TRINITY & CHURCH TO 1054AD

RGH 3 1 5 7 / 6 1 5 7 HS
P r o f . J a r o s l a v S k i r a
Re g i s Co l l e g e

Office Hours: drop-in anytime
(but an appointment is preferred!)
416.922.5474, x.258
jerry.skira@utoronto.ca
http://individual.utoronto.ca/jskira



revised: January, 2005

Description: The development of christology, pneumatology and trinitarian theology in both
Christian East and West to 1054AD. Triadologys relationship to ecclesiology.
Lectures, tutorials, reflection papers, research paper. AD students enrol in
RGH6157. [Cross Listed to Theology].



Course text & readings:
1. Studer, Basil. Trinity and Incarnation: The Faith of the Early Church. Edinburgh: T&T Clark,
1996.
This textbook is available through Crux Bookstore [behind Wycliffe College].
2. Weekly Primary Source readings on my website [Updated by the end of Wednesday every
week].
3. Some photocopies for the first few weeks, and concluding weeks [I will calculate the cost
towards the end of the course].


Course Evaluation, Requirements & Due Dates:
a. Synthesis Essay 40%
b. Class Presentation & Research Essay 40%
c. Class/Tutorial Participation 20%


a. Synthesis Essay:
The Synthesis Essay is to get you to synthesize and summarize the readings and
lectures (i.e., doctrines, figures, themes, etc.) for Weeks #1-6. See the "Essay Requirements"
below. Due: Week #7 (February 22; no extensions will be granted).

b. Research Essay:
Basic Degree Students: The research paper is to be 8-10 pages, and should conform to the
"Essay Requirements" listed below. The essay topic will be on the theology of an author(s) or a
particular aspect of trinitarian doctrine. These essays will be briefly presented in class in Weeks
11-13 [The exact dates will depend on the size of the class, and some lectures may be re-
organized]. The final written essay is Due: Week # 12 (March 29).
Advanced Degree students: Same as above, with a 12-15 page essay. You will have the
option of doing an alternate assignment instead of the Synthesis and Research Essay (which I
Trinity & Church to 1054 (Prof. J. Skira) - Page 2 of 14


will discuss with you at the end of the first class).

c. Class/Tutorial Participation:
Lectures will be the first hour of the class, while the tutorials will immediately follow the
lecture. Students will be expected to discuss and critique the readings during the lecture and
tutorial sessions. This is a very important part of your evaluation, and is not based on attendance.
This is where we engage in collaborative teaching & learning.


Essay Requirements:
Research Essays must include a title page, an introductory/thesis paragraph, the main
body of text (ideas, arguments, critique), endnote or footnotes, a concluding/summary paragraph,
and a bibliography. The research essays are composed of synthesis and critical analysis of a
theme/idea/person/event in historical theology and are presented from an objective point of view.
All written work is to be typed and double-spaced, and is based in 11-12 pt. font. Plagiarised
essays will receive a failing mark.

Synthesis Essays include the same structural elements as a Research Essay (though no
title page & bibliography are required; you may use foot-/endnotes). Basically, I want you to
summarize what you have learnt from these weeks into an 8-10 page essay using only the
materials from the lectures and assigned readings. You do not need to do any additional research
for this. The goals are to say the most in the least amount of space and to think historically and
systematically. Approximately 10% of the paper, in its conclusion, should include some
subjective (personal, spiritual, pastoral, pedagogical) reflections on what you wrote.

For a formatting reference guide, see: Kate L. Turabian. A Manual For Writers of Term
Papers, Theses and Dissertations. Chicago: Chicago, 1973.

Trinity & Church to 1054 (Prof. J. Skira) - Page 3 of 14




COURS E OUTLI NE


1. Introduction
- methodology, definitions and researching in the early period.


2. The Witness of the Hebrew Scriptures
- God and Israel; God in the Old Testament; names of God; development of monotheism;
creation; Spirit, Wisdom & Word.

