web reinforcement requirement in
beams.
(a) When V
c
/2 V
u
, no web reinforcement is required.
(b) When V
c
V
u
, theoretically no web reinforcement is required. However
as long as V
c
/2 is not greater than V
u
, ACI 11.5.5.1 recommends
minimum web reinforcement.
Maximum spacing and minimum reinforcement requirement as permitted
by ACI 11.5.4 and 11.5.5.3 shall be minimum of:
i) s
max
= A
v
f
y
/(50b
w
),
ii) d/2
iii) 24 inches
iv) A
v
f
y
/ {0.75 (f
c
)b
w
}
Self Study 3: Study ACI 11.5.5R.
(c) When V
c
< V
u
, web reinforcement is required as:
V
u
= V
c
+ V
s

V
s
= V
u
V
c

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P UET, Peshawar Concepts of Capacity & Demand

Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk)
Page 10 of 14
A
v
f
y
d/s = V
u
V
c

s = A
v
f
y
d/(V
u
V
c
)
Self Study 4: Study Example 4.1, page 133, Nilson 13
th
Ed. Study
example 4.3, page 137 to 139, Nilson 13
th
Ed.

Now,
V
u
= 33.74 k
V
c
= (Capacity of concrete in shear) = 2 (f
c
)b
w
d
V
c
=0.752(3000)1417.5/1000 = 20.13 k (=0.75, ACI 9.3.2.3)
V
c
< V
u
{Shear reinforcement is required}
Assuming #3, 2 legged (0.22 in
2
), vertical stirrups.
Spacing required (s) = A
v
f
y
d/ (V
u
V
c
)
= 0.750.224017.5/ (33.7420.13) 8.5
Maximum spacing and minimum reinforcement requirement as permitted
by ACI 11.5.4 and 11.5.5.3 is minimum of:
i) s
max
= A
v
f
y
/(50b
w
) =0.22 40000/(50 14) = 12.57
ii) s
max
= d/2 = 17.5/2 = 8.75
iii) s
max
= 24
iv) A
v
f
y
/ 0.75(f
c
)b
w
= 0.2240000/ {(0.75(3000)14} =15.30
Other checks:
(a) Check for depth of beam:
V
s
8 (f
c
)b
w
d (ACI 11.5.6.9)
8 (f
c
)b
w
d = 0.75 8 (3000) 14 17.5/1000 = 80.52 k
V
s
= V
u
V
c
= 33.74 20.13 =13.61 k < 80.52 k, O.K.
Therefore depth is O.K. If not, increase depth of beam.
(b) Check if V
s
4 (f
c
)b
w
d (ACI 11.5.4.3):
If V
s
4(f
c
)b
w
d, the maximum spacing (s
max
) is O.K.
Otherwise reduce spacing by one half.
13.61 k < 40.26 k O.K.
Arrangement of stirrups in the beam: With #3, 2 legged vertical
stirrups @ 8.75 c/c (maximum spacing and minimum reinforcement
Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P UET, Peshawar Concepts of Capacity & Demand

Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk)
Page 11 of 14
requirement as permitted by ACI), the shear capacity (V
n
) of the
beam will be equal to:
V
n
= V
c
+ V
s
V
s
= (A
v
f
y
d)/ s
max

V
s
= (0.75 0.22 40 17.5/8.75) = 13.2 k
Therefore V
n
= 20.13 + 13.2 = 33.33 k < (V
u
= 33.74 k)
It means that theoretically, from a section at a distance equal to s/2 up
to a section where shear is 33.33 k, #3, 2 legged vertical stirrups @
8.5 c/c shall be provided. After that, #3, 2 legged vertical stirrups @
8.75 of spacing can be provided from section where shear is 33.33
kips up to a section where shear is equal to V
c
/2. Beyond the value of
V
c
/2, no shear reinforcement is theoretically required. However # 3,
2 legged vertical stirrups @ 12 c/c are recommended to hold the
flexural reinforcement bars.
Practically it will be more feasible to provide # 3, 2 legged vertical
stirrups @ 8.5 c/c up to V
c
/2 and #3, 2 legged vertical stirrups @
12 c/c beyond V
c
/2 as shown in figure 1.6. Start providing stirrups
at a distance s/2 = 8.5/2 = 4.25, from the face of the support.














Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P UET, Peshawar Concepts of Capacity & Demand

Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk)
Page 12 of 14




























Figure 1.6: Stirrups arrangement.













s/2 = 4.25"
V = 39.5 k
2.5'
5.09'
d = 17.5"
V = 33.74 k
V = 20.13 k
V /2 = 10.065 k
u
#3 @ 8.5" c/c
Theoretically no
stirrups needed
#3, 2 legged stirrups @ 12" c/c
20.13 k
10.065 k
max
c
c
33.33 k
V
n
V = 38.01 k
9" Brick Wall
Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P UET, Peshawar Concepts of Capacity & Demand

Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk)
Page 13 of 14
14"
20"
# 3 Stirrups @ 8.5" c/c
10 # 6 Bars
4 # 4 Bars 2 # 4 Bars
20"
14"
Section A-A Section B-B
# 3 Stirrups @ 12" c/c
10 # 6 Bars
1" spacer bar
@ 3' c/c
1" spacer bar
@ 3' c/c
Seismic hook
ACI 21.1
l/5 = 4'
s/2 = 4.25"
A
A
B
B
2 # 4 Bars
4 # 4 Bars
(5+5) # 6 Bars
7.5' 2.5'
#3, 2 legged vertical stirrups @ 8.5" c/c
#3, 2 legged
vertical stirrups
@ 12" c/c
Standard hooks
ACI 7.1
Step No 5: Drafting.
























Figure 1.7: Reinforcement Details (Long Section & Cross Sections of beam)

Note that some nominal negative reinforcement has been provided at the beam ends to
care for any incidental negative moment that may develop due to partial restrain as a
result of friction etc. between beam ends and walls. In other words, though the beam
has been analyzed assuming hinge or roller supports at the ends, however in reality
there will always be some partial fixity or restrain at the end.


Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P UET, Peshawar Concepts of Capacity & Demand

Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk)
Page 14 of 14
References

Design of Concrete Structures (13
th
Ed.) by Nilson, Darwin & Dolan.

ACI 318-02 (Building code requirements for structural concrete, American
Concrete Institute committee 318).