Readings:
Fatula, Mary Ann. Chp. 1: "The Triune God and Human Meaning." The Triune God of Christian
Faith. Zacchaeus Studies Series. Collegeville: Liturgical, 1990.
Johnson, Elizabeth. Chp. 3: Basic Linguistic Options: God, Women, Equivalence (42-57) and
Chp. 5: Scripture & Its Trajectories (76- 103). In She Who Is: The Mystery of God in
Feminist Theological Discourse. NY: Crossroad, 1995.
OT (selections): Gen 1.1-6, 26-27; 16.7-13; Ex 3.1-4.31, 20.1-26; Jer 31.23-37; Is 40.7-8, 53.1-
12, 61.1-2, 61.10-11, 63.11-14; Prov 8.1-3, 22-31; Ps 33.4-7; Ez 2.1-4, 36.26-28.

*** Also, familiarize yourself with the terms in Gerald OCollins, "Glossary." In Tripersonal
God. NY: Paulist, 1999. (204-207). ***


3. The Witness of the New Testament
- continuity with the monotheism of Israel; what did Jesus say about himself? What did
his apostles say about him?

Readings:
O'Collins, Gerald. In Tripersonal God: Understanding & Interpreting the Trinity. NY: Paulist,
1999. Chp. 3 & 4 [The Trinity in Paul and the Synoptics].
Gonzlez, Justo L. Chp. 6: The Struggle Over the History of Israel. In The Changing Shape of
Church History. St. Louis: Chalice, 2002. 83-98.
NT (selections): Mk 1.1-13; Mt 3.16-17, 28.19; Lk 1.35; Jn 1.1-18, Jn 14.1-15.26, Jn 17; Act 2.1-
21; 1 Cor 12.1-11; Eph 1.3-14; Rom 1.1-7.


4. The Pre-Nicene Period
- the Didach, Clement of Rome, Justin, Ignatius; Docetism & Gnosticism.

Readings:
Krkkinen, Velli-Mati. Chp. 3: Classical Theism: What is It? In The Doctrine of God: A
Global Introduction. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2004. 53-59.
Studer. Trinity & Incarnation. Chp 1, 3 & 4.
On-line readings and materials [on my web-site].




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5. The Early Latin West & Irenaeus
- Hippolytus, Tertullian, Cyprian & Irenaeus; encounter with Gnosticism.

Readings:
Krkkinen, Velli-Mati. Chp. 4: Patristic Contributions to Classical Theism. In The Doctrine of
God: A Global Introduction. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2004. 60-81.
Studer. Trinity & Incarnation. Chp. 5 & 6.
Zizioulas, John. Chp. 3: Christ, the Spirit & the Church. In Being as Communion: Studies in
Personhood & the Church. Crestwood: St. Vladimirs, 1993. 123-142.
On-line readings.


6. The Birth of the Alexandrian Tradition
- Clement, Origen and Eusebius; God and creation; Hellenistic philosophy.

Readings:
Studer. Trinity & Incarnation. Chp. 7 & 8.
Lossky, Vladimir. Chp. 3: Alexandria. In The Vision of God. Trans. Asheleigh Moorhouse.
Crestwood: St. Vladimirs, 1983. 45-71.
On-line readings.


READING WEEK


7. The Nicene Period & Constantine
- Athanasius; Arianism; ecumenical councils & their reception.

Due: Synthesis Essay.

Readings:
Studer. Trinity & Incarnation. Chp. 9 & 10.
Hanson, Richard. Chp. 7: Semantic Confusion. In The Search for The Christian Doctrine of
God: The Arian Controversy, 318-381. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1988. 181-207.
On-line readings.


8. Cappadocians and Their Influence
- the Cappadocians and Hellenism; refinements in trinitarian theology and terminology.

Readings:
Studer. Trinity & Incarnation. Chp. 11, 12 & 15.
On-line readings.


9. The West - Ambrose & Augustine
- trinitarian theology; psychological analogies; totus Christus.

Readings:
Studer. Trinity & Incarnation. Chp. 13 & 14.
On-line readings.
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10. Christology Unfolds and the Eastern Schisms (431-500)
- Ephesus (431); Cyril; Leo the Great; Chalcedon (451); the Assyrian and Oriental
Orthodox churches.

Readings:
Studer. Trinity & Incarnation. Chp. 16 & 17.
On-line readings.


11. The Later CouncilsAttempts at Union (6
th
-7
th
)
- Gregory the Great and Honorius; monotheletism; Origenism; Pseudo-Dionysius;
Maximus the Confessor; Constantinople II (553) and III (680); attempts at re-union in the
East.

Readings:
Studer. Trinity & Incarnation. Chp. 18 & Retrospect & Prospect. 239-247.
TBA.


12. The Iconoclastic CrisisChristology as a Justification for Icons (8
th
)
- John of Damascus and Theodore the Studite; encounter with Islam; Christianity in the
Eastern part of the empire; Nicea II (787).

Readings:
TBA


13. Estrangement Between East West, & Conclusion (9
th
-11
th
)
- Photius, the filioque; Symeon the New Theologian; Anselm of Canterbury; schism of
1054; sketching out some future developments in triadology.

Readings:
TBA
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S ELECTED BI BLI OGRAP HY

Note: There are a number of very important reference works on all of the early
period. These should be consulted for information and additional bibliographic
entries, not only for each individual author, but also for concepts and definitions.
(See also my pamphlet on researching in early Christianity:
http://individual.utoronto.ca/jskira/PDF/patristic_research-00.PDF]

The Encyclopedia of Early Christianity. Ed. Everett Ferguson. NY: Garland, 1990.
The Encyclopedia of the Early Church. 2 vols. Ed. Angelo Di Berardino. Trans. A. Walford.
Cambridge: James Clarke, 1992.
Florovsky, Georges. The Collected Works of Georges Florovsky. 14 vols. Belmont: Nordland &
Vaduz: Bchervertriebsanstalt, 1972-1989. [Esp. vols. 7, 8, 9].
Harnack, Adolf von. History of Dogma. 7 vols in 4 vols .Trans. of 3d ed Neil Buchanan.
Gloucster, MA: P. Smith, 1976.
Kadel, Andrew. Matrology: A Bibliography of Writings by Christian Women From the First to
the Fifteenth Centuries. New York: Continuum, 1995.
Kelly, J.N.D. Early Christian Doctrines. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1978.
Grillmeier, Aloys. Christ in Christian Tradition: From the Apostolic Age to Chalcedon (AD451).
2 vols. 2nd rev. ed. London: Mowbray, 1975.
The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. 3 vols. Ed. Alexander P. Kazhdan et al. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1991.
Quasten, Johannes. Patrology. 4 vols. Allen, TX: Christian Classics, 1996. [biographical and
bibliographic entries as well as references to christology].


Selected General Bibliography (Historical and Theological Studies)

Note: This section includes some historical-theological works, as well as some modern theologies.
Some of the modern texts do contain historical accounts, and hence, may be useful for your
research. Since this is a course in historical theology, your essays should primarily use historical-
theologicy (Modern theological approaches may be used in your essays, but they should be cited
very sparingly (e.g. to show contrasts in approaches, or how a doctrine has developed)).


Anastos, Milton. "The Ethical Theory of Images Formulated by the Iconoclasts in 757 and 815."
Dumbarton Oaks Papers 8 (1954) 151-160.
Andia, Ysabel de. "Transfiguration et thologie negative chez Maxime le Confesseur et Denys
l'Areopagite." In Denys l'Areopagite et sa posterite en Orient et en Occident. Paris:
Institut d'Etudes Augustiniennes, 1997. 293-328.
Anthony Meredith. The Cappadocians. NY: St Vladimir's, 1995. [see esp. "The Cappadocian
Achievement [Trinity; Christ]." 102-127].
Araya, Victorio. God of the Poor: The Mystery of God in Latin American Liberation Theology.
Maryknoll: Orbis, 1988.
Armstrong, AH. "Some Comments on the Development of the Theology of Images." Studia
Patristica 9 (1963) 117-126.
Baggley, J. Doors of Perception: Icons and Their Spiritual Significance. Crestwood, NY: St
Vladimir's, 1995.
Baggley, John. Festival Icons for the Christian Year. Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's, 1999.
Barnard, LW. Athenagoras: A Study in Second Century Christian Apologetic. Paris: Beauchesne,
1972.
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Barnard, LW. Justin Martyr: His Life and Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge, 1967.
Barnes, Timothy David. Tertullian: A Historical and Literary Study. Oxford: Clarendon, 1971.
Bobrinskoy, Boris. The Mystery of the Trinity. Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's, 1999. [or Le
Mystre de la Trinit: Cours en theologie orthodoxe. Paris: Cerf: 1986.]
Boespflug, Francois & Lossky, Nicholas. Nice II, 787-1987: Douze sicles d'images religieuses.
Paris: Cerf, 1987.
Boff, Leonardo. Holy Trinity, Perfect Community. Trans. Phillip Berryman. Orbis, 2000.
Boff, Leonardo. Trinity and Society. Trans. P. Burns. Maryknoll: Orbis, 1988.
Bonner, G. God's Decree and Man's Destiny: Studies in the Thought of Augustine of Hippo.
London: Variorum Reprints, 1987.
Borchardt, CFA. Hilary of Poitiers' Role in the Arian Struggle. Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1966.
Bracken, Joseph. "The Holy Trinity as a Community of Divine Persons." Heythrop Journal 15
(1974) 166-82, 257-70.
Bracken, Joseph. What Are They Saying About the Trinity? NY: Paulist, 1979. [current trends;
process theology].
Brock, Sebastian, intro. & trans. The Syriac Fathers on Prayer and the Spiritual Life. Kalamazoo:
Cistercian, 1987.
Brown, Raymond. "Aspects of New Testament Thought: Jesus Christ." New Jerome Biblical
Commentary. Ed. R. Brown et al. London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1990. 1-26.
Brown, Raymond. "'Who Do Men Say That I Am?' BA Survey of Modern Scholarship on Gospel
Christology." Biblical Reflections on Crises Facing the Church. NY: Paulist, 1975. 20-
37.
Brown, Raymond. An Introduction to New Testament Christology. NY: Paulist, 1994. [see also
his short-books on advent, Xmas, passion, resurrection, Pentecost].
Brown, Raymond. Jesus God and Man: Modern Biblical Reflections. Milwaukee: Bruce, 1967.
Brown, Raymond. The Birth of the Messiah. NY: Doubleday, 1993.
Brown, Raymond. The Death of the Messiah. NY: Doubleday, 1994.
Bryer, A. and Herrin, J., eds. Iconoclasm. Birmingham: Birmingham, 1977.
Bulgakov, Sergei. The Wisdom of God. NY: Paisley, 1937. [sophiology].
Bultmann, R. Jesus and the Word. NY: Scribner, 1958.
Bumpus, HB. The Christological Awareness of Clement of Rome and Its Sources. Cambridge,
MA: Cambridge, 1972.
Burgess, SM. The Holy Spirit: Medieval Roman Catholic and Reformed Traditions. Peabody:
Hendrickson, 1997.
Chestnut, Roberta C. Three Monophysite Christologies: Severus of Antioch, Philoxenus of
Mabbug and Jacob of Sarug. Oxford: Oxford, 1976.
Clark, MT. Augustine. London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1994.
Cobb, John and David Tracy. Talking About God: Doing Theology in the Context of Modern
Pluralism. NY: Seabury, 1983.
Coffey, David. Deus Trinitas: The Doctrine of the Triune God. NY: Oxford, 1999.
Congar, Yves. Word and Spirit. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1986.
Congar, Yves. After Nine Hundred Years: The Background of the Schism Between the Eastern
and Western Churches. NY: Fordham, 1959.
Congar, Yves. I Believe in the Holy Spirit. 3 vols. NY: Seabury, 1983. [development of doctrine
of the Holy Spirit in Scriptures, patristics; the Spirit in Eastern theology].
Cousins, Ewart. "The Trinity and World Religions." Journal of Ecumenical Studies 7 (1970) 476-
98.
Crouzel, Henri. Origen. Trans. AS Worall. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1989.
Crowe, Frederick. The Doctrine of the Holy Trinity [Unpublished class notes, 1965-66]. Regis
College, 1970.
Cullman, Oscar. The Christology of the New Testament. London: SCM, 1963.
Trinity & Church to 1054 (Prof. J. Skira) - Page 8 of 14


Cunnigham, David. These Three Are One: The Practice of Trinitarian Theology. Challenges in
Contemporary Theology. Ed. Lewis Ayres & Gareth Jones. Blackwell, 1998.
DCosta, Gavin. Sexing the Trinity: Gender, Culture & the Divine. SCM, 2000.
DCosta, Gavin. The Meeting of Religions & the Trinity. Faith Meets Faith. Ed. Paul. Knitter.
Orbis, 2000. [inter-religious dialogue].
Damian, Theodore. "The Doctrine of Creation In Pseudo-Dionysius Areopagite's Theology."
Patristic and Byzantine Review 16-17 /no 1-6 (1998-1999) 49-67.
Danielou, Jean. A History of Early Christian Doctrine Before the Council of Nicea. The Origins
of Latin Christianity. 3 vols. Trans. D. Smith & JA Baker.
Danilou, Jean. God and the Ways of Knowing. NY: Meridian, 1957.
Davis, S., Kendall, D. & O'Collins, G., eds. The Trinity. Oxford: Oxford, 1999.
de Jong, M. Christology in Context: The Earliest Christian Response to Jesus. Philadelphia:
Westminster, 1988.
de Jong, M. Jesus, The Servant-Messiah. New Haven: Yale, 1985.
Del Colle, Ralph. Christ and the Spirit. NY: Oxford, 1994.
Donfried, Karl P. The Setting of Second Clement in Early Christianity. Leiden: Brill, 1974.
Donovan, Mary Ann. One Right Reading: A Guide to Irenaeus. Collegeville: Liturgical, 1997.
Downey, Michael. Altogether Gift: Trinitarian Spirituality. Maryknoll: Orbis, 2000.
Duncan, Edward. Baptism in the Demonstrations of Aphraates the Persian Sage. Washington:
Catholic University of America, 1945.
Dungan, D.L. The Sayings of Jesus in the Churches of Paul. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1971.
Dunn, J.D.G. Christology in the Making: A New Testament Inquiry Into the Origins of the
Doctrine of the Incarnation. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1985.
Dunn, J.D.G. Unity and Diversity in the New Testament. 2
nd
Ed. Philadelphia: Trinity, 1990.
[sections on christology].
Dvornik, Francis. "The Patriarch Photius and Iconoclasm." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 7 (1953) 67-
97.
Dvornik, Francis. Byzantium and the Roman Primacy. NY: Fordham, 1979.
Dvornik, Francis. The Photian Schism: History and Legend. Cambridge: Harvard, 1948.
Ehrmann, B. The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture: The Effects of the Early Christological
Controversies on the Text of the New Testament. Oxford: OUP, 1993.
Elert, Werner. Eucharist and Church Fellowship in the First Four Centuries. St. Louis:
Concordia, 1966.
Fatula, Mary Ann. The Triune God of Christian Faith. Zacchaeus Studies Series. Collegeville:
Liturgical, 1990.
Fedwick, Paul J. Bibliotheca Basiliana Universalis: A Study of the Manuscript Tradition,
Translations and Editions of the Works of Basil of Caesarea. 4 vols (to date). Turnhout:
Brepols, 1993-1999.
Fedwick, Paul Jonathan, 1937. The Church and the Charisma of Leadership in Basil of Caesarea.
Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1979.
Fedwick, Paul, ed. Basil of Caesarea: Christian, Humanist, Ascetic: A Sixteen-Hundredth
Anniversary Symposium. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1981.
Finn, Thomas, ed. & trans. Early Christian Baptism and the Catechumenate: West and East
Syria. Message of the Fathers. Vol. 5. Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 1992.
Fitzmyer, Joseph. A Christological Catechism. NY: Paulist, 1991.
Fitzmyer, Joseph. Scripture and Christology: A Statement of the Biblical Commission with a
Commentary. New York: Paulist, 1986.
Florovsky, G. "Origen, Eusebius and the Iconoclast Controversy." Church History 19 (1950) 3-
22.
Florovsky, Georges. The Eastern Fathers of the Fourth Century, Vol. 7; The Byzantine Fathers of
the Fifth Century, Vol. 8; and The Byzantine Fathers of the Sixth to Eight Centuries, Vol.
Trinity & Church to 1054 (Prof. J. Skira) - Page 9 of 14


9. In The Collected Works of Georges Florovsky. Belmont: Nordland & Vaduz:
Bchervertriebsanstalt, 1972-1989.
Frend, W.H.C. The Rise of the Monophysite Movement: Chapters in the History of the Church in
the Fifth and Sixth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge, 1972.
Fuller, RH & Perkins, Pheme. Who is This Christ? Philadelphia: Fortress, 1983.
Galvin, John P. "Jesus Christ." Systematic Theology: Roman Catholic Perspectives. 2 vols. Ed. F.
Schssler Fiorenza & John P. Galvin. Minneapolis: Fortress. 1: 251-324.
Gary, PTR. The Defence of Chalcedon in the East (451-553). Leiden: Brill, 1979.
Gavin, Frank. Aphraates and the Jews. New York: AMS Press, 1966.
Golitzin, Alexander. Et Introibo ad altare Dei: The Mystagogy of Dionysius Areopagita, With
Special Reference to Its Predecessors in the Eastern Christian Tradition. Analecta
Vlatadon 59. Thessaloniki: Patriarchal Institute of Patristic Studies, 1994.
Grant, R.M. Greek Apologists of the Second Century. London: SCM, 1988.
Grillmeier, Alois. Christ in the Christian Tradition. 2 vols. Atlanta: John Knox, 1987.
Grillmeier, Aloys. Christ in Christian Tradition: From the Apostolic Age to Chalcedon (AD451).
2 vols. 2nd rev. ed. London: Mowbray, 1975.
Gutierrez, Gustavo. On Job-Talk & the Suffering of the Innocent. Maryknoll: Orbis, 1993.
Hahn, Ferdinand. The Titles of Jesus in Christology. London: Lutterworth, 1969.
Haight, Roger. The Point of Trinitarian Theology. Toronto Journal of Theology 4 (1988) 191-
204.
Hall, SG. "The Christology of Melito: A Misrepresentation Exposed." Studia Patristica 13 (1975)
154-168.
Hall, SG. Melito of Sardis: On Pascha and Fragments. Oxford: Clarendon, 1979.
Hammerton-Kelly, Robert. God the Father: Theology and Patriarchy in the Teaching of Jesus.
Philadelphia: Fortress, 1979.
Hanson, RPC. The Search for The Christian Doctrine of God: The Arian Controversy (318-381).
Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1988.
Hauck, Robert J. "The Great Fast: Christology in the Shepherd of Hermas." Anglican Theological
Review 75 (1993).
Hebblewaite, B. "PerichoresisReflections on the Doctrine of the Trinity." Theology 80 (1977)
255-61.
Hellwig, Monika. Jesus, The Compassion of God. Wilmington, Delaware: Michael Glazier, 1983.
Henne, Philippe. La Christologie chez Clment de Rome et dans le Pasteur d'Hermas. Fribourg:
ditions Universitaires, 1992.
Hill, Edmund. The Mystery of the Trinity. London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1985.
Hill, Henry, ed. Light From the East. A Symposium on the Oriental Orthodox and Assyrian
Churches. Toronto: Anglican Book Centre, 1988.
Hill, William. Knowing the Unknown God. NY: Philosophical Library, 1971.
Hill, William. The Three-Personal God: The Trinity as a Mystery of Salvation. Washington, DC:
CUA, 1982.
Hopko, Thomas. "The Trinity in the Cappadocians." In Christian Spirituality. New York:
Crossroad, 1985. 260-275.
Hunt, Anne. What Are They Saying About the Trinity? Paulist, 1998.
Hunt. Anne. The Trinity and Paschal Mystery. Collegevillle, MN: Michael Glazier, 1997.
Jeremias, Joachim. New Testament Theology: The Proclamation of Jesus. NY: Scribners, 1971.
Jeremias, Joachim. The Problem of the Historical Jesus. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1972.
Johnson, Elizabeth. Consider Jesus: Waves of Renewal in Christology. NY: Crossroad, 1990.
Johnson, Elizabeth. She Who Is: The Mystery of God in a Feminist Theological Discourse. New
York: Crossroad, 1992.
Joseph A. Fitzmyer, SJ. "Pauline Theology." New Jerome Biblical Commentary. Prentice Hall,
1990. 1382-1416. Esp. No. 16-80.
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Jngel, Eberhart. The Doctrine of the Trinity: God's Being in Becoming. Trans. Horton Harris.
Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1976. [Barthian approach].
Jungman, Josef. "Christological Disputes and Their Influence on the Liturgy." The Early Liturgy:
To the Time of Gregory the Great. Notre Dame: Notre Dame, 1959. 188-198.
Kadel, Andrew. Matrology: A Bibliography of Writings by Christian Women From the First to
the Fifteenth Centuries. NY: Continuum, 1995.
Kasper, Walter. Jesus the Christ. Trans. V. Green. NY: Paulist, 1976.
Kasper, Walter. The God of Jesus Christ. Trans. Matthew J. O'Connell. London; SCM, 1983.
Kaufmann, Gordon. God the Problem. Cambridge: Harvard, 1972.
Kelly, A. "Trinity and Process: Relevance of the Basic Christian Confession of God." Theological
Studies 31 (1970) 393-414.
Kelly, J.N.D. Early Christian Doctrines. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1978.
Kelly, JND. Golden Mouth: The Story of John Chrysostom: Ascetic, Preacher, Bishop. Grand
Rapids: Baker, 1995.
Kenney, John P. "Divinity and the Intelligible World in Clement of Alexandria." Studia Patristica
21 (1989) 308-315.
Kingsbury, JD. Jesus Christ in Matthew, Mark and Luke . Philadelphia: Fortress, 1981.
Kleist, James, trans. & commentary. The Epistles of St. Clement of Rome and St. Ignatius of
Antioch. Ancient Christian Writers. Vol . 1. Westminister: Newman, 1946.
Koltun Fromm, Naomi. "Psalm 22's Christological Interpretive Tradition in Light of Christian
Anti-Jewish Polemic [Justin Martyr, Tertullian, and Aphraates]." Journal of Early
Christian Studies 6 (1998) 37-57.
Krivocheine, Basil. "The Writings of St. Symeon the New Theologian." Orientalia Christiana
Periodica 20 (1954) 298-328.
Krivocheine, Basil. St. Symeon the New Theologian: Life, Spirituality, Doctrine. Crestwood, NY:
St. Vladimir's, 1983.
Krupp, RA. Shepherding the Flock of God: The Pastoral Theology of John Chrysostom. NY: P.
Lang, 1991.
Kng, Hans. Does God Exist? An Answer for Today. Garden City: Doubleday, 1980.
LaCugna, Catherine Mowry. "The Trinitarian Mystery of God." Systematic Theology: Roman
Catholic Perspectives. 2 vols. Ed. F. Schssler Fiorenza & John P. Galvin. Minneapolis:
Fortress. 1:149-192.
LaCugna, Catherine Mowry. God for Us: Trinity and Christian Life. San Francisco: Harper &
Row, 1991. [Patristics, Palamas, Aquinas; practical implications of trinitarian faith].
Lash, Nicholas. Believing Three Ways in God: A Reading of the Apostles Creed. Notre Dame,
1992.
Lawson, John. The Biblical Theology of Irenaeus. London: Epworth, 1948.
Lee, Jung Young. The Trinity in Asian Perspective. Abingdon, 1996.
Lilla, S.R.C. Clement of Alexandria. Oxford: Oxford, 1983.
Livingstone, Elizabeth A, ed. Athanasius and His Opponents, Cappadocian Fathers, Other Greek
Writers after Nicea. Studia patristica 32. Louvain: Peeters, 1997. [conference proceedings
with a variety of essays on the Cappadocians].
Lonergan, Bernard. The Philosophy of God and Theology. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1973,
Lonergan, Bernard. The Way to Nicea: The Dialectical Development of Trinitarian Theology.
Trans. Conn O'Donovan [from the first part of Lonergan's, De Deo Trino]. Philadelphia:
Westminster, 1976.
Lossky, Vladimir. Chp. 3: "God in Trinity"; Chp. 7: "The Economy of the Son."; Chp 8: "The
Economy of the Holy Spirit." In The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church.
Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's, 1991.
Lossky, Vladimir. In the Image and Likeness of God. Ed. J. Erickson & T. Bird. Crestwood, NY:
St Vladimir's, 1985. [chps. on apophaticism, mysticism, filioque].
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